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Andrain</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:3px"><form action=/books id=search_form style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" method=get> <input type=hidden name="id" value="VTveuIHMI1cC"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 class="swv-table"><tr><td class="swv-td-search"><span><input id=search_form_input type=text maxlength=1024 class="text_flat swv-input-search" aria-label="Search in this book" name=q value="" title="Go" accesskey=i></span></td><td class="swv-td-space"><div> </div></td><td><input type=submit value="Go"></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_autoDir']) {_OC_autoDir('search_form_input');}</script></form></div><div><p><a id="sidebar-atb-link" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VTveuIHMI1cC&vq=pluralism&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span dir=ltr>About this book</span></a></p></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-hr"></div><div class="ebook-promo"><a href="https://play.google.com/store/books"><img border="0" src="/googlebooks/images/ebook_promo.png" /><h3 class="section">Shop for Books on Google Play</h3><p class="ebook-promo-description">Browse the world's largest eBookstore and start reading today on the web, tablet, phone, or ereader.</p><p class="ebook-promo-clickme">Go to Google Play Now »</p></a></div><div class="sidebar-hr"></div><div><div id="navbarContainer" class="gb-navbar"></div><script>_OC_InitNavbar({"child_node":[{"title":"My library","url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?uid=114584440181414684107\u0026source=gbs_lp_bookshelf_list","id":"my_library","collapsed":true},{"title":"My History","url":"","id":"my_history","collapsed":true}],"highlighted_node_id":""});</script><h3 class=about_title><a name="pub_info_anchor"></a></h3><div id=pub_info class=about_content><div id=pub_info_v><table cellspacing=0><tr><td><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=VTveuIHMI1cC&pg=PA232&q=http://www.mesharpe.com&clientid=ca-print-mesharpe&linkid=1&usg=AOvVaw0gKiX2ZlJX40TX6vCqeKOg&source=gbs_pub_info_r" style="text-decoration:none"><img width=72 height=35 border=0 src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/imgad?id=CODjsYzRv6iN9QEQaBgyMgi8uxBCeX3jUQ" alt="M.E. 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Embourgeoisement , not radicalization , emerged as the dominant strategy toward sociopolitical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralistic\u003c/b\u003e society , constitutional government , free competitive elections , and a reconciliation system . Yet their stress on government stability , preference for capitalist economic growth over income equality , and obsession with\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e enables only a few elite groups to shape the policy process . Established churches and the landowning aristocracy retain some autonomy from agrarian bureaucratic elites , who implement a limited range of activities like\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , and consensual power with the dominance of bureaucratic organization . A professional civil service coordinated the diverse government activities throughout the Chinese empire . At the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy stood\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e in nineteenth - century China , this group autonomy brought neither social nor political equality . Instead , wealthy educated men led these associations , which upheld commitment to the traditional order . Most people were\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e remained limited in Meiji Japan . The state controlled social groups , rather than vice versa . Govern- ment officials certainly represented business interests more than the policy pref- erences of other groups ; however\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA36","page_number":"36","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , large - scale private corporations se- cured greatest access to the policy process . Workers and peasants enjoyed few political or economic rights . The military - police state smashed unions , strikes , and socialist\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e did give dissenters the chance to articulate their grievances . Unlike the North Korean elitist mobilization system , where the government and Korean Workers \u0026#39; Party tightly controlled all sociopolitical groups , in South\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e enables some groups such as business associations , professionals , stu- dents , and churches to press their claims on bureaucratic officials , who may modify policies when group resistance opposes their harsh directives\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePluralism\u003c/b\u003e in govern- ment and society maintain leaders \u0026#39; commitment to political freedom . Public policymakers represent diverse interests and uphold the legitimacy of interest conflicts . Competitive political parties , an elected\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e game , all contenders must accept certain procedures for reconciling disputes , especially when one team does not gain as many benefits as desired . Particularly important are norms of toleration , compro- mise , empathy , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePluralist\u003c/b\u003e Democracies The degree of popular political participation and institutionalized group competi- tion provides criteria for comparing the main subtypes of the reconciliation model the competitive oligarchy and \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democrats , the higher law regulates interest group competition , allowing all groups to partic- ipate in political decision making . In both the competitive oligarchy and \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracy , moral - spiritual values come\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA47","page_number":"47","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracy , competitive , fair elections among opposition parties give voters a choice of candidates for legislative office . Universal suffrage brings inclusive electoral participation . Instead of rallying the popu- lace\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies . Although the elec- toral process enabled civilian politicians to replace military officers as heads of government , the military elite still defined the rules of the political game and controlled the issues that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e reconciliation system for all but six years ( 1976-1982 ) from 1932 through 1991. Political activists tried to reconcile conflicting beliefs , structural conditions , and leadership styles so that egalitarian changes and a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralistic\u003c/b\u003e society . Particularly in the comprehensive secondary schools , Swedish teenagers become exposed to the norms of equal opportunity , consensual deci- sion making , civil liberties , and reliance on legal procedures to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA60","page_number":"60","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e policy process . By contrast , during the 1980s the Thatcher govern- ment centralized state power , increased its coercive power , organized a tighter coordination of policymaking , and weakened \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e participation\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , the Thatcher administration cur- tailed the power of interest groups to shape government decision making . The Swedish Social Democrats included diverse associations in policy formulation and implementation . Unionists and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... on the allocation of con- crete benefits to diverse social groups . In these \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e societies , voluntary associations wield extensive independence from government control . Collegial leaders RECONCILIATION SYSTEMS 67 XXII."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies in Sweden and Britain indicated , Sweden , particularly from 1950 through 1975 , more effec- tively operated as a reconciliation system ; it attained a closer equilibrium be- tween differentiation and integration\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e regimes with communist totalitar- ian dictatorships . When East European Communist Party - states collapsed during the late 1980s and early 1990s , anticommunist officials who gained political power denigrated the former\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA80","page_number":"80","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , and a more fervent ideological commitment to reconstructing the society through organizational control . State capitalism in the South allowed for greater private entrepreneur- ship and foreign private investment than did\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , extensive coercion , high centralization , tight coordination , and comprehensive activities . Military and police organs the State Political Secu- rity Bureau , the Ministry of Public Security , the Korean People\u0026#39;s Army\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA89","page_number":"89","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e . Reconciliation features rose to prominence as the power of the communist party bureaucracy , the secret police , and the state administra- tion waned . The Communist Party abandoned its monopoly of power and its\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA101","page_number":"101","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , a mobilization system may emerge . Particularly when counterelites seek fundamental sociopolitical transformations and have organized the masses into a powerful party and army , prospects grow for a mobilization system\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e and civil liberties that had prevailed under the quasi - reconciliation Weimar Republic . Jews , Communists , and Social Democrats lost their lives . Other Germans lost their freedoms . As the German state began preparing for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , and a reduced scope of state power — all signs that the bureaucratic - authoritarian style of policy production had become dominant . 8 The Change to a Bureaucratic- Authoritarian System From the 116 TRANSFORMATIONS IN\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e and organize the state behind orderly economic develop- ment . Except in the Soviet Union after Stalin\u0026#39;s death , the ascendancy of bureaucratic - authoritarian elites marked a trend away from socialism and to- ward capitalism\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA120","page_number":"120","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e within society further weakened party control . Churches , ethnic groups , and even private enterprises gained limited autonomy . Under informal market mechanisms , the scope of party - state power declined . Small - scale\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA122","page_number":"122","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , bureaucratic - authoritarian patterns shaped government decision making during the post - Mao era . Political leaders concentrated on forging rapid economic growth , securing social stability , and maintaining political\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... planners , architects , and cyber- neticists . To foster technological innovation , this collegial leadership sought greater \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e in economic decision making . Yet along with 124 TRANSFORMATIONS IN POLITICAL SYSTEMS."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"Policy Performance and Social Change Charles F. Andrain. greater \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e in economic decision making . Yet along with dispersed power went corruption . Party and state bureaucrats used their control over scarce re- sources to exchange\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e . They labeled student dissidents as \u0026quot; hooli- gans , thugs , counterrevolutionary criminal conspirators ... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e , less centralized market - based strategies that would 126 TRANSFORMATIONS IN POLITICAL SYSTEMS."},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"Policy Performance and Social Change Charles F. Andrain. \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e , less centralized market - based strategies ... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e within the party but not multiparty elections to the National Assembly . Structurally , the Vietnamese\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e thrived , political \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e remained dormant at the begin- ning of the 1990s.5 Military Coups in South America Since World War II numerous military coups have overthrown elected civilian governments throughout South\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA135","page_number":"135","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies , the regimes in Eastern Europe , Latin America , South Korea , and Taiwan at least resembled competitive oligarchies . Supporters of expanded civil liberties and \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e competed with more bureaucratic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies gained general legitimacy . Extensive compliance occurred with the democratic rules of ... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e and civil liberties . In these fragile reconciliation systems , bureaucratic - authoritarian elites strug\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e than the So- viet Union ; this independence of social groups from party control strengthened the prospects for the transformation of the Polish political system into a reconcil- iation regime . The Roman Catholic Church , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA143","page_number":"143","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democratic governments . Multiparty Polish elections , Hungarian programs for marketization , and the emergence of greater civil liber- ties in the Soviet Union enhanced the prospects for a reconciliation system in other East\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA145","page_number":"145","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e.8 Confronted by these citizen pressures , the top communist party elites , espe- cially in the Soviet Union , Poland , and Hungary , adopted an accommodating strategy . Party officials , including Soviet leader Mikhail\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA146","page_number":"146","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePluralism\u003c/b\u003e led to polariza- tion . Ethnic , religious , and class cleavages reinforced each other . Bigotry , intolerance , and civil war resulted , as Yugoslavia illustrated . In Hungary , urban and rural residents competed against each\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies . Particularly in Latin America , the severe foreign debts , high inflation rates , declining real wages for workers , and widening in- come inequalities impeded the transition from military dictatorships into\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA150","page_number":"150","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , even for unions . Whereas left - wing organizations parties , unions , peasant federations remained politically weak , centrist and conservative parties appeared more likely to win presidential elec- tions . These parties\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA152","page_number":"152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracy with extensive mass participation . Technocrats , managers , and military officials ... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , competitive elections , and popular participation , elites continued to dominate these political systems\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA153","page_number":"153","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , and widespread opportunities for nonviolent political par- ticipation all reflected the emergence of a reconciliation system during the early 1990s.17 Democratization in South Korea and Taiwan The South Koreans and Taiwanese\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA154","page_number":"154","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e political system would pose limited threats to their control over national security and economic growth.18 Conclusion Structural , cultural , and behavioral crises explain the change to reconciliation systems during the post\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA163","page_number":"163","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e capitalist societies , he presumes that intermediary associations retain some power to counterbalance the bureaucratic state . Under state socialism , however , the antagonism to markets and the stress on a planned economy\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , capitalism restricts state power , especially power wielded by technocratic planners . Charismatic leaders heroic individuals with the gift of grace also challenge bureaucratic control . Whereas bureaucratic rule becomes too\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA171","page_number":"171","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e life - styles of West- ern Europe and the United States . Unlike Iranian theocrats , modernization theorists ... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e , a limited state , free trade , and multinational investment . Rather than peaceful social change\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA177","page_number":"177","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies in Western Europe , North America , Australia , New Zealand , Japan , and Costa Rica have ... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e and individual political freedom imply selfishness , withdrawal from communal ties , and a threat to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA178","page_number":"178","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies attained high growth rates between 1950 and 1973 , these rates declined after the mid - 1970s . During this postwar period , Japan showed a higher real growth rate than did any other reconciliation system . From\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democ- racy reinforced each other . By expanding the economic pie , democratic leaders would have the resources for lessening income inequalities . By the mid - 1970s , however , growth rates began to decline . Unemployment\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA200","page_number":"200","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePluralism\u003c/b\u003e : Political Participation and Influence in the United States and Sweden ( Chicago : Nelson Hall , 1982 ) , 125-38 , 181-272 ; Sonja Drobnic , \u0026quot; Political Participation of Yugoslav Immigrants in Sweden , \u0026quot; European Journal of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA223","page_number":"223","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e is more suited to the tradi- tions and the stage of development of many of the emerging states than is parliamentary democracy . \u0026quot; 23. Cristobal Kay , \u0026quot; Reflections on the Latin American Contribution to Development Theory\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA231","page_number":"231","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies and , 45-49 Conceptual rationality , 163 Confederation of British Industries , 62 Confederation of Production and Commerce ( Chile ) , 151 Confederation of Swedish Trade Unions ( LO ) , 54 , 55 Confucian China\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VTveuIHMI1cC\u0026pg=PA231\u0026vq=pluralism"},{"page_id":"PA232","page_number":"232","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e reconciliation system , 165 Constitutional Reform party ( Japan ) , 35 Corporations emergence of , 6 ... \u003cb\u003epluralism\u003c/b\u003e . See \u003cb\u003ePluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies Democratic socialism . See Social democracies Democratization of bureaucratic\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VTveuIHMI1cC\u0026pg=PA232\u0026vq=pluralism"},{"page_id":"PA233","page_number":"233","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003epluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies , 47 Sweden , 51-52 , 56-57 Uruguay , 153 Elitist mobilization systems , 8 , 10 , 14 , 23 , 70-74 , 102-16 change to bureaucratic - authoritarian regimes , 117-29 economic growth , 191 as fusion of sacred and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VTveuIHMI1cC\u0026pg=PA233\u0026vq=pluralism"},{"page_id":"PA238","page_number":"238","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ePluralist\u003c/b\u003e democracies , 14 , 137 competitive oligarchies and , 45-49 economic growth in , 178 human rights and , 177 Poland civil action groups , 144 , 145 reconciliation system , 48 , 142-43 , 144 , 145 Polarization , as dominant\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VTveuIHMI1cC\u0026pg=PA238\u0026vq=pluralism"}],"search_query_escaped":"pluralism"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>