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<span>Rules of the road</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules_of_the_road-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules of the road subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_the_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Directionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Directionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Traffic regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trail_ethics_(right_of_way)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trail_ethics_(right_of_way)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Trail ethics (right of way)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trail_ethics_(right_of_way)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organised_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organised_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organised traffic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organised_traffic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organised traffic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organised_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passage_priority_(right_of_way)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_priority_(right_of_way)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Passage priority (right of way)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passage_priority_(right_of_way)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uncontrolled_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncontrolled_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Uncontrolled traffic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncontrolled_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Turning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intersections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intersections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Intersections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intersections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_intersection_for_bicycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_intersection_for_bicycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Protected intersection for bicycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_intersection_for_bicycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedestrian_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Pedestrian crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Level_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Level crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Speed limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overtaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overtaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Overtaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overtaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Lanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-way_roadways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-way_roadways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>One-way roadways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-way_roadways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-speed_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>High-speed roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-way_streets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-way_streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>One-way streets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-way_streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congested_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congested_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Congested traffic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congested_traffic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congested traffic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congested_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rush_hour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rush_hour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rush hour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rush_hour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congestion_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congestion_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Congestion mitigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congestion_mitigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congestion mitigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congestion_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rush_hour_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rush_hour_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rush hour policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rush_hour_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-emption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-emption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pre-emption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-emption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligent_transportation_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligent_transportation_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Intelligent transportation systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligent_transportation_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Traffic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotol%C3%A2h" title="Jotolâh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jotolâh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="حركة المرور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة المرور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1ficu" title="Tráficu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tráficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_h%C9%99r%C9%99k%C9%99ti" title="Yol hərəkəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yol hərəkəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="যান চলাচল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যান চলাচল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D-l%C5%8D%CD%98_kau-thong" title="Tō-lō͘ kau-thong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tō-lō͘ kau-thong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85" title="Дарожны рух – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дарожны рух" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="यातायात – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यातायात" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saobra%C4%87aj" title="Saobraćaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saobraćaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0nsit" title="Trànsit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trànsit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%B9%C4%95%D1%80_%C3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Çул-йĕр çинчи куçăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çул-йĕр çинчи куçăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafik" title="Trafik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trafik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiklus" title="Liiklus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liiklus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_vehicular" title="Tránsito vehicular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tránsito vehicular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiko" title="Trafiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trafiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkulazio" title="Zirkulazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zirkulazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترافیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترافیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_routi%C3%A8re" title="Circulation routière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circulation routière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferkear" title="Ferkear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferkear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafaig" title="Trafaig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Trafaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1fico_de_veh%C3%ADculos_autom%C3%B3biles" title="Tráfico de vehículos automóbiles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tráfico de vehículos automóbiles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5%EB%9F%89" title="교통량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교통량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promet" title="Promet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Promet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiko" title="Trafiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trafiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalu_lintas" title="Lalu lintas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lalu lintas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffico" title="Traffico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Traffico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umfer%C3%B0" title="Umferð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umferð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffico" title="Traffico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traffico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiki" title="Trafiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Trafiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafik" title="Trafik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Trafik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commeatus" title="Commeatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commeatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkie%C3%ABr" title="Verkieër – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Verkieër" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ട്രാഫിക് നിയമങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാഫിക് നിയമങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalu_lintas" title="Lalu lintas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lalu lintas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaunisala" title="Gaunisala – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gaunisala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeer" title="Verkeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verkeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81" title="交通輸送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交通輸送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikk" title="Trafikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trafikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikk" title="Trafikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trafikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਆਵਾਜਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਵਾਜਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ترافیکي پولیس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترافیکي پولیس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_drogowy" title="Ruch drogowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch drogowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A2nsito" title="Trânsito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trânsito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circula%C8%9Bie_rutier%C4%83" title="Circulație rutieră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Circulație rutieră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Дорожное движение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дорожное движение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiku" title="Trafiku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trafiku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestni_promet" title="Cestni promet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cestni promet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Саобраћај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саобраћај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saobra%C4%87aj" title="Saobraćaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saobraćaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafik" title="Trafik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trafik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapiko" title="Trapiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trapiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="రహదారి నియమాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రహదారి నియమాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%B8%E1%89%A2" title="መራኸቢ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="መራኸቢ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85" title="Дорожній рух – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дорожній рух" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA" title="آمدرفت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آمدرفت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaudoeng" title="Gyaudoeng – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gyaudoeng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_th%C3%B4ng" title="Giao thông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao thông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E5%82%B3" title="郵傳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="郵傳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="交通 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="交通" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="交通 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="交通" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4323994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Traffic" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Traffic" title="Special:EditPage/Traffic">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Traffic" title="Talk:Traffic">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Traffic" title="Special:EditPage/Traffic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Traffic%22">"Traffic"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Traffic%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Traffic%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Traffic%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Traffic%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Traffic%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossing_the_Hudson_River_on_the_George_Washington_Bridge_from_Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey_to_Manhattan,_New_York_(7237796950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Crossing_the_Hudson_River_on_the_George_Washington_Bridge_from_Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey_to_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237796950%29.jpg/300px-Crossing_the_Hudson_River_on_the_George_Washington_Bridge_from_Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey_to_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237796950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Crossing_the_Hudson_River_on_the_George_Washington_Bridge_from_Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey_to_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237796950%29.jpg/450px-Crossing_the_Hudson_River_on_the_George_Washington_Bridge_from_Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey_to_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237796950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Crossing_the_Hudson_River_on_the_George_Washington_Bridge_from_Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey_to_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237796950%29.jpg/600px-Crossing_the_Hudson_River_on_the_George_Washington_Bridge_from_Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey_to_Manhattan%2C_New_York_%287237796950%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Crossing from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Lee, New Jersey">Fort Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen County">Bergen County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, into <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in heavy automobile traffic on the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a>, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, transporting approximately 300,000 cars and trucks daily across the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Traffic</b> comprises <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a>, ridden or herded animals, trains, and other <a href="/wiki/Public_conveyance" class="mw-redirect" title="Public conveyance">conveyances</a> that use public ways (roads/sidewalks) for travel and transportation. </p><p><b>Traffic laws</b> govern and regulate traffic, while <b>rules of the road</b> include traffic laws and <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">informal rules</a> that may have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organized traffic generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersections</a>. (<a href="/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea" title="International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea">International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea</a> govern the oceans and influence some laws for navigating domestic waters.) </p><p>Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked <a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">lanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junction_(traffic)" title="Junction (traffic)">junctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">interchanges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic signal">traffic signals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">cones</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">signs</a>. Traffic is often classified by type: heavy <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a>), other vehicle (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">moped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrian</a>. Different classes may share <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limits</a> and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate. </p><p>Organization typically produces a better combination of <a href="/wiki/Travel_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel safety">travel safety</a> and efficiency. Events which disrupt the flow and may cause traffic to degenerate into a disorganized mess include <a href="/wiki/Road_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Road construction">road construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Car accident">collisions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debris_in_the_roadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris in the roadway">debris in the roadway</a>. On particularly busy freeways, a minor disruption may persist in a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Traffic_wave" title="Traffic wave">traffic waves</a>. A complete breakdown of organization may result in <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gridlock" title="Gridlock">gridlock</a>. Simulations of organized traffic frequently involve <a href="/wiki/Queuing_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Queuing theory">queuing theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">stochastic processes</a> and equations of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a> applied to <a href="/wiki/Traffic_flow" title="Traffic flow">traffic flow</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_types">Etymology and types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bosche_Produce_Company_wagon_pulling_out_into_traffic_on_Broadway_near_the_corner_of_Cerre_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/George_Bosche_Produce_Company_wagon_pulling_out_into_traffic_on_Broadway_near_the_corner_of_Cerre_Street.jpg/220px-George_Bosche_Produce_Company_wagon_pulling_out_into_traffic_on_Broadway_near_the_corner_of_Cerre_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/George_Bosche_Produce_Company_wagon_pulling_out_into_traffic_on_Broadway_near_the_corner_of_Cerre_Street.jpg/330px-George_Bosche_Produce_Company_wagon_pulling_out_into_traffic_on_Broadway_near_the_corner_of_Cerre_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/George_Bosche_Produce_Company_wagon_pulling_out_into_traffic_on_Broadway_near_the_corner_of_Cerre_Street.jpg/440px-George_Bosche_Produce_Company_wagon_pulling_out_into_traffic_on_Broadway_near_the_corner_of_Cerre_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5935" data-file-height="4768" /></a><figcaption>Congestion in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>traffic</i> originally meant "trade" (as it still does) and comes from the Old Italian verb <i>trafficare</i> and noun <i>traffico</i>. The origin of the Italian words is unclear. Suggestions include <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <i>trafegar</i> "decant",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an assumed <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> verb <i>transfricare</i> 'rub across',<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an assumed Vulgar Latin combination of <i>trans-</i> and <i>facere</i> 'make or do',<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>tafriq</i> 'distribution',<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Arabic <i>taraffaqa</i>, which can mean 'seek profit'.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadly, the term covers many kinds of traffic including <a href="/wiki/Network_traffic" title="Network traffic">network traffic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Air traffic">air traffic</a>, marine traffic and rail traffic, but it is often used narrowly to mean only road traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_of_the_road">Rules of the road</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rules of the road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_2007-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chicago_2007-4.jpg/220px-Chicago_2007-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chicago_2007-4.jpg/330px-Chicago_2007-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chicago_2007-4.jpg/440px-Chicago_2007-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Traffic controller on <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Avenue_(Chicago)" title="Michigan Avenue (Chicago)">Michigan Avenue</a> in Chicago, Illinois</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic-control-Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Traffic-control-Roma.jpg/220px-Traffic-control-Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Traffic-control-Roma.jpg/330px-Traffic-control-Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Traffic-control-Roma.jpg/440px-Traffic-control-Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Traffic control in Rome, Italy. This traffic control podium can retract back to road level when not in use.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rules of the road</b> and <a href="/wiki/Driving_etiquette" title="Driving etiquette">driving etiquette</a> are the general practices and procedures that road users are required to follow. These rules usually apply to all road users, though they are of special importance to <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">cyclists</a>. These rules govern interactions between vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Pedestrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrians">pedestrians</a>. The basic traffic rules are defined by an international treaty under the authority of the United Nations, the 1968 <i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a></i>. Not all countries are signatory to the convention and, even among signatories, local variations in practice may be found. There are also unwritten local rules of the road, which are generally understood by local drivers. </p><p>As a general rule, drivers are expected to avoid a collision with another vehicle and pedestrians, regardless of whether or not the applicable rules of the road allow them to be where they happen to be.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the rules applicable by default, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">traffic signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a> must be obeyed, and instructions may be given by a police officer, either routinely (on a busy crossing instead of traffic lights) or as <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">road traffic control</a> around a construction zone, accident, or other road disruption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directionality">Directionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Directionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_traffic" title="Bidirectional traffic">Bidirectional traffic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">left- and right-hand traffic</a></div> <p>Traffic heading in inverse ways ought to be isolated so as to not hinder each other's way. The most essential guideline is whether to utilize the left or right half of the street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_regulations">Traffic regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traffic regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Rules_of_the_road" title="Category:Rules of the road">Category:Rules of the road</a></div> <p>In many countries, the rules of the road are codified, setting out the legal requirements and <a href="/wiki/Punishments" class="mw-redirect" title="Punishments">punishments</a> for breaking them. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a>, the rules are set out in the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway Code">Highway Code</a>, which includes not only obligations but also advice on how to drive sensibly and safely. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the United States</a>, traffic laws are regulated by the states and municipalities through their respective <a href="/wiki/Traffic_code" title="Traffic code">traffic codes</a>. Most of these are based at least in part on the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Vehicle_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Vehicle Code">Uniform Vehicle Code</a>, but there are variations from state to state. In states such as Florida, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic law">traffic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> are separate; therefore, unless someone flees the scene of an accident or commits vehicular homicide or manslaughter, they are only guilty of a minor traffic offense. However, states such as <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> have completely criminalised their traffic law, so, for example, one is <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">guilty</a> of a misdemeanor simply for travelling 5 miles over the speed limit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trail_ethics_(right_of_way)"><span id="Trail_ethics_.28right_of_way.29"></span>Trail ethics (right of way)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trail ethics (right of way)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trail_ethics" title="Trail ethics">Trail ethics</a> are a set of informal rules for right of way for users of <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trails</a>, including hikers, mountaineers, equestrians, cyclists, and mountain bikers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organised_traffic">Organised traffic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organised traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passage_priority_(right_of_way)"><span id="Passage_priority_.28right_of_way.29"></span>Passage priority (right of way)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Passage priority (right of way)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Priority_signs" title="Priority signs">Priority signs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Traffic" title="Special:EditPage/Traffic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vehicles often come into conflict with other vehicles and pedestrians because their intended courses of travel intersect, and thus interfere with each other's routes. The general principle that establishes who has the right to go first is called "right of way" or "priority". It establishes who has the right to use the conflicting part of the road and who has to wait until the other does so. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milit%C3%A4rwegweiser_Flugplatz_Mollis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Milit%C3%A4rwegweiser_Flugplatz_Mollis.JPG/220px-Milit%C3%A4rwegweiser_Flugplatz_Mollis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Milit%C3%A4rwegweiser_Flugplatz_Mollis.JPG/330px-Milit%C3%A4rwegweiser_Flugplatz_Mollis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Milit%C3%A4rwegweiser_Flugplatz_Mollis.JPG/440px-Milit%C3%A4rwegweiser_Flugplatz_Mollis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Yield sign in Switzerland. Mandatory direction to military traffic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Signs, signals, markings and other features are often used to make priority explicit. Some signs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">stop sign</a>, are nearly universal. When there are no signs or markings, different rules are observed depending on the location. These default priority rules differ between countries, and may even vary within countries. Trends toward uniformity are exemplified at an international level by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</a>, which prescribes standardised <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control_device" title="Road traffic control device">traffic control devices</a> (signs, signals, and markings) for establishing the right of way where necessary. </p><p>Crosswalks (or pedestrian crossings) are common in populated areas, and may indicate that pedestrians have priority over vehicular traffic. In most modern cities, the <a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic signal">traffic signal</a> is used to establish the right of way on the busy roads. Its primary purpose is to give each road a duration of time in which its traffic may use the intersection in an organised way. The intervals of time assigned for each road may be adjusted to take into account factors such as difference in volume of traffic, the needs of pedestrians, or other traffic signals. Pedestrian crossings may be located near other traffic control devices; if they are not also regulated in some way, vehicles must give priority to them when in use. Traffic on a public road usually has priority over other traffic such as traffic emerging from private access; rail crossings and <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge_(American_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawbridge (American English)">drawbridges</a> are typical exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncontrolled_traffic">Uncontrolled traffic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uncontrolled traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uncontrolled traffic comes in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Road_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Road marking">lane markings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic control signals</a>. On roads without marked lanes, drivers tend to keep to the appropriate side if the road is wide enough. Drivers frequently overtake others. Obstructions are common. </p><p>Intersections have no signals or signage, and a particular road at a busy intersection may be dominant – that is, its traffic flows – until a break in traffic, at which time the dominance shifts to the other road where vehicles are queued. At the intersection of two perpendicular roads, a traffic jam may result if four vehicles face each other side-on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turning">Turning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drivers often seek to turn onto another road or onto <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. The vehicle's blinking <a href="/wiki/Turn_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn signal">turn signals</a> (commonly known as "blinkers" or "indicators") are often used as a way to announce one's intention to turn, thus alerting other drivers. The actual usage of directional signals varies greatly amongst countries, although its purpose is to indicate a driver's intention to depart from the current (and natural) flow of traffic well before the departure is executed (typically 3 seconds as a guideline). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burger_King,_Ashley_St,_Valdosta_2016.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Burger_King%2C_Ashley_St%2C_Valdosta_2016.JPG/220px-Burger_King%2C_Ashley_St%2C_Valdosta_2016.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Burger_King%2C_Ashley_St%2C_Valdosta_2016.JPG/330px-Burger_King%2C_Ashley_St%2C_Valdosta_2016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Burger_King%2C_Ashley_St%2C_Valdosta_2016.JPG/440px-Burger_King%2C_Ashley_St%2C_Valdosta_2016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Center_turn_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Center turn lane">Center turn lane</a> on a Georgia road</figcaption></figure> <p>This will usually mean that turning traffic must stop and wait for a breach to turn, and this might cause inconvenience for drivers that follow them but do not want to turn. This is why dedicated lanes and protected traffic signals for turning are sometimes provided. On busier intersections where a protected lane would be ineffective or cannot be built, turning may be entirely prohibited, and drivers will be required to "drive around the block" in order to accomplish the turn. Many cities employ this tactic quite often; in San Francisco, due to its common practice, making three right turns is known colloquially as a "San Francisco left turn". Likewise, as many intersections in <a href="/wiki/Taipei_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipei City">Taipei City</a> are too busy to allow direct left turns, signs often direct drivers to drive around the block to turn. </p><p>Turning rules are by no means universal. For example, in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (a drive-on-the-left country) between 1977 and 2012, left turning traffic had to give way to opposing right-turning traffic wishing to take the same road (unless there were multiple lanes, but then one must take care in case a vehicle jumped lanes). New Zealand abolished this particular rule on 25 March 2012, except at <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabouts</a> or when denoted by a Give Way or Stop sign.<sup id="cite_ref-example_web_reference_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-example_web_reference-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the rule caused initial driver confusion, and many intersections required or still require modification,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the change is predicted to eventually prevent one death and 13 serious injuries annually. </p><p>On roads with multiple lanes, turning traffic is generally expected to move to the lane closest to the direction they wish to turn. For example, traffic intending to turn right will usually move to the rightmost lane before the intersection. Likewise, left-turning traffic will move to the leftmost lane. Exceptions to this rule may exist where for example the traffic authority decides that the two rightmost lanes will be for turning right, in which case drivers may take whichever of them to turn. Traffic may adapt to <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">informal patterns</a> that rise naturally rather than by force of authority. For example, it is common for drivers to observe (and trust) the turn signals used by other drivers in order to make turns from other lanes. If several vehicles on the right lane are all turning right, a vehicle may come from the next-to-right lane and turn right as well, in parallel with the other right-turning vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intersections">Intersections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Intersections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersection (road)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intersection_4way_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Intersection_4way_overview.jpg/220px-Intersection_4way_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Intersection_4way_overview.jpg/330px-Intersection_4way_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Intersection_4way_overview.jpg/440px-Intersection_4way_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>This intersection in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> has crosswalks, left-turn lanes, and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, the default rule is to give <a href="/wiki/Priority_to_the_right" title="Priority to the right">priority to the right</a>, but this may be overridden by signs or road markings. There, priority was initially given according to the social rank of each traveler, but early in the life of the automobile this rule was deemed impractical and replaced with the <i>priorité à droite</i> (priority to the right) rule, which still applies. At a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic circle">traffic circle</a> where <i>priorité à droite</i> is not overridden, traffic on what would otherwise be a <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> gives way to traffic entering the circle. Most French roundabouts now have give-way signs for traffic entering the circle, but there remain some notable exceptions that operate on the old rule, such as the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de l'Étoile">Place de l'Étoile</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a>. Priority to the right where used in continental Europe may be overridden by an ascending hierarchy of markings, signs, signals, and authorized persons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif/220px-NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif/330px-NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a> in a country where traffic drives on the right. Traffic streams circularly around a central island after first yielding to circulating traffic. Unlike with traffic circles, vehicles on a roundabout have priority over the entering vehicle, <a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">parking</a> is not allowed and pedestrians are usually prohibited from the central island.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Intersection_diagram.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Street_Intersection_diagram.PNG/220px-Street_Intersection_diagram.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Street_Intersection_diagram.PNG/330px-Street_Intersection_diagram.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Street_Intersection_diagram.PNG/440px-Street_Intersection_diagram.PNG 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersection</a> of two-way streets as seen from above (traffic flows on the right side of the road). The east–west street has left turn lanes from both directions, but the north–south street does not have left turn lanes at this intersection. The east–west street traffic lights also have green left turn arrows to show when unhindered left turns can be made. Some possible markings for crosswalks are shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, priority is generally indicated by signs or markings, so that almost all junctions between public roads (except those governed by traffic signals) have a concept of a major road and minor road. The default give-way-to-the-right rule used in Continental Europe causes problems for many British and Irish drivers who are accustomed to having right of way by default unless otherwise indicated. A very small proportion of low-traffic junctions are unmarked – typically on <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estates</a> or in rural areas. Here the rule is to "proceed with great care"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. slow the vehicle and check for traffic on the intersecting road. </p><p>Other countries use various methods similar to the above examples to establish the right of way at intersections. For example, in most of the United States, the default priority is to yield to traffic from the right, but this is usually overridden by traffic control devices or other rules, like the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_rule" title="Boulevard rule">boulevard rule</a>. This rule holds that traffic entering a major road from a smaller road or alley must yield to the traffic of the busier road, but signs are often still posted. The boulevard rule can be compared with the above concept of a major and minor road, or the priority roads that may be found in countries that are parties to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. </p> <dl><dt>Perpendicular intersections</dt></dl> <p>Also known as a "four-way" intersection, this intersection is the most common configuration for roads that cross each other, and the most basic type. </p><p>If <a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic signal">traffic signals</a> do not control a four-way intersection, signs or other features are typically used to control movements and make clear priorities. The most common arrangement is to indicate that one road has priority over the other, but there are complex cases where all traffic approaching an intersection must yield and may be required to stop. </p><p>In the United States, South Africa, and Canada, there are four-way intersections with a <a href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">stop sign</a> at every entrance, called four-way stops. A failed signal or a flashing red light is equivalent to a four-way stop, or an <a href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">all-way stop</a>. Special rules for four-way stops may include: </p> <ol><li>In the countries that use four-way stops, pedestrians always have priority at crosswalks – even at unmarked ones, which exist as the logical continuations of the sidewalks at every intersection with approximately right angles – unless signed or painted otherwise.</li> <li>Whichever vehicle first stops at the stop line – or before the crosswalk, if there is no stop line – has priority.</li> <li>If two vehicles stop at the same time, priority is given to the vehicle on the right.</li> <li>If several vehicles arrive at the same time, a right-of-way conflict may arise wherein no driver has the legal right-of-way. This may result in drivers informally signaling to other drivers to indicate their intent to yield, for example by waving or flashing headlights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In Europe and other places, there are similar intersections. These may be marked by special signs (according to the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</a>), a danger sign with a black X representing a crossroads. This sign informs drivers that the intersection is uncontrolled and that default rules apply. In Europe and in many areas of North America the default rules that apply at uncontrolled four-way intersections are almost identical: </p> <ol><li>Rules for pedestrians differ by country, in the United States and Canada pedestrians generally have priority at such an intersection.</li> <li>All vehicles must give priority to any traffic approaching from their right,</li> <li>Then, if the vehicle is turning right or continuing on the same road it may proceed.</li> <li>Vehicles turning left must also give priority to traffic approaching from the opposite direction, unless that traffic is also turning left.</li> <li>If the intersection is congested, vehicles must alternate directions and/or circulate priority to the right one vehicle at a time. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protected_intersection_for_bicycles">Protected intersection for bicycles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protected intersection for bicycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of features make this <a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">protected intersection</a>. A corner refuge island, a setback crossing of the pedestrians and cyclists, generally between 1.5–7 metres of setback, a forward stop bar, which allows cyclists to stop for a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic light</a> well ahead of motor traffic who must stop behind the crosswalk. Separate signal staging or at least an advance green for cyclists and pedestrians is used to give cyclists and pedestrians no conflicts or a head start over traffic. The design makes a right turn on red, and sometimes left on red depending on the geometry of the intersection in question, possible in many cases, often without stopping.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of intersection is common in the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">bicycle-friendly</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm/220px--Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="359" data-mwtitle="Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm/Protected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AProtected_intersections_for_bicyclists.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Protected intersection design based on a common Dutch model, preserving the physical segregation of the cycle lane throughout the intersection</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedestrian_crossings">Pedestrian crossings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pedestrian crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></div> <p>Pedestrians must often cross from one side of a road to the other, and in doing so may come into the way of vehicles traveling on the road. In many places pedestrians are entirely left to look after themselves, that is, they must observe the road and cross when they can see that no traffic will threaten them. Busier cities usually provide <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossings" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian crossings">pedestrian crossings</a>, which are strips of the road where pedestrians are expected to cross. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehod_za_pe%C5%A1ce_na_Glavnem_trgu_pri_Starem_mostu_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Prehod_za_pe%C5%A1ce_na_Glavnem_trgu_pri_Starem_mostu_1961.jpg/220px-Prehod_za_pe%C5%A1ce_na_Glavnem_trgu_pri_Starem_mostu_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Prehod_za_pe%C5%A1ce_na_Glavnem_trgu_pri_Starem_mostu_1961.jpg/330px-Prehod_za_pe%C5%A1ce_na_Glavnem_trgu_pri_Starem_mostu_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Prehod_za_pe%C5%A1ce_na_Glavnem_trgu_pri_Starem_mostu_1961.jpg/440px-Prehod_za_pe%C5%A1ce_na_Glavnem_trgu_pri_Starem_mostu_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Slovenia, 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>The actual appearance of pedestrian crossings varies greatly, but the two most common appearances are: (1) a series of lateral white stripes or (2) two longitudinal white lines. The former is usually preferred, as it stands out more conspicuously against the dark pavement. </p><p>Some pedestrian crossings accompany a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic signal">traffic signal</a> to make vehicles stop at regular intervals so pedestrians can cross. Some countries have "intelligent" pedestrian signals, where the pedestrian must push a button in order to assert their intention to cross. In some countries, approaching traffic is monitored by radar or by electromagnetic sensors buried in the road surface, and the pedestrian crossing lights are set to red if a speed infringement is detected. This has the effect of enforcing the local speed limit. See Speed Limits below. </p><p>Pedestrian crossings without traffic signals are also common. In this case, the traffic laws usually states that the pedestrian has the right of way when crossing, and that vehicles must stop when a pedestrian uses the crossing. Countries and driving cultures vary greatly as to the extent to which this is respected. In the state of Nevada the car has the right of way when the crosswalk signal specifically forbids pedestrian crossing. Traffic culture is a determinant factor for the behaviors of all road users’ traffic. Specifically, it has a main role in crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some jurisdictions forbid crossing or using the road anywhere other than at crossings, termed <i><a href="/wiki/Jaywalking" title="Jaywalking">jaywalking</a></i>. In other areas, pedestrians may have the right to cross where they choose, and have right of way over vehicular traffic while crossing. </p><p>In most areas, an intersection is considered to have a crosswalk, even if not painted, as long as the roads meet at approximate right angles. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">The United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> are among the exceptions. </p><p>Pedestrian crossings may also be located away from intersections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_crossings">Level crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Level crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC_train_through_Elon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NC_train_through_Elon.jpg/240px-NC_train_through_Elon.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NC_train_through_Elon.jpg/360px-NC_train_through_Elon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NC_train_through_Elon.jpg/480px-NC_train_through_Elon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An example of a typical rail crossing in the United States as an <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> Carolinian and Piedmont train passes through</figcaption></figure> <p>A level crossing is an at-grade intersection of a railway by a road. Because of safety issues, they are often equipped with <a href="/wiki/Boom_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom barrier">closable gates</a>, crossing bells and warning signs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_limits">Speed limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speed limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">Speed limit</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Traffic" title="Special:EditPage/Traffic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The higher the speed of a vehicle, the more difficult collision avoidance becomes and the greater the damage if a collision does occur. Therefore, many countries of the world <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">limit the maximum speed allowed</a> on their roads. Vehicles are not supposed to be driven at speeds which are higher than the posted maximum. </p><p>To enforce speed limits, two approaches are generally employed. In the United States, it is common for the police to patrol the streets and use special equipment (typically a <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> unit) to measure the speed of vehicles, and pull over any vehicle found to be in violation of the speed limit. In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, Colombia and some European countries, there are computerized speed-measuring devices spread throughout the city, which will automatically detect speeding drivers and take a photograph of the license plate (or number plate), which is later used for applying and mailing the ticket. Many jurisdictions in the U.S. use this technology as well. </p><p>A mechanism that was developed in Germany is the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCne_Welle" class="extiw" title="de:Grüne Welle">Grüne Welle</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Green_wave" title="Green wave">green wave</a></i>, which is an indicator that shows the optimal speed to travel for the synchronized green lights along that corridor. Driving faster or slower than the speed set by the behavior of the lights causes the driver to encounter many red lights. This discourages drivers from speeding or impeding the flow of traffic. See related <a href="/wiki/Traffic_wave" title="Traffic wave">traffic wave</a> and Pedestrian Crossings, above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overtaking">Overtaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Overtaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overtaking" title="Overtaking">Overtaking</a></div> <p><i>Overtaking</i> (or <i>passing</i>) refers to a maneuver by which one or more vehicles traveling in the same direction are passed by another vehicle. On two-lane roads, when there is a split line or a dashed line on the side of the overtaker, drivers may overtake when it is safe. On multi-lane roads in most jurisdictions, overtaking is permitted in the "slower" lanes, though many require a special circumstance. See "Lanes" below. </p><p>In the United Kingdom and Canada, notably on extra-urban roads, a solid white or yellow line closer to the driver is used to indicate that no overtaking is allowed in that lane. A double white or yellow line means that neither side may overtake. </p><p>In the United States, a solid white line means that lane changes are discouraged and a double white line means that the lane change is prohibited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lanes">Lanes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv/300px--Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="225" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv/Changing_lanes_in_Gothenburg_ubt.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Changing lanes on an 8-lane road outside <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>When a street is wide enough to accommodate several vehicles traveling side-by-side, it is usual for traffic to organize itself into <i>lanes</i>, that is, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> corridors of traffic. Some roads have one lane for each direction of travel and others have multiple lanes for each direction. Most countries apply pavement markings to clearly indicate the limits of each lane and the direction of travel that it must be used for. In other countries lanes have no markings at all and drivers follow them mostly by <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuition</a> rather than visual stimulus. </p><p>On roads that have multiple lanes going in the same direction, drivers may usually shift amongst lanes as they please, but they must do so in a way that does not cause inconvenience to other drivers. Driving cultures vary greatly on the issue of "lane ownership": in some countries, drivers traveling in a lane will be very protective of their right to travel in it while in others drivers will routinely expect other drivers to shift back and forth. </p><p><b>Designation and overtaking</b> </p><p>The usual designation for lanes on <a href="/wiki/Divided_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided highway">divided highways</a> is the fastest lane is the one closest to the center of the road, and the slowest to the edge of the road. Drivers are usually expected to keep in the slowest lane unless <a href="/wiki/Overtaking" title="Overtaking">overtaking</a>, though with more traffic congestion all lanes are often used. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic#Left-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">driving on the left</a>: </p> <ul><li>The lane designated for faster traffic is on the right.</li> <li>The lane designated for slower traffic is on the left.</li> <li>Most freeway exits are on the left.</li> <li>Overtaking is permitted to the right, and sometimes to the left.</li></ul> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic#Right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">driving on the right</a>: </p> <ul><li>The lane designated for faster traffic is on the left.</li> <li>The lane designated for slower traffic is on the right.</li> <li>Most freeway exits are on the right.</li> <li>Overtaking is permitted to the left, and sometimes to the right.</li></ul> <p>Countries party to the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a> have uniform rules about overtaking and lane designation. The convention details (amongst other things) that "Every driver shall keep to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic", and the "Drivers overtaking shall do so on the side opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic", notwithstanding the presence or absence of oncoming traffic. Allowed exceptions to these rules include turning or heavy traffic, traffic in lines, or situation in which signs or markings must dictate otherwise. These rules must be more strictly adhered to on roads with oncoming traffic, but still apply on multi-lane and divided highways. Many countries in Europe are party to the Vienna Conventions on traffic and roads. In Australia (which is not a contracting party), traveling in any lane other than the "slow" lane on a road with a speed limit at or above 80 km/h (50 mph) is an offence, unless signage is posted to the contrary or the driver is overtaking. </p><p>Many areas in North America do not have any laws about staying to the slowest lanes unless overtaking. In those areas, unlike many parts of Europe, traffic is allowed to overtake on any side, even in a slower lane. This practice is known as "passing on the right" in the United States and "overtaking on the inside" and "undertaking" in the United Kingdom. When referring to individual lanes on dual carriageways, one does not consider traffic travelling the opposite direction. The inside lane (<a href="/wiki/Overtaking#Rules_of_overtaking" title="Overtaking">in the British English sense</a>, i.e. the lane beside the hard shoulder) refers to the lane used for normal travel, while the middle lane is used for overtaking cars on the inside lane. The outside lane (i.e. closest to oncoming traffic) is used for overtaking vehicles in the middle lane. The same principle lies with dual carriageways with more than three lanes. </p><p><b>U.S.-state-specific practices</b> </p><p>In some US states (such as <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>), although there are laws requiring all traffic on a public way to use the right-most lane unless overtaking, this rule is often ignored and seldom enforced on multi-lane roadways. Some states, such as <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, use a combination of laws and signs restricting speeds or vehicles on certain lanes to emphasize overtaking only on the left lane, and to avoid a psychological condition commonly called <a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">road rage</a>. </p><p>In California, cars may use any lane on multi-lane roadways. Drivers moving slower than the general flow of traffic are required to stay in the right-most lanes (by <a href="/wiki/California_Vehicle_Code" title="California Vehicle Code">California Vehicle Code</a> (CVC) 21654) to keep the way clear for faster vehicles and thus speed up traffic. However, faster drivers may legally pass in the slower lanes if conditions allow (by CVC 21754). But the CVC also requires trucks to stay in the right lane, or in the right two lanes if the roadway has four or more lanes going in their direction. The oldest freeways in California, and some freeway interchanges, often have ramps on the left, making signs like "<a href="/w/index.php?title=TRUCKS_OK_ON_LEFT_LANE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRUCKS OK ON LEFT LANE (page does not exist)">TRUCKS OK ON LEFT LANE</a>" or "TRUCKS MAY USE ALL LANES" necessary to override the default rule. <a href="/wiki/Lane_splitting" title="Lane splitting">Lane splitting</a>, or riding motorcycles in the space between cars in traffic, is permitted as long as it is done in a safe and prudent manner.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-way_roadways">One-way roadways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: One-way roadways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anawrahta_road_traffic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Anawrahta_road_traffic.jpg/220px-Anawrahta_road_traffic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Anawrahta_road_traffic.jpg/330px-Anawrahta_road_traffic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Anawrahta_road_traffic.jpg/440px-Anawrahta_road_traffic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5210" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>One-way traffic on Anawrahta road, <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/One-way_traffic" title="One-way traffic">One-way traffic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway</a></div> <p>In order to increase traffic capacity and safety, a route may have two or more separate roads for each direction of traffic. Alternatively, a given road might be declared <i>one-way</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-speed_roads">High-speed roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: High-speed roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Controlled-access highway</a></div> <p>In large cities, moving from one part of the city to another by means of ordinary streets and avenues can be time-consuming since traffic is often slowed by <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation#Roads" title="Grade separation">at-grade junctions</a>, tight turns, narrow marked lanes and lack of a minimum <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limit</a>. Therefore, it has become common practice for larger cities to build roads for faster <a href="/w/index.php?title=Through_traffic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Through traffic (page does not exist)">through traffic</a>. There are two different types of roads used to provide high-speed access across urban areas: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a> (<i>freeway</i> or <i>motorway</i>) is a divided multi-lane highway with fully controlled access and grade-separated intersections (no cross traffic). Some freeways are called <i><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">expressways</a></i>, <i>super-highways</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Turnpike_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Turnpike (disambiguation)">turnpikes</a></i>, depending on local usage. Access to freeways is fully controlled; entering and leaving the freeway is permitted only at grade-separated interchanges.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">limited-access road</a> (often called <i>expressway</i> in areas where the name does not refer to a freeway or motorway) is a lower-grade type of road with some or many of the characteristics of a controlled-access highway: usually a broad multi-lane avenue, frequently divided, with some <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separation</a> at intersections.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">drivers</a> wishing to travel over great distances within the city will usually take the freeways or expressways in order to minimize travel time. When a crossing road is at the same <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade</a> as the freeway, a bridge (or, less often, an <a href="/wiki/Underpass" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpass">underpass</a>) will be built for the crossing road. If the freeway is elevated, the crossing road will pass underneath it. </p><p>Minimum speed signs are sometimes posted (although increasingly rare) and usually indicate that any vehicle traveling slower than 40 mph (64 km/h) should indicate a slower speed of travel to other motor vehicles by engaging the vehicle's four-way flashing lights. Alternative slower-than-posted speeds may be in effect, based on the posted speed limit of the highway/freeway. </p><p>Systems of freeways and expressways are also built to connect distant and regional cities, notable systems include the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate highways">Interstate highways</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Autobahn" class="mw-redirect" title="German Autobahn">Autobahnen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="One-way_streets">One-way streets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: One-way streets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/One-way_traffic" title="One-way traffic">One-way traffic</a></div> <p>In more sophisticated systems such as large cities, this concept is further extended: some streets are marked as being <i>one-way</i>, and on those streets all traffic must flow in only one direction. Pedestrians on the sidewalks are generally not limited to one-way movement. Drivers wishing to reach a destination they have already passed must return via other streets. One-way streets, despite the inconveniences to some individual drivers, can greatly improve traffic flow since they usually allow traffic to move faster and tend to simplify intersections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congested_traffic">Congested traffic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Congested traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peak_hour_traffic_in_melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peak_hour_traffic_in_melbourne.jpg/250px-Peak_hour_traffic_in_melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peak_hour_traffic_in_melbourne.jpg/375px-Peak_hour_traffic_in_melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peak_hour_traffic_in_melbourne.jpg/500px-Peak_hour_traffic_in_melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Traffic slows to a crawl on the <a href="/wiki/Monash_Freeway" title="Monash Freeway">Monash Freeway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia through <a href="/wiki/Peak_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak hour">peak hour</a> traffic.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a></div> <p>In some places traffic volume is consistently, extremely large, either during periods of time referred to as <i>rush hour</i> or perpetually. Exceptionally, traffic upstream of a vehicular collision or an obstruction, such as <a href="/wiki/Road_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Road works">construction</a>, may also be constrained, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic jam">traffic jam</a>. Such dynamics in relation to <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Traffic_flow" title="Traffic flow">traffic flow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineers</a> sometimes gauge the quality of traffic flow in terms of <a href="/wiki/Level_of_service_(transportation)" title="Level of service (transportation)">level of service</a>. </p><p>In measured traffic data, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion:_Reconstruction_with_Kerner%27s_three-phase_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic congestion: Reconstruction with Kerner's three-phase theory">common spatiotemporal empirical features of traffic congestion</a> have been found that are qualitatively the same for different highways in different countries. Some of these common features distinguish the wide moving jam and synchronized flow phases of congested traffic in <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kerner" title="Boris Kerner">Kerner's</a> <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_traffic_theory" title="Three-phase traffic theory">three-phase traffic theory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rush_hour">Rush hour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rush hour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">Rush hour</a></div> <p>During business days in most major cities, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> reaches great intensity at predictable times of the day due to the large number of vehicles using the road at the same time. This phenomenon is called <i><a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a></i> or <i>peak hour</i>, although the period of high traffic intensity often exceeds one hour. Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Car_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Car radio">car radios</a>, radio programming during rush hour is likely to be called <a href="/wiki/Drive_time" title="Drive time">drive time</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congestion_mitigation">Congestion mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Congestion mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rush_hour_policies">Rush hour policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rush hour policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some cities adopt policies to reduce rush-hour traffic and pollution and encourage the use of <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, each vehicle has a specific day of the week in which it is forbidden from traveling the roads during rush hour. The day for each vehicle is taken from the <a href="/wiki/License_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="License plate">license plate</a> number, and this rule is enforced by traffic police and also by hundreds of strategically positioned traffic cameras backed by computerized image-recognition systems that issue tickets to offending drivers. </p><p>In the United States and Canada, several expressways have a special lane (called an "HOV Lane" – <a href="/wiki/High_Occupancy_Vehicle_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="High Occupancy Vehicle Lane">High Occupancy Vehicle Lane</a>) that can only be used by cars carrying two (some locations-three) or more people. Also, many major cities have instituted strict parking prohibitions during rush hour on major arterial streets leading to and from the central business district. During designated weekday hours, vehicles parked on these primary routes are subject to prompt ticketing and towing at owner expense. The purpose of these restrictions is to make available an additional traffic lane in order to maximize available traffic capacity. Additionally, several cities offer a public telephone service where citizens can arrange rides with others depending on where they live and work. The purpose of these policies is to reduce the number of vehicles on the roads and thus reduce rush-hour traffic intensity. </p><p>Metered freeways are also a solution for controlling rush hour traffic. In Phoenix, Arizona and Seattle, Washington, among other places, metered on-ramps have been implemented. During rush hour, traffic signals are used with green lights to allow one car per blink of the light to proceed on to the freeway. </p><p>Rush hour is typically caused by multiple cars all going to once place at the same time. There is no way to fix the issue because the economy has set times for work, school, and running errands all during the same hours. There is no avoiding this problem because it exists in every major metropolitan area in the world. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-emption">Pre-emption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pre-emption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some areas, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency responders</a> are provided with specialized equipment, such as a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Infrared_Transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Infrared Transmitter">Mobile Infrared Transmitter</a>, which allows emergency response vehicles, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fire_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire apparatus">fire-fighting apparatus</a>, to have high-priority travel by having the lights along their route change to green. The technology behind these methods has evolved, from panels at the fire department (which could trigger and control green lights for certain major corridors) to optical systems (which the individual fire apparatus can be equipped with to communicate directly with receivers on the signal head). In certain jurisdictions, public transport buses and government-operated <a href="/wiki/Winter_service_vehicle" title="Winter service vehicle">winter service vehicles</a> are permitted to use this equipment to extend the length of a green light.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During emergencies where evacuation of a heavily populated area is required, local authorities may institute <a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">contraflow lane reversal</a>, in which all lanes of a road lead away from a danger zone regardless of their original flow. Aside from emergencies, contraflow may also be used to ease traffic congestion during rush hour or at the end of a sports event (where a large number of cars are leaving the venue at the same time). For example, the six lanes of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tunnel" title="Lincoln Tunnel">Lincoln Tunnel</a> can be changed from three inbound and three outbound to a two/four configuration depending on traffic volume. The Brazilian highways <a href="/wiki/Rodovia_dos_Imigrantes" title="Rodovia dos Imigrantes">Rodovia dos Imigrantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodovia_Anchieta" title="Rodovia Anchieta">Rodovia Anchieta</a> connect <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> coast. Almost all lanes of both highways are usually reversed during weekends to allow for heavy seaside traffic. The reversibility of the highways requires many additional highway ramps and complicated <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">interchanges</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligent_transportation_systems">Intelligent transportation systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Intelligent transportation systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">intelligent transportation system</a> (ITS) is a system of hardware, software, and operators-in-the-loop that allow better monitoring and control of traffic in order to optimize traffic flow. As the number of vehicle lane miles traveled per year continues to increase dramatically, and as the number of vehicle lane miles constructed per year has not been keeping pace, this has led to ever-increasing <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>. As a cost-effective solution toward optimizing traffic, ITS presents a number of technologies to reduce congestion by monitoring traffic flows through the use of sensors and live cameras or analysing cellular phone data travelling in cars (<a href="/wiki/Floating_car_data" title="Floating car data">floating car data</a>) and in turn rerouting traffic as needed through the use of variable message boards (VMS), highway advisory radio, on board or off board navigation devices and other systems through <a href="/wiki/Integration_of_traffic_data_with_navigation_systems" title="Integration of traffic data with navigation systems">integration of traffic data with navigation systems</a>. Additionally, the roadway network has been increasingly fitted with additional communications and control infrastructure to allow traffic operations personnel to monitor weather conditions, for dispatching maintenance crews to perform snow or ice removal, as well as intelligent systems such as automated bridge de-icing systems which help to prevent accidents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aviation">Aviation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In aviation, right-of-way rules are established over the principle that the least maneuverable aircraft takes priority. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> ranks air traffic in the following passage order:<sup id="cite_ref-cfr14part91.113_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr14part91.113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Any aircraft in distress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Air balloon">Air balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">Glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a> <ul><li>An aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right-of-way over all other engine-driven aircraft</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_parachute" title="Powered parachute">Powered parachute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight-shift-control_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight-shift-control aircraft">weight-shift-control aircraft</a>, airplane, and <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a></li></ul> <p>In addition, head-on approaching aircraft shall alter course to the right. An aircraft being overtaken has the right-of-way. A landing aircraft has the right-of-way over other surface-operating aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-cfr14part91.113_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr14part91.113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Road_Rules" title="Australian Road Rules">Rules of the road in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_safety" title="Bicycle safety">Bicycle safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braess%27s_paradox" title="Braess's paradox">Braess's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sea_traffic_ways" title="Cross-sea traffic ways">Cross-sea traffic ways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_demand" title="Induced demand">Induced demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Transportation_Engineers" title="Institute of Transportation Engineers">Institute of Transportation Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea" title="International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea">International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Transport_and_Land_Use" title="Journal of Transport and Land Use">Journal of Transport and Land Use</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_clear_chance" title="Last clear chance">Last clear chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_source" title="Line source">Line source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park" title="Multistorey car park">Multistorey car park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_Road_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="NZ Road Code">Rules of the road in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control_device" title="Road traffic control device">Road traffic control device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road traffic safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_road_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of the road in China">Rules of the road in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_traffic_theory" title="Three-phase traffic theory">Three-phase traffic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Traffic_law" title="Category:Traffic law">Traffic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficability" title="Trafficability">Trafficability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/traffic">"Traffic definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Traffic+definition+and+meaning+%7C+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ftraffic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=traffic">"traffic"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i> (Fifth ed.). 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=traffic&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dtraffic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2001–2014" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2001–2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=traffic&allowed_in_frame=0">"traffic (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymological Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.atitle=traffic+%28n.%29&rft.date=2001%2F2014&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtraffic%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"traffic, n.". <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=traffic%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Davies v. Mann,</i> 152 Eng. Rep. 588 (1842)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Last_clear_chance" title="Last clear chance">legal doctrine of Last Clear Chance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-example_web_reference-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-example_web_reference_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearnaley,_Mathew2011" class="citation news cs1">Dearnaley, Mathew (2 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/motoring/news/article.cfm?c_id=9&objectid=10748892">"Give-way rule change: Campaign to avoid crashes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Give-way+rule+change%3A+Campaign+to+avoid+crashes&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.au=Dearnaley%2C+Mathew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fmotoring%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D9%26objectid%3D10748892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2012" class="citation news cs1">Preston, Nikki (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10787417">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Wait and see approach' on left turn rule"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=%27Wait+and+see+approach%27+on+left+turn+rule&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10787417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/using-the-road-159-to-203/road-junctions-170-to-183">"The Highway Code – Rule 176"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Highway+Code+%E2%80%93+Rule+176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fusing-the-road-159-to-203%2Froad-junctions-170-to-183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosting2012" class="citation web cs1">Oosting, Jonathan (3 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917150430/http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/09/traffic_talk_breaking_down_fou.html">"Traffic Talk: Breaking down four-way stop sign scenarios, laws and common-sense courtesies"</a>. <i>mlive</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/09/traffic_talk_breaking_down_fou.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlive&rft.atitle=Traffic+Talk%3A+Breaking+down+four-way+stop+sign+scenarios%2C+laws+and+common-sense+courtesies&rft.date=2012-09-03&rft.aulast=Oosting&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F09%2Ftraffic_talk_breaking_down_fou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protectedintersection.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Falbo_ProtectedIntersection_Transcript1.pdf">"Out of the Box Transcript.docx"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.protectedintersection.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Falbo_ProtectedIntersection_Transcript1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2008-06-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns2004" class="citation web cs1">Downs, Anthony (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/traffic-why-its-getting-worse-what-government-can-do/">"Traffic: Why It's Getting Worse, What Government Can Do"</a>. <i>Brookings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Traffic%3A+Why+It%27s+Getting+Worse%2C+What+Government+Can+Do&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Ftraffic-why-its-getting-worse-what-government-can-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1">"625 ILCS 5/12-601.1. Traffic control signal preemption devices.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/062500050k12-601.1.htm"><i>Illinois Compiled Statutes</i></a>. Illinois General Assembly. 2 July 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=625+ILCS+5%2F12-601.1.+Traffic+control+signal+preemption+devices.&rft.btitle=Illinois+Compiled+Statutes&rft.pub=Illinois+General+Assembly&rft.date=2003-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilga.gov%2Flegislation%2Filcs%2Fdocuments%2F062500050k12-601.1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfr14part91.113-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfr14part91.113_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr14part91.113_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-91.113">"14 CFR 91.113"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></i>. 27 July 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft.atitle=14+CFR+91.113&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcurrent%2Ftitle-14%2Fsection-91.113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>May, Adolf. <i>Traffic Flow Fundamentals</i>. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725025356/http://www.azite.org/pdf/GuidanceDesignSafety.pdf">2010 Highway Capacity Manual</a></i>. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-06681-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-06681-6">0-309-06681-6</a>,</li> <li>Taylor, Nicholas. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contram.com/download/NETS_CONTRAM_DTA.pdf">The Contram dynamic traffic assignment model</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">TRL</a> 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-3-540-20716-0">B. S. Kerner, <i>The Physics of Traffic</i>, Springer, Berlin, New York, 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+eng/book/978-3-642-02604-1">B. S. Kerner, <i>Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control: The Long Road to Three-Phase Traffic Theory</i>, Springer, Berlin, New York, 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41653">Traffic Monitoring: A Guidebook</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vanderbilt" title="Tom Vanderbilt">Vanderbilt, Tom</a>. <i>Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says About Us)</i>. Knopf, New York, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rules_of_the_road" title="Category:Rules of the road">Rules of the road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">All-way stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead">Assured clear distance ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Road_Rules" title="Australian Road Rules">Australian Road Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_rule" title="Boulevard rule">Boulevard rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cross_Code" title="Green Cross Code">Green Cross Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_over_law" title="Move over law">Move over law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Road_Code" title="New Zealand Road Code">New Zealand Road Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtaking" title="Overtaking">Overtaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Left- and right-hand traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_traffic" title="Bidirectional traffic">Bidirectional traffic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Priority_.28right_of_way.29">Right-of-way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bus_traffic_stop_laws" title="School bus traffic stop laws">School bus traffic stop laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_code" title="Traffic code">Traffic code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_on_red" title="Turn on red">Turn on red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_user_guides" title="Category:Road user guides">Road user guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_manual" title="Driver's manual">Driver's manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code" title="The Highway Code">The Highway Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code_(Malta)" title="The Highway Code (Malta)">The Highway Code (Malta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Users%27_Code" title="Road Users' Code">Road Users' Code</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_Road_(Ireland)" title="Rules of the Road (Ireland)">Rules of the Road (Ireland)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bylaw_enforcement_officer" title="Bylaw enforcement officer">Parking enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Impaired driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_patrol" title="Highway patrol">Highway patrol</a>/<a href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">State police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Pretextual stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">Road traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Terry stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textalyzer" title="Textalyzer">Textalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_camera" title="Traffic camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_enforcement_camera" title="Traffic enforcement camera">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_light_camera" title="Red light camera">Red light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_court" title="Traffic court">Traffic court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_guard" title="Traffic guard">Traffic guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_stop" title="Traffic stop">Traffic stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_ticket" title="Traffic ticket">Traffic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_(traffic_stop)" title="Warning (traffic stop)">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">Speed limit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/85th_percentile_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="85th percentile speed">85th percentile speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">Advisory speed limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead">Assured clear distance ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law" title="National Maximum Speed Law">National Maximum Speed Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_zone" title="School zone">School zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcement" title="Speed limit enforcement">Speed limit enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">Speed limits by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Speed_limits_by_country" title="Category:Speed limits by country">Category: Speed limits by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moving_violation" title="Moving violation">Moving violations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Impaired driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impaired_driving_in_Canada" title="Impaired driving in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">Mobile phones and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_driving" title="Reckless driving">Reckless driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brake_check" title="Brake check">Brake checking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgating" title="Tailgating">Tailgating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong-way_driving" title="Wrong-way driving">Wrong-way driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">Driver licensing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license" title="Commercial driver's license">Commercial driver's license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">European driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_driver_licensing" title="Graduated driver licensing">Graduated driver licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Driving_Permit" title="Inter-American Driving Permit">Inter-American Driving Permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Driving_Permit" title="International Driving Permit">International Driving Permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learner%27s_permit" title="Learner's permit">Learner's permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_system_(driving)" title="Point system (driving)">Point system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Driving_licences_by_country" title="Category:Driving licences by country">Driving licences by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_minimum_driving_age" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by minimum driving age">List of countries by minimum driving age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_violations_reciprocity" title="Traffic violations reciprocity">Traffic violations reciprocity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Driver%27s_License_Information_System" title="Commercial Driver's License Information System">Commercial Driver's License Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_License_Agreement" title="Driver License Agreement">Driver License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_License_Compact" title="Driver License Compact">Driver License Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Violator_Compact" title="Non-Resident Violator Compact">Non-Resident Violator Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate-side_parking" title="Alternate-side parking">Alternate-side parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalised_parking_enforcement" title="Decriminalised parking enforcement">Decriminalised parking enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_parking_permit" title="Disabled parking permit">Disabled parking permit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_parking_permits_of_the_United_States" title="Disabled parking permits of the United States">Disabled parking permits of the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_parking" title="Double parking">Double parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_chair" title="Parking chair">Parking chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_violation" title="Parking violation">Parking violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_clamp" title="Wheel clamp">Wheel clamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_safety" title="Category:Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt_legislation" title="Seat belt legislation">Seat belt laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_It_or_Ticket" title="Click It or Ticket">Click It or Ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clunk_Click_Every_Trip" title="Clunk Click Every Trip">Clunk Click Every Trip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_safety" title="Category:Road safety">Road safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachograph" title="Tachograph">Tachograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_tachograph" title="Digital tachograph">Digital tachograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drivers%27_working_hours" title="Drivers' working hours">Drivers' working hours</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_driving" title="Epilepsy and driving">Epilepsy and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hours_of_service" title="Hours of service">Hours of service</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22How%27s_my_driving%3F%22_sign" title=""How's my driving?" sign">"How's my driving?" sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age_and_driving" title="Old age and driving">Old age and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_moving_vehicle" title="Slow moving vehicle">Slow moving vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rules_of_the_road">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic&oldid=1259245908">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic&oldid=1259245908</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Road_safety" title="Category:Road 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