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returns</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: returns"> <meta name="keywords" content="returns"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="returns"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 318</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: returns</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">318</span> Forecasting for Financial Stock Returns Using a Quantile Function Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuzhi%20Cai">Yuzhi Cai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we introduce a newly developed quantile function model that can be used for estimating conditional distributions of financial returns and for obtaining multi-step ahead out-of-sample predictive distributions of financial returns. Since we forecast the whole conditional distributions, any predictive quantity of interest about the future financial returns can be obtained simply as a by-product of the method. We also show an application of the model to the daily closing prices of Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) series over the period from 2 January 2004 - 8 October 2010. We obtained the predictive distributions up to 15 days ahead for the DJIA returns, which were further compared with the actually observed returns and those predicted from an AR-GARCH model. The results show that the new model can capture the main features of financial returns and provide a better fitted model together with improved mean forecasts compared with conventional methods. We hope this talk will help audience to see that this new model has the potential to be very useful in practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DJIA" title="DJIA">DJIA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20returns" title=" financial returns"> financial returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictive%20distribution" title=" predictive distribution"> predictive distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantile%20function%20model" title=" quantile function model"> quantile function model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33434/forecasting-for-financial-stock-returns-using-a-quantile-function-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">317</span> The Impact of Financial News and Press Freedom on Abnormal Returns around Earnings Announcements in Greater China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Chen%20Wei">Yu-Chen Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang-Cheng%20Lu"> Yang-Cheng Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-Chi%20Lin"> I-Chi Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the impacts of news sentiment and press freedom on abnormal returns during the earnings announcement in greater China including the Shanghai, Shenzhen and Taiwan stock markets. The news sentiment ratio is calculated by using the content analysis of semantic orientation. The empirical results show that news released prior to the event date may decrease the cumulative abnormal returns prior to the earnings announcement regardless of whether it is released in China or Taiwan. By contrast, companies with optimistic financial news may increase the cumulative abnormal returns during the announcement date. Furthermore, the difference in terms of press freedom is considered in greater China to compare the impact of press freedom on abnormal returns. The findings show that, the freer the press is, the more negatively significant will be the impact of news on the abnormal returns, which means that the press freedom may decrease the ability of the news to impact the abnormal returns. The intuition is that investors may receive alternative news related to each company in the market with greater press freedom, which proves the efficiency of the market and reduces the possible excess returns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=news" title="news">news</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=press%20freedom" title=" press freedom"> press freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greater%20China" title=" Greater China"> Greater China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earnings%20announcement" title=" earnings announcement"> earnings announcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abnormal%20returns" title=" abnormal returns"> abnormal returns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8585/the-impact-of-financial-news-and-press-freedom-on-abnormal-returns-around-earnings-announcements-in-greater-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8585.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">316</span> Asymmetric Relation between Earnings and Returns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seungmin%20Chee">Seungmin Chee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates which of the two arguments, conservatism or liquidation option, is a true underlying driver of the asymmetric slope coefficient result regarding the association between earnings and returns. The analysis of the relation between earnings and returns in four mutually exclusive settings segmented by ‘profits vs. losses’ and ‘positive returns vs. negative returns’ suggests that liquidation option rather than conservatism is likely to cause the asymmetric slope coefficient result. Furthermore, this paper documents the temporal changes between Basu period (1963-1990) and post-Basu period (1990-2005). Although no significant change in degree of conservatism or value relevance of losses is reported, stronger negative relation between losses and positive returns is observed in the post-Basu period. Separate regression analysis of each quintile based on the rankings of price to sales ratio and book to market ratio suggests that the strong negative relation is driven by growth firms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservatism" title="conservatism">conservatism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earnings" title=" earnings"> earnings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquidation%20option" title=" liquidation option"> liquidation option</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=returns" title=" returns"> returns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25149/asymmetric-relation-between-earnings-and-returns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">315</span> Clustering of Extremes in Financial Returns: A Comparison between Developed and Emerging Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Ali%20Alokley">Sara Ali Alokley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansour%20Saleh%20Albarrak"> Mansour Saleh Albarrak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the dependency or clustering of extremes in the financial returns data by estimating the extremal index value θ∈[0,1]. The smaller the value of θ the more clustering we have. Here we apply the method of Ferro and Segers (2003) to estimate the extremal index for a range of threshold values. We compare the dependency structure of extremes in the developed and emerging markets. We use the financial returns of the stock market index in the developed markets of US, UK, France, Germany and Japan and the emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, China and Saudi Arabia. We expect that more clustering occurs in the emerging markets. This study will help to understand the dependency structure of the financial returns data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clustring" title="clustring">clustring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extremes" title=" extremes"> extremes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=returns" title=" returns"> returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dependency" title=" dependency"> dependency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extermal%20index" title=" extermal index"> extermal index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65436/clustering-of-extremes-in-financial-returns-a-comparison-between-developed-and-emerging-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65436.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">314</span> An Empirical Study of the Best Fitting Probability Distributions for Stock Returns Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayanta%20Pokharel">Jayanta Pokharel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gokarna%20Aryal"> Gokarna Aryal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Netra%20Kanaal"> Netra Kanaal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20Tsokos"> Chris Tsokos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Investment in stocks and shares aims to seek potential gains while weighing the risk of future needs, such as retirement, children's education etc. Analysis of the behavior of the stock market returns and making prediction is important for investors to mitigate risk on investment. Historically, the normal variance models have been used to describe the behavior of stock market returns. However, the returns of the financial assets are actually skewed with higher kurtosis, heavier tails, and a higher center than the normal distribution. The Laplace distribution and its family are natural candidates for modeling stock returns. The Variance-Gamma (VG) distribution is the most sought-after distributions for modeling asset returns and has been extensively discussed in financial literatures. In this paper, it explore the other Laplace family, such as Asymmetric Laplace, Skewed Laplace, Kumaraswamy Laplace (KS) together with Variance-Gamma to model the weekly returns of the S&P 500 Index and it's eleven business sector indices. The method of maximum likelihood is employed to estimate the parameters of the distributions and our empirical inquiry shows that the Kumaraswamy Laplace distribution performs much better for stock returns modeling among the choice of distributions used in this study and in practice, KS can be used as a strong alternative to VG distribution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20returns" title="stock returns">stock returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variance-gamma" title=" variance-gamma"> variance-gamma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kumaraswamy%20laplace" title=" kumaraswamy laplace"> kumaraswamy laplace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20likelihood" title=" maximum likelihood"> maximum likelihood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174545/an-empirical-study-of-the-best-fitting-probability-distributions-for-stock-returns-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">313</span> Small Entrepreneurs as Creators of Chaos: Increasing Returns Requires Scaling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20B.%20Neace">M. B. Neace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xin%20GAo"> Xin GAo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Small entrepreneurs are ubiquitous. Regardless of location their success depends on several behavioral characteristics and several market conditions. In this concept paper, we extend this paradigm to include elements from the science of chaos. Our observations, research findings, literature search and intuition lead us to the proposition that all entrepreneurs seek increasing returns, as did the many small entrepreneurs we have interviewed over the years. There will be a few whose initial perturbations may create tsunami-like waves of increasing returns over time resulting in very large market consequences–the butterfly impact. When small entrepreneurs perturb the market-place and their initial efforts take root a series of phase-space transitions begin to occur. They sustain the stream of increasing returns by scaling up. Chaos theory contributes to our understanding of this phenomenon. Sustaining and nourishing increasing returns of small entrepreneurs as complex adaptive systems requires scaling. In this paper we focus on the most critical element of the small entrepreneur scaling process–the mindset of the owner-operator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneur" title="entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=increasing%20returns" title=" increasing returns"> increasing returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaling" title=" scaling"> scaling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title=" chaos"> chaos</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5166/small-entrepreneurs-as-creators-of-chaos-increasing-returns-requires-scaling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">312</span> Evaluation of Merger Premium and Firm Performance in Europe </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthias%20Nnadi">Matthias Nnadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the relationship between premiums and returns in the short and long terms in European merger and acquisition (M&A) deals. The study employs Calendar Time Portfolio (CTP) model and find strong evidence that in the long run, premiums have a positive impact on performance, and we also establish evidence of a significant difference between the abnormal returns of the high premium paying portfolio and the low premium paying ones. Even in cases where all sub-portfolios show negative abnormal returns, the high premium category still outperforms the low premium category. Our findings have implications for companies engaging in acquisitions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mergers" title="mergers">mergers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premium" title=" premium"> premium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=returns" title=" returns"> returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquisitions" title=" acquisitions"> acquisitions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30995/evaluation-of-merger-premium-and-firm-performance-in-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">311</span> Whether Asset Growth is Systematic Risk: Evidence from Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thitima%20Chaiyakul">Thitima Chaiyakul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The number of previous literature regarding to the effect of asset growth and equity returns is small. Furthermore, those literature are mainly focus in the developed markets. According to my knowledge, there is no published paper examining the effect of asset growth and equity returns in the Stock Exchange of Thailand in different industry groups. The main objective in this research is the testing the effect of asset growth to equity returns in different industry groups. This study employs the data of the listed companies in the Stock Exchange of Thailand during January 1996 and December 2014. The data of financial industry are exclude from this study due to the different meaning of accounting terms. The results show the supported evidence that the asset growth positively affects the equity returns at a statistically significance level of at least 5% in Agro& Food Industry, Industrials, and Services Industry Groups. These results are inconsistent with the previous research testing in developed markets. Nevertheless, the statistically significances of the effect of asset growth to equity returns appear in some cases. In summary, the asset growth is a non-systematic risk and it is a mispricing factor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asset%20growth" title="asset growth">asset growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asset%20pricing" title=" asset pricing"> asset pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equity%20returns" title=" equity returns"> equity returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38000/whether-asset-growth-is-systematic-risk-evidence-from-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38000.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">310</span> Risk Management of Natural Disasters on Insurance Stock Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarah%20Bouaricha">Tarah Bouaricha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The impact of worst natural disasters is analysed in terms of insured losses which happened between 2010 and 2014 on S&P insurance index. Event study analysis is used to test whether natural disasters impact insurance index stock market price. There is no negative impact on insurance stock market price around the disasters event. To analyse the reaction of insurance stock market, normal returns (NR), abnormal returns (AR), cumulative abnormal returns (CAR), cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) and a parametric test on AR and on CAR are used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=study%20event" title="study event">study event</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20disasters" title=" natural disasters"> natural disasters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title=" insurance"> insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinsurance" title=" reinsurance"> reinsurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20market" title=" stock market"> stock market</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35828/risk-management-of-natural-disasters-on-insurance-stock-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35828.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">309</span> Application of Generalized Autoregressive Score Model to Stock Returns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katleho%20Daniel%20Makatjane">Katleho Daniel Makatjane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diteboho%20Lawrence%20Xaba"> Diteboho Lawrence Xaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ntebogang%20Dinah%20Moroke"> Ntebogang Dinah Moroke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current study investigates the behaviour of time-varying parameters that are based on the score function of the predictive model density at time t. The mechanism to update the parameters over time is the scaled score of the likelihood function. The results revealed that there is high persistence of time-varying, as the location parameter is higher and the skewness parameter implied the departure of scale parameter from the normality with the unconditional parameter as 1.5. The results also revealed that there is a perseverance of the leptokurtic behaviour in stock returns which implies the returns are heavily tailed. Prior to model estimation, the White Neural Network test exposed that the stock price can be modelled by a GAS model. Finally, we proposed further researches specifically to model the existence of time-varying parameters with a more detailed model that encounters the heavy tail distribution of the series and computes the risk measure associated with the returns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20autoregressive%20score%20model" title="generalized autoregressive score model">generalized autoregressive score model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20returns" title=" stock returns"> stock returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-varying" title=" time-varying"> time-varying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78817/application-of-generalized-autoregressive-score-model-to-stock-returns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78817.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">308</span> The Effect of Behavioral and Risk Factors of Investment Growth on Stock Returns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Lotfi%20Ghahroud">Majid Lotfi Ghahroud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Jalal%20Tabatabaei"> Seyed Jalal Tabatabaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebrahim%20Karami"> Ebrahim Karami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AmirArsalan%20Ghergherechi"> AmirArsalan Ghergherechi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Ali%20Saeidi"> Amir Ali Saeidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the relationship between investment growth and stock returns of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and whether their relationship -behavioral or risk factors- are discussed. Generally, there are two perspectives; risk-based approach and behavioral approach. According to the risk-based approach due to increase investment, systemic risk and consequently the stock returns are reduced. But due to the second approach, an excessive optimism or pessimism leads to assuming stock price with high investment growth in the past, higher than its intrinsic value and the price of stocks with lower investment growth, less than its intrinsic value. The investigation period is eight years from 2007 to 2014. The sample consisted of all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The method is a portfolio test, and the analysis is based on the t-student test (t-test). The results indicate that there is a negative relationship between investment growth and stock returns of companies and this negative correlation is stronger for firms with higher cash flow. Also, the negative relationship between asset growth and stock returns is due to behavioral factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20theory" title="behavioral theory">behavioral theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20growth" title=" investment growth"> investment growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk-based%20theory" title=" risk-based theory"> risk-based theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20returns" title=" stock returns"> stock returns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95312/the-effect-of-behavioral-and-risk-factors-of-investment-growth-on-stock-returns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">307</span> Effect of Media Reputation on Financial Performance and Abnormal Returns of Corporate Social Responsibility Winner</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Chen%20Wei">Yu-Chen Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dan-Leng%20Wang"> Dan-Leng Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines whether the reputation from media press affect the financial performance and market abnormal returns around the announcement of corporate social responsibility (CSR) award in the Taiwan Stock Market. The differences between this study and prior literatures are that the media reputation of media coverage and net optimism are constructed by using content analyses. The empirical results show the corporation which won CSR awards could promote financial performance next year. The media coverage and net optimism related to CSR winner are higher than the non-CSR companies prior and after the CSR award is announced, and the differences are significant, but the difference would decrease when the day was closing to announcement. We propose that non-CSR companies may try to manipulate media press to increase the coverage and positive image received by investors compared to the CSR winners. The cumulative real returns and abnormal returns of CSR winners did not significantly higher than the non-CSR samples however the leading returns of CSR winners would higher after the award announcement two months. The comparisons of performances between CSR and non-CSR companies could be the consideration of portfolio management for mutual funds and investors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20social%20responsibility" title="corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20performance" title=" financial performance"> financial performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abnormal%20returns" title=" abnormal returns"> abnormal returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media" title=" media"> media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reputation%20management" title=" reputation management"> reputation management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5123/effect-of-media-reputation-on-financial-performance-and-abnormal-returns-of-corporate-social-responsibility-winner" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">306</span> Real Interest Rates and Real Returns of Agricultural Commodities in the Context of Quantitative Easing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Yao">Wei Yao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Constantinos%20Alexiou"> Constantinos Alexiou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the existing literature, many studies have focused on the implementation and effectiveness of quantitative easing (QE) since 2008, but only a few have evaluated QE’s effect on commodity prices. In this context, by following Frankel’s (1986) commodity price overshooting model, we study the dynamic covariation between the expected real interest rates and six agricultural commodities’ real returns over the period from 2000:1 to 2018 for the US economy. We use wavelet analysis to investigate the causal relationship and co-movement of time series data by calculating the coefficient of determination in different frequencies. We find that a) US unconventional monetary policy may cause more positive and significant covariation between the expected real interest rates and agricultural commodities’ real returns over the short horizons; b) a lead-lag relationship that runs from agricultural commodities’ real returns to the expected real short-term interest rates over the long horizons; and c) a lead-lag relationship from agricultural commodities’ real returns to the expected real long-term interest rates over short horizons. In the realm of monetary policy, we argue that QE may shift the negative relationship between most commodities’ real returns and the expected real interest rates to a positive one over a short horizon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QE" title="QE">QE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commodity%20price" title=" commodity price"> commodity price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interest%20rate" title=" interest rate"> interest rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20coherence" title=" wavelet coherence"> wavelet coherence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160778/real-interest-rates-and-real-returns-of-agricultural-commodities-in-the-context-of-quantitative-easing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160778.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">305</span> Exposing Investor Sentiment In Stock Returns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiang%20Bu">Qiang Bu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper compares the explanatory power of sentiment level and sentiment shock. The preliminary test results show that sentiment shock plays a more significant role in explaining stocks returns, including the raw return and abnormal return. We also find that sentiment shock beta has a higher statistical significance than sentiment beta. These finding sheds new light on the relationship between investor sentiment and stock returns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20level" title="sentiment level">sentiment level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20shock" title=" sentiment shock"> sentiment shock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=explanatory%20power" title=" explanatory power"> explanatory power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abnormal%20stock%20return" title=" abnormal stock return"> abnormal stock return</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta" title=" beta"> beta</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146061/exposing-investor-sentiment-in-stock-returns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">304</span> Islamic Equity Markets Response to Volatility of Bitcoin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zakaria%20S.%20G.%20Hegazy">Zakaria S. G. Hegazy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Walid%20M.%20A.%20Ahmed"> Walid M. A. Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the dependence structure of Islamic stock markets on Bitcoin’s realized volatility components in bear, normal, and bull market periods. A quantile regression approach is employed, after adjusting raw returns with respect to a broad set of relevant global factors and accounting for structural breaks in the data. The results reveal that upside volatility tends to exert negative influences on Islamic developed-market returns more in bear than in bull market conditions, while downside volatility positively affects returns during bear and bull conditions. For emerging markets, we find that the upside (downside) component exerts lagged negative (positive) effects on returns in bear (all) market regimes. By and large, the dependence structures turn out to be asymmetric. Our evidence provides essential implications for investors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptocurrency%20markets" title="cryptocurrency markets">cryptocurrency markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bitcoin" title=" bitcoin"> bitcoin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=realized%20volatility%20measures" title=" realized volatility measures"> realized volatility measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetry" title=" asymmetry"> asymmetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantile%20regression" title=" quantile regression"> quantile regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141351/islamic-equity-markets-response-to-volatility-of-bitcoin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141351.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">303</span> The Influence of the Company's Financial Performance and Macroeconomic Factors to Stock Return</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angrita%20Denziana">Angrita Denziana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haninun"> Haninun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hepiana%20Patmarina"> Hepiana Patmarina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferdinan%20Fatah"> Ferdinan Fatah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aims of the study are to determine the effect of the company's financial performance with Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) indicators. The macroeconomic factors with the indicators of Indonesia interest rate (SBI) and exchange rate on stock returns of non-financial companies listed in IDX. The results of this study indicate that the variable of ROA has negative effect on stock returns, ROE has a positive effect on stock returns, and the variable interest rate and exchange rate of SBI has positive effect on stock returns. From the analysis data by using regression model, independent variables ROA, ROE, SBI interest rate and the exchange rate very significant (p value < 0.01). Thus, all the above variable can be used as the basis for investment decision making for investment in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) mainly for shares in the non- financial companies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ROA" title="ROA">ROA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ROE" title=" ROE"> ROE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interest%20rate" title=" interest rate"> interest rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rate" title=" exchange rate"> exchange rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20return" title=" stock return "> stock return </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21185/the-influence-of-the-companys-financial-performance-and-macroeconomic-factors-to-stock-return" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21185.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">302</span> Ethical Investment Instruments for Financial Sustainability </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarkar%20Humayun%20Kabir">Sarkar Humayun Kabir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to investigate whether ethical investment instruments could contribute to stability in financial markets. In order to address the main issue, the study investigates the stability of return in seven conventional and Islamic equity markets of Asia, Europe and North America and in five major commodity markets starting from 1996 to June 2012. In addition, the study examines the unconditional correlation between returns of the assets under review to investigate portfolio diversification benefits of investors. Applying relevant methods, the study finds that investors may enjoy sustainable returns from their portfolios by investing in ethical financial instruments such as Islamic equities. In addition, it should be noted that most of the commodities, gold in particular, are either low or negatively correlated with equity returns. These results suggest that investors would be better off by investing in portfolios combining Islamic equities and commodities in general. The sustainable returns of ethical investments has important implications for the investors and markets since these investments can provide stable returns while the investors can avoid production of goods and services which believes to be harmful for human and the society as a whole. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20sustainability" title="financial sustainability">financial sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethical%20investment%20instruments" title=" ethical investment instruments"> ethical investment instruments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islamic%20equity" title=" islamic equity"> islamic equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20conditional%20correlation" title=" dynamic conditional correlation"> dynamic conditional correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conditional%20volatility" title=" conditional volatility"> conditional volatility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18717/ethical-investment-instruments-for-financial-sustainability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">301</span> Temporal Fixed Effects: The Macroeconomic Implications on Industry Return</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdy%20Elhusseiny">Mahdy Elhusseiny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20Gearhart"> Richard Gearhart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariam%20Alyammahi"> Mariam Alyammahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study we analyse the impact of a number of major macroeconomic variables on industry-specific excess rates of return. In later specifications, we include time and recession fixed effects, to potentially capture time-specific trends that may have been changing over our panel. We have a number of results that bear mentioning. Seasonal and temporal factors found to have very large role in sector-specific excess returns. Increases in M1(money supply) decreases bank, insurance, real estate, and telecommunications, while increases industrial and transportation excess returns. The results indicate that the market return increases every sector-specific rate of return. The 2007 to 2009 recession significantly reduced excess returns in the bank, real estate, and transportation sectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macroeconomic%20factors" title="macroeconomic factors">macroeconomic factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry%20returns" title=" industry returns"> industry returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20effects" title=" fixed effects"> fixed effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporal%20factors" title=" temporal factors"> temporal factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163978/temporal-fixed-effects-the-macroeconomic-implications-on-industry-return" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163978.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">300</span> Numerical Simulation of Wishart Diffusion Processes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raphael%20Naryongo">Raphael Naryongo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philip%20%20Ngare"> Philip Ngare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20%20Waititu"> Anthony Waititu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with numerical simulation of Wishart processes for a single asset risky pricing model whose volatility is described by Wishart affine diffusion processes. The multi-factor specification of volatility will make the model more flexible enough to fit the stock market data for short or long maturities for better returns. The Wishart process is a stochastic process which is a positive semi-definite matrix-valued generalization of the square root process. The aim of the study is to model the log asset stock returns under the double Wishart stochastic volatility model. The solution of the log-asset return dynamics for Bi-Wishart processes will be obtained through Euler-Maruyama discretization schemes. The numerical results on the asset returns are compared to the existing models returns such as Heston stochastic volatility model and double Heston stochastic volatility model <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=euler%20schemes" title="euler schemes">euler schemes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=log-asset%20return" title=" log-asset return"> log-asset return</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infinitesimal%20generator" title=" infinitesimal generator"> infinitesimal generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wishart%20diffusion%20affine%20processes" title=" wishart diffusion affine processes "> wishart diffusion affine processes </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137631/numerical-simulation-of-wishart-diffusion-processes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">299</span> Forecast Dispersion, Investor Sentiment and the Cross Section of Stock Returns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guoyu%20Lin">Guoyu Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the role investor sentiment plays in the relationship between analyst forecast dispersion and stock returns. With short sale constraints, stock prices are determined by the optimistic investors. During the high sentiment periods when investors suffer more from psychological bias, there are more optimistic investors. This is the first paper to document that following the high sentiment periods, stocks with the most analyst forecast dispersion are overpriced, earning significantly negative returns, while those with the least analyst forecast dispersion are not overpriced as the degree of belief dispersion is low. However, following the low sentiment periods, both are not overpriced. A portfolio which longs the least dispersed stocks and shorts the most dispersed stocks yields significantly positive returns only following the high sentiment periods. My findings can potentially reconcile the puzzling risk effect and mispricing effect in the literature. The risk (mispricing) effect suggests a positive (negative) relation between analyst forecast dispersion and future stock returns. Presumably, the magnitude of the mispricing effect depends on the proportion of irrational investors and their bias, which is positively related to investor sentiment. During the high sentiment period, the mispricing effect takes over and the overall effect is negative. During the low sentiment period, the percentage of irrational investors is mediate, and the mispricing effect and the risk effect counter each other, leading to insignificant relation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analyst%20forecast%20dispersion" title="analyst forecast dispersion">analyst forecast dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=short-sale%20constraints" title=" short-sale constraints"> short-sale constraints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investor%20sentiment" title=" investor sentiment"> investor sentiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20returns" title=" stock returns"> stock returns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140762/forecast-dispersion-investor-sentiment-and-the-cross-section-of-stock-returns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">298</span> Informational Efficiency and Integration: Evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Shariah Equity Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sania%20Ashraf">Sania Ashraf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper focuses on the prevalence of informational efficiency and integration of GCC Shariah Equity market for the period of 01st January 2010 to 31st June 2015 with daily equity returns of Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. The study employs traditional as well as the modern approach of tracing out the efficiency and integration in the return series. From the results of efficiency it was observed that the market lacked efficiency in terms of its past information. The results of integration test clearly indicates that there was a long memory in the returns of GCC Shariah during the study period. Hence it was concluded and proved that the returns of all GCC Equity Shariah were not informationally efficient but fractionally integrated during the study period. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title="efficiency">efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fama" title=" Fama"> Fama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GCC%20shariah" title=" GCC shariah"> GCC shariah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hurst%20exponent" title=" hurst exponent"> hurst exponent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serial%20correlation" title=" serial correlation"> serial correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50792/informational-efficiency-and-integration-evidence-from-gulf-cooperation-council-gcc-shariah-equity-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50792.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">297</span> Unveiling the Black Swan of the Inflation-Adjusted Real Excess Returns-Risk Nexus: Evidence From Pakistan Stock Exchange</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Azam">Mohammad Azam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to investigate risk and real excess portfolio returns using inflation adjusted risk-free rates, a measuring technique that focuses on the momentum augmented Fama-French six-factor model and use monthly data from 1994 to 2022. With the exception of profitability, the data show that market, size, value, momentum, and investment factors are all strongly associated to excess portfolio stock returns using ordinary lease square regression technique. According to the Gibbons, Ross, and Shanken test, the momentum augmented Fama-French six-factor model outperforms the market. This technique discovery may be utilised by academics and professionals to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the Pakistan Stock Exchange across a broad stock pattern for investing decisions and portfolio construction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20excess%20portfolio%20returns" title="real excess portfolio returns">real excess portfolio returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=momentum%20augmented%20fama%20%26%20french%20five-factor%20model" title=" momentum augmented fama & french five-factor model"> momentum augmented fama & french five-factor model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GRS-test" title=" GRS-test"> GRS-test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pakistan%20stock%20exchange" title=" pakistan stock exchange"> pakistan stock exchange</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159679/unveiling-the-black-swan-of-the-inflation-adjusted-real-excess-returns-risk-nexus-evidence-from-pakistan-stock-exchange" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159679.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">296</span> Price to Earnings Growth (PEG) Predicting Future Returns Better than the Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lindrianasari%20Stefanie">Lindrianasari Stefanie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminah%20Khairudin"> Aminah Khairudin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the ability of Price to Earnings Ratio and PEG Ratio in predicting future stock returns issuers. The samples used in this study are stocks that go into LQ45. The main contribution is to assign empirical evidence if the PEG Ratio can provide optimum return compared to Price to Earnings Ratio. This study used a sample of the entire company into the group LQ45 with the period of observation. The data used is limited to the financial statements of a company incorporated in LQ45 period July 2013-July 2014, using the financial statements and the position of the company's closing stock price at the end of 2010 as a reference benchmark for the growth of the company's stock price compared to the closing price of 2013. This study found that the method of PEG Ratio can outperform the method of PE ratio in predicting future returns on the stock portfolio of LQ45. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20to%20earnings%20growth" title="price to earnings growth">price to earnings growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20to%20earnings%20ratio" title=" price to earnings ratio"> price to earnings ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=future%20returns" title=" future returns"> future returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20price" title=" stock price"> stock price</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16670/price-to-earnings-growth-peg-predicting-future-returns-better-than-the-price-to-earnings-pe-ratio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">295</span> Median-Based Nonparametric Estimation of Returns in Mean-Downside Risk Portfolio Frontier</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Ben%20Salah">H. Ben Salah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gannoun"> A. Gannoun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20de%20Peretti"> C. de Peretti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Trabelsi"> A. Trabelsi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Downside Risk (DSR) model for portfolio optimisation allows to overcome the drawbacks of the classical mean-variance model concerning the asymetry of returns and the risk perception of investors. This model optimization deals with a positive definite matrix that is endogenous with respect to portfolio weights. This aspect makes the problem far more difficult to handle. For this purpose, Athayde (2001) developped a new recurcive minimization procedure that ensures the convergence to the solution. However, when a finite number of observations is available, the portfolio frontier presents an appearance which is not very smooth. In order to overcome that, Athayde (2003) proposed a mean kernel estimation of the returns, so as to create a smoother portfolio frontier. This technique provides an effect similar to the case in which we had continuous observations. In this paper, taking advantage on the the robustness of the median, we replace the mean estimator in Athayde's model by a nonparametric median estimator of the returns. Then, we give a new version of the former algorithm (of Athayde (2001, 2003)). We eventually analyse the properties of this improved portfolio frontier and apply this new method on real examples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Downside%20Risk" title="Downside Risk">Downside Risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kernel%20Method" title=" Kernel Method"> Kernel Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Median" title=" Median"> Median</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nonparametric%20%20Estimation" title=" Nonparametric Estimation"> Nonparametric Estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semivariance" title=" Semivariance"> Semivariance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19062/median-based-nonparametric-estimation-of-returns-in-mean-downside-risk-portfolio-frontier" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">294</span> On the Impact of Oil Price Fluctuations on Stock Markets: A Multivariate Long-Memory GARCH Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manel%20Youssef">Manel Youssef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lotfi%20Belkacem"> Lotfi Belkacem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper employs multivariate long memory GARCH models to simultaneously estimate mean and conditional variance spillover effects between oil prices and different financial markets. Since different financial assets are traded based on these market sector returns, it’s important for financial market participants to understand the volatility transmission mechanism over time and across these series in order to make optimal portfolio allocation decisions. We examine weekly returns from January 1, 2003 to November 30, 2012 and find evidence of significant transmission of shocks and volatilities between oil prices and some of the examined financial markets. The findings support the idea of cross-market hedging and sharing of common information by investors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20prices" title="oil prices">oil prices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20indices%20returns" title=" stock indices returns"> stock indices returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20volatility" title=" oil volatility"> oil volatility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contagion" title=" contagion"> contagion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DCC-multivariate%20%28FI%29%20GARCH" title=" DCC-multivariate (FI) GARCH"> DCC-multivariate (FI) GARCH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20756/on-the-impact-of-oil-price-fluctuations-on-stock-markets-a-multivariate-long-memory-garch-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20756.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">533</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">293</span> Admission Control Policy for Remanufacturing Activities with Quality Variation of Returns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajjad%20Farahani">Sajjad Farahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilkistar%20Otieno"> Wilkistar Otieno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaohang%20Yue"> Xiaohang Yue</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper develops a model for the optimal disposition decision for product returns in a remanufacturing system with limited recoverable inventory capacity. In this model, a constant demand is satisfied by remanufacturing returned products which are up to the minimum required quality grade. The quality grade of returned products is uncertain and remanufacturing cost increases as the quality level decreases, and remanufacturer wishes to determine which returned product to accept to be remanufactured for reselling, and any unaccepted returns may be salvaged at a value that increases with their quality level. Accepted returns can be stocked for remanufacturing upon demand requests, but incur a holding cost. A Markov decision problem is formulated in order to evaluate various performance measures for this system and obtain the optimal remanufacturing policy. A detailed numerical study reveals that our approach to the disposition problem outperforms the current industrial practice ignoring quality grade of returned products. In addition, we identify conditions under which this improvement is the highest. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20supply%20chain%20management" title="green supply chain management">green supply chain management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20geometric%20method" title=" matrix geometric method"> matrix geometric method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20recovery" title=" production recovery"> production recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reverse%20supply%20chains" title=" reverse supply chains"> reverse supply chains</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52851/admission-control-policy-for-remanufacturing-activities-with-quality-variation-of-returns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">292</span> Management as a Proxy for Firm Quality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petar%20Dobrev">Petar Dobrev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is no agreed-upon definition of firm quality. While profitability and stock performance often qualify as popular proxies of quality, in this project, we aim to identify quality without relying on a firm’s financial statements or stock returns as selection criteria. Instead, we use firm-level data on management practices across small to medium-sized U.S. manufacturing firms from the World Management Survey (WMS) to measure firm quality. Each firm in the WMS dataset is assigned a mean management score from 0 to 5, with higher scores identifying better-managed firms. This management score serves as our proxy for firm quality and is the sole criteria we use to separate firms into portfolios comprised of high-quality and low-quality firms. We define high-quality (low-quality) firms as those firms with a management score of one standard deviation above (below) the mean. To study whether this proxy for firm quality can identify better-performing firms, we link this data to Compustat and The Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) to obtain firm-level data on financial performance and monthly stock returns, respectively. We find that from 1999 to 2019 (our sample data period), firms in the high-quality portfolio are consistently more profitable — higher operating profitability and return on equity compared to low-quality firms. In addition, high-quality firms also exhibit a lower risk of bankruptcy — a higher Altman Z-score. Next, we test whether the stocks of the firms in the high-quality portfolio earn superior risk-adjusted excess returns. We regress the monthly excess returns on each portfolio on the Fama-French 3-factor, 4-factor, and 5-factor models, the betting-against-beta factor, and the quality-minus-junk factor. We find no statistically significant differences in excess returns between both portfolios, suggesting that stocks of high-quality (well managed) firms do not earn superior risk-adjusted returns compared to low-quality (poorly managed) firms. In short, our proxy for firm quality, the WMS management score, can identify firms with superior financial performance (higher profitability and reduced risk of bankruptcy). However, our management proxy cannot identify stocks that earn superior risk-adjusted returns, suggesting no statistically significant relationship between managerial quality and stock performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excess%20stock%20returns" title="excess stock returns">excess stock returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profitability" title=" profitability"> profitability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150268/management-as-a-proxy-for-firm-quality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">291</span> Nonparametric Estimation of Risk-Neutral Densities via Empirical Esscher Transform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoel%20Pereira">Manoel Pereira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alvaro%20Veiga"> Alvaro Veiga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camila%20Epprecht"> Camila Epprecht</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renato%20Costa"> Renato Costa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces an empirical version of the Esscher transform for risk-neutral option pricing. Traditional parametric methods require the formulation of an explicit risk-neutral model and are operational only for a few probability distributions for the returns of the underlying. In our proposal, we make only mild assumptions on the pricing kernel and there is no need for the formulation of the risk-neutral model for the returns. First, we simulate sample paths for the returns under the physical distribution. Then, based on the empirical Esscher transform, the sample is reweighted, giving rise to a risk-neutralized sample from which derivative prices can be obtained by a weighted sum of the options pay-offs in each path. We compare our proposal with some traditional parametric pricing methods in four experiments with artificial and real data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=esscher%20transform" title="esscher transform">esscher transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20autoregressive%20Conditional%20Heteroscedastic%20%28GARCH%29" title=" generalized autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH)"> generalized autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonparametric%20option%20pricing" title=" nonparametric option pricing"> nonparametric option pricing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20964/nonparametric-estimation-of-risk-neutral-densities-via-empirical-esscher-transform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20964.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">290</span> The Effect of COVID-19 Transmission, Lockdown Measures, and Vaccination on Stock Market Returns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belhouchet%20Selma">Belhouchet Selma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Amar%20Anis"> Ben Amar Anis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We examine the impact of COVID-19 transmission, containment measures, and vaccination growth on daily stock market returns for the G7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) from January 22, 2020, to August 31, 2021, more than a year and a half after COVID-19. For this objective, we use panel pooled ordinary least squares regressions. Our findings indicate that the spread of the pandemic has a negative impact on the daily performance of the world's seven main stock markets. Government measures to improve stock market returns are no longer successful. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that immunization efforts in G7 nations do not increase stock market performance in these countries. A variety of robustness tests back up our conclusions. Our findings have far-reaching implications for investors, governments, and regulators not only in the G7 countries but also in all developed countries and all countries globally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G7%20stock%20market" title=" G7 stock market"> G7 stock market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=containment%20measures" title=" containment measures"> containment measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155046/the-effect-of-covid-19-transmission-lockdown-measures-and-vaccination-on-stock-market-returns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">289</span> Production Potential and Economic Returns of Bed Planted Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) As Influenced by Different Intercropping Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priya%20M.%20V.">Priya M. V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thakar%20Singh"> Thakar Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the productivity and economic viability of bed-planted chickpea-based intercropping systems. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design consisting of four replications with thirteen treatments. Results showed that sole chickpea recorded the highest seed yield, and it was statistically at par with seed yield obtained under chickpea + oats fodder (2:1), chickpea + oats fodder (4:1), and chickpea + linseed (4:1) intercropping systems. However, oilseed rape and barley as intercrops showed an adverse effect on yield and yield attributes of chickpea. Chickpea + oats fodder in 2:1 row ratio recorded the highest chickpea equivalent yield of 24.07 and 24.77 q/ha during 2017 and 2018, respectively. Higher net returns (Rs. 63098 and 70924/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (1.47 and 1.63) were also recorded in chickpea + oats fodder (2:1) intercropping system over sole chickpea (Rs. 44862 and 53769/ha and 1.21 and 1.41) during both the years. Chickpea + oats fodder (4:1), chickpea + linseed (2:1), and chickpea + linseed (4:1) also recorded significantly higher chickpea equivalent yield, net returns, and benefit-cost ratio as compared to sole chickpea. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bed%20planted%20chickpea" title="bed planted chickpea">bed planted chickpea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chickpea%20equivalent%20yield" title=" chickpea equivalent yield"> chickpea equivalent yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20returns" title=" economic returns"> economic returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercropping%20system" title=" intercropping system"> intercropping system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139366/production-potential-and-economic-returns-of-bed-planted-chickpea-cicer-arietinum-l-as-influenced-by-different-intercropping-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=returns&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=returns&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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