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id="toc-Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jim_Button_and_the_Wild_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jim_Button_and_the_Wild_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jim Button and the Wild 13</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jim_Button_and_the_Wild_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Jim_Button_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Jim_Button_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Jim Button characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Jim_Button_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_symbols_revisited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_symbols_revisited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nazi symbols revisited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_symbols_revisited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джим Копчето и Лукас Машиниста – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джим Копчето и Лукас Машиниста" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Knopf_und_Lukas_der_Lokomotivf%C3%BChrer" title="Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bot%C3%B3n_y_Lucas_el_maquinista" title="Jim Botón y Lucas el maquinista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jim Botón y Lucas el maquinista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="جیم دکمه‌ای و لوک راننده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیم دکمه‌ای و لوک راننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bouton_(livre)" title="Jim Bouton (livre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jim Bouton (livre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_avventure_di_Jim_Bottone" title="Le avventure di Jim Bottone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Le avventure di Jim Bottone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8" title="ג'ים ונהג הקטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ים ונהג הקטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombos_Jim_%C3%A9s_Luk%C3%A1cs,_a_masiniszta_(k%C3%B6nyv)" title="Gombos Jim és Lukács, a masiniszta (könyv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gombos Jim és Lukács, a masiniszta (könyv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%86%92%E9%99%BA" title="ジム・ボタンの冒険 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジム・ボタンの冒険" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Knapp_og_Lukas_lokomotivf%C3%B8rer" title="Jim Knapp og Lukas lokomotivfører – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jim Knapp og Lukas lokomotivfører" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Џим Дугме и машиновођа Лука (роман) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џим Дугме и машиновођа Лука (роман)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Button_ve_Makinist_Luke" title="Jim Button ve Makinist Luke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jim Button ve Makinist Luke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D2%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джим Ґудзик і машиніст Лукас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джим Ґудзик і машиніст Лукас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q704677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Children's novel by Michael Ende</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jim+Button+and+Luke+the+Engine+Driver&rft.author=%5B%5BMichael+Ende%5D%5D&rft.date=1960&rft.pub=Thienemann%2C+Stuttgart&rft.place=Germany&rft.series=Jim+Button"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Knopf_und_Lukas_der_Lokomotivf%C3%BChrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German stamp showing marionettes of Jim Button (left) and Luke the engine driver"><img alt="German stamp showing marionettes of Jim Button (left) and Luke the engine driver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Jim_Knopf_und_Lukas_der_Lokomotivf%C3%BChrer.jpg/220px-Jim_Knopf_und_Lukas_der_Lokomotivf%C3%BChrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1f/Jim_Knopf_und_Lukas_der_Lokomotivf%C3%BChrer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="386" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Original German language edition (1960) titled <i>Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ende" title="Michael Ende">Michael Ende</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data">Franz Josef Tripp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data">Jim Button</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Fantasy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Thienemann, Stuttgart</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Jim Button and the Wild 13 </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</b></i> (German: <i lang="de">Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer</i>) is a children's novel written by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ende" title="Michael Ende">Michael Ende</a>. The main characters are Emma the steam locomotive, her <a href="/wiki/Driver_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver (locomotive)">driver</a> Luke (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lukas</i></span>) and the young accomplice Jim Button (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jim Knopf</i></span>) who together go on an adventure. The story begins and ends on the small fictional island of <b>Morrowland</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lummerland</i></span>). </p><p>The book was published in 1960, and received the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Jugendliteraturpreis" title="Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis">German Young Literature Prize</a> in 1961. It is one of the most successful <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> children's books of the postwar era.<sup id="cite_ref-faz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success led to thirty-four translations into other languages<sup id="cite_ref-goethe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sequel <i>Jim Button and the <span class="nowrap">Wild 13</span></i> (<i><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Jim Knopf und die <span class="nowrap">Wilde 13</span></span></span></i>). </p><p>Ende did not see his book as a children's book,<sup id="cite_ref-fokus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but just wrote it for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-fokus-dpa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-dpa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a dozen publishers had rejected the book prior to publication.<sup id="cite_ref-goethe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver">Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story begins on a tiny island called Morrowland (original German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lummerland</i></span>, a play on <a href="/wiki/Nimmerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimmerland">Nimmerland</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimmerland" class="extiw" title="de:Nimmerland">de</a>]</span>, the German translation of <a href="/wiki/Neverland" title="Neverland">Neverland</a>), which has just enough space for a small palace, a train station and rails all around the island, a grocery store, a small house, a king, two subjects, a locomotive named Emma, and a locomotive engineer by the name of Luke (Lukas) (who, as railway <a href="/wiki/Beamter" title="Beamter">civil servant</a>, is not a subject). One day, the postman – who has to come by ship – drops off a package with a nearly illegible address for a <i>Mrs. Krintuuth</i> at <i>Zorroulend</i>. On the back was a large 13. After a futile search for the addressee among Morrowland's few inhabitants, they open the package. To their immense surprise, there's a black baby inside. After the commotion has died down, the baby is adopted by the islanders and is named Jim Button. </p><p>As Jim grows up, the King begins to worry that the island is too small and there won't be enough space for Jim to live on once he's an adult. He announces to Luke that Emma has to be removed. Luke, upset about this decision, decides to leave the island with Emma, and Jim (who had accidentally overheard Luke relating his woes to Emma) decides to come along. They convert Emma into a makeshift ship and sail off the island in the night, eventually arriving at the coast of Mandala (a fictional country inspired by China). </p><p>When they arrive in Ping, the capital, they win the friendship of a tiny great-grandchild named Ping Pong, who tells them the Emperor is in mourning. His daughter, Li Si, has been kidnapped and is being held in the Dragon City.<sup id="cite_ref-fokus_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luke and Jim offer their help, and while investigating the circumstances of Li Si's disappearance, they stumble upon several names which are directly connected to Jim's mysterious arrival on Morrowland: Mrs. Grindtooth (Frau Mahlzahn), the Wild 13, and Sorrowland (Kummerland). Now Jim and Luke have another reason to go to the Dragon City, located in Sorrowland, and confront Mrs. Grindtooth. </p><p>After a long and hazardous journey, they arrive in the Dragon City. Along the way, they make two new friends, Mr. Tur Tur, a "Scheinriese" ("apparent giant", as he appears smaller the closer he gets) and Nepomuk, a half-dragon. Jim and Luke free Princess Li Si<sup id="cite_ref-fokus-dpa_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-dpa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a large number of children, who had all been kidnapped and sold to Mrs. Grindtooth by a gang of pirates (the Wild 13). Mrs. Grindtooth had chained the children to desks at her school, where she had barked lessons to them like a <a href="/wiki/Kommandant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommandant">Kommandant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fokus_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jim and Luke take Mrs. Grindtooth with them as they make their way back on the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, which begins right at the Dragon City. Arriving back in Mandala, they receive a triumphal welcome and are surprised by some startling news. Mrs. Grindtooth is about to turn into a Golden Dragon of Wisdom, and the other inhabitants of Morrowland want them back on the island! </p><p>With parting advice given by the now-reformed Mrs. Grindtooth and generous assistance from the Emperor, Luke and Jim come into possession of a floating island, which is named New-Morrowland, to serve as Jim's future residence. After a cordial welcome back on Morrowland, Jim and Li Si become engaged. Emma gives birth to a baby steam locomotive who will be Jim's. He names her Molly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jim_Button_and_the_Wild_13">Jim Button and the Wild 13</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jim Button and the Wild 13"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Jim Button and the Wild 13</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jim Knopf und die Wilde 13</i></span>) is the sequel and concludes the story of the first book. </p><p>Following the events in <i>Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</i>, life in Morrowland continues as usual for a year until the postman rams New-Morrowland with his <a href="/wiki/Mail_boat" title="Mail boat">mail boat</a> in the dark of night. It is decided that the island needs a <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a>, but the island is too small to support one. Jim remembers <span class="nowrap">Mr. Tur Tur</span> and his ability to appear as a giant when seen from afar, and Jim and Luke decide to invite him to Morrowland to use his unique ability as a living lighthouse. </p><p>While sailing the oceans with the two steam locomotives Emma and Molly to the desert where <span class="nowrap">Mr. Tur Tur</span> lives, Jim and Luke stop to help out a <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a> named Sursulapitschi and her father, Lormoral, the king of the seas. This leads to a precarious encounter with the Magnetic Cliffs, whose magnetic pull can be turned off and on. When on, they activate a phenomenon called the Sea Glow, which illuminates the bottom of the sea, but also activates the magnetic pull, endangering passing ships; so someone must be found to ensure that no ships are endangered while the Sea Glow is switched on. In addition, Sursulapitschi is distressed because her fiancée, a "<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Schildnöck</span></span>" (turtle merman) named Ushaurischuum, has been assigned by her father to refashion the Crystal of Eternity, a task only possible with the aid of a creature of fire, with whom the merpeople are at war. </p><p>Using the special properties of the cliffs' material, Jim and Luke convert Emma into a flying vehicle which they dub the "<a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetumobile</a>" due to its unlimited means of locomotion. With it, they cross the Crown of the World to get <span class="nowrap">Mr. Tur Tur</span>. To their surprise, in the desert they also encounter their half-dragon friend Nepomuk, who had had to flee the Dragon City following the events in the first book, for his help in capturing Mrs. Grindtooth. Jim and Luke persuade Nepomuk to accompany them and take up the post at the Magnetic Cliffs. Unexpectedly, the four meet Sursulapitschi and Ushaurishuum at the cliffs, and the Schildnöck and Nepomuk quickly become friends, enabling the recreation of the Crystal of Eternity. </p><p>Meanwhile, Jim's locomotive Molly, whom Jim and Luke had left at the cliffs when getting Mr. Tur Tur and Nepomuk, has been abducted by the band of pirates called the Wild 13. Luckily for Jim and Luke, the former Mrs. Grindtooth awakes as a Golden Dragon of Wisdom in Mandala, helping them out with information and telling Jim how to find out about his origin. With the help of the Emperor, Jim and Luke – and Princess <span class="nowrap">Li Si</span> as a stowaway – start their journey to meet the <span class="nowrap">Wild 13</span> and rescue Molly. They encounter the pirates, who prove too much for them in battle. Molly is lost at sea, and all but Jim are captured and brought to the pirates' base, Castle Stormeye, a pinnacle of rock within the eye of a perpetual hurricane. </p><p>Unseen, Jim manages to sneak into the pirates' fortress, overpower them with a trick and some luck, and become their leader. As it turns out, Jim is the last descendant of Caspar, the third of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kings">Three Kings</a>, whose heirs were doomed to remain homeless after Mrs. Grindtooth had sunk their kingdom beneath the ocean millennia ago. Only the sinking of Castle Stormeye will raise it back to the surface. In the end, the <span class="nowrap">Wild 13</span> sacrifice their fortress, Jim's old kingdom reappears – and to everyone's surprise, Morrowland turns out to be located at the top of the realm's highest mountain. </p><p>All the families whose children Jim and Luke had rescued from the Dragon City come to live in the new country. Jim marries <span class="nowrap">Li Si</span> and receives Molly from the merpeople, her iron frame transformed into the Crystal of Eternity. The <span class="nowrap">Wild 13</span>, reformed by their sacrifice, remain in Jim's kingdom as its protectors and royal guards. <span class="nowrap">Mr. Tur Tur</span>, meanwhile, goes to live on Morrowland as the world's largest lighthouse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settings">Settings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Morrowland", where the story begins, is a microcosm of early modern society, with a king, a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship#Medieval_and_early_modern_citizenship" title="Citizenship">burgher</a>, a merchant, and a worker.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel and its sequel take place roughly in the 20th century, but have anachronistic elements. China is still an empire, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in the United States">Native American Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eskimos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimos">Eskimos</a> still live in traditional ways, yet there are ocean liners, telephones, a postal service, chewing gum and other modern conveniences. There are many fictional locations, like the "Crown of the World", a vast mountain range coloured in red and white stripes, and the "Magnetic Cliffs". Some locations are based on real places, such as the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, and legendary ones, such as the magnetic cliffs in the <i>Voyages of <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a></i> and a beautiful abandoned city under the sea, patterned after <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>. China is depicted in a phantasmic way; in later German editions, the country name was changed to <i>Mandala</i>. </p><p>In Morrowland, people lead an old-fashioned, idyllic life, albeit with modern conveniences. The rest of the world, however, is full of fantasy. As the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> wrote, children read Jim Button at a time in their lives when "the existence of dragons is as real as dinosaurs and kings [are] closer than the chancellor".<sup id="cite_ref-faz_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contrast between reality and fantasy is reflected in several places. In Morrowland, Jim is a normal child. He plays outside and doesn't like to wash; his mother sometimes worries about him. Outside Morrowland, however, he goes on adventures, experiences exotic cultures, fights a dragon and finally, saves a princess. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Jim_Button_characters">List of Jim Button characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of Jim Button characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Jim Button <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jim Knopf</i></span>)</span></dt> <dd>The titular hero, this character shares the "glory" with and is the sidekick of his best friend Luke, the engine driver. He grows up on Morrowland (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lummerland</i></span>) under the care of Mrs. Whaat. He wants to be an engine driver too. His name is derived from his habit of tearing a hole in his trousers every time he does something wild. After mending the hole many times, Mrs. Whaat added a button so it could be opened, rather than torn up yet again. While he marries the Chinese Emperor's daughter and turns out to be the rightful King of Jamballa, he never gives up driving a locomotive.</dd> <dt>Luke <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lukas</i></span>)</span></dt> <dd>The engine driver on Morrowland is Jim's closest friend. Where Jim represents adventurous youth, Luke is the man of experience and practicality who manages to solve almost every technical problem. He is very strong and is an expert spitter capable of spitting a loop. His trademark is his pipe, which he smokes in emotional situations.</dd> <dt>Princess Li Si</dt> <dd>The daughter of the Chinese Emperor is rather headstrong and obstinate, especially when it comes to discipline. She admires Jim for his courage and intelligence, even though for most of the story he refuses to learn how to read and write, skills she has already mastered quite well. Her name is a pun on the German variant of <i>Lizzy</i>.</dd> <dt>Emma <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">and</span> Molly</dt> <dd>Luke and Jim's <a href="/wiki/Tank_locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank locomotives">tank locomotives</a>. Emma is quite sensitive, expressing her feelings about Luke's mood by whistling and huffing, despite the fact she often does not quite understand the reason for her owner's mood. Molly is her daughter, thus smaller and younger.</dd> <dt>Mrs. Whaat <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Frau Waas</i></span>)</span></dt> <dd>The proprietor of a grocery store on Morrowland, and Jim's surrogate mother. She loves Jim dearly and worries about him constantly when he is on an adventure. Her special skill is making sweets, particularly ice cream and <i><a href="/wiki/Gugelhupf" title="Gugelhupf">Gugelhupf</a></i>. One of Mrs. Whaat's ancestors was hearing impaired, saying "whaaaaat?" whenever he didn't understand properly, eventually earning her family its name.</dd> <dt>King Alfred the Quarter-to-Twelfth <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<i>König Alfons der Viertel-vor-Zwölfte</i>)</span></dt> <dd>The king of Morrowland, who is named after the stroke of the clock at the time of his birth and at which he shows himself to his subjects on holidays. He is extremely well-meaning and benevolent, but can get overly nervous under stress and is very inattentive and forgetful.</dd> <dt>Mr. Sleeve <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herr Ärmel</i></span>)</span></dt> <dd>A citizen of Morrowland and a subject of King Alfred. He is portrayed as a stereotypical Englishman and is most often seen taking a stroll, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler hat</a> and carrying an umbrella. He is very polite, educated, and intellectual, and he is well liked by the island's other inhabitants. Initially he has no job in the book (he "is just there and is being ruled"), though eventually he makes use of his magnificent education in becoming Jim Button's teacher. In the Augsburger Puppenkiste version he works as a photographer.</dd> <dt>Mr. Tur Tur</dt> <dd>This <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Scheinriese</i></span> ("illusory giant" or "mock giant") is a gentle and modest person and a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, but a tragic recluse due to his unusual nature: When seen from a distance, he appears to be a giant, inadvertently frightening everyone who beholds him; when approached, it turns out he is actually of normal height. Consequently, he lives at an <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> in the desert, "The End of the World".</dd> <dt>Nepomuk</dt> <dd>A half-dragon by birth, because his mother was a <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a>, and still has some resemblance to his mother. Like his fellow <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> dragons, he is not accepted by the pure-blood dragons in Sorrowland. He tries to behave like a "real" dragon by being scary and mean, while he is actually neither. (A certain naughtiness, which he later promises to overcome, does seem to belong to his actual traits, though.) However, he is able to help Ushaurishuum create the Crystal of Eternity, and becomes the keeper of the Magnetic Cliffs.</dd> <dt>Pung Ging</dt> <dd>The Emperor of China and Li Si's father. A kind and just ruler who befriends Jim and Luke after they offer to free his daughter from Mrs. Grindtooth's clutches.</dd> <dt>Ping Pong</dt> <dd>A very young and tiny Chinese boy whose head is the size of a <a href="/wiki/Ping_pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping pong">ping pong</a> ball. Hardly more than a year old and no taller than a man's hand, he is already very capable of behaving and thinking like an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the numerous descendants of the Emperor's chief cook; after saving Jim and Luke from a treacherous and manipulative minister, he is made Prime Minister of China by the Emperor – a role which he fulfills surprisingly capably.</dd> <dt>Mrs. Grindtooth <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Frau Mahlzahn</i></span>)</span></dt> <dd>A pure-blood dragon and the main antagonist of the first story. Her name comes from the single fang projecting from her long snout. She is very knowledgeable and intelligent, but like all dragons, likes to torment lesser beings with her power. She runs a school for human children in Sorrowland.</dd> <dt>The Wild 13 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Wilde Dreizehn</i></span>)</span></dt> <dd>A band of pirates completely identical in appearance and ability. Fearsome pirates and seamen, they are not particularly bright and are poorly educated, each of them knowing only one particular letter of the alphabet. First portrayed as antagonists, they evolve into important characters and plot carriers in the sequel.:Even though they are named "The Wild 13", they are actually only 12 men. This mistake happens because of a fault in their logic. Every day they elect one of their own as a new leader, so they reason they are twelve plus the leader, which results in them thinking they are thirteen.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Michael Ende grew up in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ende" title="Edgar Ende">Edgar Ende</a>, a painter, was banned as "<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">degenerate</a>" in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-bookrev_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookrev-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ende began writing the story in 1956 to provide a contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazis' racist ideology</a> and their misuse of the theory of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1991 radio interview, he stated, "The idea of racism and racial discrimination came from further consideration of Darwin's theories." Quoting Nazi euphemisms, he added, "The 'extermination of lives unworthy of life' and 'concentration camps'."<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ende based the title character of Jim Button (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jim Knopf</i></span>) on <a href="/wiki/Jemmy_Button" title="Jemmy Button">Jemmy Button</a>, a native <a href="/wiki/Fuegians" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> who, as a teenager in the 19th century, was sold for a <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a> button and taken to England. He later returned to his homeland on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a>, by way of the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>, along with fellow passenger <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, who later wrote about the episode. </p><p>That Ende's book was full of Nazi symbols and imagery turned on their head, and that its English references stemmed from his interest in Darwin was unknown until late 2008, when <a href="/wiki/Julia_Voss" title="Julia Voss">Julia Voss</a>, a German journalist, published an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> revealing the story's background. Voss cites aspects of Ende's book and of English colonialism, showing their similarity. Her examples of Nazi education and indoctrination, as well as information about Ende's own experiences with it, reveal the sources that inspired him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voss' 2008 article explained that Ende's book was not the "escapist literature" of pure fantasy, as had always been assumed, in part from Ende's own frequent warnings about hiding messages in books. Voss identified numerous literary references in the book, some which reverse the Nazi indoctrination of Ende's youth and others, which stem from his interest in Darwin and draw on English culture and history.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin's first book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i>, contains passages about <a href="/wiki/Jemmy_Button" title="Jemmy Button">Jemmy Button</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a teenaged native Fuegian who was sold for a mother-of-pearl button and brought to England,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an island nation. Darwin describes Button's character and demeanor<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relates details about his capture and sale, explaining his unusual name, and about his return to his homeland, two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_references">British references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the real-life Jemmy Button, Ende's Jim Button is brought to an island nation<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is seen by the inhabitants as racially exotic, but is quickly accepted and becomes well liked. Shipping, which during England's colonial era, began bringing goods from around the globe, also plays an important role in Morrowland. Mrs. Whaat's grocery store is supplied from all corners of world once a week by Ende's own version of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail_Steam_Packet_Company" title="Royal Mail Steam Packet Company">Royal Mail Steam Packet Company</a> and Morrowland's mail arrives by ship.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English culture also appears in the character of Mr. Sleeve, who, like the stereotypical Englishman, wears a bowler and carries an umbrella, is polite and well educated. His unusual name in the original German, <i>Herr <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%84rmel#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ärmel">Ärmel</a></i>, is a reference to the <i>Ärmelkanal</i>, the German name for the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_symbols_revisited">Nazi symbols revisited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nazi symbols revisited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ende's Jim refuses to learn to read or write, harking back to Ende's own experience with Nazi education and indoctrination, which he regarded with horror. Said Ende, "I didn't want to learn, at least not what they endeavored to teach us there."<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voss explains that subjects like German, history and geography took a back seat to biology, where the need for racial purity was drummed into pupils on official order. Quoting from Nazi literature, Voss writes, "no boy or girl should leave school without having been led to the ultimate cognition of the imperative need [for] and essence of racial purity." Ende's school in Sorrowland is run by a dragon who has a skull on her door, reminding of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" class="mw-redirect" title="Totenkopfverbände">Totenkopfverbände</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bookrev_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookrev-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she terrorizes the children with a baton and teaches them lessons on <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and racial purity.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dragon's pupils have all been kidnapped, brought there against their will. </p><p>Recalling the anti-semitic signs seen on entrances during Nazi Germany, the Dragon City announces its racial policy at the city's entrance with a sign that reads, "Attention! Entry by racially impure dragons forbidden on pain of death."<sup id="cite_ref-fokus_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bookrev_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookrev-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ende spent the summer of 1943 visiting his grandparents in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">allies' serial bombing raids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bookrev_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookrev-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorms</a> and damage so catastrophic, the Nazis <a href="/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">furloughed</a> 2,000 prisoners for two months.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ende paints the Dragon City as a smoldering "land of a thousand volcanos", a <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hellish</a> place. The entrance to the city looks like a smoking oven,<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonists</a> enter on a train; an overt allusion to the Nazi's concentration camps. Nepomuk, who is only half dragon, is not allowed by the racially pure dragons to enter the Dragon City. </p><p>The myth of Atlantis had a special meaning to the Nazis, who held that Atlantis was the ancient homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> race. Children's books were imbued with Nazi racial policies and Atlantis was mentioned in many.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Koh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Koh (page does not exist)">Sun Koh</a>, the hero of a <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> series, complains in a story from 1935 that the races were not kept pure, except in Germany, where a methodical racial policy was breeding the Nordic roots again.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koh says, "If our Atlantis once again rises out of the sea, then we will get from there the blond, steel-hard <a href="/wiki/Man_(word)" title="Man (word)">men</a> with the pure blood and will create with them the <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>, which will finally rule the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ende brings this scenario about, only with the decidedly non-blond Jim Button as king and Ende creates a multi-ethnic and -cultural paradise, a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> where people from every corner of the earth, and even birds, flock to it because there is no fear there.<sup id="cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the world associates the word <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i> with Hitler, in German, the word is in everyday parlance as "driver", "conductor" or "leader". Early in his first book, Ende writes, "Lokomotiven haben zwar keinen großen Verstand – deshalb brauchen sie ja auch immer einen Führer".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the sentence has only its superficial meaning, "Locomotives actually have no great understanding – which is why they always need a conductor". Not so in German, where it has a double entendre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <i>Jim Button</i> stories were adapted by the <a href="/wiki/Augsburger_Puppenkiste" title="Augsburger Puppenkiste">Augsburger Puppenkiste</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fokus-dpa_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-dpa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a> theater company that adapted children's stories for television in the 1960s and 70s. Their production of Jim Button, first filmed in the early 1960s in <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white">black and white</a>, was so successful, it was remade in the 1970s in color.<sup id="cite_ref-goethe_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A classic known for its creativity, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">plastic wrap</a> to simulate moving water, it celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2011 with much fanfare.<sup id="cite_ref-katia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its theme song, the "Lummerlandlied" ("Morrowland Song") is immediately recognized<sup id="cite_ref-fokus_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fokus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 1990s, was covered by a German dance music group named <i>Dolls United</i> and itself became a hit.<sup id="cite_ref-goethe_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two sets of original marionettes for the Jim Button production. One is in the Puppenkiste's museum and the other tours the world.<sup id="cite_ref-katia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the story was turned into a Japanese animation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Audio_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio theatre">dramatized audio book</a>, <i>Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records">Fontana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>) was narrated and directed by Ende himself. In 1998, a 52-episode cartoon series titled <i>Jim Button</i> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Flying_Bark_Productions" title="Flying Bark Productions">Yoram Gross-Village Roadshow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saban_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Saban Entertainment">Saban Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saban_International_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saban International Paris">Saban International Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9Groupe" title="CinéGroupe">CinéGroupe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goethe_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storyline diverged from the original novels with the introduction of new characters and settings. </p><p>A German-language feature film adaptation, <i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver_(film)" title="Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver (film)">Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</a></i>, was directed by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gansel" title="Dennis Gansel">Dennis Gansel</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Rat_Pack_Filmproduktion" title="Rat Pack Filmproduktion">Rat Pack Filmproduktion</a> and Malao Film, and released by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures" title="Warner Bros. Pictures">Warner Bros. Pictures</a> on 29 March 2018 in German cinemas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stars <a href="/wiki/Michael_Herbig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Herbig">Michael Herbig</a> as the German voice of Nepomuk, and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Kavanian" title="Rick Kavanian">Rick Kavanian</a> as the Wild 13, and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Winter" title="Judy Winter">Judy Winter</a> as the voice of the villainous dragon Mrs. Grindtooth. The soundtrack also features a cover version of the Augsburger Puppenkiste's "Lummerlandlied", as a homage to this early adaptation. </p><p>A cinematic adaptation of the second book, <i>Jim Button and the Wild 13</i>, was announced in late March 2018. Filming began in January 2019, and the film, initially planned for Easter 2020, but slightly delayed due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, was eventually released on 1 October 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer</i> (1961), <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppet show</a> directed by Harald Schäfer, based on children's novel <i>Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</i></li> <li><i>Jim Knopf und die wilde 13</i> (1962), <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppet show</a> directed by Harald Schäfer, based on children's novel <i>Jim Button and the Wild 13</i></li> <li><i>Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer</i> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppet show</a> directed by Manfred Jenning, based on children's novel <i>Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</i></li> <li><i>Jim Knopf und die wilde 13</i> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppet show</a> directed by Manfred Jenning, based on children's novel <i>Jim Button and the Wild 13</i></li> <li><i>Jim Button</i> (1999–2001), animated series directed by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bianchi_(cartoonist)" title="Bruno Bianchi (cartoonist)">Bruno Bianchi</a>, André Leduc, Jan Nonhof and Jean-Michel Spiner, based on series of children's novels <i>Jim Button</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver_(film)" title="Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver (film)">Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</a></i> (2018), film directed by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gansel" title="Dennis Gansel">Dennis Gansel</a>, based on children's novel <i>Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_the_Wild_13_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Button and the Wild 13 (film) (page does not exist)">Jim Button and the Wild 13</a></i> (2020), film directed by Dennis Gansel, based on children's novel <i>Jim Button and the Wild 13</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But not quite. Luke is not actually a worker: he is not even counted among the subjects of Morrowland – an obvious reference to the fact that he is actually that state's <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servant</a>, as engine drivers used to be in pre-reunification Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This stereotypical depiction of the Chinese is common in the story. The country called China in the first editions of the book was later changed to "Mandala". The 1990 English translation again uses "China", however (Athenea Bell, Overlook Press, Woodstock, NY).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were three other young Fuegians captured along with Jemmy Button, given unusual English names and brought to England. One died shortly after arriving in England. The other two, York Minster and <a href="/wiki/Fuegia_Basket" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuegia Basket">Fuegia Basket</a>, were returned to their home along with Jemmy Button. (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2458280">"The Return of Fuegia Basket, Jemmy Button, and York Minster"</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This quote is translated from a German article, rather than the book's English translation, which may be slightly different.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The group, Dolls United, made <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remixes</a> from the songs of popular children's programs from earlier decades.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-faz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faz_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Voss, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/artikel/C30351/jim-knopf-wird-50-lang-lebe-der-koenig-von-jimballa-30296501.html">"Lang lebe der König von Jimballa"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 31 July 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goethe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goethe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goethe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goethe_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goethe_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goethe_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHütterJonathan2010" class="citation web cs1">Hütter, Verena; Jonathan, Uhlaner (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005082852/http://www.goethe.de/kue/lit/slt/en6755922.htm">"All the Best, Jim Button! The "fine little chap" turns 50"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe Institut">Goethe Institut</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/kue/lit/slt/en6755922.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+the+Best%2C+Jim+Button%21+The+%22fine+little+chap%22+turns+50&rft.pub=Goethe+Institut&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCtter&rft.aufirst=Verena&rft.au=Jonathan%2C+Uhlaner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fkue%2Flit%2Fslt%2Fen6755922.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJim+Button+and+Luke+the+Engine+Driver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fokus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fokus_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fokus_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fokus_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fokus_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fokus_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Wittmann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/kultur/buecher/jim-knopf-wird-50-nazis-raus-aus-lummerland_aid_539421.html">"Nazis raus aus Lummerland"</a> <i>Fokus</i> magazine (9 August 2010). Retrieved 31 July 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fokus-dpa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fokus-dpa_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fokus-dpa_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fokus-dpa_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/kultur/buecher/jim-knopf-wird-50-auf-der-insel-mit-zwei-bergen_aid_537852.html">"Auf der Insel mit zwei Bergen"</a> <i>Fokus</i> magazine (4 August 2010). Retrieved 31 July 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faz-jv1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faz-jv1_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Voss, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/darwin/wirkung/darwin-jahr-2009-jim-knopf-rettet-die-evolutionstheorie-1741253.html">"Jim Knopf rettet die Evolutionstheorie"</a> <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i> (16 December 2008). Retrieved 31 July 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookrev-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bookrev_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookrev_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookrev_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookrev_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultiversum.de/Literatur-Literaturen/Evolutionstheorie-Julia-Voss-Darwins-Jim-Knopf-Im-Zickzack-durch-Lummerland.html">Book review of <i>Darwins Jim Knopf</i> by Julia Voss</a> Kultiversum.de "Im Zickzack durch Lummerland" (2009). Retrieved 4 August 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaiser, Ulrich: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erziehungskunst.de/artikel/jim-knopf-besiegt-die-nazis/"><i>Jim Knopf besiegt die Nazis</i></a> (<i>Jim Button Beats the Nazis</i>; German). Erziehungskunst.de, June 2010. (Retrieved 31 March 2018.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patagonia-argentina.com/i/content/fitzroy.php">"The Captain's Experiment"</a> patagonia-argentina.com Retrieved 1 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2458280">"The Return of Fuegia Basket, Jemmy Button, and York Minster"</a> BBC (22 June 2004). Retrieved 1 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Marowsky, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unter-hamburg.de/kommunistischer_widerstan.369.0.html">"Die Bästlein-Jacobs-Abshagen Gruppe — Ein Beispiel des kommunistischen Widerstands in Hamburg im 'Dritten Reich'"</a> Historical website about Hamburg. Retrieved 4 August 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Ende, <i>Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer</i>. Thienemann Verlag GmbH (2004), p. 22. Special edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-522-17650-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-522-17650-2">3-522-17650-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katia_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katia_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katia Rathsfeld, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mittelbayerische.de/nachrichten/oberpfalz-bayern/artikel/geburtstag_in_lummerland_jim_k/688995/geburtstag_in_lummerland_jim_k.html">"Geburtstag in Lummerland: Jim Knopf wird 50"</a> mittelbayerische.de (29 August 2011). Retrieved 4 August 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noz.de/lokales/50862246/ein-ort-der-geborgenheit">"Ein Ort der Geborgenheit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316115341/http://www.noz.de/lokales/50862246/ein-ort-der-geborgenheit">Archived</a> 16 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung</i> (21 January 2011). Retrieved 3 August 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelende.de/en/book/jim-button-and-luke-the-engine-driver">"Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727061317/http://www.michaelende.de/en/book/jim-button-and-luke-the-engine-driver">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 3 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611214653/http://www.tvsi.de/zeichentrickserien/jim_Knopf.php">"Cartoon series, episode descriptions"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvsi.de/zeichentrickserien/jim_Knopf.php">the original</a> on 11 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cartoon+series%2C+episode+descriptions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvsi.de%2Fzeichentrickserien%2Fjim_Knopf.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJim+Button+and+Luke+the+Engine+Driver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7302634/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf#releases">"Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver (2018) – IMDb"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jim+Button+and+Luke+the+Engine+Driver+%282018%29+%E2%80%93+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt7302634%2Freleaseinfo%3Fref_%3Dtt_ov_inf%23releases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJim+Button+and+Luke+the+Engine+Driver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/sites/default/files/custom/Festival_Dailies/Berlin%202014/day7_berlin2014.pdf">[1]</a> Interview with Christian Becker, producer of Jim Button (2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediabiz.de/film/news/christian-becker-der-allergroesste-film/428297/">"Christian Becker: "Der allergrößte Film"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Blickpunkt:Film<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christian+Becker%3A+%22Der+allergr%C3%B6%C3%9Fte+Film%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediabiz.de%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fchristian-becker-der-allergroesste-film%2F428297%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJim+Button+and+Luke+the+Engine+Driver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelende.de/en/book/jim-button-and-luke-the-engine-driver">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=116"><i>Jim Button</i></a> (anime) at <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>'s encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0256779/">Michael Ende</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_Ende" title="Template:Michael Ende"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Michael_Ende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Michael Ende (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michael_Ende" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michael Ende"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michael_Ende" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ende" title="Michael Ende">Michael Ende</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Momo_(novel)" title="Momo (novel)">Momo</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Neverending_Story" title="The Neverending Story">The Neverending Story</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_Wishes" title="The Night of Wishes">The Night of Wishes</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirror_in_the_Mirror" title="Mirror in the Mirror">Mirror in the Mirror</a></i> (1984, short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Goggolori" title="Der Goggolori">Der Goggolori</a></i> (1985, opera libretto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704677#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704677#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704677#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/201222902">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4445345-0">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/3e68328a-4f26-4d8f-9546-c7def579f5da">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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