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ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Gardner's syndrome</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Familial colorectal polyposis,<br />Familial polyposis of the colon</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardner1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gardner1.jpg/220px-Gardner1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gardner1.jpg/330px-Gardner1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gardner1.jpg/440px-Gardner1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">medical genetics</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702335?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gardner's syndrome</b> (also known as <b>Gardner syndrome</b>, <b>familial polyposis of the colon</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>familial colorectal polyposis</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a subtype of <a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">familial adenomatous polyposis</a> (FAP). Gardner syndrome is an <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">dominant</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Polyposis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyposis">polyposis</a> characterized by the presence of multiple <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> together with tumors outside the colon.<sup id="cite_ref-omim_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extracolonic tumors may include <a href="/wiki/Osteoma" title="Osteoma">osteomas</a> of the skull, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">epidermoid cysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibroma" title="Fibroma">fibromas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_fibromatosis" title="Aggressive fibromatosis">desmoid tumors</a> in approximately 15% of affected individuals. </p><p>Desmoid tumors are fibrous tumors that usually occur in the tissue covering the intestines and may be provoked by surgery to remove the colon. The countless polyps in the colon predispose to the development of <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>; if the colon is not removed, the chance of colon cancer is considered to be very significant. Polyps may also grow in the stomach, <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a>, and small bowel. In a small number of cases, polyps have also appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. Cancers related to Gardner syndrome commonly appear in the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>, liver and kidneys. The number of polyps increases with age, and hundreds to thousands of polyps can develop in the colon. </p><p>The syndrome was first described in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22370045_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22370045-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no cure at this time, and in its more advanced forms, it is considered a terminal diagnosis with a life expectancy of 35–45 years; treatments are surgery and <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a>, although some <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> has been tried with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-rarediseases.info.nih.gov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarediseases.info.nih.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardner syndrome is caused by <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli" title="Adenomatous polyposis coli">adenomatous polyposis coli</a> (APC gene), located in <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5" title="Chromosome 5">5q21</a> (band q21 on chromosome 5).<sup id="cite_ref-omim_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gene is also mutant in <a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">familial adenomatous polyposis</a> (FAP), a more common disease that also predisposes to colon cancer. Nuances in the understanding of genetics have caused some disorders to be split into multiple entities, while others merged into one genetic condition. After most of the second half of the 20th century, Gardner syndrome has been merged into FAP and is now considered simply a <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenotypic">phenotypic</a> subtype of FAP.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAP is defined by the development of hundreds or thousands of polyps in the colon. Gardner syndrome is set apart as a subtype because, in addition to colonic polyps, there are also extra-colonic growths (both malignant and benign).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many terms used to describe "APC-associated polyposis condition" including FAP, attenuated FAP, Gardner syndrome, Turcot syndrome, and gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS). There is a movement toward no longer using the terms Gardner Syndrome or Turcot Syndrome since both are part of the FAP spectrum. Gardner syndrome and Turcot syndrome are regarded primarily for historical interest.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg/330px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg/440px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Gardner syndrome has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gardner syndrome is inherited in an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> manner.<sup id="cite_ref-omim_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, one parent has Gardner syndrome. Each of their children, male and female alike, are at 50% risk of inheriting the gene for Gardner syndrome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardner syndrome consists of adenomatous polyps of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardner_fibroma" title="Gardner fibroma">Gardner fibromas</a>, desmoid tumors, osteomas, epidermoid cysts, lipomas, dental abnormalities, and <a href="/wiki/Periampullary_cancer" title="Periampullary cancer">periampullary carcinomas</a>. The incidence of the syndrome is 1:14,025 with an equal sex distribution. It is determined by the autosomal dominant familial polyposis coli gene (APC) on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5" title="Chromosome 5">chromosome 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22370045_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22370045-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31950474_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31950474-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gardner syndrome can be identified based on oral findings, including multiple <a href="/wiki/Impacted_tooth" class="mw-redirect" title="Impacted tooth">impacted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernumerary teeth">supernumerary teeth</a>, multiple jaw osteomas that give a "cotton-wool" appearance to the jaws, as well as multiple <a href="/wiki/Odontoma" title="Odontoma">odontomas</a>, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), in addition to multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon. Gardner syndrome is also associated with familial adenomatous polyposis and may manifest as aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumors) of the retroperitoneum.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desmoid tumors arise most frequently from the <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a> of the rectus abdominal muscle of multiparous women. The extra-abdominal form is rare and desmoids of the breast may arise in the mammary gland or may occur as an extension of a lesion arising from the muscles of the chest wall. The incidence of mammary desmoid tumors is less than 0.2% of primary breast neoplasms. In Gardner's syndrome, the incidence ranges from 4% to 17%. Desmoid tumors associated with Gardner's syndrome have been shown to have an alteration of the β-catenin pathway and over express β-catenin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22370045_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22370045-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no cure for Gardner Syndrome. Treatments focus on alleviating symptoms and reducing risk of cancer. Treatments for desmoid tumors may include surgery, NSAIDS, anti-estrogen medications, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-rarediseases.info.nih.gov_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarediseases.info.nih.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eponym">Eponym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eponym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The syndrome is named for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldon_J._Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eldon J. Gardner (page does not exist)">Eldon J. Gardner</a> (1909–1989), an American geneticist who first described it in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14902760_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14902760-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorlin_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlin syndrome">Gorlin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cutaneous conditions">List of cutaneous conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_abnormalities_associated_with_cutaneous_conditions" title="List of dental abnormalities associated with cutaneous conditions">List of dental abnormalities associated with cutaneous conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_neoplasms_associated_with_systemic_syndromes" title="List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes">List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dermatology</i>. 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[Philadelphia, Pa.] 22 October 2017. p. 1223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-6342-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-6342-8"><bdi>978-0-7020-6342-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1011508489">1011508489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dermatology&rft.place=%5BPhiladelphia%2C+Pa.%5D&rft.pages=1223&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.date=2017-10-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1011508489&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-6342-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner%27s+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omim-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omim_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omim_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omim_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man</a> (OMIM): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/175100">175100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubaBangsMohlerStulberg2003" class="citation journal cs1">Luba MC, Bangs SA, Mohler AM, Stulberg DL (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516072518/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030215/729.html">"Common benign skin tumors"</a>. <i>Am Fam Physician</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 729–38. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12613727">12613727</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+Fam+Physician&rft.atitle=Common+benign+skin+tumors&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=729-38&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12613727&rft.aulast=Luba&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Bangs%2C+SA&rft.au=Mohler%2C+AM&rft.au=Stulberg%2C+DL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F20030215%2F729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner%27s+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22370045-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22370045_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22370045_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22370045_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRammohanWood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rammohan A, Wood JJ (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312056">"Desmoid tumour of the breast as a manifestation of Gardner's syndrome"</a>. <i>Int J Surg Case Rep</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 139–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijscr.2012.01.004">10.1016/j.ijscr.2012.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312056">3312056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22370045">22370045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Surg+Case+Rep&rft.atitle=Desmoid+tumour+of+the+breast+as+a+manifestation+of+Gardner%27s+syndrome&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=139-142&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3312056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22370045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijscr.2012.01.004&rft.aulast=Rammohan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Wood%2C+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3312056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner%27s+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rarediseases.info.nih.gov-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rarediseases.info.nih.gov_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarediseases.info.nih.gov_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6482/gardner-syndrome#ref_8120">"Gardner syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"</a>. <i>rarediseases.info.nih.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rarediseases.info.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Gardner+syndrome+%7C+Genetic+and+Rare+Diseases+Information+Center+%28GARD%29+%E2%80%93+an+NCATS+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.info.nih.gov%2Fdiseases%2F6482%2Fgardner-syndrome%23ref_8120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner%27s+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/gardner-syndrome">"Gardner Syndrome"</a>. <i>Cancer.net</i>. American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2012-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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J. Hum. Genet</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 167–76. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1716321">1716321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14902760">14902760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=A+genetic+and+clinical+study+of+intestinal+polyposis%2C+a+predisposing+factor+for+carcinoma+of+the+colon+and+rectum&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-76&rft.date=1951-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1716321%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14902760&rft.au=Gardner+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1716321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner%27s+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%27s_syndrome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div 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style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702335" class="extiw" title="d:Q1702335">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/175100">175100</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D005736">D005736</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb5094.htm">5094</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000266.htm">000266</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2712-overview">med/2712</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic163.htm#">derm/163</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=79665">79665</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6482/disease">Gardner syndrome</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">NIH</a>'s Office of <a href="/wiki/Rare_disease" title="Rare disease">Rare Diseases</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digestive_system_neoplasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Template:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Template talk:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digestive_system_neoplasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Digestive system neoplasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_alimentary_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper alimentary tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric carcinoma">Gastric carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma" title="Signet ring cell carcinoma">Signet ring cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lymphoma" title="Gastric lymphoma">Gastric lymphoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">Linitis plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_gastric_cancer" title="Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer">Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine_cancer" title="Small intestine cancer">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_cancer" title="Duodenal cancer">Duodenal cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appendix_cancer" title="Appendix cancer">Appendix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">Carcinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei" title="Pseudomyxoma peritonei">Pseudomyxoma peritonei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colon/rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_polyp" title="Colorectal polyp">Colorectal polyp</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_adenoma" title="Colorectal adenoma">adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic_polyp" title="Hyperplastic polyp">hyperplastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_polyp" title="Juvenile polyp">juvenile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sessile_serrated_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessile serrated adenoma">sessile serrated adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_serrated_adenoma" title="Traditional serrated adenoma">traditional serrated adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome" title="Peutz–Jeghers syndrome">Peutz–Jeghers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cronkhite%E2%80%93Canada_syndrome" title="Cronkhite–Canada syndrome">Cronkhite–Canada</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Polyposis syndromes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_polyposis_syndrome" title="Juvenile polyposis syndrome">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUTYH-associated_polyposis" title="MUTYH-associated polyposis">MUTYH-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gardner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_proofreading-associated_polyposis" title="Polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis">Polymerase proofreading-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrated_polyposis_syndrome" title="Serrated polyposis syndrome">Serrated polyposis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Neoplasm:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer" title="Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer">Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper and/or lower</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor" title="Gastrointestinal stromal tumor">Gastrointestinal stromal tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_tumor" title="Krukenberg tumor">Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_tumor" title="Liver tumor">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrolamellar_hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma">Fibrolamellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoblastoma" title="Hepatoblastoma">Hepatoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_angiosarcoma" title="Liver angiosarcoma">Liver angiosarcoma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma" title="Hepatocellular adenoma">Hepatocellular adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_hemangioma" title="Cavernous hemangioma">Cavernous hemangioma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Focal_nodular_hyperplasia" title="Focal nodular hyperplasia">Focal nodular hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodular_regenerative_hyperplasia" title="Nodular regenerative hyperplasia">Nodular regenerative hyperplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma">Cholangiocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" title="Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_cancer" title="Gallbladder cancer">Gallbladder cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine pancreas">exocrine pancreas</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic ductal carcinoma">Pancreatic ductal carcinoma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Serous_microcystic_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous microcystic adenoma">Serous microcystic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraductal_papillary_mucinous_neoplasm" title="Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm">Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_mucinous_cystic_neoplasm" title="Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm">Mucinous cystic neoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_pseudopapillary_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm">Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatoblastoma" title="Pancreatoblastoma">Pancreatoblastoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_peritoneal_carcinoma" title="Primary peritoneal carcinoma">Primary peritoneal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma" title="Peritoneal mesothelioma">Peritoneal mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplastic_small_round_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmoplastic small round cell tumor">Desmoplastic small round cell tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytoskeletal_defects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytoskeletal_defects" title="Template:Cytoskeletal defects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytoskeletal_defects" title="Template talk:Cytoskeletal defects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytoskeletal_defects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytoskeletal defects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytoskeletal_defects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">Cytoskeletal</a> defects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">Microfilaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myofilament" title="Myofilament">Myofilament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">Actin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">Dilated cardiomyopathy 1AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsyndromic_deafness" title="Nonsyndromic deafness">DFNA20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaline_myopathy" title="Nemaline myopathy">Nemaline myopathy 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">Myosin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elejalde_syndrome" title="Elejalde syndrome">Elejalde syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, 8, 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usher_syndrome" title="Usher syndrome">Usher syndrome 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman%E2%80%93Sheldon_syndrome" title="Freeman–Sheldon syndrome">Freeman–Sheldon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsyndromic_deafness" title="Nonsyndromic deafness">DFN A3, 4, 11, 17, 22; B2, 30, 37, 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%E2%80%93Hegglin_anomaly" title="May–Hegglin anomaly">May–Hegglin anomaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troponin" title="Troponin">Troponin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7, 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaline_myopathy" title="Nemaline myopathy">Nemaline myopathy 4, 5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropomyosin" title="Tropomyosin">Tropomyosin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaline_myopathy" title="Nemaline myopathy">Nemaline myopathy 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titin" title="Titin">Titin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">Fibrillin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weill%E2%80%93Marchesani_syndrome" title="Weill–Marchesani syndrome">Weill–Marchesani syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filamin" title="Filamin">Filamin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FG_syndrome" title="FG syndrome">FG syndrome 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_dysplasia" title="Boomerang dysplasia">Boomerang dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_syndrome" title="Larsen syndrome">Larsen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_osseous_dysplasia_with_pigmentary_defects" title="Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects">Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_filament" title="Intermediate filament">IF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1/2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_disease" title="Keratin disease">Keratinopathy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keratosis" title="Keratosis">keratosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keratoderma" title="Keratoderma">keratoderma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a>): <a href="/wiki/Keratin_1" title="Keratin 1">KRT1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolytic_hyperkeratosis" title="Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis">Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_hystrix" title="Ichthyosis hystrix">IHCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_2A" title="Keratin 2A">KRT2E</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_bullosa_of_Siemens" title="Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens">Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_3" title="Keratin 3">KRT3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meesmann_juvenile_epithelial_corneal_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy">Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_4" title="Keratin 4">KRT4</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_sponge_nevus" title="White sponge nevus">White sponge nevus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_5" title="Keratin 5">KRT5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_8" title="Keratin 8">KRT8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Familial_cirrhosis" title="Familial cirrhosis">Familial cirrhosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_10" title="Keratin 10">KRT10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidermolytic_hyperkeratosis" title="Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis">Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_12" title="Keratin 12">KRT12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meesmann_juvenile_epithelial_corneal_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy">Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_13" title="Keratin 13">KRT13</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_sponge_nevus" title="White sponge nevus">White sponge nevus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_14" title="Keratin 14">KRT14</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_17" title="Keratin 17">KRT17</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steatocystoma_multiplex" title="Steatocystoma multiplex">Steatocystoma multiplex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_18" title="Keratin 18">KRT18</a> (<a href="/wiki/Familial_cirrhosis" title="Familial cirrhosis">Familial cirrhosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT81" title="KRT81">KRT81</a>/<a href="/wiki/KRT83" title="KRT83">KRT83</a>/<a href="/wiki/KRT86" title="KRT86">KRT86</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monilethrix" title="Monilethrix">Monilethrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naegeli%E2%80%93Franceschetti%E2%80%93Jadassohn_syndrome" title="Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome">Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_pigmented_anomaly_of_the_flexures" title="Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures">Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmin" title="Desmin">Desmin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Desmin-related_myofibrillar_myopathy" title="Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy">Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">Dilated cardiomyopathy 1I</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glial_fibrillary_acidic_protein" title="Glial fibrillary acidic protein">GFAP</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_disease" title="Alexander disease">Alexander disease</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripherin" title="Peripherin">Peripherin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurofilament" title="Neurofilament">Neurofilament</a>: <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1F, 2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laminopathy" title="Laminopathy">Laminopathy</a>: LMNA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandibuloacral_dysplasia" title="Mandibuloacral dysplasia">Mandibuloacral dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnigan_familial_partial_lipodystrophy" title="Dunnigan familial partial lipodystrophy">Dunnigan</a> <a href="/wiki/Familial_partial_lipodystrophy" title="Familial partial lipodystrophy">Familial partial lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery%E2%80%93Dreifuss_muscular_dystrophy_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2">Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb-girdle_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease_2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B1">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B1</a></li></ul></li> <li>LMNB <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barraquer%E2%80%93Simons_syndrome" title="Barraquer–Simons syndrome">Barraquer–Simons syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>LEMD3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buschke%E2%80%93Ollendorff_syndrome" title="Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome">Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopoikilosis" title="Osteopoikilosis">Osteopoikilosis</a></li></ul></li> <li>LBR <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelger%E2%80%93Huet_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelger–Huet anomaly">Pelger–Huet anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrops-ectopic_calcification-moth-eaten_skeletal_dysplasia" title="Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia">Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">Microtubules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">Kinesin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">Dynein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_ciliary_dyskinesia" title="Primary ciliary dyskinesia">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_rib-polydactyly_syndrome_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Short rib-polydactyly syndrome 3">Short rib-polydactyly syndrome 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxiating_thoracic_dysplasia_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia 3">Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_venous_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavernous venous malformation">Cavernous venous malformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">Membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectrin" title="Spectrin">Spectrin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia 5">Spinocerebellar ataxia 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis_2,_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary spherocytosis 2, 3">Hereditary spherocytosis 2, 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_elliptocytosis_2,_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary elliptocytosis 2, 3">Hereditary elliptocytosis 2, 3</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ankyrin" title="Ankyrin">Ankyrin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Long QT syndrome 4">Long QT syndrome 4</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary spherocytosis 1">Hereditary spherocytosis 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catenin" title="Catenin">Catenin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli" title="Adenomatous polyposis coli">APC</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gardner's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plakoglobin" title="Plakoglobin">plakoglobin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Naxos_syndrome" title="Naxos syndrome">Naxos syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigaxonin" title="Gigaxonin">GAN</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Giant_axonal_neuropathy" title="Giant axonal neuropathy">Giant axonal neuropathy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplakin" title="Desmoplakin">desmoplakin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Carvajal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plectin" title="Plectin">plectin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex_with_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex_of_Ogna" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex of Ogna">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex of Ogna</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plakophilin" title="Plakophilin">plakophilin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Skin_fragility_syndrome" title="Skin fragility syndrome">Skin fragility syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 9</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrosome" title="Centrosome">centrosome</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/PCNT" title="PCNT">PCNT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Microcephalic_osteodysplastic_primordial_dwarfism_type_II" title="Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II">Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Related topics: <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytoskeletal_proteins" title="Template:Cytoskeletal proteins">Cytoskeletal proteins</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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