CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Virus - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )simplewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a6c0d871-963c-4bfa-aa97-61480dfca58c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Virus","wgTitle":"Virus","wgCurRevisionId":9773135,"wgRevisionId":9773135,"wgArticleId":5757,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the JsonConfig extension","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Pages using ISBN magic links","Pages using PMID magic links","Articles with 'species' microformats","Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar","Viruses","Parasites","Infectious diseases"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Virus","wgRelevantArticleId":5757,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Viruses","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Virus","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q808","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/1200px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/800px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/640px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Virus - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="change this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.simple"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Virus rootpage-Virus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Getting around </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_start" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Simple start</span></a></li><li id="n-Simple-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk"><span>Simple talk</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of new changes in the wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-simple.svg" width="101" height="18" style="width: 6.3125em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Virus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Virus" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Virus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Virus" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replication_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replication_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Replication cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Replication_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Replication cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Replication_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_material_and_replication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_material_and_replication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genetic material and replication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_material_and_replication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_defence_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_defence_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Host defence mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Host_defence_mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Host defence mechanisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Host_defence_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Innate_immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innate_immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Innate immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innate_immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptive_immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Adaptive immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evading_the_immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evading_the_immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Evading the immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evading_the_immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recent discoveries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_discoveries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent discoveries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How_bacteria_and_archaea_deal_with_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_bacteria_and_archaea_deal_with_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>How bacteria and archaea deal with viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_bacteria_and_archaea_deal_with_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Largest virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viruses_in_the_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses_in_the_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Viruses in the sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses_in_the_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_the_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_the_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>List of the viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_the_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 172 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">172 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(Medizin)" title="Virus (Medizin) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Virus (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ቫይረስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቫይረስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C4%93ofanwyrm" title="Clēofanwyrm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Clēofanwyrm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܒܝܪܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܪܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D6%80" title="Ժահր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժահր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ভাইৰাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাইৰাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADru" title="Víru – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Víru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ভাইরাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাইরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93%E2%81%BF-to%CC%8Dk" title="Pēⁿ-to̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pēⁿ-to̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вирустар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вирустар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вірусы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірусы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="वायरस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वायरस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Вируси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вируси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="ནད་དུག་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནད་དུག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologija)" title="Virus (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Virus (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruz" title="Viruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Viruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firws" title="Firws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Firws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaaros" title="Vaaros – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Vaaros" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viren" title="Viren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ވައިރަސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވައިރަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viirused" title="Viirused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viirused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%82" title="Кезовкшт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кезовкшт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruso_(biologio)" title="Viruso (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viruso (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firus_(biology)" title="Firus (biology) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Firus (biology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADreas" title="Víreas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Víreas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerys" title="Veerys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Veerys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACoras" title="Bìoras – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bìoras" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Вирусаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вирусаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81" title="વિષાણુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિષાણુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiang-thu%CC%8Dk" title="Phiang-thu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiang-thu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="바이러스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վիրուսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրուսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विषाणु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विषाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruso" title="Viruso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Viruso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGciwanyane" title="IGciwanyane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGciwanyane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veira" title="Veira – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veira" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A3" title="נגיף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נגיף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B_s%C9%94t%CA%8A" title="Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ವೈರಾಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈರಾಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვირუსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვირუსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirus" title="Wirus – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wirus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вирустар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вирустар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viris" title="Viris – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Viris" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viris" title="Viris – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Viris" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AErus" title="Vîrus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîrus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A7%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%AA" title="ໄວຣັສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄວຣັສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_biologicum" title="Virus biologicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Virus biologicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABruss" title="Vīruss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīruss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusas" title="Virusas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Virusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusse" title="Virusse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Virusse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%BAsu" title="Vilúsu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Vilúsu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayiraasi" title="Vayiraasi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Vayiraasi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biolojia)" title="Virus (biolojia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Virus (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosy" title="Virosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Virosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="विषाणू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विषाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ვირუსეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვირუსეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="ဝဳရုသ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝဳရုသ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-d%C5%ADk" title="Bêng-dŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bêng-dŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဗိုင်းရပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗိုင်းရပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virus (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विषाणु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विषाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="भाइरस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाइरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ウイルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウイルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiiren" title="Wiiren – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiiren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ଭୂତାଣୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭୂତାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaayirasii" title="Vaayirasii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Vaayirasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viren" title="Viren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Viren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirusy" title="Wirusy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirusy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aw" title="Añaw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вирусы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирусы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Virus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Virus (bioluggìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virus (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83" title="වෛරස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛරස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayrus" title="Fayrus – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fayrus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ڤایرۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایرۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologija)" title="Virus (biologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virus (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virukset" title="Virukset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="தீநுண்மி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீநுண்மி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вируслар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вируслар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="వైరస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైరస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ไวรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Вирусҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вирусҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವೈರಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವೈರಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BCs" title="Virüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Virüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3" title="ۋىرۇس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىرۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghdoeg" title="Binghdoeg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghdoeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(bio%C5%82ozia)" title="Virus (biołozia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Virus (biołozia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BBsse" title="Virûsse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Virûsse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ווירוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווירוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88r%C3%A0n" title="Èràn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èràn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosos" title="Virosos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Virosos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Virus" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Virus" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Virus" rel="nofollow" title="New changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=9773135" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Virus&id=9773135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirus"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirus"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Virus"><span>Make a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Virus&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Page for printing</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q808" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viruses&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">Viruses</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For computers, see <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Computer virus</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)">Virus </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/220px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/330px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/440px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, a member of the subfamily <i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirinae">Coronavirinae</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Virus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><b>Virus</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realm_(virology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realm (virology) (not yet started)">Realms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnaviria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adnaviria (not yet started)">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duplodnaviria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duplodnaviria (not yet started)">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monodnaviria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monodnaviria (not yet started)">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riboviria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riboviria (not yet started)">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribozyviria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribozyviria (not yet started)">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varidnaviria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varidnaviria (not yet started)">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMV_structure_simple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/TMV_structure_simple.png/230px-TMV_structure_simple.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/TMV_structure_simple.png/345px-TMV_structure_simple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/TMV_structure_simple.png/460px-TMV_structure_simple.png 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a>: <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> coiled in a helix of repeating protein sub-units</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>virus</b> is a tiny <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a> is the study of viruses. </p><p>Viruses can only be seen under an <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a>. Viruses are not free-living: they can only be parasites. They always reproduce inside other living things. All viruses infect living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, and may cause disease. The virus make <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">copies of itself</a> inside another organism's cells. Viruses are a strand of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> coat. Usually the nucleic acid is <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>; sometimes it is <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Viruses cause many types of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Polio" class="mw-redirect" title="Polio">polio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebola" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola">ebola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>. </p><p>Viruses reproduce by getting their nucleic acid strand into a <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryote</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cell</a>. The <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> strand then takes over the cell machinery to reproduce copies of itself and the protein coat. The cell then bursts open, spreading the newly created viruses. All viruses reproduce this way, and there are no free-living viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shors_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shors-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viruses are everywhere in the environment, and all organisms can be infected by them.<sup id="cite_ref-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most viruses are much smaller than <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. They were not visible until the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a>. A virus has a simple structure. It has just a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> coat which covers a string of nucleic acid. Viruses live and reproduce inside the cells of other living organisms. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> cells, the virus protein coat is able to enter the target cells by certain <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> receptors. With prokaryote <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> cells, the <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> physically injects the nucleic acid strand into the host cell. </p><p>Viruses have the following characteristics: </p> <ul><li>They outnumber all other forms of life on the planet by a long way.<sup id="cite_ref-Britt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They are <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious</a> particles, causing many types of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>;</li> <li>They contain a nucleic acid core of <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>;</li> <li>They are surrounded by a protective protein coat;</li></ul> <p>When the host cell has finished making more viruses, it undergoes <a href="/wiki/Lysis" title="Lysis">lysis</a>, or breaks apart. The viruses are released and are then able to infect other cells. Viruses can remain "silent" (inactive) for a long time, and will infect cells when the time and conditions are right. </p><p>Some special viruses are worth noting. <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> have evolved to enter <a href="/wiki/Bacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial">bacterial</a> cells, which have a different type of cell wall from eukaryote cell membranes. <i>Envelope viruses</i>, when they reproduce, cover themselves with a modified form of the host cell membrane, thus gaining an outer <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> layer that helps entry. Some of our most difficult-to-combat viruses, like <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, use this method. </p><p>Viral infections in animals trigger an <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune response">immune response</a> which usually kills the infecting virus. <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a> can also produce immune responses. They give an artificially <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">acquired immunity</a> to the specific viral infection. However, some viruses (including those causing <a href="/wiki/AIDS_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS virus">AIDS</a> and viral <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>) escape from these immune responses and cause chronic infections. <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a> have no effect on viruses, but there are some other drugs which can be used against viruses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Genome" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Genome"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:250px; margin:5px 0 0 10px;"> <caption>Genomic diversity among viruses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Property</th> <th>Parameters </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nucleic acid</td> <td> <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li> <li>Both RNA and DNA (at different stages in the life cycle)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shape</td> <td> <ul><li>Linear</li> <li>Circular</li> <li>Segmented</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strandedness</td> <td> <ul><li>Single-stranded</li> <li>Double-stranded</li> <li>Double-stranded with regions of single-strandedness</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_(molecular_biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sense (molecular biology) (not yet started)">Sense</a></td> <td> <ul><li>Positive sense (+)</li> <li>Negative sense (−)</li> <li>Ambisense (+/−)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virus_Replication_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Virus_Replication_Cycle.svg/220px-Virus_Replication_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Virus_Replication_Cycle.svg/330px-Virus_Replication_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Virus_Replication_Cycle.svg/440px-Virus_Replication_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Virus replication cycle: 1-Attachment, 2-Penetration, 3-Uncoating, 4-Synthesis (4a-Transcription, 4b-Translation, 4c-Genome replication), 5-Assembly, 6-Release</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> structures in viruses. As a group they are more diverse than plants, animals, archaea, or bacteria. There are millions of different types of viruses,<sup id="cite_ref-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only about 7,000 of them have been described in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>49</sup> </p><p>A virus has either RNA or DNA genes and so is called an RNA virus or a DNA virus. <i>The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes</i>. Plant viruses usually have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages usually have double-stranded DNA genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>96/99</sup> </p><p>Fewer than 7,000 types have been described in detail. but there are doubtlessly many more to be discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replication_cycle">Replication cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Replication cycle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Replication cycle"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they do not have cells. Instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce many copies of themselves, and they <i>assemble</i> (put together) in the cell. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Viral_life_cycle" title="Viral life cycle">life cycle of viruses</a> differs greatly between species but there are six <i>basic</i> stages in the life cycle of viruses:<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>75/91</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Attachment</i> is a binding between viral <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a> proteins and specific <a href="/wiki/Receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor">receptors</a> on the host cellular surface.</li> <li><i>Penetration</i> follows attachment: Virions (single virus particles) enter the host cell by receptor-mediated <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a> or fusion with the lipid bilayer. This is called viral entry. <br />The infection of plant and fungal cells is different from that of animal cells. Plants have a rigid cell wall made of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, and fungi one of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>. This means most viruses can only get inside these cells by force.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>70</sup> An example would be: a virus travels on an <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> <a href="/wiki/Vector_(biology)" title="Vector (biology)">vector</a> which feeds on plant sap. The damage done to cell walls would let the virus get in. <br />Bacteria, like plants, have strong cell walls that a virus must get through to infect the cell. However, bacterial cell walls are much thinner than plant cell walls, and some viruses have mechanisms that inject their genome into the bacterial cell, while the viral capsid remains outside.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>71</sup></li> <li><i>Uncoating</i> is how the viral capsid is removed: This may be by viral <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> or host enzymes or by simple dissociation; the end-result is the releasing of the viral <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a>.</li> <li><i>Replication</i> of viruses is multiplying the genome. This usually means production of viral <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (mRNA) from "early" genes. This may be followed, for complex viruses, by one or more further rounds of mRNA synthesis: "late" gene expression is of structural or virion proteins.</li> <li>After the self-<i>assembly</i> of the virus particles, some modification of the proteins often occurs. In viruses such as <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, this modification (sometimes called maturation) occurs <i>after</i> the virus has been released from the host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11451488_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11451488-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Viruses can be <i>released</i> from the host cell by <a href="/wiki/Lysis" title="Lysis">lysis</a>, a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall. This is a feature of many bacterial and some animal viruses. <br />In some viruses the viral genome is put by <a href="/wiki/Genetic" class="mw-disambig" title="Genetic">genetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Recombination" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombination">recombination</a> into a specific place in the host's chromosome. The viral genome is then known as a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Provirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provirus (not yet started)">provirus</a>" or, in the case of bacteriophages a "<a href="/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">prophage</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Shors_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shors-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>60</sup> <br />Whenever the host divides, the viral genome is also replicated. The viral genome is mostly silent within the host; however, at some point, the provirus or prophage may give rise to active virus, which may lyse the host cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>chapter 15</sup> <br />Enveloped viruses (e.g. HIV) typically are released from the host cell after the virus acquires its envelope. The envelope is a modified piece of the host's plasma membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>185/7</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_material_and_replication">Genetic material and replication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Genetic material and replication" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Genetic material and replication"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genetic material within virus particles, and the method by which the material is replicated, varies considerably between different types of viruses. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Influenza_virus_particle_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Influenza_virus_particle_color.jpg/220px-Influenza_virus_particle_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Influenza_virus_particle_color.jpg/330px-Influenza_virus_particle_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Influenza_virus_particle_color.jpg/440px-Influenza_virus_particle_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>This false-coloured transmission electron micrograph depicts the ultrastructural details of an influenza virus particle, or “virion”. The influenza virus is a single-stranded RNA organism</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>RNA viruses</dt> <dd>Replication usually takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>. RNA viruses can be placed into four different groups depending on their modes of replication. All RNA viruses use their own <a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_replicase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA replicase (not yet started)">RNA replicase</a> enzymes to create copies of their genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>79</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>DNA viruses</dt> <dd>The genome replication of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell's <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>. Most DNA viruses are entirely dependent on the host cell's DNA and RNA synthesising machinery, and RNA processing machinery. Viruses with larger genomes may encode much of this machinery themselves. In eukaryotes the viral genome must cross the cell's nuclear membrane to access this machinery, while in bacteria it need only enter the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Shors_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shors-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>54</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collier_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>78</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Reverse transcribing viruses</dt> <dd>Reverse transcribing viruses with RNA genomes (<a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retroviruses</a>) use a DNA intermediate to replicate. Those with DNA genomes (pararetroviruses) use an RNA intermediate during genome replication.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16949329_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16949329-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral drugs</a> that inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>. An example of the first type is HIV, which is a retrovirus. Examples of the second type are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepadnaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepadnaviridae (not yet started)">Hepadnaviridae</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>88/9</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Host_defence_mechanisms">Host defence mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Host defence mechanisms" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Host defence mechanisms"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innate_immune_system">Innate immune system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Innate immune system" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Innate immune system"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body's first line of defence against viruses is the <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a>. This has cells and other mechanisms which defend the host from any infection. The cells of the innate system recognise, and respond to, pathogens in a general way.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a> is an important innate defence against viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17693253_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17693253-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many viruses have a replication strategy that involves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). When such a virus infects a cell, it releases its RNA molecule. A protein complex called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicer (not yet started)">dicer</a> sticks to it and chops the RNA into pieces. Then a biochemical pathway, called the RISC complex, starts up. This attacks the viral mRNA, and the cell survives the infection. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two spherical rotavirus particles, one is coated with antibody which looks like many small birds, regularly spaced on the surface of the virus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg/220px-Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg/330px-Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg/440px-Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotaviruses</a>: the one on the right is coated with antibodies which stop it attaching to cells and infecting them</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotaviruses avoid this by not uncoating fully inside the cell and by releasing newly produced mRNA through pores in the particle's inner capsid. The genomic dsRNA remains protected inside the core of the virion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15579070_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15579070-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15010218_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15010218-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a> is an important host defence mechanism. This is a hormone produced by the body when viruses are present. Its role in immunity is complex; it eventually stops the viruses from reproducing by killing the infected cell and its close neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11256746_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11256746-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_immune_system">Adaptive immune system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Adaptive immune system" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Adaptive immune system"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vertebrates have a second, more specific, immune system. It is called the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a>. When it meets a virus, it produces specific <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> that bind to the virus and render it non-infectious. Two types of antibodies are important. </p><p>The first, called IgM, is highly effective at neutralizing viruses but is produced by the cells of the immune system only for a few weeks. The second, called IgG, is produced indefinitely. The presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8903801_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8903801-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IgG antibody is measured when tests for <a href="/wiki/Immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity">immunity</a> are carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9086126_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9086126-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another vertebrate defence against viruses involves immune cells known as <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>. The body's cells constantly display short fragments of their proteins on the cell's surface, and, if a T cell recognises a suspicious viral fragment there, the host cell is destroyed by <i>killer T</i> cells and the virus-specific T-cells proliferate. Cells such as <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> are specialists at this antigen presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17725500_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17725500-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evading_the_immune_system">Evading the immune system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Evading the immune system" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Evading the immune system"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all virus infections produce a protective immune response. These persistent viruses evade immune control by sequestration (hiding away); <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> resistance; evading <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cell</a> activity; escape from <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> (cell death), and antigenic shift (changing surface proteins).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15297608_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15297608-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> evades the immune system by constantly changing the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> sequence of the proteins on the surface of the virion. Other viruses move along <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> to places the immune system cannot reach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Evolution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses do not belong to any of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific classification">six kingdoms</a>. They do not meet all the requirements for being classified as a living organism because they are not active until the point of infection. However, that is just a verbal point. </p><p>Obviously, their structure and mode of operation means they have evolved from other living things, and the loss of normal structure occurs in many endo<a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>. The origins of viruses in the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> history of life are unclear: some may have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> from <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a> – pieces of DNA that can move between cells – while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>, which increases <a href="/wiki/Genetic" class="mw-disambig" title="Genetic">genetic</a> diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_discoveries">Recent discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Recent discoveries" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Recent discoveries"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A recent project discovered nearly 1500 new <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA viruses</a> by sampling over 200 <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species. "The research team... extracted their RNA and, using next-generation <a href="/wiki/Sequence_analysis" title="Sequence analysis">sequencing</a>, deciphered the sequence of a staggering six <a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">trillion</a> letters present in the invertebrate RNA libraries".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research showed that viruses changed bits and pieces of their RNA by a variety of genetic mechanisms. "The invertebrate virome [shows] remarkable genomic flexibility that includes frequent <a href="/wiki/Recombination" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombination">recombination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_gene_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral gene transfer">lateral gene transfer</a> among viruses and hosts, gene gain and loss, and complex genomic rearrangements".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_bacteria_and_archaea_deal_with_viruses">How bacteria and archaea deal with viruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: How bacteria and archaea deal with viruses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: How bacteria and archaea deal with viruses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses have been on this planet a long time. We now know that bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> had to deal with them first, before our type of cellular life evolved. Details of the defence mechanisms used by archaea and bacteria are discussed on the page <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, which briefly introduces the topic of early defences against viruses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_virus">Largest virus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Largest virus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Largest virus"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of large viruses infect <a href="/wiki/Amoebae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebae">amoebae</a>. The largest is <i>Pithovirus</i>. Others in order of size are <i><a href="/wiki/Pandoravirus" title="Pandoravirus">Pandoravirus</a></i>, then <i><a href="/wiki/Megavirus" title="Megavirus">Megavirus</a></i>, then <i><a href="/wiki/Mimivirus" title="Mimivirus">Mimivirus</a></i>. They are bigger than some <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and visible under a <a href="/wiki/Light_microscope" title="Light microscope">light microscope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viruses_in_the_sea">Viruses in the sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Viruses in the sea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Viruses in the sea"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses are everywhere in the sea. They may outnumber all other forms of <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine</a> life by at least an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a>. Through selective <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, viruses influence <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> cycling and evolution in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Uses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Uses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses are used widely in <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Geneticists</a> often use viruses as <a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vectors</a> to introduce genes into cells that they are studying. This is useful for making the cell produce a foreign substance, or to study the effect of introducing a new gene into the genome. Eastern European scientists have used <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phage_therapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phage therapy (not yet started)">phage therapy</a> as an alternative to antibiotics for some time, and interest in this approach is increasing, because of the high level of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a> now found in some pathogenic bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16258815_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16258815-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_the_viruses">List of the viruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: List of the viruses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: List of the viruses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="13" style="background-color:lightpink;">A—D </th></tr> <tr> <td>Adeno</td> <td>Anaplasma</td> <td>Arena</td> <td>Astra</td> <td>Bacteriophage</td> <td>Bifdobacterium</td> <td>Chlamydia</td> <td>Calici</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Corona</a> (2019) <i>(active)</i></b></td> <td>Crimean-Congo fever</td> <td>Cytomegalo</td> <td>Clastiridium</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">Dengue</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="13" style="background-color:lightyellow;">E— L </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus" title="Ebola virus">Ebola</a></td> <td>Filamentous</td> <td>Flavi</td> <td>Hanta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex" title="Herpes simplex">Herpes</a></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">Hiv</a> <i>(active)</i></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a> <i>(active)</i></b></td> <td>Junin</td> <td>Lactobacillus</td> <td>Lassa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyssavirus" title="Lyssavirus">Lyssa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="13" style="background-color:lightgreen;">M—R </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></td> <td>Meningococcus</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Mpox" title="Mpox">Mpox</a> (2022) <i>(active)</i></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus_infection" title="Nipah virus infection">Nipah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Noro</a></td> <td>Orto</td> <td>Papilloma</td> <td>Parvo</td> <td>Polio</td> <td>Polioma</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">Rabies</a> <i>(active)</i></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="13" style="background-color:lightblue;">R—Z </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">Rhino</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rota</a></td> <td><b>Rsv <i>(active)</i></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">Rubella</a></td> <td>Spherical</td> <td>Toga</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britt-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britt_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britt_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Glaunsinger, Britt 2020 Viruses reveal the secrets of biology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQHL9QabwLQ">[1]</a> This source makes the astonishing claim that there are !0<sup>24</sup> viral infections/second.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimmock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dimmock_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dimmock_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dimmock_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dimmock_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dimmock_2-4">2.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dimmock_2-5">2.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimmock N.J; Easton, Andrew J; Leppard, Keith 2007. <i>Introduction to modern virology</i>. 6th ed, Blackwell. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3645-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3645-6">1-4051-3645-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shors-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shors_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shors_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shors_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Shors Teri 2017. <i>Understanding viruses</i>. Jones and Bartlett. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781284025927" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-284-02592-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBreitbart_M,_Rohwer_F2005" class="citation journal cs1">Breitbart M, Rohwer F (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-06_13_6/page/278">"Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?"</a>. <i>Trends Microbiol</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 278–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2005.04.003">10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-842X">0966-842X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15936660">15936660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Here+a+virus%2C+there+a+virus%2C+everywhere+the+same+virus%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=278-84&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0966-842X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15936660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2005.04.003&rft.au=Breitbart+M%2C+Rohwer+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-06_13_6%2Fpage%2F278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_CM,_Menon_S,_Eilers_BJ2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence CM, Menon S, Eilers BJ; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675988">"Structural and functional studies of archaeal viruses"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>284</b> (19): 12599–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.R800078200">10.1074/jbc.R800078200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675988">2675988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19158076">19158076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Structural+and+functional+studies+of+archaeal+viruses&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=12599-603&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2675988%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19158076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.R800078200&rft.au=Lawrence+CM%2C+Menon+S%2C+Eilers+BJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2675988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards_RA,_Rohwer_F2005" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards RA, Rohwer F (2005). "Viral metagenomics". <i>Nat. Rev. Microbiol</i>. <b>3</b> (6): 504–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1163">10.1038/nrmicro1163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15886693">15886693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8059643">8059643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Viral+metagenomics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=504-10&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8059643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15886693&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1163&rft.au=Edwards+RA%2C+Rohwer+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collier_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collier_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collier_7-2">7.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collier_7-3">7.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collier_7-4">7.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Collier, Leslie; Balows, Albert; Sussman, Max 1998. <i>Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and microbial infections</i>. 9th ed, vol 1, <i>Virology</i>. volume editors: Mahy, Brian and Collier, Leslie. Arnold. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-66316-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-66316-2">0-340-66316-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPennisi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pennisi E (March 2011). "Microbiology. Going viral: exploring the role of viruses in our bodies". <i>Science</i>. <b>331</b> (6024): 1513. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331.1513P">2011Sci...331.1513P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.331.6024.1513">10.1126/science.331.6024.1513</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21436418">21436418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Microbiology.+Going+viral%3A+exploring+the+role+of+viruses+in+our+bodies&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6024&rft.pages=1513&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21436418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.331.6024.1513&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...331.1513P&rft.aulast=Pennisi&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFShiLinTianChen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shi M, Lin XD, Tian JH, Chen LJ, Chen X, Li CX, et al. (December 2016). "Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere". <i>Nature</i>. <b>540</b> (7634): 539–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.540..539S">2016Natur.540..539S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature20167">10.1038/nature20167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27880757">27880757</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1198891">1198891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Redefining+the+invertebrate+RNA+virosphere&rft.volume=540&rft.issue=7634&rft.pages=539-43&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature20167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1198891%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27880757&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.540..539S&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Lin%2C+XD&rft.au=Tian%2C+JH&rft.au=Chen%2C+LJ&rft.au=Chen%2C+X&rft.au=Li%2C+CX&rft.au=Qin%2C+XC&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Cao%2C+JP&rft.au=Eden%2C+JS&rft.au=Buchmann%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+W&rft.au=Xu%2C+J&rft.au=Holmes%2C+EC&rft.au=Zhang%2C+YZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11451488-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11451488_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBarman_S,_Ali_A,_Hui_EK,_Adhikary_L,_Nayak_DP2001" class="citation journal cs1">Barman S, Ali A, Hui EK, Adhikary L, Nayak DP (2001). "Transport of viral proteins to the apical membranes and interaction of matrix protein with glycoproteins in the assembly of influenza viruses". <i>Virus Res</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 61–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1702%2801%2900266-0">10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00266-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11451488">11451488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virus+Res.&rft.atitle=Transport+of+viral+proteins+to+the+apical+membranes+and+interaction+of+matrix+protein+with+glycoproteins+in+the+assembly+of+influenza+viruses&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-9&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0168-1702%2801%2900266-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11451488&rft.au=Barman+S%2C+Ali+A%2C+Hui+EK%2C+Adhikary+L%2C+Nayak+DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16949329-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16949329_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStaginnus_C,_Richert-Pöggeler_KR2006" class="citation journal cs1">Staginnus C, Richert-Pöggeler KR (2006). "Endogenous pararetroviruses: two-faced travelers in the plant genome". <i>Trends in Plant Science</i>. <b>11</b> (10): 485–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2006.08.008">10.1016/j.tplants.2006.08.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16949329">16949329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Endogenous+pararetroviruses%3A+two-faced+travelers+in+the+plant+genome&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=485-91&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2006.08.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16949329&rft.au=Staginnus+C%2C+Richert-P%C3%B6ggeler+KR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Bruce; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2"><i>Molecular biology of the cell; 4th ed</i></a>. New York and London: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1"><bdi>0-8153-3218-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+biology+of+the+cell%3B+4th+ed&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8153-3218-1&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowTOC%26rid%3Dmboc4.TOC%26depth%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17693253-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17693253_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDing_SW,_Voinnet_O2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ding SW, Voinnet O (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703654">"Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>130</b> (3): 413–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.07.039">10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703654">2703654</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17693253">17693253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Antiviral+immunity+directed+by+small+RNAs&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=413-26&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2703654%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17693253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.07.039&rft.au=Ding+SW%2C+Voinnet+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2703654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15579070-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15579070_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPatton_JT,_Vasquez-Del_Carpio_R,_Spencer_E2004" class="citation journal cs1">Patton JT, Vasquez-Del Carpio R, Spencer E (2004). "Replication and transcription of the rotavirus genome". <i>Curr. Pharm. Des</i>. <b>10</b> (30): 3769–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1381612043382620">10.2174/1381612043382620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15579070">15579070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Pharm.+Des.&rft.atitle=Replication+and+transcription+of+the+rotavirus+genome&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=3769-77&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1381612043382620&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15579070&rft.au=Patton+JT%2C+Vasquez-Del+Carpio+R%2C+Spencer+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15010218-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15010218_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJayaram_H,_Estes_MK,_Prasad_BV2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jayaram H, Estes MK, Prasad BV (2004). "Emerging themes in rotavirus cell entry, genome organization, transcription and replication". <i>Virus Res</i>. <b>101</b> (1): 67–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virusres.2003.12.007">10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15010218">15010218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virus+Res.&rft.atitle=Emerging+themes+in+rotavirus+cell+entry%2C+genome+organization%2C+transcription+and+replication&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.virusres.2003.12.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15010218&rft.au=Jayaram+H%2C+Estes+MK%2C+Prasad+BV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11256746-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11256746_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Page_C,_Génin_P,_Baines_MG,_Hiscott_J2000" class="citation journal cs1">Le Page C, Génin P, Baines MG, Hiscott J (2000). "Interferon activation and innate immunity". <i>Rev Immunogenet</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 374–86. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256746">11256746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Immunogenet&rft.atitle=Interferon+activation+and+innate+immunity&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=374-86&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11256746&rft.au=Le+Page+C%2C+G%C3%A9nin+P%2C+Baines+MG%2C+Hiscott+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8903801-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8903801_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGreer_S,_Alexander_GJ1995" class="citation journal cs1">Greer S, Alexander GJ (1995). "Viral serology and detection". <i>Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 689–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0950-3528%2895%2990057-8">10.1016/0950-3528(95)90057-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8903801">8903801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baillieres+Clin.+Gastroenterol.&rft.atitle=Viral+serology+and+detection&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=689-721&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0950-3528%2895%2990057-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8903801&rft.au=Greer+S%2C+Alexander+GJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9086126-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9086126_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMatter_L,_Kogelschatz_K,_Germann_D1997" class="citation journal cs1">Matter L, Kogelschatz K, Germann D (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1997-04_175_4/page/749">"Serum levels of rubella virus antibodies indicating immunity: response to vaccination of subjects with low or undetectable antibody concentrations"</a>. <i>J. Infect. Dis</i>. <b>175</b> (4): 749–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F513967">10.1086/513967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9086126">9086126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27281805">27281805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Infect.+Dis.&rft.atitle=Serum+levels+of+rubella+virus+antibodies+indicating+immunity%3A+response+to+vaccination+of+subjects+with+low+or+undetectable+antibody+concentrations&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=749-55&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27281805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9086126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F513967&rft.au=Matter+L%2C+Kogelschatz+K%2C+Germann+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1997-04_175_4%2Fpage%2F749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17725500-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17725500_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCascalho_M,_&_Platt_J.L2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cascalho M, & Platt J.L (2007). "Novel functions of B cells". <i>Crit. Rev. Immunol</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 141–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1615%2Fcritrevimmunol.v27.i2.20">10.1615/critrevimmunol.v27.i2.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17725500">17725500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit.+Rev.+Immunol.&rft.atitle=Novel+functions+of+B+cells&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-51&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1615%2Fcritrevimmunol.v27.i2.20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17725500&rft.au=Cascalho+M%2C+%26+Platt+J.L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15297608-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15297608_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHilleman_M.R.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hilleman M.R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521982">"Strategies and mechanisms for host and pathogen survival in acute and persistent viral infections"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>101</b> (Suppl 2): 14560–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10114560H">2004PNAS..10114560H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404758101">10.1073/pnas.0404758101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521982">521982</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15297608">15297608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Strategies+and+mechanisms+for+host+and+pathogen+survival+in+acute+and+persistent+viral+infections&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=14560-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521982%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15297608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0404758101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10114560H&rft.au=Hilleman+M.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Canchaya C, Fournous G, Chibani-Chennoufi S, Dillmann ML, Brüssow H. 2003. Phage as agents of lateral gene transfer. <i>Curr. Opin. Microbiol</i>. <b>6</b>(4):417–24. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00086-9. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12941415?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12941415</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, Jonathan 2016. Bumper load of new viruses identified. <i>BBC News</i> Science & Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38095585">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mang Shi <i>et al</i> 2016. Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere. <i>Nature</i> preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature20167.html">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang A.S; Rise L.R. Culley A.I. & Steward G.F. 2009. RNA viruses in the sea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243445/">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodish, Harvey; et al. 2008. Viruses: structure, function, and uses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=Viruses&rid=mcb.section.1408#1422">[5]</a> Retrieved 16 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16258815-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16258815_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuzaki_S.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Matsuzaki S.; et al. (2005). "Bacteriophage therapy: a revitalized therapy against bacterial infectious diseases". <i>J. Infect. Chemother</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 211–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10156-005-0408-9">10.1007/s10156-005-0408-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16258815">16258815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8107934">8107934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Infect.+Chemother.&rft.atitle=Bacteriophage+therapy%3A+a+revitalized+therapy+against+bacterial+infectious+diseases&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=211-9&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8107934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16258815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10156-005-0408-9&rft.au=Matsuzaki+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=9773135">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=9773135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viruses" title="Category:Viruses">Viruses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parasites" title="Category:Parasites">Parasites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_diseases" title="Category:Infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_PMID_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using PMID magic links">Pages using PMID magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxobox_articles_missing_a_taxonbar" title="Category:Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar">Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 16 September 2024, at 15:41.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/simple.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-l5h6t","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.375","walltime":"0.491","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2616,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":49986,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2693,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":79633,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 400.412 1 -total"," 55.28% 221.366 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.01% 120.150 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 28.95% 115.922 1 Template:Virusbox"," 16.45% 65.883 2 Template:ISBN"," 11.32% 45.328 1 Template:Taxonbar/candidate"," 10.21% 40.868 1 Template:For"," 9.92% 39.725 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 2.66% 10.652 2 Template:Error-small"," 2.31% 9.248 2 Template:Small"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.192","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5842829,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-ck4rz","timestamp":"20241126140317","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Virus","url":"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q808","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q808","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-18T06:16:01Z","dateModified":"2024-09-16T15:41:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/94\/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png","headline":"non-cellular, submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism"}</script> </body> </html>