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Engineering and Technology History Wiki - Wikipedia
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sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Engineering and Technology History Wiki</b> (ETHW) is a MediaWiki-based website dedicated to the history of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-JAH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It started operating in 2015. It consists of articles, first-hand accounts, oral histories, landmarks and milestones.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partnership between the United Engineering Foundation (UEF) and its member engineering organizations <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">ASCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Mining,_Metallurgical,_and_Petroleum_Engineers" title="American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers">AIME</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Chemical Engineers">AIChE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Women_Engineers" title="Society of Women Engineers">Society of Women Engineers</a> is developing the ETHW as a central repository for the documentation, analysis and explanation of the history of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2008, the <i>IEEE History Committee</i> founded the <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeghn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeghn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieeexplore/5385936_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeexplore/5385936-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethw/Oral-Nebeker_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw/Oral-Nebeker-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethw/About_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw/About-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which operated from 2008 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ETHW became successor to the former <i>IEEE Global History Network (IEEE GHN)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeghn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeghn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the United Engineering Foundation had made a grant to develop an engineering intersociety web platform as a central historical repository.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the work was mainly done at the IEEE History Center.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, NJ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning, most content was related to electrical, electronics and computer engineering. As the fields of civil engineering, mining, metallurgical and petroleum engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering are covered by members of the respective organizations now, ETHW is becoming a global record for preserving knowledge of the history of technological innovation in a broad sense. It differs from other online sources, as personal accounts of technical innovators as primary sources are made available to the public. After its start as a common platform for several engineering societies, the Society of Women Engineers and the Society of Petroleum Engineers have contributed new content as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, ETHW included thousands of wiki entries, and recorded over 800 oral histories.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Wikipedia">Comparison with Wikipedia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison with Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ETHW is a <i>semi-open wiki</i>. In contrast to Wikipedia, no anonymous writing is allowed. Members of the affiliated engineering organizations can contribute their own autobiographical professional history and experiences as <i>First-hand History</i> or are interviewed to provide their <i>Oral History</i>. Administrators review these postings to see whether they conform with the rules established.<sup id="cite_ref-JAH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to ETHW encyclopedia articles and landmarks/milestones, such content is subjective and not peer reviewed. Changes can only be made by the original author. Not all content can be used freely by everybody. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JAH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JAH_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JAH_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNovember2017" class="citation journal cs1">November, Joseph (September 2017). "Engineering and Technology History Wiki". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>104</b> (2). Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">575–</span>576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjax305">10.1093/jahist/jax305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjax305&rft.aulast=November&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psrc.aapt.org/items/detail.cfm?ID=45"><i>ETHW: The Engineering and Technology History Wiki.</i></a> AAPT, Physical Science Resource Center. Retrieved October 10, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-016-1905-2">"New Resource Preserves Engineering and Technology History"</a>. new and noteworthy at TMS. <i>JOM</i>. <b>68</b> (5). The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society: 1271. March 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-016-1905-2">10.1007/s11837-016-1905-2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOM&rft.atitle=New+Resource+Preserves+Engineering+and+Technology+History&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1271&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11837-016-1905-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11837-016-1905-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieeeghn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieeeghn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieeeghn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019034333/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">"Main Page"</a>. <i>GHN</i>. 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Our Past"</a>. <i>IEEE Communications Magazine</i>. <b>56</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmcom.2018.8570029">10.1109/mcom.2018.8570029</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Magazine&rft.atitle=Scanning+Our+Past&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmcom.2018.8570029&rft.aulast=Letaief&rft.aufirst=Khaled+B.&rft.au=Michelson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252Fmcom.2018.8570029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GlobalSpec" title="GlobalSpec">GlobalSpec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical<br />councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Biometrics_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Biometrics Council">Biometrics Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Council_on_Electronic_Design_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation">Council on Electronic Design Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Council_on_Superconductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Council on Superconductivity">Council on Superconductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Nanotechnology_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Nanotechnology Council">Nanotechnology Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Sensors_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Sensors Council">Sensors Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Systems Council">Systems Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Technical_Activities_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Technical Activities Board">Technical Activities Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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href="/wiki/IEEE_Education_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Education Society">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Electromagnetic_Compatibility_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society">Electromagnetic Compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Electron_Devices_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Electron Devices Society">Electron Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Engineering_in_Medicine_and_Biology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society">Engineering in Medicine and Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Industrial_Electronics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Industrial Electronics Society">Industrial Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Industry_Applications_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Industry Applications Society">Industry Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Information_Theory_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Information Theory Society">Information Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Instrumentation_%26_Measurement_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society">Instrumentation and Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society">Intelligent Transportation Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Magnetics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Magnetics Society">Magnetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Nuclear_and_Plasma_Sciences_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society">Nuclear and Plasma Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Oceanic_Engineering_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society">Oceanic 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Processing Society">Signal Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Society_on_Social_Implications_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology">Social Implications of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Solid-State_Circuits_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society">Solid-State Circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems,_Man,_and_Cybernetics_Society" title="IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society">Systems, Man, and Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Technology_and_Engineering_Management_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society">Technology Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Ultrasonics,_Ferroelectrics,_and_Frequency_Control_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society">Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Software_Development_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Software Development Professional">Certified Software Development Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-Aided_Design_Technical_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-Aided Design Technical Committee">Computer-Aided Design Technical Committee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_for_Change" title="Engineering for Change">Engineering for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Kappa_Nu" title="Eta Kappa Nu">Eta Kappa Nu</a></li> <li><a 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