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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="أرنست ماندل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرنست ماندل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="ارنست مندل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست مندل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A7%8C%EB%8D%B8" title="에르네스트 만델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에르네스트 만델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="ארנסט מנדל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט מנדל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="ارنست ماندل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست ماندل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="エルネスト・マンデル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルネスト・マンデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мандель, Эрнест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандель, Эрнест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ернест Мандель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернест Мандель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ernest Mandel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="埃內斯特·曼德爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃內斯特·曼德爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belgian economist and Marxist philosopher</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congres_over_Kapitalisme_in_70-er_jaren_in_Tilburgse_Hogeschool_nr._14_Herb,_Bestanddeelnr_923-8345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Congres_over_Kapitalisme_in_70-er_jaren_in_Tilburgse_Hogeschool_nr._14_Herb%2C_Bestanddeelnr_923-8345.jpg/220px-Congres_over_Kapitalisme_in_70-er_jaren_in_Tilburgse_Hogeschool_nr._14_Herb%2C_Bestanddeelnr_923-8345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Congres_over_Kapitalisme_in_70-er_jaren_in_Tilburgse_Hogeschool_nr._14_Herb%2C_Bestanddeelnr_923-8345.jpg/330px-Congres_over_Kapitalisme_in_70-er_jaren_in_Tilburgse_Hogeschool_nr._14_Herb%2C_Bestanddeelnr_923-8345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Congres_over_Kapitalisme_in_70-er_jaren_in_Tilburgse_Hogeschool_nr._14_Herb%2C_Bestanddeelnr_923-8345.jpg/440px-Congres_over_Kapitalisme_in_70-er_jaren_in_Tilburgse_Hogeschool_nr._14_Herb%2C_Bestanddeelnr_923-8345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="3675" /></a><figcaption>Mandel in 1970</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism" title="Category:Trotskyism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Fourth International"><img alt="Logo of the Fourth International" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/80px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg/160px-Logo_of_the_Fourth_International.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">Bureaucratic collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-class_alliance" title="Cross-class alliance">Cross-class alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">Deformed workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">Degenerated workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">Entryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_revolution_(Trotskyism)" title="Political revolution (Trotskyism)">Political revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionism" title="Substitutionism">Substitutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_demand" title="Transitional demand">Transitional demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">Union democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguard party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist#Theories" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabloism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabloism">Pabloism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Martin Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bensa%C3%AFd" title="Daniel Bensaïd">Daniel Bensaïd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blanco_(politician)" title="Hugo Blanco (politician)">Hugo Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Alex Callinicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dowson" title="Ross Dowson">Ross Dowson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frank" title="Pierre Frank">Pierre Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Grant" title="Ted Grant">Ted Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Hallas" title="Duncan Hallas">Duncan Hallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(socialist)" title="Joseph Hansen (socialist)">Joseph Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Healy" title="Gerry Healy">Gerry Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Khan" title="Lal Khan">Lal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lambert" title="Pierre Lambert">Pierre Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_Moreno" title="Nahuel Moreno">Nahuel Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Yevgeni Preobrazhensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Smirnov_(politician)" title="Ivan Smirnov (politician)">Ivan Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_Thu_Th%C3%A2u" title="Tạ Thu Thâu">Tạ Thu Thâu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taaffe" title="Peter Taaffe">Peter Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Woods_(political_theorist)" title="Alan Woods (political theorist)">Alan Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trotsky%27s_military_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky's military writings">Trotsky's military writings</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923-1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_on_China" title="Leon Trotsky on China">Leon Trotsky on China</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution">History of the Russian Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Revolution,_1931-1939_(Trotsky_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939 (Trotsky book)">The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931-1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></i><span style="font-size:85%;">(1931-40)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">Transitional Program</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Marxism_(book)" title="In Defence of Marxism (book)">In Defence of Marxism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1942)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesis_of_Pulacayo" title="Thesis of Pulacayo">Thesis of Pulacayo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stalinist_Legacy" title="The Stalinist Legacy">The Stalinist Legacy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dilemmas_of_Lenin" title="The Dilemmas of Lenin">The Dilemmas of Lenin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_rise_to_power" title="Joseph Stalin's rise to power">Joseph Stalin's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">Bloc of Soviet Oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934" title="Minneapolis general strike of 1934">Minneapolis general strike of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Military_Policy" title="Proletarian Military Policy">Proletarian Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931969_Japanese_university_protests" title="1968–1969 Japanese university protests">1968–1969 Japanese university protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_in_Liverpool" title="Militant in Liverpool">Militant in Liverpool</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><b>Current</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Workers%27_Left_(Greece)" title="Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)">Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_of_Communist_Internationalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation of Communist Internationalists (page does not exist)">Organisation of Communist Internationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)" title="Socialist Action (Hong Kong)">Socialist Action (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alternative (Australia)">Socialist Alternative (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party (England and Wales)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Pakistan" title="The Struggle Pakistan">The Struggle Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Cause_Party" title="Workers' Cause Party">Workers' Cause Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Left_Front" title="Workers' Left Front">Workers' Left Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(UK)" title="Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)">Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Historical</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Socialist_Action_(Canada)" title="League for Socialist Action (Canada)">League for Socialist Action (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_tendency" title="Militant tendency">Militant tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1944)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)">Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Socialist_Alliance" title="Young Socialist Alliance">Young Socialist Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Internationals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><b>Current</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Workers' International (2019)">Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(post-reunification)" title="Fourth International (post-reunification)">Fourth International (post-reunification)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Fourth_Internationalist)" title="International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)">International Communist League</a></li> <li>International Revolutionary Left</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Alternative" title="International Socialist Alternative">International Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Tendency" title="International Socialist Tendency">International Socialist Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers_League_%E2%80%93_Fourth_International" title="International Workers League – Fourth International">International Workers' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Union" title="Internationalist Communist Union">Internationalist Communist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_the_Fourth_International" title="League for the Fourth International">League for the Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_International" title="Revolutionary Communist International">Revolutionary Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyist_Fraction_%E2%80%93_Fourth_International" title="Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International">Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Historical</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Workers' International (1974)">Committee for a Workers' International</a> (1974–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Fourth International Posadist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Revolution_(group)" title="Permanent Revolution (group)">Permanent Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_Ferment" title="Revolutionary Workers Ferment">Revolutionary Workers Ferment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_thesis" title="Betrayal thesis">Betrayal thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campism" title="Campism">Campism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy in Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_International" title="Fifth International">Fifth International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Forest_Tendency" title="Johnson–Forest Tendency">Johnson–Forest Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky_bibliography" title="Leon Trotsky bibliography">Leon Trotsky bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals" title="List of Trotskyist internationals">List of Trotskyist internationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_organizations_by_country" title="List of Trotskyist organizations by country">List of Trotskyist organizations by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shachtmanism" title="Shachtmanism">Shachtmanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Socialist Equality Party (disambiguation)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trotskyism" title="Template:Trotskyism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trotskyism" title="Template talk:Trotskyism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trotskyism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trotskyism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernest Ezra Mandel</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɛrnəst<span class="wrap"> </span>mɑnˈdɛl]</a></span>; 5 April 1923 in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> – 20 July 1995 in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>), also known by various pseudonyms such as <b>Ernest Germain</b>, <b>Pierre Gousset</b>, <b>Henri Vallin</b>, <b>Walter</b>, was a Belgian <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian economist">Marxian economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> activist and theorist, and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivor</a>. He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">underground resistance</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation of Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Mandel was recruited to the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> section of the international <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> movement, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, in his youth in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. His parents, Henri and Rosa Mandel, were <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> emigres from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former a member of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League">Spartacist League</a>. The beginning of Mandel's period at university was interrupted when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> occupying forces closed the university. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, while still a teenager, he joined the Belgian Trotskyist organisation alongside <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Leon" title="Abraham Leon">Abraham Leon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Monath" title="Martin Monath">Martin Monath</a>. He twice escaped after being arrested in the course of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance</a> activities, and survived imprisonment in the German <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelbau-Dora">Dora</a>. After the war, he became the youngest member of the Fourth International secretariat, alongside <a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a> and others. He gained respect as a prolific journalist with a clear and lively style, as an orthodox Marxist theoretician, and as a talented debater.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He wrote for numerous media outlets in the 1940s and 1950s including <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Parool" title="Het Parool">Het Parool</a></i>, <i>Le Peuple</i>, <i>l'Observateur</i> and <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. At the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, he publicly defended the merits of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> in debates with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democracy">social democrat</a> and future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Dutch premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Joop den Uyl</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity">Activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 1946 World Congress of the Fourth International, Mandel was elected into the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/International_Secretariat_of_the_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="International Secretariat of the Fourth International">International Secretariat of the Fourth International</a>. In line with its policy, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Socialist_Party" title="Belgian Socialist Party">Belgian Socialist Party</a> where he was a leader of a <a href="/wiki/Militant_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (word)">militant</a> socialist tendency, becoming editor of the socialist newspaper <i>La Gauche</i> (and writing for its <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> sister publication, <i>Links</i>), a member of the economic studies commission of the <a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Belgian_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="General Federation of Belgian Labour">General Federation of Belgian Labour</a> and an associate of the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Renard" title="André Renard">André Renard</a>. He and his comrades were expelled from the Socialist Party not long after the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1960%E2%80%9361" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian general strike of 1960–61">Belgian general strike of 1960–61</a> for opposing its coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian Democrats</a> and its acceptance of anti-<a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> legislation. </p><p>He was one of the main initiators of the 1963 reunification between the International Secretariat, which he led along with <a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frank" title="Pierre Frank">Pierre Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a>, and the majority of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a>, a public faction led by <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James Cannon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a> that had withdrawn from the FI in 1953. The regroupment formed the <a href="/wiki/Reunified_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunified Fourth International">reunified Fourth International</a> (also known as the USFI or USec). Until his death in 1995, Mandel remained the most prominent leader and theoretician of both the USFI and of its Belgian section, the <a href="/wiki/Anticapitalist_Left_(Belgium)" title="Anticapitalist Left (Belgium)">Revolutionary Workers' League</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until the publication of his massive book <i>Marxist Economic Theory</i> in French in 1962, Mandel's Marxist articles were written mainly under a variety of pseudonyms and his activities as Fourth Internationalist were little known outside the left. After publishing <i>Marxist Economic Theory</i>, Mandel travelled to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> on economic planning, after Guevara (who was fluent in French) had read the new book and encouraged Mandel's interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He resumed his university studies and graduated from what is now the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Pratique_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes" class="mw-redirect" title="École Pratique des Hautes Études">École Pratique des Hautes Études</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1967. Only from 1968 did Mandel become well known as a public figure and Marxist politician, touring student campuses in Europe and America giving talks on socialism, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and revolution. </p><p>Although officially barred from <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (and several other countries at various times, including the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), he gained a PhD from the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a> in 1972 (where he taught for some months), published as <i>Late Capitalism</i>, and he subsequently gained a lecturer position at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Free University of Brussels</a>. </p><p>Mandel gained mainstream attention in the United States following the rejection of his visa by Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> against the suggestion of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Stout1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stout1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attorney General Mitchell acted under the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a> (also known as the McCarran–Walter Act). This act states that those who "advocate the economic, international and governmental doctrines of world Communism" and "who write or public any written or printed matter advocating or teaching the economic international and governmental doctrines of world Communism" can have their visas barred. Mandel had been granted visas in 1962 and 1968 but had violated the conditions of his second visit unknowingly by asking for donations for the defence in the legal cases of French demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Stout1995_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stout1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of his rejected visa, a number of American scholars came out to vouch for his right to visit the United States. They attempted to highlight that he did not affiliate with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> and had publicly spoken out against the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Stout1995_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stout1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, a Federal Court in New York voted to void Mitchell's decision, stating that the United States could not bar a visitor, but on 29 June 1972, the Supreme Court ruled, 6 to 3, that Mitchell had acted within his job description in rejecting the visa. In 1972, his exclusion from the United States was upheld in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/Kleindienst_v._Mandel" title="Kleindienst v. Mandel">Kleindienst v. Mandel</a></i>. </p><p>In 1978, he delivered the <i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a> Lectures</i> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, on the topic of the <a href="/wiki/Kondratiev_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondratiev waves">long waves of capitalist development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mandel campaigned on behalf of numerous dissident left-wing intellectuals suffering political repression, advocated for the cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/Debt_of_developing_countries" title="Debt of developing countries">Third World debt</a>, and, in the <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> era, spearheaded a petition for the rehabilitation of the accused in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a> of 1936–1938. When in his seventies, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to defend his vision of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> and continued to support the idea of Revolution in the West until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_Vrije_Woord_-_Oktober_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Het_Vrije_Woord_-_Oktober_1940.jpg/220px-Het_Vrije_Woord_-_Oktober_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Het_Vrije_Woord_-_Oktober_1940.jpg/330px-Het_Vrije_Woord_-_Oktober_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Het_Vrije_Woord_-_Oktober_1940.jpg/440px-Het_Vrije_Woord_-_Oktober_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Het_Vrije_Woord_(Belgian_newspaper)" title="Het Vrije Woord (Belgian newspaper)">Het Vrije Woord</a></i>, October 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>In total, he published approximately 2,000 articles and around 30 books during his life in German, Dutch, French, English and other languages, which were in turn translated into many more languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the Second World War, he was one of the editors of the underground newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Vrije_Woord_(Belgian_newspaper)" title="Het Vrije Woord (Belgian newspaper)">Het Vrije Woord</a></i>. In addition, he edited or contributed to many books, maintained a voluminous correspondence, and was booked for speaking engagements worldwide. He considered it his mission to transmit the heritage of classical Marxist thought, deformed by the experience of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, to a new generation. And to a large extent he did influence a generation of scholars and activists in their understanding of important Marxist concepts. In his writings, perhaps most striking is the tension between <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> independent thinking and the desire for a strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Marxist doctrinal orthodoxy</a>. Due to his commitment to socialist democracy, he has even been characterised as <a href="/wiki/Luxemburgism" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburgism">"Luxemburgist"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mandel died at his home in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1995 after suffering from a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mandel is probably best remembered for being a populariser of basic Marxist ideas, for his books on <a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">late capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kondratiev_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondratiev waves">Long-Wave theory</a>, and for his moral-intellectual leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> movement. Despite critics claiming that he was "too soft on <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>", Mandel remained a classic rather than a conservative Trotskyist: writing about the Soviet bureaucracy but also why capitalism had not suffered a death agony. His late capitalism was late in the sense of delayed rather than near-death. He still believed though that this system hadn't overcome its tendency to crises. A leading German Marxist, <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Elmar Altvater</a>, stated that Mandel had done much for the survival of Marxism in the German Federal Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Traité d'économie marxiste</i>, 1962. (<i>Marxist Economic Theory</i>, trans. Brian Pearce, 1968.)</li> <li><i>Die EWG und die Konkurrenz Europa-Amerika</i>, 1968. (<i>Europe versus America: Contradictions of Imperialism</i>, trans. Martin Rossdale, 1970.)</li> <li><i>La formation de la pensée économique de Karl Marx: de 1843 à la rédaction du "Capital"</i>, 1970. (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_the_Economic_Thought_of_Karl_Marx" title="The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx">The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx</a>, 1843 to Capital</i>, trans. Brian Pearce, 1971.)</li> <li><i>Decline of the Dollar: a Marxist view of the Monetary Crisis</i>, 1972 (a collection of articles)</li> <li><i>Der Spätkapitalismus</i>, 1972. (<i><a href="/wiki/Late_Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Capitalism">Late Capitalism</a></i>, trans. Joris de Bres, 1975.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iire.org/node/923">"The Driving Forces of Imperialism"</a> Paper submitted to the Bertrand Russell Centenary Symposium, Linz, Austria, 11 to 15 September 1972, published in <i>Spheres of Influence in the Age of Imperialism</i> (Ken Coates, ed, Nottingham 1972)</li> <li><i>La Dialectique de la Croissiance</i>, Mai, November 1972, pp. 7–14; <i>Krisis in de ekonomiese theorie: lezingen en diskussies van het vesvu kongres vu-amsterdam</i> (Nijmegen, 1973), pp. 55–76, VESVU-kongreskommissie (ed.); <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iire.org/node/924">"The dialectic of growth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Research_and_Education" title="International Institute for Research and Education">International Institute for Research and Education</a></i>. 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Research+and+Education&rft.atitle=The+dialectic+of+growth&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iire.org%2Fnode%2F924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Vervreemding en revolutionaire perspectieven</i>, 1973.</li> <li><i>The Marxist Theory of Alienation</i>, 2nd ed, Ernest Mandel & <a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a>, 1973</li> <li><i>Why they invaded Czechoslovakia</i>, 1974.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/86/ernest-mandel-solzhenitsyn-stalinism-and-the-october-revolution">"Solzhenitsyn, Stalinism and the October Revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (86). New Left Review. July–August 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Solzhenitsyn%2C+Stalinism+and+the+October+Revolution&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=86&rft.date=1974-07%2F1974-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F86%2Fernest-mandel-solzhenitsyn-stalinism-and-the-october-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5382/2281">"Liebman and Leninism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></i>. <b>12</b>. Socialist Register. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Register&rft.atitle=Liebman+and+Leninism&rft.volume=12&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistregister.com%2Findex.php%2Fsrv%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5382%2F2281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span> Review of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Marcel Liebman</a>'s Leninism Under Lenin</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/I/87-88/ernest-mandel-bill-warren-recession-and-its-consequences-discussion">"Recession and its consequences (discussion)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (87–88). New Left Review. September–December 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Recession+and+its+consequences+%28discussion%29&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=87%E2%80%9388&rft.date=1974-09%2F1974-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F87-88%2Fernest-mandel-bill-warren-recession-and-its-consequences-discussion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span> Discussion with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Warren_(communist)" title="Bill Warren (communist)">Bill Warren</a>.</li> <li><i>Introduction au marxisme</i>, 1975. (<i>From class society to communism: an introduction to Marxism</i>, trans. Louisa Sadler, 1977.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/90/ernest-mandel-the-industrial-cycle-in-late-capitalism">"The industrial cycle in late capitalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (90). New Left Review. March–April 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+industrial+cycle+in+late+capitalism&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=90&rft.date=1975-03%2F1975-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F90%2Fernest-mandel-the-industrial-cycle-in-late-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>La longue marche de la revolution</i>, 1976 (a collection of articles)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/100/ernest-mandel-revolutionary-strategy-in-europe-a-political-interview">"Revolutionary strategy in Europe—a political interview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (100). New Left Review. November–December 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+strategy+in+Europe%E2%80%94a+political+interview&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=100&rft.date=1976-11%2F1976-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F100%2Fernest-mandel-revolutionary-strategy-in-europe-a-political-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Krise und Aufschwung der kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaft 1974–1977</i>, 1977. (<i>The second slump: a Marxist analysis of recession in the seventies</i>, trans. Jon Rothschild, 1978.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/108/ernest-mandel-on-the-nature-of-the-soviet-state">"On the nature of the Soviet State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (108). New Left Review. March–April 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+nature+of+the+Soviet+State&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=108&rft.date=1978-03%2F1978-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F108%2Fernest-mandel-on-the-nature-of-the-soviet-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Critique de l'eurocommunisme</i>, 1978. (<i>From Stalinism to Eurocommunism</i>, trans. Jon Rothschild, 1978.)</li> <li><i>De la Commune à Mai 68: Histoire du mouvement ouvrier international</i>, 1978 (articles)</li> <li><i>Long Waves of Capitalist Development</i>, 1978.</li> <li><i>De la bureaucratie</i>, Editions la Brèche, 1978 ("What is the bureaucracy?". In: <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> (ed.), <i>The Stalinist Legacy</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984, pp. 60–94).</li> <li><i>Revolutionäre Strategien im 20. Jahrhundert : politische Essays</i>, trans. and ed. Gisela Mandel, 1978.</li> <li><i>Revolutionary Marxism Today</i>, ed. by Jon Rothschild, 1979 (based on interviews and discussions)</li> <li><i>Réponse à Louis Althusser et Jean Elleinstein</i>, 1979.</li> <li><i>Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of his Thought</i>, 1979.</li> <li><i>Offener Marxismus: ein Gespräch über Dogmen, Orthodoxie und die Häresien der Realität</i>, 1980 (with <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agnoli" title="Johannes Agnoli">Johannes Agnoli</a>)</li> <li><i>La crise 1974–1982: les faits, leur interprétation marxiste</i>, 1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/141/ernest-mandel-the-threat-of-war-and-the-struggle-for-socialism">"The threat of nuclear war and the struggle for socialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (141). New Left Review. September–October 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+threat+of+nuclear+war+and+the+struggle+for+socialism&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=141&rft.date=1983-09%2F1983-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F141%2Fernest-mandel-the-threat-of-war-and-the-struggle-for-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Karl Marx: die Aktualität seines Werkes</i>, ed. Willy Boepple, 1984.</li> <li><i>Delightful Murder: A Social History of the Crime Story</i>, 1985.</li> <li><i>The meaning of the Second World War</i>, 1986.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/157/ernest-mandel-the-role-of-the-individual-in-history-the-case-of-world-war-two">"The role of the individual in history: the case of World War Two"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (157). New Left Review. May–June 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+individual+in+history%3A+the+case+of+World+War+Two&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=157&rft.date=1986-05%2F1986-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F157%2Fernest-mandel-the-role-of-the-individual-in-history-the-case-of-world-war-two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/159/ernest-mandel-in-defence-of-socialist-planning">"In defense of socialist planning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (159). New Left Review: 5–37. September–October 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+socialist+planning&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=159&rft.pages=5-37&rft.date=1986-09%2F1986-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F159%2Fernest-mandel-in-defence-of-socialist-planning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digamo.free.fr/mandelsp.pdf">Pdf.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/169/ernest-mandel-the-myth-of-market-socialism">"The myth of market socialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (169). New Left Review. May–June 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+market+socialism&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=169&rft.date=1989-05%2F1989-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F169%2Fernest-mandel-the-myth-of-market-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Cash Crash & Crisis: Profitboom, Börsenkrach und Wirtschaftskrise</i>, 1989</li> <li><i>Où va l'URSS de Gorbatchev</i>, 1989. (<i>Beyond Perestroika: the future of Gorbachev's USSR</i>, trans. Gus Fagan, 1989.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/196/ernest-mandel-petra-kelly-and-willy-brandt">"Willy Brandt and Petra Kelly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (196). New Left Review. November–December 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Willy+Brandt+and+Petra+Kelly&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=196&rft.date=1992-11%2F1992-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F196%2Fernest-mandel-petra-kelly-and-willy-brandt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Octobre 1917 – coup d'État ou révolution sociale?</i>, 1992. (<i>October 1917: Coup d'état or Social Revolution?</i>, trans. by Penny Duggan and Steve Bloom, 1992.)</li> <li><i> Trotzki als Alternative</i>, 1992. (<i>Trotsky as Alternative</i>, trans. Gus Fagan, 1992.)</li> <li><i>Kontroversen um "Das Kapital"</i>, trans. Alfred Kosing, 1992 (taken from Mandel's introduction to Marx's <i>Capital</i>)</li> <li><i>The Place of Marxism in History</i>, 1994,</li> <li><i>Power and Money: A Marxist Theory of Bureaucracy</i>, 1994.</li> <li><i>Revolutionary Marxism and Social Reality in the 20th Century: Collected Essays</i>, ed. Stephen Bloom, 1994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_he_(co-)edited"><span id="Books_he_.28co-.29edited"></span>Books he (co-)edited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books he (co-)edited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>50 Years of World Revolution 1917–1967: an International Symposium</i>, 1968</li> <li><i>Arbeiterkontrolle, Arbeiterräte, Arbeiterselbstverwaltung</i>, 1971</li> <li><i>Ricardo, Marx, Sraffa: the Langston Memorial Volume</i>, 1984</li> <li><i>New Findings in Long-Wave Research</i>, 1992</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">Dialectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">Economic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_stage_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Late stage capitalism">Late stage capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdetermination" title="Overdetermination">Overdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of History">Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps1997" class="citation book cs1">Phelps, Christopher (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngsidneyhookm00phel"><i>Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatist</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngsidneyhookm00phel/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801433283" title="Special:BookSources/9780801433283"><bdi>9780801433283</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Sidney+Hook%3A+Marxist+and+Pragmatist&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780801433283&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungsidneyhookm00phel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0K6_7NYMGYC&dq=%22ernest+Mandel%22+Jewish+parents&pg=PA16">The Legacy of Ernest Mandel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801165951/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/800/41200">"Ernest Mandel, a revolutionary life"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/800/41200">the original</a> on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ernest+Mandel%2C+a+revolutionary+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2F2009%2F800%2F41200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontagChomskyKolkoPoirier1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag, S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Kolko, G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Poirier" title="Richard Poirier">Poirier, R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arno_J._Mayer" title="Arno J. Mayer">Mayer, A. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heilbroner" title="Robert Heilbroner">Heilbroner, R. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Falk" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Falk">Falk, R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Wolff, R. P.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1969/nov/20/the-mandel-case/">"The Mandel Case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. <b>13</b> (9)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Mandel+Case&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+N.&rft.au=Kolko%2C+G.&rft.au=Poirier%2C+R.&rft.au=Mayer%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Heilbroner%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Falk%2C+R.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+R.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1969%2Fnov%2F20%2Fthe-mandel-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stout1995-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stout1995_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stout1995_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stout1995_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout1995" class="citation news cs1">Stout, David (22 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/22/world/ernest-mandel-72-is-dead-marxist-economist-and-writer.html?auth=login-smartlock">"Ernest Mandel, 72, Is Dead; Marxist Economist and Writer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ernest+Mandel%2C+72%2C+Is+Dead%3B+Marxist+Economist+and+Writer&rft.date=1995-07-22&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F07%2F22%2Fworld%2Fernest-mandel-72-is-dead-marxist-economist-and-writer.html%3Fauth%3Dlogin-smartlock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1995" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Ernest (1995). <i>Long waves of capitalist development</i> (Second revised ed.). London; New York: Verso. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-037-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-037-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-037-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+waves+of+capitalist+development&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=vii&rft.edition=Second+revised&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-037-5&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?rubrique67">The Marxist Case for Revolution Today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchcar2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Achcar" title="Gilbert Achcar">Achcar, Gilbert</a> (29 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/aboutlife/txt/actuality_of_ernest_mandel.htm">"The Actuality of Ernest Mandel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225100007/http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/aboutlife/txt/actuality_of_ernest_mandel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Actuality+of+Ernest+Mandel&rft.date=2005-06-29&rft.aulast=Achcar&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ernestmandel.org%2Fen%2Faboutlife%2Ftxt%2Factuality_of_ernest_mandel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/07/22/economist-ernest-mandel-dies-at-age-72/e000149f-9b5b-4a6e-8b09-7e8a7c05070c/">"Economist Ernest Mandel Dies at Age 72"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 22 July 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Economist+Ernest+Mandel+Dies+at+Age+72&rft.date=1995-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1995%2F07%2F22%2Feconomist-ernest-mandel-dies-at-age-72%2Fe000149f-9b5b-4a6e-8b09-7e8a7c05070c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Elmar Altvater</a> & Jürgen Hoffmann, "The West German State Derivation Debate." <i>Social Text</i>, No. 24, 1990, pp. 134–155, at p. 134.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Biographies</dt></dl> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchcar2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Achcar" title="Gilbert Achcar">Achcar, Gilbert</a>, ed. (2003). <i>Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität. Ernest Mandels Beitrag zum Marxismus</i>. Köln: Neuer isp-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerechtigkeit+und+Solidarit%C3%A4t.+Ernest+Mandels+Beitrag+zum+Marxismus&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Neuer+isp-Verlag&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_North_(American_socialist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David North (American socialist)">North, David</a> (1997). <i>Ernest Mandel 1923–1995: A Critical Assessment of His Role in the History of the Fourth International</i>. Labour Press Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Mandel+1923%E2%80%931995%3A+A+Critical+Assessment+of+His+Role+in+the+History+of+the+Fourth+International&rft.pub=Labour+Press+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutje2007" class="citation book cs1">Stutje, Jan Willem (2007). <i>Ernest Mandel: Rebel tussen Droom en Daad</i>. Antwerpen: Houtekiet/Amsab.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Mandel%3A+Rebel+tussen+Droom+en+Daad&rft.place=Antwerpen&rft.pub=Houtekiet%2FAmsab&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stutje&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Published in English as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutje2009" class="citation book cs1">Stutje, Jan Willem (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ernestmandelrebe0000stut"><i>Ernest Mandel: A Rebel's Dream Deferred</i></a></span>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844673162" title="Special:BookSources/9781844673162"><bdi>9781844673162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Mandel%3A+A+Rebel%27s+Dream+Deferred&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781844673162&rft.aulast=Stutje&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fernestmandelrebe0000stut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a> (September–October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/213/tariq-ali-ernest-mandel-the-luck-of-a-crazy-youth-interview-with-ernest-mandel">"Tariq Ali interviews Ernest Mandel: the luck of a crazy youth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (213). New Left Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Tariq+Ali+interviews+Ernest+Mandel%3A+the+luck+of+a+crazy+youth&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=213&rft.date=1995-09%2F1995-10&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F213%2Ftariq-ali-ernest-mandel-the-luck-of-a-crazy-youth-interview-with-ernest-mandel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Mandel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manuel Kellner: <i>Against Capitalism and Bureaucracy. Ernest Mandel’s Theoretical Contributions</i> (= Historical Materialism Book Series, Volume: 279), Bill, Leiden 2023, ISBN 978-90-04-53349-3.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Mandel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ernest_Mandel" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ernestmandel.org/">Ernest Mandel Foundation</a> (Online archive of Mandel's works)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/mandel">Marxist.org Mandel archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trotskyana.net/Trotskyists/Ernest_Mandel/ernest_mandel.html">Bibliography of Ernest Mandel</a> by Wolfgang Lubitz and Petra Lubitz, presented at the <i>Lubitz TrotskyanaNet</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/research/kraetke.rtf">Symposia on Mandel's work</a> (see also Gilbert Achcar (ed.), <i>The Legacy of Ernest Mandel</i> [London: <a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">Verso</a>, 1999])</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928144214/http://www.iire.org/content/view/54/51/lang,en/">Ernest Mandel Study Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/IIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="IIRE">IIRE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rrojasdatabank.info/agfrank/mandel_tribute.html">Obituary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/aboutlife/txt/ernest_mandel_and_the_fourth_international.htm">Obituary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lovell" title="Frank Lovell">Frank Lovell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801165951/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/800/41200">Ernest Mandel, A Revolutionary Life</a> by Barry Healy, 29 June 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1729">A Systematic Biography of Ernest Mandel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Michael Löwy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1312">Thirty Years After: A Critical Introduction to the Marxism of Ernest Mandel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bensa%C3%AFd" title="Daniel Bensaïd">Daniel Bensaïd</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/k24MxCAxVKRaZs5QdM?start=5577#from=embed">A film about life and times of Ernest Mandel, mostly in French, with some English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trotskyana.net/Trotskyists/Ernest_Mandel/Ernest_Mandel_Bibliography.html">Lubitz Mandel Bibliography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368602465">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011613583X">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29537419">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/55674/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrD8TRC4qt4qwR6YFVG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118576941">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80067110">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11914218n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11914218n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448654">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandel, Ernest"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV109301">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35325132">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0003900&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1100713">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/75920">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068378017">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90105620">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000002155&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000129614">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85033">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201425032">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw03x734mhz4vv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810595757205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007440003405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512888906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13915488">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14131706">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00556846?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/912175">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118576941.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118576941">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031288448">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68t88wk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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