CINXE.COM

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href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/getting-started/provider-gcp/>GCP Quickstart</a></div></div></div><div class="section-container container pe-0 pt-1"><div class="container nav-container pe-0 d-flex w-100"><a class="d-flex w-100 border-0" href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/software/>Install, Upgrade and Uninstall</a><div class="d-flex flex-shrink-1 sidebar-control-container align-self-center"><input type=checkbox class="d-flex sidebar-checkbox" aria-label="Close or Expand Install, Upgrade and Uninstall Section"> <label for=collapse-9f2b1e08 class="sidebar-label collapsed" data-bs-toggle=collapse data-bs-target=#collapse-9f2b1e08 aria-expanded=false aria-label="Close or Expand Install, Upgrade and Uninstall Section"><svg class="flex bi sidebar-icon plus"><use xlink:href="#plus"/></svg><svg class="flex bi sidebar-icon x"><use xlink:href="#x"/></svg></label></div></div><div class="container flex-row collapse" id=collapse-9f2b1e08><div class="d-flex flex-column"><a class="bd-links 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class="container nav-container pe-0 d-flex w-100"><a class="d-flex w-100 border-0" href="https://github.com/orgs/crossplane/projects/20/views/9?pane=info" target=_blank>Crossplane Roadmap</a><div class="d-flex flex-shrink-1 sidebar-control-container align-self-center"><a href="https://github.com/orgs/crossplane/projects/20/views/9?pane=info"><svg class="flex bi"><use xlink:href="#box-arrow-up-right"/></svg></a></div></div></div></nav></div></div></aside><main class="bd-main order-1"><div class="bd-intro pt-2 ps-lg-2"><div class="d-md-flex flex-md-row-reverse align-items-center justify-content-between"><div class="mb-3 mb-md-0 d-flex"><div class="dropdown float-end bd-dropdown"><a class="btn btn-outline-secondary dropdown-toggle bd-dropdown-item text-reset" href=# role=button id=dropdownMenuLink data-bs-toggle=dropdown aria-haspopup=true aria-expanded=false>v1.16</a><div class="dropdown-menu bd-border-color bd-dropdown" aria-labelledby=dropdownMenuLink><a class="dropdown-item bd-dropdown-item" href=https://docs.crossplane.io/master/guides/write-a-composition-function-in-go/>master</a> <a class="dropdown-item bd-dropdown-item" href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.18/guides/write-a-composition-function-in-go/>v1.18<div class="badge rounded-pill latest">Latest</div></a><a class="dropdown-item bd-dropdown-item" href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.17/guides/write-a-composition-function-in-go/>v1.17</a> <a class="dropdown-item bd-dropdown-item active" aria-current=true href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/guides/write-a-composition-function-in-go/>v1.16</a></div></div></div><h1 class="bd-title mb-0" id=content>Write a Composition Function in Go</h1></div><div class="bd-callout bd-callout-warning d-flex flex-column w-100"><div class="d-flex bd-title fs-6 fw-bold border-bottom border-danger"><div class="d-flex pe-3 align-self-center"><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="Warning:"><use xlink:href="#fire"/></svg></div><div class=d-flex>This is a beta feature.</div></div><div class="bd-content mt-3">This feature was introduced in v1.11. This feature graduated to beta status in v1.14. For more information read the <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/learn/feature-lifecycle/>Crossplane feature lifecycle</a>.</div></div></div><div class="bd-toc mt-3 mb-5 my-lg-0 ps-xl-3 mb-lg-5"><button class="btn btn-link p-md-0 mb-2 mb-md-0 text-decoration-none bd-toc-toggle d-md-none" type=button data-bs-toggle=collapse data-bs-target=#tocContents aria-expanded=false aria-controls=tocContents> On this page<svg class="bi d-md-none ms-2" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#chevron-expand"/></svg></button> On this page<hr class="d-none d-md-block my-2"><div class="collapse bd-toc-collapse" id=tocContents><nav id=TableOfContents><ul class=nav><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link href=#understand-the-steps>Understand the steps</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link href=#install-the-tools-you-need-to-write-the-function>Install the tools you need to write the function</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link href=#initialize-the-function-from-a-template>Initialize the function from a template</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link href=#edit-the-template-to-add-the-functions-logic>Edit the template to add the function’s logic</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link href=#test-the-function-end-to-end>Test the function end-to-end</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link href=#build-and-push-the-function-to-a-package-registry>Build and push the function to a package registry</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><nav class=pt-3><div class=pb-2><svg class="bi" width="1em" height="1em"><use xlink:href="#pencil-square"/></svg><a target=_blank href="https://github.com/crossplane/docs/issues/new?title=[Web%20Bug]%20-%20Write%20a%20Composition%20Function%20in%20Go&body=%3c!--%20What%27s%20the%20problem?%20--%3e%0a%0a%0aURL:%20https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/guides/write-a-composition-function-in-go/">Report a problem</a></div><div><svg class="bi" width="1em" height="1em"><use xlink:href="#github"/></svg><a href=https://github.com/crossplane/docs/tree/master/content/v1.16/guides/write-a-composition-function-in-go.md>View page source</a></div></div></nav></div><div class="bd-content ps-lg-2 DocSearch-content"><div class="bd-callout bd-callout-info d-flex flex-column w-100"><div class="d-flex bd-title fs-6 fw-bold border-bottom border-info"><div class="d-flex pe-3 align-self-center"><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="Info:"><use xlink:href="#info"/></svg></div><div class=d-flex>This document is for an older version of Crossplane.</div></div><div class=mt-3>This document applies to Crossplane version v1.16 and not to the latest release v1.18.</div></div>Composition functions (or just functions, for short) are custom programs that template Crossplane resources. Crossplane calls composition functions to determine what resources it should create when you create a composite resource (XR). Read the <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/concepts/composition-functions/>concepts</a> page to learn more about composition functions.You can write a function to template resources using a general purpose programming language. Using a general purpose programming language allows a function to use advanced logic to template resources, like loops and conditionals. This guide explains how to write a composition function in <a href=https://go.dev>Go</a>.<div class="admonition important d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="important:"><use xlink:href="#exclamation"/></svg>Important</div><div class=admonition-content>It helps to be familiar with <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/concepts/composition-functions/#how-composition-functions-work>how composition functions work</a> before following this guide.</div></div><h2 id=understand-the-steps>Understand the steps <a class=anchor-link id=understand-the-steps href=#understand-the-steps aria-label="Link to this section: Understand the steps"></a></h2>This guide covers writing a composition function for an <code><highlight-term id=1731573034470741952 data-label=xr data-line=2>XBuckets</highlight-term></code> composite resource (XR).<div class=highlight label=xr><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-yaml data-lang=yaml><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-1> 1</a>apiVersion: example.crossplane.io/v1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-2> 2</a>kind: XBuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-3> 3</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-4> 4</a> name: example-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-5> 5</a>spec: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-6> 6</a> region: us-east-2 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-7> 7</a> names: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-8> 8</a> - crossplane-functions-example-a <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-9> 9</a> - crossplane-functions-example-b <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-10>10</a> - crossplane-functions-example-c </code></pre></div>An <code>XBuckets</code> XR has a region and an array of bucket names. The function will create an Amazon Web Services (AWS) S3 bucket for each entry in the names array.To write a function in Go:<ol><li><a href=#install-the-tools-you-need-to-write-the-function>Install the tools you need to write the function</a></li><li><a href=#initialize-the-function-from-a-template>Initialize the function from a template</a></li><li><a href=#edit-the-template-to-add-the-functions-logic>Edit the template to add the function’s logic</a></li><li><a href=#test-the-function-end-to-end>Test the function end-to-end</a></li><li><a href=#build-and-push-the-function-to-a-package-registry>Build and push the function to a package repository</a></li></ol>This guide covers each of these steps in detail.<h2 id=install-the-tools-you-need-to-write-the-function>Install the tools you need to write the function <a class=anchor-link id=install-the-tools-you-need-to-write-the-function href=#install-the-tools-you-need-to-write-the-function aria-label="Link to this section: Install the tools you need to write the function"></a></h2>To write a function in Go you need:<ul><li><a href=https://go.dev/dl/>Go</a> v1.21 or newer. The guide uses Go v1.21.</li><li><a href=https://docs.docker.com/engine/>Docker Engine</a>. This guide uses Engine v24.</li><li>The <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/cli/>Crossplane CLI</a> v1.14 or newer. This guide uses Crossplane CLI v1.14.</li></ul><div class="admonition note d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="note:"><use xlink:href="#info"/></svg>Note</div><div class=admonition-content>You don’t need access to a Kubernetes cluster or a Crossplane control plane to build or test a composition function.</div></div><h2 id=initialize-the-function-from-a-template>Initialize the function from a template <a class=anchor-link id=initialize-the-function-from-a-template href=#initialize-the-function-from-a-template aria-label="Link to this section: Initialize the function from a template"></a></h2>Use the <code>crossplane beta xpkg init</code> command to initialize a new function. When you run this command it initializes your function using <a href=https://github.com/crossplane/function-template-go>a GitHub repository</a> as a template.<div class=highlight copy-lines=1><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-1>1</a>crossplane beta xpkg init function-xbuckets function-template-go -d function-xbuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-2>2</a>Initialized package "function-xbuckets" in directory "/home/negz/control/negz/function-xbuckets" from https://github.com/crossplane/function-template-go/tree/91a1a5eed21964ff98966d72cc6db6f089ad63f4 (main) </code></pre></div>The <code>crossplane beta init xpkg</code> command creates a directory named <code>function-xbuckets</code>. When you run the command the new directory should look like this:<div class=highlight copy-lines=1><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-1>1</a>ls function-xbuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-2>2</a>Dockerfile fn.go fn_test.go go.mod go.sum input/ LICENSE main.go package/ README.md renovate.json </code></pre></div>The <code>fn.go</code> file is where you add the function’s code. It’s useful to know about some other files in the template:<ul><li><code>main.go</code> runs the function. You don’t need to edit <code>main.go</code>.</li><li><code>Dockerfile</code> builds the function runtime. You don’t need to edit <code>Dockerfile</code>.</li><li>The <code>input</code> directory defines the function’s input type.</li><li>The <code>package</code> directory contains metadata used to build the function package.</li></ul><div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>In v1.14 of the Crossplane CLI <code>crossplane beta xpkg init</code> just clones a template GitHub repository. A future CLI release will automate tasks like replacing the template name with the new function’s name. See Crossplane issue <a href=https://github.com/crossplane/crossplane/issues/4941>#4941</a> for details.</div></div>You must make some changes before you start adding code:<ul><li>Edit <code>package/crossplane.yaml</code> to change the package’s name.</li><li>Edit <code>go.mod</code> to change the Go module’s name.</li></ul>Name your package <code>function-xbuckets</code>.The name of your module depends on where you want to keep your function code. If you push Go code to GitHub, you can use your GitHub username. For example <code>module github.com/negz/function-xbuckets</code>.The function in this guide doesn’t use an input type. For this function you should delete the <code>input</code> and <code>package/input</code> directories.The <code>input</code> directory defines a Go struct that a function can use to take input, using the <code>input</code> field from a Composition. The <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/concepts/composition-functions/>composition functions</a> documentation explains how to pass an input to a composition function.The <code>package/input</code> directory contains an OpenAPI schema generated from the structs in the <code>input</code> directory.<div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>If you’re writing a function that uses an input, edit the input to meet your function’s requirements.Change the input’s kind and API group. Don’t use <code>Input</code> and <code>template.fn.crossplane.io</code>. Instead use something meaningful to your function.When you edit files under the <code>input</code> directory you must update some generated files by running <code>go generate</code>. See <code>input/generate.go</code> for details.<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-1>1</a>go generate ./... </code></pre></div></div></div><h2 id=edit-the-template-to-add-the-functions-logic>Edit the template to add the function’s logic <a class=anchor-link id=edit-the-template-to-add-the-functions-logic href=#edit-the-template-to-add-the-functions-logic aria-label="Link to this section: Edit the template to add the function’s logic"></a></h2>You add your function’s logic to the <code><highlight-term id=1731573034471073272 data-label=hello-world data-line=1>RunFunction</highlight-term></code> method in <code>fn.go</code>. When you first open the file it contains a “hello world” function.<div class=highlight label=hello-world><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-go data-lang=go><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-1> 1</a>func (f *Function) RunFunction(_ context.Context, req *fnv1beta1.RunFunctionRequest) (*fnv1beta1.RunFunctionResponse, error) { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-2> 2</a> f.log.Info("Running Function", "tag", req.GetMeta().GetTag()) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-3> 3</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-4> 4</a> rsp := response.To(req, response.DefaultTTL) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-5> 5</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-6> 6</a> in := &v1beta1.Input{} <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-7> 7</a> if err := request.GetInput(req, in); err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-8> 8</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot get Function input from %T", req)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-9> 9</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-10>10</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-11>11</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-12>12</a> response.Normalf(rsp, "I was run with input %q", in.Example) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-13>13</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-3-14>14</a>} </code></pre></div>All Go composition functions have a <code>RunFunction</code> method. Crossplane passes everything the function needs to run in a <code><highlight-term id=1731573034471100116 data-label=hello-world data-line=1>RunFunctionRequest</highlight-term></code> struct.The function tells Crossplane what resources it should compose by returning a <code><highlight-term id=1731573034471122366 data-label=hello-world data-line=13>RunFunctionResponse</highlight-term></code> struct.<div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>Crossplane generates the <code>RunFunctionRequest</code> and <code>RunFunctionResponse</code> structs using <a href=http://protobuf.dev>Protocol Buffers</a>. You can find detailed schemas for <code>RunFunctionRequest</code> and <code>RunFunctionResponse</code> in the <a href=https://buf.build/crossplane/crossplane/docs/main:apiextensions.fn.proto.v1beta1>Buf Schema Registry</a>.</div></div>Edit the <code>RunFunction</code> method to replace it with this code.<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-go data-lang=go><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-1> 1</a>func (f *Function) RunFunction(_ context.Context, req *fnv1beta1.RunFunctionRequest) (*fnv1beta1.RunFunctionResponse, error) { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-2> 2</a> rsp := response.To(req, response.DefaultTTL) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-3> 3</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-4> 4</a> xr, err := request.GetObservedCompositeResource(req) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-5> 5</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-6> 6</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot get observed composite resource from %T", req)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-7> 7</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-8> 8</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-9> 9</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-10>10</a> region, err := xr.Resource.GetString("spec.region") <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-11>11</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-12>12</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot read spec.region field of %s", xr.Resource.GetKind())) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-13>13</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-14>14</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-15>15</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-16>16</a> names, err := xr.Resource.GetStringArray("spec.names") <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-17>17</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-18>18</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot read spec.names field of %s", xr.Resource.GetKind())) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-19>19</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-20>20</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-21>21</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-22>22</a> desired, err := request.GetDesiredComposedResources(req) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-23>23</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-24>24</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot get desired resources from %T", req)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-25>25</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-26>26</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-27>27</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-28>28</a> _ = v1beta1.AddToScheme(composed.Scheme) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-29>29</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-30>30</a> for _, name := range names { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-31>31</a> b := &v1beta1.Bucket{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-32>32</a> ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-33>33</a> Annotations: map[string]string{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-34>34</a> "crossplane.io/external-name": name, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-35>35</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-36>36</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-37>37</a> Spec: v1beta1.BucketSpec{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-38>38</a> ForProvider: v1beta1.BucketParameters{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-39>39</a> Region: ptr.To[string](region), <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-40>40</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-41>41</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-42>42</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-43>43</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-44>44</a> cd, err := composed.From(b) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-45>45</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-46>46</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot convert %T to %T", b, &composed.Unstructured{})) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-47>47</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-48>48</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-49>49</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-50>50</a> desired[resource.Name("xbuckets-"+name)] = &resource.DesiredComposed{Resource: cd} <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-51>51</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-52>52</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-53>53</a> if err := response.SetDesiredComposedResources(rsp, desired); err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-54>54</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot set desired composed resources in %T", rsp)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-55>55</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-56>56</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-57>57</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-58>58</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-4-59>59</a>} </code></pre></div>Expand the below block to view the full <code>fn.go</code>, including imports and commentary explaining the function’s logic.<div class="accordion mb-3" id=the-full-fngo-file-1322-Parent><div class=accordion-item><h2 class=accordion-header id=the-full-fngo-file-1322><button class="accordion-button collapsed" type=button data-bs-toggle=collapse data-bs-target=#the-full-fngo-file-1322-Content aria-expanded=false aria-controls=the-full-fngo-file-1322-Content> The full fn.go file</button></h2><div id=the-full-fngo-file-1322-Content class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby=the-full-fngo-file-1322 data-bs-parent=#the-full-fngo-file-1322-Parent><div class="accordion-body rounded-bottom"><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-go data-lang=go><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-1> 1</a>package main <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-2> 2</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-3> 3</a>import ( <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-4> 4</a> "context" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-5> 5</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-6> 6</a> metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-7> 7</a> "k8s.io/utils/ptr" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-8> 8</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-9> 9</a> "github.com/upbound/provider-aws/apis/s3/v1beta1" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-10> 10</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-11> 11</a> "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/errors" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-12> 12</a> "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/logging" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-13> 13</a> fnv1beta1 "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/proto/v1beta1" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-14> 14</a> "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/request" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-15> 15</a> "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/resource" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-16> 16</a> "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/resource/composed" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-17> 17</a> "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/response" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-18> 18</a>) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-19> 19</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-20> 20</a>// Function returns whatever response you ask it to. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-21> 21</a>type Function struct { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-22> 22</a> fnv1beta1.UnimplementedFunctionRunnerServiceServer <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-23> 23</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-24> 24</a> log logging.Logger <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-25> 25</a>} <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-26> 26</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-27> 27</a>// RunFunction observes an XBuckets composite resource (XR). It adds an S3 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-28> 28</a>// bucket to the desired state for every entry in the XR's spec.names array. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-29> 29</a>func (f *Function) RunFunction(_ context.Context, req *fnv1beta1.RunFunctionRequest) (*fnv1beta1.RunFunctionResponse, error) { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-30> 30</a> f.log.Info("Running Function", "tag", req.GetMeta().GetTag()) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-31> 31</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-32> 32</a> // Create a response to the request. This copies the desired state and <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-33> 33</a> // pipeline context from the request to the response. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-34> 34</a> rsp := response.To(req, response.DefaultTTL) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-35> 35</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-36> 36</a> // Read the observed XR from the request. Most functions use the observed XR <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-37> 37</a> // to add desired managed resources. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-38> 38</a> xr, err := request.GetObservedCompositeResource(req) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-39> 39</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-40> 40</a> // If the function can't read the XR, the request is malformed. This <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-41> 41</a> // should never happen. The function returns a fatal result. This tells <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-42> 42</a> // Crossplane to stop running functions and return an error. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-43> 43</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot get observed composite resource from %T", req)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-44> 44</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-45> 45</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-46> 46</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-47> 47</a> // Create an updated logger with useful information about the XR. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-48> 48</a> log := f.log.WithValues( <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-49> 49</a> "xr-version", xr.Resource.GetAPIVersion(), <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-50> 50</a> "xr-kind", xr.Resource.GetKind(), <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-51> 51</a> "xr-name", xr.Resource.GetName(), <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-52> 52</a> ) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-53> 53</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-54> 54</a> // Get the region from the XR. The XR has getter methods like GetString, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-55> 55</a> // GetBool, etc. You can use them to get values by their field path. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-56> 56</a> region, err := xr.Resource.GetString("spec.region") <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-57> 57</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-58> 58</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot read spec.region field of %s", xr.Resource.GetKind())) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-59> 59</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-60> 60</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-61> 61</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-62> 62</a> // Get the array of bucket names from the XR. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-63> 63</a> names, err := xr.Resource.GetStringArray("spec.names") <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-64> 64</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-65> 65</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot read spec.names field of %s", xr.Resource.GetKind())) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-66> 66</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-67> 67</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-68> 68</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-69> 69</a> // Get all desired composed resources from the request. The function will <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-70> 70</a> // update this map of resources, then save it. This get, update, set pattern <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-71> 71</a> // ensures the function keeps any resources added by other functions. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-72> 72</a> desired, err := request.GetDesiredComposedResources(req) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-73> 73</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-74> 74</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot get desired resources from %T", req)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-75> 75</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-76> 76</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-77> 77</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-78> 78</a> // Add v1beta1 types (including Bucket) to the composed resource scheme. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-79> 79</a> // composed.From uses this to automatically set apiVersion and kind. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-80> 80</a> _ = v1beta1.AddToScheme(composed.Scheme) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-81> 81</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-82> 82</a> // Add a desired S3 bucket for each name. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-83> 83</a> for _, name := range names { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-84> 84</a> // One advantage of writing a function in Go is strong typing. The <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-85> 85</a> // function can import and use managed resource types from the provider. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-86> 86</a> b := &v1beta1.Bucket{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-87> 87</a> ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-88> 88</a> // Set the external name annotation to the desired bucket name. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-89> 89</a> // This controls what the bucket will be named in AWS. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-90> 90</a> Annotations: map[string]string{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-91> 91</a> "crossplane.io/external-name": name, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-92> 92</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-93> 93</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-94> 94</a> Spec: v1beta1.BucketSpec{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-95> 95</a> ForProvider: v1beta1.BucketParameters{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-96> 96</a> // Set the bucket's region to the value read from the XR. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-97> 97</a> Region: ptr.To[string](region), <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-98> 98</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-99> 99</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-100>100</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-101>101</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-102>102</a> // Convert the bucket to the unstructured resource data format the SDK <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-103>103</a> // uses to store desired composed resources. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-104>104</a> cd, err := composed.From(b) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-105>105</a> if err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-106>106</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot convert %T to %T", b, &composed.Unstructured{})) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-107>107</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-108>108</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-109>109</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-110>110</a> // Add the bucket to the map of desired composed resources. It's <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-111>111</a> // important that the function adds the same bucket every time it's <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-112>112</a> // called. It's also important that the bucket is added with the same <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-113>113</a> // resource.Name every time it's called. The function prefixes the name <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-114>114</a> // with "xbuckets-" to avoid collisions with any other composed <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-115>115</a> // resources that might be in the desired resources map. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-116>116</a> desired[resource.Name("xbuckets-"+name)] = &resource.DesiredComposed{Resource: cd} <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-117>117</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-118>118</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-119>119</a> // Finally, save the updated desired composed resources to the response. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-120>120</a> if err := response.SetDesiredComposedResources(rsp, desired); err != nil { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-121>121</a> response.Fatal(rsp, errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot set desired composed resources in %T", rsp)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-122>122</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-123>123</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-124>124</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-125>125</a> // Log what the function did. This will only appear in the function's pod <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-126>126</a> // logs. A function can use response.Normal and response.Warning to emit <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-127>127</a> // Kubernetes events associated with the XR it's operating on. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-128>128</a> log.Info("Added desired buckets", "region", region, "count", len(names)) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-129>129</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-130>130</a> return rsp, nil <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-131>131</a>} </code></pre></div></div></div></div></div>This code:<ol><li>Gets the observed composite resource from the <code>RunFunctionRequest</code>.</li><li>Gets the region and bucket names from the observed composite resource.</li><li>Adds one desired S3 bucket for each bucket name.</li><li>Returns the desired S3 buckets in a <code>RunFunctionResponse</code>.</li></ol>The code uses the <code>v1beta1.Bucket</code> type from <a href=https://github.com/upbound/provider-aws>Upbound’s AWS S3 provider</a>. One advantage of writing a function in Go is that you can compose resources using the same strongly typed structs Crossplane uses in its providers.You must get the AWS Provider Go module to use this type:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-5-1>1</a>go get github.com/upbound/provider-aws@v0.43.0 </code></pre></div>Crossplane provides a <a href=https://github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go>software development kit</a> (SDK) for writing composition functions in <a href=https://go.dev>Go</a>. This function uses utilities from the SDK. In particular the <code>request</code> and <code>response</code> packages make working with the <code>RunFunctionRequest</code> and <code>RunFunctionResponse</code> types easier.<div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>Read the <a href=https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go>Go package documentation</a> for the SDK.</div></div><h2 id=test-the-function-end-to-end>Test the function end-to-end <a class=anchor-link id=test-the-function-end-to-end href=#test-the-function-end-to-end aria-label="Link to this section: Test the function end-to-end"></a></h2>Test your function by adding unit tests, and by using the <code>crossplane beta render</code> command.Go has rich support for unit testing. When you initialize a function from the template it adds some unit tests to <code>fn_test.go</code>. These tests follow Go’s <a href=https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/TestComments>recommendations</a>. They use only <a href=https://pkg.go.dev/testing><code>pkg/testing</code></a> from the Go standard library and <a href=https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp><code>google/go-cmp</code></a>.To add test cases, update the <code>cases</code> map in <code>TestRunFunction</code>. Expand the below block to view the full <code>fn_test.go</code> file for the function.<div class="accordion mb-3" id=the-full-fn_testgo-file-1362-Parent><div class=accordion-item><h2 class=accordion-header id=the-full-fn_testgo-file-1362><button class="accordion-button collapsed" type=button data-bs-toggle=collapse data-bs-target=#the-full-fn_testgo-file-1362-Content aria-expanded=false aria-controls=the-full-fn_testgo-file-1362-Content> The full fn_test.go file</button></h2><div id=the-full-fn_testgo-file-1362-Content class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby=the-full-fn_testgo-file-1362 data-bs-parent=#the-full-fn_testgo-file-1362-Parent><div class="accordion-body rounded-bottom"><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-go data-lang=go><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-1> 1</a>package main <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-2> 2</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-3> 3</a>import ( <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-4> 4</a> "context" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-5> 5</a> "testing" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-6> 6</a> "time" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-7> 7</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-8> 8</a> "github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-9> 9</a> "github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-10> 10</a> "google.golang.org/protobuf/testing/protocmp" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-11> 11</a> "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/durationpb" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-12> 12</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-13> 13</a> "github.com/crossplane/crossplane-runtime/pkg/logging" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-14> 14</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-15> 15</a> fnv1beta1 "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/proto/v1beta1" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-16> 16</a> "github.com/crossplane/function-sdk-go/resource" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-17> 17</a>) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-18> 18</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-19> 19</a>func TestRunFunction(t *testing.T) { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-20> 20</a> type args struct { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-21> 21</a> ctx context.Context <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-22> 22</a> req *fnv1beta1.RunFunctionRequest <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-23> 23</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-24> 24</a> type want struct { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-25> 25</a> rsp *fnv1beta1.RunFunctionResponse <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-26> 26</a> err error <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-27> 27</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-28> 28</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-29> 29</a> cases := map[string]struct { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-30> 30</a> reason string <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-31> 31</a> args args <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-32> 32</a> want want <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-33> 33</a> }{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-34> 34</a> "AddTwoBuckets": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-35> 35</a> reason: "The Function should add two buckets to the desired composed resources", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-36> 36</a> args: args{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-37> 37</a> req: &fnv1beta1.RunFunctionRequest{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-38> 38</a> Observed: &fnv1beta1.State{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-39> 39</a> Composite: &fnv1beta1.Resource{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-40> 40</a> // MustStructJSON is a handy way to provide mock <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-41> 41</a> // resources. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-42> 42</a> Resource: resource.MustStructJSON(`{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-43> 43</a> "apiVersion": "example.crossplane.io/v1alpha1", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-44> 44</a> "kind": "XBuckets", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-45> 45</a> "metadata": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-46> 46</a> "name": "test" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-47> 47</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-48> 48</a> "spec": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-49> 49</a> "region": "us-east-2", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-50> 50</a> "names": [ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-51> 51</a> "test-bucket-a", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-52> 52</a> "test-bucket-b" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-53> 53</a> ] <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-54> 54</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-55> 55</a> }`), <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-56> 56</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-57> 57</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-58> 58</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-59> 59</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-60> 60</a> want: want{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-61> 61</a> rsp: &fnv1beta1.RunFunctionResponse{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-62> 62</a> Meta: &fnv1beta1.ResponseMeta{Ttl: durationpb.New(60 * time.Second)}, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-63> 63</a> Desired: &fnv1beta1.State{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-64> 64</a> Resources: map[string]*fnv1beta1.Resource{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-65> 65</a> "xbuckets-test-bucket-a": {Resource: resource.MustStructJSON(`{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-66> 66</a> "apiVersion": "s3.aws.upbound.io/v1beta1", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-67> 67</a> "kind": "Bucket", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-68> 68</a> "metadata": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-69> 69</a> "annotations": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-70> 70</a> "crossplane.io/external-name": "test-bucket-a" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-71> 71</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-72> 72</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-73> 73</a> "spec": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-74> 74</a> "forProvider": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-75> 75</a> "region": "us-east-2" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-76> 76</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-77> 77</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-78> 78</a> }`)}, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-79> 79</a> "xbuckets-test-bucket-b": {Resource: resource.MustStructJSON(`{ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-80> 80</a> "apiVersion": "s3.aws.upbound.io/v1beta1", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-81> 81</a> "kind": "Bucket", <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-82> 82</a> "metadata": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-83> 83</a> "annotations": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-84> 84</a> "crossplane.io/external-name": "test-bucket-b" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-85> 85</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-86> 86</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-87> 87</a> "spec": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-88> 88</a> "forProvider": { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-89> 89</a> "region": "us-east-2" <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-90> 90</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-91> 91</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-92> 92</a> }`)}, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-93> 93</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-94> 94</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-95> 95</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-96> 96</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-97> 97</a> }, <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-98> 98</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-99> 99</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-100>100</a> for name, tc := range cases { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-101>101</a> t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-102>102</a> f := &Function{log: logging.NewNopLogger()} <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-103>103</a> rsp, err := f.RunFunction(tc.args.ctx, tc.args.req) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-104>104</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-105>105</a> if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want.rsp, rsp, protocmp.Transform()); diff != "" { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-106>106</a> t.Errorf("%s\nf.RunFunction(...): -want rsp, +got rsp:\n%s", tc.reason, diff) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-107>107</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-108>108</a> <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-109>109</a> if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want.err, err, cmpopts.EquateErrors()); diff != "" { <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-110>110</a> t.Errorf("%s\nf.RunFunction(...): -want err, +got err:\n%s", tc.reason, diff) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-111>111</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-112>112</a> }) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-113>113</a> } <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-114>114</a>} </code></pre></div></div></div></div></div>Run the unit tests using the <code>go test</code> command:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-1>1</a>go test -v -cover . <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-2>2</a>=== RUN TestRunFunction <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-3>3</a>=== RUN TestRunFunction/AddTwoBuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-4>4</a>--- PASS: TestRunFunction (0.00s) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-5>5</a> --- PASS: TestRunFunction/AddTwoBuckets (0.00s) <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-6>6</a>PASS <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-7>7</a>coverage: 52.6% of statements <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-6-8>8</a>ok github.com/negz/function-xbuckets 0.016s coverage: 52.6% of statements </code></pre></div>You can preview the output of a Composition that uses this function using the Crossplane CLI. You don’t need a Crossplane control plane to do this.Create a directory under <code>function-xbuckets</code> named <code>example</code> and create Composite Resource, Composition and Function YAML files.Expand the following block to see example files.<div class="accordion mb-3" id=the-xryaml-compositionyaml-and-functionyaml-files-954-Parent><div class=accordion-item><h2 class=accordion-header id=the-xryaml-compositionyaml-and-functionyaml-files-954><button class="accordion-button collapsed" type=button data-bs-toggle=collapse data-bs-target=#the-xryaml-compositionyaml-and-functionyaml-files-954-Content aria-expanded=false aria-controls=the-xryaml-compositionyaml-and-functionyaml-files-954-Content> The xr.yaml, composition.yaml and function.yaml files</button></h2><div id=the-xryaml-compositionyaml-and-functionyaml-files-954-Content class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby=the-xryaml-compositionyaml-and-functionyaml-files-954 data-bs-parent=#the-xryaml-compositionyaml-and-functionyaml-files-954-Parent><div class="accordion-body rounded-bottom">You can recreate the output below using by running <code>crossplane beta render</code> with these files.The <code>xr.yaml</code> file contains the composite resource to render:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-yaml data-lang=yaml><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-1> 1</a>apiVersion: example.crossplane.io/v1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-2> 2</a>kind: XBuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-3> 3</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-4> 4</a> name: example-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-5> 5</a>spec: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-6> 6</a> region: us-east-2 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-7> 7</a> names: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-8> 8</a> - crossplane-functions-example-a <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-9> 9</a> - crossplane-functions-example-b <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-0-10>10</a> - crossplane-functions-example-c </code></pre></div> The <code>composition.yaml</code> file contains the Composition to use to render the composite resource:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-yaml data-lang=yaml><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-1> 1</a>apiVersion: apiextensions.crossplane.io/v1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-2> 2</a>kind: Composition <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-3> 3</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-4> 4</a> name: create-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-5> 5</a>spec: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-6> 6</a> compositeTypeRef: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-7> 7</a> apiVersion: example.crossplane.io/v1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-8> 8</a> kind: XBuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-9> 9</a> mode: Pipeline <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-10>10</a> pipeline: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-11>11</a> - step: create-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-12>12</a> functionRef: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-1-13>13</a> name: function-xbuckets </code></pre></div> The <code>functions.yaml</code> file contains the Functions the Composition references in its pipeline steps:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-yaml data-lang=yaml><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-1> 1</a>apiVersion: pkg.crossplane.io/v1beta1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-2> 2</a>kind: Function <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-3> 3</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-4> 4</a> name: function-xbuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-5> 5</a> annotations: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-6> 6</a> render.crossplane.io/runtime: Development <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-7> 7</a>spec: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-8> 8</a> # The CLI ignores this package when using the Development runtime. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-9> 9</a> # You can set it to any value. <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-2-10>10</a> package: xpkg.upbound.io/negz/function-xbuckets:v0.1.0 </code></pre></div></div></div></div></div>The Function in <code>functions.yaml</code> uses the <code><highlight-term id=1731573034480140172 data-label=development data-line=6>Development</highlight-term></code> runtime. This tells <code>crossplane beta render</code> that your function is running locally. It connects to your locally running function instead of using Docker to pull and run the function.<div class=highlight label=development><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-yaml data-lang=yaml><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-7-1>1</a>apiVersion: pkg.crossplane.io/v1beta1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-7-2>2</a>kind: Function <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-7-3>3</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-7-4>4</a> name: function-xbuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-7-5>5</a> annotations: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-7-6>6</a> render.crossplane.io/runtime: Development </code></pre></div>Use <code>go run</code> to run your function locally.<div class=highlight label=run><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-8-1>1</a>go run . --insecure --debug </code></pre></div><div class="admonition warning d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="warning:"><use xlink:href="#fire"/></svg>Warning</div><div class=admonition-content>The <code><highlight-term id=1731573034480164854 data-label=run data-line=1>insecure</highlight-term></code> flag tells the function to run without encryption or authentication. Only use it during testing and development.</div></div>In a separate terminal, run <code>crossplane beta render</code>.<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-9-1>1</a>crossplane beta render xr.yaml composition.yaml functions.yaml </code></pre></div>This command calls your function. In the terminal where your function is running you should now see log output:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-10-1>1</a>go run . --insecure --debug <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-10-2>2</a>2023-10-31T16:17:32.158-0700 INFO function-xbuckets/fn.go:29 Running Function {"tag": ""} <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-10-3>3</a>2023-10-31T16:17:32.159-0700 INFO function-xbuckets/fn.go:125 Added desired buckets {"xr-version": "example.crossplane.io/v1", "xr-kind": "XBuckets", "xr-name": "example-buckets", "region": "us-east-2", "count": 3} </code></pre></div>The <code>crossplane beta render</code> command prints the desired resources the function returns.<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-yaml data-lang=yaml><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-1> 1</a>--- <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-2> 2</a>apiVersion: example.crossplane.io/v1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-3> 3</a>kind: XBuckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-4> 4</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-5> 5</a> name: example-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-6> 6</a>--- <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-7> 7</a>apiVersion: s3.aws.upbound.io/v1beta1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-8> 8</a>kind: Bucket <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-9> 9</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-10>10</a> annotations: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-11>11</a> crossplane.io/composition-resource-name: xbuckets-crossplane-functions-example-b <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-12>12</a> crossplane.io/external-name: crossplane-functions-example-b <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-13>13</a> generateName: example-buckets- <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-14>14</a> labels: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-15>15</a> crossplane.io/composite: example-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-16>16</a> ownerReferences: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-17>17</a> # Omitted for brevity <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-18>18</a>spec: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-19>19</a> forProvider: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-20>20</a> region: us-east-2 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-21>21</a>--- <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-22>22</a>apiVersion: s3.aws.upbound.io/v1beta1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-23>23</a>kind: Bucket <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-24>24</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-25>25</a> annotations: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-26>26</a> crossplane.io/composition-resource-name: xbuckets-crossplane-functions-example-c <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-27>27</a> crossplane.io/external-name: crossplane-functions-example-c <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-28>28</a> generateName: example-buckets- <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-29>29</a> labels: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-30>30</a> crossplane.io/composite: example-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-31>31</a> ownerReferences: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-32>32</a> # Omitted for brevity <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-33>33</a>spec: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-34>34</a> forProvider: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-35>35</a> region: us-east-2 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-36>36</a>--- <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-37>37</a>apiVersion: s3.aws.upbound.io/v1beta1 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-38>38</a>kind: Bucket <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-39>39</a>metadata: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-40>40</a> annotations: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-41>41</a> crossplane.io/composition-resource-name: xbuckets-crossplane-functions-example-a <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-42>42</a> crossplane.io/external-name: crossplane-functions-example-a <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-43>43</a> generateName: example-buckets- <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-44>44</a> labels: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-45>45</a> crossplane.io/composite: example-buckets <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-46>46</a> ownerReferences: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-47>47</a> # Omitted for brevity <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-48>48</a>spec: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-49>49</a> forProvider: <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-11-50>50</a> region: us-east-2 </code></pre></div><div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>Read the composition functions documentation to learn more about <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/concepts/composition-functions/#test-a-composition-that-uses-functions>testing composition functions</a>.</div></div><h2 id=build-and-push-the-function-to-a-package-registry>Build and push the function to a package registry <a class=anchor-link id=build-and-push-the-function-to-a-package-registry href=#build-and-push-the-function-to-a-package-registry aria-label="Link to this section: Build and push the function to a package registry"></a></h2>You build a function in two stages. First you build the function’s runtime. This is the Open Container Initiative (OCI) image Crossplane uses to run your function. You then embed that runtime in a package, and push it to a package registry. The Crossplane CLI uses <code>xpkg.upbound.io</code> as its default package registry.A function supports a single platform, like <code>linux/amd64</code>, by default. You can support multiple platforms by building a runtime and package for each platform, then pushing all the packages to a single tag in the registry.Pushing your function to a registry allows you to use your function in a Crossplane control plane. See the <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/concepts/composition-functions/>composition functions documentation</a>. to learn how to use a function in a control plane.Use Docker to build a runtime for each platform.<div class=highlight copy-lines=1><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-12-1>1</a>docker build . --quiet --platform=linux/amd64 --tag runtime-amd64 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-12-2>2</a>sha256:fdf40374cc6f0b46191499fbc1dbbb05ddb76aca854f69f2912e580cfe624b4b </code></pre></div><div class=highlight copy-lines=1><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-13-1>1</a>docker build . --quiet --platform=linux/arm64 --tag runtime-arm64 <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-13-2>2</a>sha256:cb015ceabf46d2a55ccaeebb11db5659a2fb5e93de36713364efcf6d699069af </code></pre></div><div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>You can use whatever tag you want. There’s no need to push the runtime images to a registry. The tag is only used to tell <code>crossplane xpkg build</code> what runtime to embed.</div></div>Use the Crossplane CLI to build a package for each platform. Each package embeds a runtime image.The <code><highlight-term id=1731573034480364562 data-label=build data-line=2>--package-root</highlight-term></code> flag specifies the <code>package</code> directory, which contains <code>crossplane.yaml</code>. This includes metadata about the package.The <code><highlight-term id=1731573034480381425 data-label=build data-line=3>--embed-runtime-image</highlight-term></code> flag specifies the runtime image tag built using Docker.The <code><highlight-term id=1731573034480397722 data-label=build data-line=4>--package-file</highlight-term></code> flag specifies specifies where to write the package file to disk. Crossplane package files use the extension <code>.xpkg</code>.<div class=highlight label=build><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-14-1>1</a>crossplane xpkg build \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-14-2>2</a> --package-root=package \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-14-3>3</a> --embed-runtime-image=runtime-amd64 \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-14-4>4</a> --package-file=function-amd64.xpkg </code></pre></div><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-15-1>1</a>crossplane xpkg build \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-15-2>2</a> --package-root=package \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-15-3>3</a> --embed-runtime-image=runtime-arm64 \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-15-4>4</a> --package-file=function-arm64.xpkg </code></pre></div><div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>Crossplane packages are special OCI images. Read more about packages in the <a href=https://docs.crossplane.io/v1.16/concepts/packages/>packages documentation</a>.</div></div>Push both package files to a registry. Pushing both files to one tag in the registry creates a <a href=https://docs.docker.com/build/building/multi-platform/>multi-platform</a> package that runs on both <code>linux/arm64</code> and <code>linux/amd64</code> hosts.<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><a class=lnlinks href=#hl-16-1>1</a>crossplane xpkg push \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-16-2>2</a> --package-files=function-amd64.xpkg,function-arm64.xpkg \ <a class=lnlinks href=#hl-16-3>3</a> negz/function-xbuckets:v0.1.0 </code></pre></div><div class="admonition tip d-flex flex-column mx-4 p-0"><div class=admonition-title><svg class="bi flex-shrink-0" role="img" aria-label="tip:"><use xlink:href="#check"/></svg>Tip</div><div class=admonition-content>If you push the function to a GitHub repository the template automatically sets up continuous integration (CI) using <a href=https://github.com/features/actions>GitHub Actions</a>. The CI workflow will lint, test, and build your function. You can see how the template configures CI by reading <code>.github/workflows/ci.yaml</code>.The CI workflow can automatically push packages to <code>xpkg.upbound.io</code>. For this to work you must create a repository at <a href=https://marketplace.upbound.io>https://marketplace.upbound.io</a>. Give the CI workflow access to push to the Marketplace by creating an API token and <a href=https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/using-secrets-in-github-actions#creating-secrets-for-a-repository>adding it to your repository</a>. 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