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Bathurst War - Wikipedia

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message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bathurst War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathurst_NSW.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bathurst_NSW.PNG/300px-Bathurst_NSW.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Bathurst_NSW.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="286" /></a></span><br />The Bathurst county in which the war was fought</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>January 1824 – 28 December 1824</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst, New South Wales</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri" title="Wiradjuri">Wiradjuri</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Major <a href="/wiki/James_Morisset" title="James Morisset">James Morisset</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Windradyne" title="Windradyne">Windradyne</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 75 British soldiers<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Several cavalry<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 200+ armed settlers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,500 (unable to verify)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~20 killed <br />others wounded<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~100 killed<br />others wounded<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a> War</b> (1824) was a war between the <a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri" title="Wiradjuri">Wiradjuri</a> nation and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Following the successful <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Blaxland" title="Gregory Blaxland">Blaxland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lawson_(explorer)" title="William Lawson (explorer)">Lawson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">Wentworth</a> expedition to find a route through the "impenetrable" <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)" title="Blue Mountains (New South Wales)">Blue Mountains</a> in 1813, this allowed the colony to expand onto the vast fertile plains of the west. </p><p>Invasion of the new land was initially slow, but following a change of government, Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a> came to power allowing a flood of land grants to the west of the Blue Mountains. The enormous influx of British colonists put massive strain on the traditional food sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> and sacred landmarks of the Wiradjuri.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> By early 1824, war had broken out in which the Wiradjuri adopted a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a>-style approach. After Governor Thomas Brisbane declared martial law, the resistance soon collapsed in late 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blaxland,_Wentworth_and_Lawson"><span id="Blaxland.2C_Wentworth_and_Lawson"></span>Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attempts to cross the Blue Mountains had been made from 1790 onwards with convicts seeking a way to escape and adventurers eager to explore the region. However, all of these attempts failed, and it was to be over 20 years before a way across was found. In May 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth set out with a plan to find a <a href="/wiki/1813_crossing_of_the_Blue_Mountains" title="1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains">passage through the impenetrable Blue Mountains</a>. After 21 days of traveling through 50 miles (80&#160;km) of rugged terrain, the party reached <a href="/wiki/Mount_Blaxland,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Blaxland, New South Wales">Mount Blaxland</a>. From here they saw a vast expanse of forest and grass in which Blaxland wrote was rich enough "to support the stock of the colony for the next thirty years".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was in fact the land of the Wiradjuri people, one of the largest language groups in Australia. The Wiradjuri inhabited an area bounded by the Blue Mountains in the east, the western slopes in the south, and the change of open forest to grassy plains in the north and west. The tribes led by Windradyne lived in the eastern parts of this territory, connected to the other groups by a common language as well as cultural and trade links.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_Lachlan_Macquarie">Governor Lachlan Macquarie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Governor Lachlan Macquarie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ln-Governor-Lachlan_macquarie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ln-Governor-Lachlan_macquarie.jpg/220px-Ln-Governor-Lachlan_macquarie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ln-Governor-Lachlan_macquarie.jpg/330px-Ln-Governor-Lachlan_macquarie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ln-Governor-Lachlan_macquarie.jpg/440px-Ln-Governor-Lachlan_macquarie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Governor Lachlan Macquarie</figcaption></figure> <p>After passage through the Blue Mountains had been secured, assistant surveyor <a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(explorer)" title="George Evans (explorer)">George Evans</a> and his party had been instructed to further explore the country. Evans' reports confirmed of excellent pastures beyond the mountains to which Governor Macquarie ordered a road be built from the <a href="/wiki/Nepean_River" title="Nepean River">Nepean River</a>. In less than six months the 100-mile (160&#160;km) road had been completed. Soon after Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> and a large accompanying party set out to view the country. The journey took nine days by coach from <a href="/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a> and on arrival Macquarie's welcoming ceremony was observed by seven Wiradjuri.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Macquarie wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We found here also three male natives and four boys of this newly discovered tract of country, who showed great surprise, mixed with no small degree of fear, at seeing so many strangers, horses and carriages but to whom they soon appeared to be reconciled on being kindly spoken to. They were all clothed with Mantles made of the skins of o'possums which were neatly sewn together and the outside of the skins were carved in a remarkably neat manner. They appear to be very inoffensive and cleanly in their persons."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Three days later Macquarie inaugurated the town of Bathurst, then continued to tour the surrounding country. In his journal, Macquarie writes of being visited by three male natives and that "to the best looking and stoutest of them I gave a piece of yellow cloth in exchange for his mantle, which he presented me with".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been theorized that this unknown Wiradjuri man may have been Windradyne, but this cannot be proven. Nevertheless, it would be another eight years before he would become famous to the colony. In 1820, the population of Bathurst was only 114 due to Macquarie's slow and cautious approach to new settlement. His experience of the <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a> of 1795–1816 may also have made him hesitant to start a new conflict. It seems that the Wiradjuri were willing to tolerate this slow level of growth and peaceful relations were maintained during this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_Thomas_Brisbane">Governor Thomas Brisbane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Governor Thomas Brisbane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Brisbane,_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/220px-Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/330px-Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/440px-Sir_Thomas_Brisbane%2C_Governor_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="2529" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Macquarie offered his resignation several times, due to undermining forces within his own government, and in late 1820 his third application was accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His replacement was Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a>, who formally took over on 1 December 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Brisbane who had different views through which he began asserting his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under Brisbane, land settlement laws were changed leading to a flood of land grants across the Blue Mountains. An enormous influx of the British onto the Wiradjuri lands put great strain on traditional food sources, and destroyed some of the Wiradjuri social and sacred sites. In response, the Wiradjuri resistance was born. Well aware that they had no chance against guns, they adopted a guerrilla-warfare approach, in which attacks were made against outlying and undefended stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_violence">Pre-war violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-war violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Governor Brisbane's decision to open the flood gates to the west of the Blue Mountains, various attacks were soon made against the growing settlement. In 1822, Wiradjuri warriors attacked a station on the <a href="/wiki/Cudgegong_River" title="Cudgegong River">Cudgegong River</a> in which they drove away the stockman, let the cattle out of the yard and killed several of the sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More attacks followed with the murder of convict hut-keepers, scattered herds and speared cattle. Stockmen were intimidated and would not leave their huts to round up the cattle and bring them in without protection. The government centre at Swallow Creek was soon abandoned in fear of attack. In late 1823, Windradyne (known as Saturday by the British) was captured for the first time. </p><p>The <i>Sydney Gazette</i> described the situation in the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Advices from Bathurst say that the natives have been very troublesome in that country. Numbers of cattle have been killed. In justification of their conduct, the natives urge that the white men have driven away all the kangaroos and opossums, and the black men must now have beef!... The strength of these men is amazing. One of the chiefs (named Saturday) of a desperate tribe, took six men to secure him and they had actually to break a musket over his body before he yielded, which he did at length with broken ribs... Saturday for his exploits was sentenced to a month's imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Course of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potato_Field_Incident">Potato Field Incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Potato Field Incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1824, on the river flats opposite the town of Bathurst, a farmer, Antonio Hose Rodrigues, in a friendly gesture offered a group of passing Wiradjuri people some potatoes. The next day the families returned to the field, however, with no concept of private ownership of food supplies they began helping themselves. The farmer then fired upon the group and in the mayhem several Wurudjuri people were killed and some wounded. One of the survivors of this misunderstanding was Windradyne; enraged at the attack he and his warriors immediately began a series of violent attacks against nearby stations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>One settler account describes an encounter that took place soon after the Potato Field Incident: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our hut was one day surrounded by a large party of blacks, fully equipped for war, under the leadership of their great fierce chief and warrior, named by the whites ‘Saturday’. There was no means of resistance so my father, then a lad of eighteen years, met them fearlessly at the door. He spoke to them in their own language in such a manner as not to let them suppose he anticipated any evil from them. They stood there, sullen, silent, motionless. My father's cheerful courage and friendly tone disarmed animosity. They consulted in an undertone, and departed as sullenly and noiselessly as they came. The next thing known of them is that they killed... all the men at a settler's place some miles distant, the very place where it was rumoured, the poisoned bread had been laid for them.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenge_attacks">Revenge attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Revenge attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar attacks occurred nearby, at "The Mill" and "Warren Gunyah". These attacks included men being speared, weapons stolen, buildings burned, and stock killed. While Windradyne and his warriors engaged the area north-east of Bathurst, to the south related tribes also attacked, terrorising settlers and driving off cattle. Revenge parties were formed in which a group of armed servants attacked and killed three Wiradjuri women. For several months the attacks by the Wiradjuri continued; they struck at unexpected locations then retreated back to the bush. By August 1824, the <i>Sydney Gazette</i> described it as "to have exposed the strength and wealth of the Colony... to destruction".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation_of_martial_law">Proclamation of martial law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Proclamation of martial law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windradyne,_Aust._Aboriginal_warrior_from_the_Wiradjuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Windradyne%2C_Aust._Aboriginal_warrior_from_the_Wiradjuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Windradyne</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 August Governor Brisbane issued a proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Governor Brisbane's declaration read: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>WHEREAS THE ABORIGINAL NATIVES of the Districts near Bathurst have for many Weeks past carried on a Series of indiscriminate Attacks on the Stock Station there, putting some of the Keepers to cruel Deaths, wounding others, and dispersing and plundering the Flocks and Herds; themselves not escaping sanguinary Retaliations. AND WHEREAS the ordinary Powers of the CIVIL MAGISTRATES (although most anxiously exerted) have failed to protect the Lives of HIS MAJESTY'S Subjects; and every conciliatory Measure has been pursued in vain; and the Slaughter of Black Women and Children and Unoffending White Men, as well as of the lawless Objects of Terror, continue to threaten the before mentioned Districts; AND WHEREAS by Experience, it hath been found that mutual Bloodshed may be stopped by the Use of Arms against the Natives beyond the ordinary Rule of Law in Time of Peace, and for this End Resort to summary Justice has become necessary: NOW THEREFORE, by Virtue of the Authority in me vested by His Majesty's Royal Commission, I do declare, in Order to restore Tranquillity, MARTIAL LAW TO BE IN ALL THE COUNTRY WESTWARD OF MOUNT YORK; And all Soldiers are hereby ordered to assist and obey their lawful Superiors in suppressing the Violences aforesaid; and all His Majesty's Subjects are also called upon to assist the MAGISTRATES in executing such Measures, as any one or more of the said Magistrates shall direct to be taken for the same purpose, by such Ways and Means as are expedient, so long as Martial Law shall last; being always mindful that the Shedding of Blood is only just, where all other Means of Defence or of Peace are exhausted; that Cruelty is never Lawful; and that, when personal Attacks become necessary, the helpless Women and Children are to be spared."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 75-strong detachment of the <a href="/wiki/40th_(the_2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot">40th Regiment of Foot</a> under the command of Major <a href="/wiki/James_Morisset" title="James Morisset">James Thomas Morisset</a> was sent to garrison Bathurst. Bolstered by a local settler militia, the detachment began conducting several sweeps across the landscape to restore order and enforce martial law. However, these proved to have little impact on Wiradjuri or settler activities; according to historian W. H. Suttor, "The proclamation of martial law was as undecipherable to the natives as an Egyptian hieroglyph".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wiradjuri continued to launch attacks on the settlers, engaging in numerous skirmishes which were consistently followed by settler reprisals, typically on Aboriginal warriors attempting to bury their casualties. However, the majority of Wiradjuri casualties during the conflict were non-combatants, who were killed by mounted settler patrols or <a href="/wiki/Mass_poisonings_of_Aboriginal_Australians" title="Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians">deliberately poisoned</a> by the settlers. In October, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Gazette">Sydney Gazette</a></i> summed up the situation by stating that "Bathurst and its surrounding vicinity is engaged in an exterminating war".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Bathurst">Battle of Bathurst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Bathurst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Battle of Bathurst began on 10 September when a Wiradjuri war party attacked a station on the Cudgegong River, they drove off the cattle before being pursued by the station hands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In an ambush, the stationhands were chased back and in the retreat three Wiradjuri warriors were shot. The following day the station hands returned to find the war parties' camp deserted as they were burying their dead, however most of the weapons were left in the camp and were subsequently destroyed. As the Wiradjuri returned to the war camp, the station hands fired on them killing at least sixteen and wounding many more.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace">Peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outset of martial law, Windradyne's people had been informed that military operations against them would continue until their leaders were given up. Windradyne himself had a reward of 500 acres of land upon his head. By late 1824, large numbers of Wiradjuri were surrendering themselves to the government. However, Windradyne continued to elude attempts to find him, and as such martial law remained in place for a further seven weeks. On 11 December 1824, martial law was finally repealed, and on 28 December Windradyne appeared at the head of his people in Parramatta to attend the Governor's annual feast. He wore the word "peace" on his hat and knew the British could not arrest him because of the possibility of a riot with so many aboriginals there.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Sydney Gazette</i> described Windradyne as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...one of the finest looking natives we have seen in this part of the country. He is not particularly tall but much stouter and more proportionable limbed than the majority of his countrymen; which combined with a noble looking countenance and piercing eye, are calculated to impress the beholder with other than disagreeable feelings towards a character who has been so much dreaded by the Bathurst settler. Saturday is, without doubt, the most manly native we have ever beheld.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 December 1824 Governor Brisbane wrote a letter to Major <a href="/wiki/James_Morisset" title="James Morisset">J.T. Morisset</a>, Commandant at Bathurst, thanking him for effecting 'the purpose of the proclamation...by the judicious measures taken by you and the other magistrates at Bathurst, the aboriginal natives have learned to respect our power.' He goes on to say that 'it is impossible perhaps at all times to prevent the infliction of injury upon them by individuals and...if justice cannot always be done, it deserves consideration upon such occasion whether the wrong may not be repaired by compensation. For this service and for rewards to the natives who assisted in the police, I have directed £50 subject to detailed accounts of its expenditure to be at your disposal.'<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_(governor)" title="William Stewart (governor)">Colonel William Stewart</a>, appointed Head of NSW Police and Lt Governor of the Colony helped oversee some of the government response to the Bathurst Uprising. His reward was to stand on a high point (Mount Pleasant) at the edge of Bathurst township and declare his right to all the land he could see. Governor Darling formalized the grant of 3200 acres in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It included unlimited and unrestricted water rights to the Macquarie River. The historical records, original deeds and agreements are held by the family at "Strath" Bathurst. Today the great wealth that came to Stewart and his descendants continues to be seen in the form of <a href="/wiki/Abercrombie_House" title="Abercrombie House">Abercrombie House</a> that was later built on the land grant.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the conclusion of the war, the NSW colonial government also recognized the need to have a mounted infantry to effectively place the frontier under British control. Foot soldiers were proven to be an inadequate force on the wide plains of the interior. As a result, in 1825, Colonel Stewart formed the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Mounted_Police" title="New South Wales Mounted Police">NSW Mounted Police</a>. This force, which was manned with soldiers not civilians, initially consisted of two detachments, one stationed in Bathurst and the other at Maitland. The NSW Mounted Police became the principal instrument of enforcement of colonial rule on the frontier for the next 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathurst_War&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-casualties-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeneally2010" class="citation book cs1">Keneally, Thomas (2010). <i>Australians: Origins to Eurika</i>. Allen &amp; Unwin Publishing. p.&#160;Chapter 19, subheading: Myall Creek and Beyond. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742374505" title="Special:BookSources/9781742374505"><bdi>9781742374505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Australians%3A+Origins+to+Eurika&amp;rft.pages=Chapter+19%2C+subheading%3A+Myall+Creek+and+Beyond&amp;rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9781742374505&amp;rft.aulast=Keneally&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe,_David" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/resources/pdfs/127.pdf">"Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians Who Fought Back"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ICS and Associates<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Forgotten+Rebels%3A+Black+Australians+Who+Fought+Back&amp;rft.pub=ICS+and+Associates&amp;rft.au=Lowe%2C+David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kooriweb.org%2Ffoley%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2F127.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/exploration/blue_mountains/">"Crossing the Blue Mountains"</a>. State Library of New South Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Blue+Mountains&amp;rft.pub=State+Library+of+New+South+Wales&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sl.nsw.gov.au%2Fdiscover_collections%2Fhistory_nation%2Fexploration%2Fblue_mountains%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Read, <i>A Hundred Years War</i>, Canberra: ANU, 1988, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assistant Surveyor George Evans, Journal, 21/12/1813</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Governor Lachlan Macquarie, <i>Journal of Tours in NSW and Van Diemen's Land, 1810–</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macquarie, <i>Journal of Tours in NSW and Van Diemen's Land, 1810–</i>, entry of 10/5/1815</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLachlan1967" class="citation journal cs1">McLachlan, N. D. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macquarie-lachlan-2419">"Lachlan Macquarie (1762–1824)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. <b>2</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&amp;rft.atitle=Lachlan+Macquarie+%281762%E2%80%931824%29&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.aulast=McLachlan&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fmacquarie-lachlan-2419&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydon1966" class="citation journal cs1">Heydon, J. D. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brisbane-sir-thomas-makdougall-1827">"Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (1773–1860)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. <b>1</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&amp;rft.atitle=Sir+Thomas+Makdougall+Brisbane+%281773%E2%80%931860%29&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.aulast=Heydon&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fbrisbane-sir-thomas-makdougall-1827&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMennell1892" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mennell" title="Philip Mennell">Mennell, Philip</a> (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Brisbane, General Sir Thos. Makdougall"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Australasian_Biography/Brisbane,_General_Sir_Thos._Makdougall">"Brisbane, General Sir Thos. Makdougall"&#160;</a></span>. <i>The Dictionary of Australasian Biography</i>. 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(1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdougall"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brisbane,_Sir_Thomas_Makdougall">"Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdougall"&#160;</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol.&#160;4 (11th&#160;ed.). 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Long, <i>Bathurst, 1813–40</i> quoted in Salisbury and Gresser, op cit, p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sydney Gazette</i>, 8/1/1824</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury and Gresser, op cit, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Bells+Falls+Gorge%3A+An+Interactive+Investigation&amp;rft.atitle=Transcript%3A+Declaration+of+Martial+Law&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Feducation-kids%2Fclassroom_learning%2Fmultimedia%2Finteractives%2Fbells_falls_gorge_html%2Fcabinet_items%2Ftranscript_declaration_of_martial_law&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=William+Stewart+%281769%E2%80%931854%29&amp;rft.btitle=Stewart%2C+William+%281769%E2%80%931854%29&amp;rft.pub=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography%2C+National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fstewart-william-2700%2Ftext3787&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abercrombiehouse.com.au">"Abercrombie House Bathurst"</a>. <i>Abercrombie House Bathurst</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Abercrombie+House+Bathurst&amp;rft.atitle=Abercrombie+House+Bathurst&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abercrombiehouse.com.au&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2002" class="citation book cs1">Connor, John (2002). <i>The Australian Frontier Wars</i>. Sydney: UNSW Press. p.&#160;62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Australian+Frontier+Wars&amp;rft.place=Sydney&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.pub=UNSW+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABathurst+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Australian_frontier_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Australian frontier wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_frontier_wars359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a> (1795–1816) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond_Hill" title="Battle of Richmond Hill">Battle of Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Parramatta" title="Battle of Parramatta">Battle of Parramatta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Risdon_Cove_massacre" title="1804 Risdon Cove massacre">Risdon Cove massacre</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedbury%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tedbury&#39;s War">Tedbury's War</a> (1804–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnamurra_River_massacre" title="Minnamurra River massacre">Minnamurra River massacre</a> (1818)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bathurst War</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Field_Raids_of_1827-1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828">Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828</a> (1827-1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (Tasmania) (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Grim_massacre" title="Cape Grim massacre">Cape Grim massacre</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_District_Wars" title="Port Phillip District Wars">Port Phillip District Wars</a> (1830–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagan" title="Yagan">Yagan Resistance</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convincing_Ground_massacre" title="Convincing Ground massacre">Convincing Ground massacre</a> (1833/34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre" title="Pinjarra massacre">Battle of Pinjarra</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broken_River" title="Battle of Broken River">Battle of Broken River</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Creek_massacre" title="Waterloo Creek massacre">Waterloo Creek massacre</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre" title="Myall Creek massacre">Myall Creek massacre</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaspe_Plains_massacre" title="Campaspe Plains massacre">Campaspe Plains massacre</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Hole_massacre" title="Blood Hole massacre">Blood Hole massacre</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murdering_Gully_massacre" title="Murdering Gully massacre">Murdering Gully massacre</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yering" title="Battle of Yering">Battle of Yering</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Hills_massacre" title="Fighting Hills massacre">Fighting Hills massacre</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Waterholes_massacre" title="Fighting Waterholes massacre">Fighting Waterholes massacre</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre">Maria massacre</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_massacres" title="Gippsland massacres">Gippsland massacres</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumerella_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumerella Wars">Eumerella Wars</a> (1840s–1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonnerup_massacre" title="Wonnerup massacre">Wonnerup massacre</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_River_massacre" title="Rufus River massacre">Rufus River massacre</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres" title="Richmond River massacres">Pelican Creek tragedy</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres" title="Richmond River massacres">Evans Head massacre</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrigal_Creek_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrigal Creek massacre">Warrigal Creek massacre</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Southern_Queensland" title="War of Southern Queensland">War of Southern Queensland</a> (1843–55) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_One_Tree_Hill" title="Battle of One Tree Hill">Battle of One Tree Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkey_Flat_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkey Flat Massacre">Darkey Flat Massacre</a> (circa 1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre" title="Avenue Range Station massacre">Avenue Range Station massacre</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres" title="Richmond River massacres">East Ballina massacre</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornet_Bank_massacre" title="Hornet Bank massacre">Hornet Bank massacre </a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_Creek_Massacre" title="Hospital Creek Massacre">Hospital Creek Massacre</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullin-La-Ringo massacre">Cullin-La-Ringo massacre</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Foam_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Foam Massacre">Flying Foam Massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkadoon_Wars" title="Kalkadoon Wars">Kalkadoon Wars</a> (1870–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koonchera_Point_massacre" title="Koonchera Point massacre">Koonchera Point massacre</a> (1880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandamarra#Guerilla_war" title="Jandamarra">Jandamarra Guerilla War</a> (1894–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_Creek_massacre" title="Mistake Creek massacre">Mistake Creek massacre</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowla_Bluff_massacre" title="Mowla Bluff massacre">Mowla Bluff massacre</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_River_massacre" title="Forrest River massacre">Forrest River massacre</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniston_massacre" title="Coniston massacre">Coniston massacre</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis" title="Caledon Bay crisis">Caledon Bay crisis</a> (1932–34)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous Australian <br /> resistance warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baulie" title="Baulie">Baulie </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilba" title="Beilba">Beilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyute" title="Calyute">Calyute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaygal" title="Cannabaygal">Cannabaygal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundalli" title="Dundalli">Dundalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumarrah" title="Eumarrah">Eumarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandamarra" title="Jandamarra">Jandamarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikatapula" title="Kikatapula">Kikatapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannalargenna" title="Mannalargenna">Mannalargenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulboyheenner" title="Maulboyheenner">Maulboyheenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multuggerah" title="Multuggerah">Multuggerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musquito" title="Musquito">Musquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemarluk" title="Nemarluk">Nemarluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemulwuy" title="Pemulwuy">Pemulwuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarenorerer" title="Tarenorerer">Tarenorerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedbury" title="Tedbury">Tedbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongerlongeter" title="Tongerlongeter">Tongerlongeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnerminnerwait" title="Tunnerminnerwait">Tunnerminnerwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windradyne" title="Windradyne">Windradyne </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagan" title="Yagan">Yagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilbung" title="Yilbung">Yilbung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians">List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboriginals_Fire_Arm_Regulation_Act_1840&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840 (page does not exist)">Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Witnesses_Act" title="Aboriginal Witnesses Act">Aboriginal Witnesses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Act_1869" title="Aboriginal Protection Act 1869">Aboriginal Protection Act 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_to_provide_certain_matters_connected_with_the_Aborigines_1889&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889 (page does not exist)">Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889</a> (statute 24/1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_and_restriction_of_the_sale_of_opium_act_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897">Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Protection_Act_1909" title="Aborigines Protection Act 1909">Aborigines Protection Act 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborigines_Act_1910&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborigines Act 1910 (page does not exist)">Aborigines Act 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Aboriginals_Act_1910" title="Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910">Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborigines_Act_1911&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborigines Act 1911 (page does not exist)">Aborigines Act 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Aboriginals_Ordinance_1911&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911 (page does not exist)">Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginals_Ordinance_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginals Ordinance 1918">Aboriginals Ordinance 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborigines_Act_1934&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborigines Act 1934 (page does not exist)">Aborigines Act 1934</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre#First_trial" title="Myall Creek massacre">R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre#Second_trial" title="Myall Creek massacre">R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckiar_v_The_King" title="Tuckiar v The King">Tuckiar v The King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Committees <br /> and boards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board" title="Aboriginal Protection Board">Aboriginal Protection Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Select_Committee_on_Aboriginal_Tribes" title="Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes">Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">List of massacres of Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_poisonings_of_Aboriginal_Australians" title="Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians">Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Protection_Society" title="Aborigines&#39; Protection Society">Aborigines' Protection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Caste_Act" title="Half-Caste Act">Half-Caste Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_frontier_wars" title="Category:Australian frontier wars">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_frontier_wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Australian frontier wars">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> <span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐5b65fffc7d‐nsv5t Cached time: 20250216141541 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.538 seconds Real time usage: 0.771 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3529/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 82355/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10688/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67362/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.311/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8823703/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 585.661 1 -total 34.14% 199.952 1 Template:Reflist 16.22% 95.007 3 Template:Cite_book 15.52% 90.907 1 Template:Campaignbox_Australian_frontier_wars 15.43% 90.347 2 Template:Navbox 11.32% 66.307 1 Template:Short_description 9.90% 57.977 1 Template:Lead_rewrite 9.14% 53.510 1 Template:Ambox 8.38% 49.089 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict 7.63% 44.684 18 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:39333284:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250216141541 and revision id 1268071016. 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