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Revelation 6:10 And they cried out in a loud voice, "How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You avenge our blood and judge those who dwell upon the earth?"
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</div><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheadingv"><b>Verse</b><a href="/bsb/revelation/6.htm" class="clickchap" style="color:#001320" title="Click any translation name for full chapter"> (Click for Chapter)</a></div><div id="par"><span class="versiontext"><a href="/niv/revelation/6.htm">New International Version</a></span><br />They called out in a loud voice, “How long, Sovereign Lord, holy and true, until you judge the inhabitants of the earth and avenge our blood?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nlt/revelation/6.htm">New Living Translation</a></span><br />They shouted to the Lord and said, “O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long before you judge the people who belong to this world and avenge our blood for what they have done to us?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/esv/revelation/6.htm">English Standard Version</a></span><br />They cried out with a loud voice, “O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long before you will judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/bsb/revelation/6.htm">Berean Standard Bible</a></span><br />And they cried out in a loud voice, “How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You judge those who dwell upon the earth and avenge our blood?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/blb/revelation/6.htm">Berean Literal Bible</a></span><br />And they were crying in a loud voice, saying, "Until when, O Lord, holy and true, do You not judge and avenge our blood from those dwelling upon the earth?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/kjv/revelation/6.htm">King James Bible</a></span><br />And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nkjv/revelation/6.htm">New King James Version</a></span><br />And they cried with a loud voice, saying, “How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nasb_/revelation/6.htm">New American Standard Bible</a></span><br />and they cried out with a loud voice, saying, “How long, O Lord, holy and true, will You refrain from judging and avenging our blood on those who live on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nasb/revelation/6.htm">NASB 1995</a></span><br />and they cried out with a loud voice, saying, “How long, O Lord, holy and true, will You refrain from judging and avenging our blood on those who dwell on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nasb77/revelation/6.htm">NASB 1977 </a></span><br />and they cried out with a loud voice, saying, “How long, O Lord, holy and true, wilt Thou refrain from judging and avenging our blood on those who dwell on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/lsb/revelation/6.htm">Legacy Standard Bible </a></span><br />and they cried out with a loud voice, saying, “How long, O Master, holy and true? Will You not judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/amp/revelation/6.htm">Amplified Bible</a></span><br />They cried in a loud voice, saying, “O Lord, holy and true, how long now before You will sit in judgment and avenge our blood on those [unregenerate ones] who dwell on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/csb/revelation/6.htm">Christian Standard Bible</a></span><br />They cried out with a loud voice, “Lord, the one who is holy and true, how long until you judge those who live on the earth and avenge our blood? ”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/hcsb/revelation/6.htm">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a></span><br />They cried out with a loud voice: “Lord, the One who is holy and true, how long until You judge and avenge our blood from those who live on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/asv/revelation/6.htm">American Standard Version</a></span><br />and they cried with a great voice, saying, How long, O Master, the holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/cev/revelation/6.htm">Contemporary English Version</a></span><br />They shouted, "Master, you are holy and faithful! How long will it be before you judge and punish the people of this earth who killed us?" <span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/erv/revelation/6.htm">English Revised Version</a></span><br />and they cried with a great voice, saying, How long, O Master, the holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/gwt/revelation/6.htm">GOD'S WORD® Translation</a></span><br />They cried out in a loud voice, "Holy and true Master, how long before you judge and take revenge on those living on earth who shed our blood?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/gnt/revelation/6.htm">Good News Translation</a></span><br />They shouted in a loud voice, "Almighty Lord, holy and true! How long will it be until you judge the people on earth and punish them for killing us?" <span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/isv/revelation/6.htm">International Standard Version</a></span><br />They cried out in a loud voice, "Holy and true Sovereign, how long will it be before you judge and take revenge on those living on the earth who shed our blood?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/msb/revelation/6.htm">Majority Standard Bible</a></span><br />And they cried out in a loud voice, ?How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You judge those who dwell upon the earth and avenge our blood??<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/net/revelation/6.htm">NET Bible</a></span><br />They cried out with a loud voice, "How long, Sovereign Master, holy and true, before you judge those who live on the earth and avenge our blood?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nheb/revelation/6.htm">New Heart English Bible</a></span><br />They called out with a loud voice, saying, "How long, Master, the holy and true, until you judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/wbt/revelation/6.htm">Webster's Bible Translation</a></span><br />And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/wey/revelation/6.htm">Weymouth New Testament</a></span><br />And now in loud voices they cried out, saying, "How long, O Sovereign Lord, the holy One and the true, dost Thou delay judgment and the taking of vengeance upon the inhabitants of the earth for our blood?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/web/revelation/6.htm">World English Bible</a></span><br />They cried with a loud voice, saying, “How long, Master, the holy and true, until you judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?” <div class="vheading2"><b>Literal Translations</b></div><span class="versiontext"><a href="/lsv/revelation/6.htm">Literal Standard Version</a></span><br />and they were crying with a great voice, saying, “Until when, O Master, the Holy and the True, do You not judge and take vengeance of our blood from those dwelling on the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/blb/revelation/6.htm">Berean Literal Bible</a></span><br />And they were crying in a loud voice, saying, "Until when, O Lord, holy and true, do You not judge and avenge our blood from those dwelling upon the earth?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/ylt/revelation/6.htm">Young's Literal Translation</a></span><br /> and they were crying with a great voice, saying, 'Till when, O Master, the Holy and the True, dost Thou not judge and take vengeance of our blood from those dwelling upon the land?'<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/slt/revelation/6.htm">Smith's Literal Translation</a></span><br />And they cried with a great voice, saying, Till when, Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood of them dwelling upon earth<div class="vheading2"><b>Catholic Translations</b></div><span class="versiontext"><a href="/drb/revelation/6.htm">Douay-Rheims Bible</a></span><br />And they cried with a loud voice, saying: How long, O Lord (holy and true) dost thou not judge and revenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? <span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/cpdv/revelation/6.htm">Catholic Public Domain Version</a></span><br />And they were crying out with a loud voice, saying: “How long, O Holy and True Lord, will you not judge and not vindicate our blood against those who dwell upon the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nabre/revelation/6.htm">New American Bible</a></span><br />They cried out in a loud voice, “How long will it be, holy and true master, before you sit in judgment and avenge our blood on the inhabitants of the earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/nrsvce/revelation/6.htm">New Revised Standard Version</a></span><br />they cried out with a loud voice, “Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long will it be before you judge and avenge our blood on the inhabitants of the earth?”<div class="vheading2"><b>Translations from Aramaic</b></div><span class="versiontext"><a href="/lamsa/revelation/6.htm">Lamsa Bible</a></span><br />And they cried with a loud voice saying, How long, O LORD, holy and true, do you not judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/aramaic-plain-english/revelation/6.htm">Aramaic Bible in Plain English</a></span><br />And they cried with a great voice, and they were saying, “How long, LORD JEHOVAH, holy and true, do you not judge and avenge our blood upon the inhabitants of The Earth?”<div class="vheading2"><b>NT Translations</b></div><span class="versiontext"><a href="/anderson/revelation/6.htm">Anderson New Testament</a></span><br />and they cried with a loud voice, saying: How long, Sovereign, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/godbey/revelation/6.htm">Godbey New Testament</a></span><br />And they cried with a great voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, do you not judge and avenge our blood from those who dwell upon the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/haweis/revelation/6.htm">Haweis New Testament</a></span><br />And they cried with a loud voice, How long will it be, O sovereign, the holy one and the true, ere thou judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/mace/revelation/6.htm">Mace New Testament</a></span><br />and they cried with a loud voice, saying, "how long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou defer doing justice, and avenging our blood on those that dwell on the earth?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/wey/revelation/6.htm">Weymouth New Testament</a></span><br />And now in loud voices they cried out, saying, "How long, O Sovereign Lord, the holy One and the true, dost Thou delay judgment and the taking of vengeance upon the inhabitants of the earth for our blood?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/worrell/revelation/6.htm">Worrell New Testament</a></span><br />And they cried with a great voice, saying, "How long, O Master, the Holy, and the True, dost Thou not judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell upon the earth?"<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/worsley/revelation/6.htm">Worsley New Testament</a></span><br />And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on those that dwell upon the earth?<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/parallel/revelation/6-10.htm">Additional Translations ...</a></span></div></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="audio" id="audio"></a><div class="vheadingv"><b>Audio Bible</b></div><iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LJfD7KQcx0I?start=1305" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe><span class="p"><br /><br /><br /></span><div class="vheadingv"><b>Context</b></div><span class="hdg"><a href="/bsb/revelation/6.htm">The Fifth Seal: The Martyrs</a></span><br><span class="reftext">9</span>And when the Lamb opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the testimony they had upheld. <span class="reftext">10</span><span class="highl"><a href="/greek/2532.htm" title="2532: kai (Conj) -- And, even, also, namely. ">And</a> <a href="/greek/2896.htm" title="2896: ekraxan (V-AIA-3P) -- To cry aloud, shriek. A primary verb; properly, to croak or scream, i.e. to call aloud.">they cried out</a> <a href="/greek/3173.htm" title="3173: megalē (Adj-DFS) -- Large, great, in the widest sense. "></a> <a href="/greek/5456.htm" title="5456: phōnē (N-DFS) -- Probably akin to phaino through the idea of disclosure; a tone; by implication, an address, saying or language.">in a loud voice,</a> <a href="/greek/3004.htm" title="3004: legontes (V-PPA-NMP) -- (a) I say, speak; I mean, mention, tell, (b) I call, name, especially in the pass., (c) I tell, command. "></a> <a href="/greek/4219.htm" title="4219: pote (Conj) -- When, at what time. From the base of pou and te; interrogative adverb, at what time.">“How long,</a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: ho (Art-VMS) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.">O</a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: ho (Art-VMS) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the."></a> <a href="/greek/1203.htm" title="1203: Despotēs (N-NMS) -- A lord, master, or prince. Perhaps from deo and posis; an absolute ruler.">Lord,</a> <a href="/greek/40.htm" title="40: hagios (Adj-VMS) -- Set apart by (or for) God, holy, sacred. From hagos; sacred.">holy</a> <a href="/greek/2532.htm" title="2532: kai (Conj) -- And, even, also, namely. ">and</a> <a href="/greek/228.htm" title="228: alēthinos (Adj-VMS) -- True (lit: made of truth), real, genuine. From alethes; truthful.">true,</a> <a href="/greek/2193.htm" title="2193: Heōs (Prep) -- A conjunction, preposition and adverb of continuance, until.">until</a> <a href="/greek/1556.htm" title="1556: ekdikeis (V-PIA-2S) -- To give justice over, defend, avenge, vindicate. From ekdikos; to vindicate, retaliate, punish.">You avenge</a> <a href="/greek/1473.htm" title="1473: hēmōn (PPro-G1P) -- I, the first-person pronoun. A primary pronoun of the first person I.">our</a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: to (Art-ANS) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the."></a> <a href="/greek/129.htm" title="129: haima (N-ANS) -- Blood, literally, figuratively or specially; by implication, bloodshed, also kindred.">blood</a> <a href="/greek/2532.htm" title="2532: kai (Conj) -- And, even, also, namely. ">and</a> <a href="/greek/3756.htm" title="3756: ou (Adv) -- No, not. Also ouk, and ouch a primary word; the absolute negative adverb; no or not."></a> <a href="/greek/2919.htm" title="2919: krineis (V-PIA-2S) -- Properly, to distinguish, i.e. Decide; by implication, to try, condemn, punish.">judge</a> <a href="/greek/1537.htm" title="1537: ek (Prep) -- From out, out from among, from, suggesting from the interior outwards. A primary preposition denoting origin, from, out."></a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: tōn (Art-GMP) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.">those who</a> <a href="/greek/2730.htm" title="2730: katoikountōn (V-PPA-GMP) -- To dwell in, settle in, be established in (permanently), inhabit. From kata and oikeo; to house permanently, i.e. Reside.">dwell</a> <a href="/greek/1909.htm" title="1909: epi (Prep) -- On, to, against, on the basis of, at. ">upon</a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: tēs (Art-GFS) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.">the</a> <a href="/greek/1093.htm" title="1093: gēs (N-GFS) -- Contracted from a primary word; soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe.">earth?”</a> </span> <span class="reftext">11</span>Then each of them was given a white robe and told to rest a little while longer, until the full number of their fellow servants, their brothers, were killed, just as they had been killed.…<div class="cred"><a href="//berean.bible">Berean Standard Bible</a> · <a href="//berean.bible/downloads.htm">Download</a></div><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a name="crossref" id="crossref"></a><div class="vheading">Cross References</div><div id="crf"><span class="crossverse"><a href="/genesis/4-10.htm">Genesis 4:10</a></span><br />“What have you done?” replied the LORD. “The voice of your brother’s blood cries out to Me from the ground.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/luke/18-7.htm">Luke 18:7-8</a></span><br />Will not God bring about justice for His elect who cry out to Him day and night? Will He delay in helping them? / I tell you, He will promptly carry out justice on their behalf. Nevertheless, when the Son of Man comes, will He find faith on earth?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/psalms/79-10.htm">Psalm 79:10</a></span><br />Why should the nations ask, “Where is their God?” Before our eyes, make known among the nations Your vengeance for the bloodshed of Your servants.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/psalms/94-3.htm">Psalm 94:3-4</a></span><br />How long will the wicked, O LORD, how long will the wicked exult? / They pour out arrogant words; all workers of iniquity boast.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/zechariah/1-12.htm">Zechariah 1:12</a></span><br />Then the angel of the LORD said, “How long, O LORD of Hosts, will You withhold mercy from Jerusalem and the cities of Judah, with which You have been angry these seventy years?”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/habakkuk/1-2.htm">Habakkuk 1:2-3</a></span><br />How long, O LORD, must I call for help but You do not hear, or cry out to You, “Violence!” but You do not save? / Why do You make me see iniquity? Why do You tolerate wrongdoing? Destruction and violence are before me. Strife is ongoing, and conflict abounds.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/deuteronomy/32-43.htm">Deuteronomy 32:43</a></span><br />Rejoice, O heavens, with Him, and let all God’s angels worship Him. Rejoice, O nations, with His people; for He will avenge the blood of His children. He will take vengeance on His adversaries and repay those who hate Him; He will cleanse His land and His people.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/2_kings/9-7.htm">2 Kings 9:7</a></span><br />And you are to strike down the house of your master Ahab, so that I may avenge the blood of My servants the prophets and the blood of all the servants of the LORD shed by the hand of Jezebel.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/isaiah/26-21.htm">Isaiah 26:21</a></span><br />For behold, the LORD is coming out of His dwelling to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity. The earth will reveal her bloodshed and will no longer conceal her slain.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/jeremiah/51-35.htm">Jeremiah 51:35-36</a></span><br />May the violence done to me and to my flesh be upon Babylon,” says the dweller of Zion. “May my blood be on the dwellers of Chaldea,” says Jerusalem. / Therefore this is what the LORD says: “Behold, I will plead your case and take vengeance on your behalf; I will dry up her sea and make her springs run dry.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/matthew/23-35.htm">Matthew 23:35</a></span><br />And so upon you will come all the righteous blood shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar.<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/romans/12-19.htm">Romans 12:19</a></span><br />Do not avenge yourselves, beloved, but leave room for God’s wrath. For it is written: “Vengeance is Mine; I will repay, says the Lord.”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/hebrews/10-30.htm">Hebrews 10:30</a></span><br />For we know Him who said, “Vengeance is Mine; I will repay,” and again, “The Lord will judge His people.”<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/2_thessalonians/1-6.htm">2 Thessalonians 1:6-7</a></span><br />After all, it is only right for God to repay with affliction those who afflict you, / and to grant relief to you who are oppressed and to us as well. This will take place when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with His mighty angels<span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="crossverse"><a href="/luke/11-50.htm">Luke 11:50-51</a></span><br />As a result, this generation will be charged with the blood of all the prophets that has been shed since the foundation of the world, / from the blood of Abel to the blood of Zechariah, who was killed between the altar and the sanctuary. Yes, I tell you, all of it will be charged to this generation.</div><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a name="tsk" id="tsk"><div class="vheading">Treasury of Scripture</div><p class="tsk2">And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, do you not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?</p><p class="hdg">they cried.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/genesis/4-10.htm">Genesis 4:10</a></b></br> And he said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/psalms/9-12.htm">Psalm 9:12</a></b></br> When he maketh inquisition for blood, he remembereth them: he forgetteth not the cry of the humble.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/luke/18-7.htm">Luke 18:7,8</a></b></br> And shall not God avenge his own elect, which cry day and night unto him, though he bear long with them? … </p><p class="hdg">How.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/psalms/13-1.htm">Psalm 13:1</a></b></br> To the chief Musician, A Psalm of David. How long wilt thou forget me, O LORD? for ever? how long wilt thou hide thy face from me?</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/psalms/35-17.htm">Psalm 35:17</a></b></br> Lord, how long wilt thou look on? rescue my soul from their destructions, my darling from the lions.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/psalms/74-9.htm">Psalm 74:9,10</a></b></br> We see not our signs: <i>there is</i> no more any prophet: neither <i>is there</i> among us any that knoweth how long… </p><p class="hdg">holy.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/revelation/3-7.htm">Revelation 3:7</a></b></br> And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things saith he that is holy, he that is true, he that hath the key of David, he that openeth, and no man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man openeth;</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/revelation/15-3.htm">Revelation 15:3,4</a></b></br> And they sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, saying, Great and marvellous <i>are</i> thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true <i>are</i> thy ways, thou King of saints… </p><p class="hdg">dost.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/revelation/11-18.htm">Revelation 11:18</a></b></br> And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which destroy the earth.</p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/revelation/16-5.htm">Revelation 16:5-7</a></b></br> And I heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Lord, which art, and wast, and shalt be, because thou hast judged thus… </p><p class="tskverse"><b><a href="/revelation/18-20.htm">Revelation 18:20,24</a></b></br> Rejoice over her, <i>thou</i> heaven, and <i>ye</i> holy apostles and prophets; for God hath avenged you on her… </p><p class="hdg">avenge.</p><div class="vheading">Jump to Previous</div><a href="/hebrews/10-30.htm">Avenge</a> <a href="/revelation/5-9.htm">Blood</a> <a href="/acts/24-21.htm">Cried</a> <a href="/james/5-9.htm">Cry</a> <a href="/2_peter/3-9.htm">Delay</a> <a href="/revelation/3-10.htm">Dwell</a> <a href="/revelation/6-8.htm">Earth</a> <a href="/revelation/4-11.htm">Holy</a> <a href="/acts/19-10.htm">Inhabitants</a> <a href="/jude/1-15.htm">Judge</a> <a href="/jude/1-22.htm">Judging</a> <a href="/jude/1-15.htm">Judgment</a> <a href="/revelation/5-12.htm">Loud</a> <a href="/jude/1-4.htm">Master</a> <a href="/revelation/3-19.htm">Punishment</a> <a href="/1_peter/3-10.htm">Refrain</a> <a href="/revelation/4-8.htm">Ruler</a> <a href="/jude/1-4.htm">Sovereign</a> <a href="/revelation/3-14.htm">True.</a> <a href="/1_peter/2-14.htm">Vengeance</a> <a href="/revelation/6-7.htm">Voice</a> <a href="/revelation/5-12.htm">Voices</a> <a href="/3_john/1-6.htm">Wilt</a><div class="vheading2">Jump to Next</div><a href="/leviticus/19-18.htm">Avenge</a> <a href="/revelation/6-12.htm">Blood</a> <a href="/revelation/7-2.htm">Cried</a> <a href="/revelation/7-10.htm">Cry</a> <a href="/revelation/10-6.htm">Delay</a> <a href="/revelation/7-15.htm">Dwell</a> <a href="/revelation/6-13.htm">Earth</a> <a href="/revelation/11-2.htm">Holy</a> <a href="/revelation/8-13.htm">Inhabitants</a> <a href="/revelation/16-5.htm">Judge</a> <a href="/revelation/14-7.htm">Judging</a> <a href="/revelation/14-7.htm">Judgment</a> <a href="/revelation/7-2.htm">Loud</a> <a href="/genesis/3-16.htm">Master</a> <a href="/revelation/17-1.htm">Punishment</a> <a href="/genesis/45-1.htm">Refrain</a> <a href="/revelation/11-17.htm">Ruler</a> <a href="/genesis/15-2.htm">Sovereign</a> <a href="/revelation/15-3.htm">True.</a> <a href="/revelation/16-5.htm">Vengeance</a> <a href="/revelation/7-2.htm">Voice</a> <a href="/revelation/7-10.htm">Voices</a> <a href="/revelation/16-5.htm">Wilt</a><div class="vheading2">Revelation 6</div><span class="reftext">1. </span><span class="outlinetext"><a href="/revelation/6-1.htm">The First Seal: Rider on White Horse</a></span><br><span class="reftext">3. </span><span class="outlinetext"><a href="/revelation/6-3.htm">The Second Seal: War</a></span><br><span class="reftext">5. </span><span class="outlinetext"><a href="/revelation/6-5.htm">The Third Seal: Famine</a></span><br><span class="reftext">7. </span><span class="outlinetext"><a href="/revelation/6-7.htm">The Fourth Seal: Death</a></span><br><span class="reftext">9. </span><span class="outlinetext"><a href="/revelation/6-9.htm">The Fifth Seal: Martyrs</a></span><br><span class="reftext">12. </span><span class="outlinetext"><a href="/revelation/6-12.htm">The Sixth Seal: Terror</a></span><br></div></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script> <script id="b817b7107f1d4a7997da1b3c33457e03"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=cb0edd8b-b416-47eb-8c6d-3cc96561f7e8&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script><br /><br /> <!-- /1078254/BH-728x90-ATF --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-2'> </div><br /><br /> <!-- /1078254/BH-300x250-ATF --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-0' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div><br /><br /> <!-- /1078254/BH-728x90-BTF --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-3'> </div><br /><br /> <!-- /1078254/BH-300x250-BTF --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-1' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div><br /><br /> <!-- /1078254/BH-728x90-BTF2 --> <div align="center" id='div-gpt-ad-1531425649696-0'> </div><br /><br /> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:200px;height:200px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3753401421161123" data-ad-slot="3592799687"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <br /><br /> </div> </td></tr></table></div></div></div><div id="combox"><div class="padcom"><a name="study" id="study"></a><div class="vheading"><table width="100%"><tr><td width="99%" valign="top"><a href="/study/revelation/6.htm">Study Bible</a></td><td width="1%" valign="top"><a href="/study/revelation/" title="Book Summary and Study">Book ◦</a> <a href="/study/chapters/revelation/6.htm" title="Chapter summary and Study">Chapter </a></tr></table></div><b>And they cried out in a loud voice</b><br>This phrase indicates a collective and urgent plea, emphasizing the intensity and desperation of the souls under the altar. The loud voice signifies the importance and urgency of their request. In biblical context, crying out often denotes a call for divine intervention or justice, as seen in the Psalms where the righteous cry out to God for help.<p><b>“How long, O Lord, holy and true,</b><br>The question "How long" is a common biblical lament, expressing a deep yearning for God's justice and intervention, as seen in <a href="/habakkuk/1-2.htm">Habakkuk 1:2</a> and <a href="/psalms/13.htm">Psalm 13:1</a>. The address "O Lord, holy and true" acknowledges God's character, affirming His righteousness and faithfulness. This reflects the belief that God, being holy and true, will ultimately act justly and fulfill His promises.<p><b>until You judge those who dwell upon the earth</b><br>This phrase refers to the anticipation of divine judgment upon the earth's inhabitants, often associated with those who oppose God and His people. The concept of divine judgment is a recurring theme in Revelation, where God is depicted as the ultimate judge who will bring justice to the world. This connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's judgment against sin and evil, as seen in passages like <a href="/isaiah/26-21.htm">Isaiah 26:21</a>.<p><b>and avenge our blood?”</b><br>The plea for vengeance is rooted in the biblical principle of divine retribution, where God is seen as the avenger of innocent blood, as stated in <a href="/deuteronomy/32-43.htm">Deuteronomy 32:43</a>. This reflects the belief that God will vindicate His people and punish those who have wronged them. The cry for vengeance is not personal revenge but a call for God's righteous justice, aligning with the biblical theme of God as the ultimate judge who will right all wrongs.<div class="vheading2">Persons / Places / Events</div>1. <b><a href="/topical/s/souls_under_the_altar.htm">Souls under the Altar</a></b><br>These are the martyrs who have been slain for their testimony and faithfulness to God's word. They are depicted as being under the altar in heaven, symbolizing their sacrifice and the shedding of their blood.<br><br>2. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_altar.htm">The Altar</a></b><br>This is a heavenly altar, reminiscent of the altar of sacrifice in the Old Testament tabernacle and temple, where sacrifices were made to God. It signifies the place where the lives of the martyrs are offered as a sacrifice.<br><br>3. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_sovereign_lord.htm">The Sovereign Lord</a></b><br>The martyrs address God as the "Sovereign Lord," acknowledging His ultimate authority and control over all events, including their persecution and eventual vindication.<br><br>4. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_earth_dwellers.htm">The Earth Dwellers</a></b><br>These are the people on earth who are responsible for the persecution and martyrdom of the faithful. They are often depicted in Revelation as those who oppose God and His people.<br><br>5. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_cry_for_justice.htm">The Cry for Justice</a></b><br>The martyrs cry out for God to judge and avenge their blood, highlighting the theme of divine justice and the eventual righting of wrongs.<div class="vheading2">Teaching Points</div><b><a href="/topical/t/the_reality_of_persecution.htm">The Reality of Persecution</a></b><br>Christians should be aware that persecution is a reality for many believers around the world. We are called to stand firm in our faith, even in the face of opposition.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/g/god's_sovereignty_and_justice.htm">God's Sovereignty and Justice</a></b><br>Trust in God's ultimate justice and sovereignty. Though we may not see immediate justice, God is in control and will right all wrongs in His perfect timing.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/t/the_power_of_prayer.htm">The Power of Prayer</a></b><br>The martyrs' cry is a form of prayer, showing us the importance of bringing our pleas for justice and deliverance before God.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/t/the_hope_of_vindication.htm">The Hope of Vindication</a></b><br>Believers can find hope in the promise that God will vindicate His people. This assurance should encourage us to remain faithful and steadfast.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/l/living_sacrificially.htm">Living Sacrificially</a></b><br>The imagery of the altar reminds us of the call to live sacrificially, offering our lives as a living sacrifice to God, as Paul exhorts in Romans.<div class="vheading2">Lists and Questions</div><a href="/top10/lessons_from_revelation_6.htm">Top 10 Lessons from Revelation 6</a><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a href="/q/what_does_the_bible_say_on_martyrs.htm">What does the Bible say about Christian martyrs?</a><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a href="/q/what_are_the_seven_bowls_of_revelation.htm">What are the Seven Bowls of Revelation?</a><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a href="/q/are_the_dead_aware_of_events_on_earth.htm">Are the dead aware of events on earth?</a><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a href="/q/what_is_time_like_in_heaven.htm">What does the Bible say about time in Heaven?</a><a name="commentary" id="commentary"></a><div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/ellicott/revelation/6.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a></div>(10) <span class= "bld">How long . . .?--</span>Better. <span class= "ital">Until when. O Master </span>(the word is the correlative of "servant," see <a href="/revelation/6-10.htm" title="And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, do you not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?">Revelation 6:10</a>) <span class= "ital">the Holy and True, dost Thou not judge and avenge our blood from</span> (on) <span class= "ital">those who dwell on the earth?</span> By a dramatic figure the persecuted and slain ones are represented as crying for retribution on their oppressors. It is not the Christians themselves (<a href="/luke/23-34.htm" title="Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. And they parted his raiment, and cast lots.">Luke 23:34</a>; and <a href="/acts/7-60.htm" title="And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.">Acts 7:60</a>) who cry for vengeance, any more than it was Abel himself who cried from the ground to God: it was the blood of Abel (<a href="/genesis/4-10.htm" title="And he said, What have you done? the voice of your brother's blood cries to me from the ground.">Genesis 4:10</a>), the earth disclosed her blood, and refused to cover her slain. The forgotten or ignored wrongs of generations come forth from oblivion and cry for vengeance. It is a poetical description, but it is not fiction. The righteous blood shed does fall upon the world in retribution: the laws of God avenge themselves, though the victims do not live to behold the reward of the ungodly. On the epithets <span class= "ital">Holy</span> and <span class= "ital">True,</span> see Notes on <a href="/revelation/3-7.htm" title="And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things said he that is holy, he that is true, he that has the key of David, he that opens, and no man shuts; and shuts, and no man opens;">Revelation 3:7</a>.<p><div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/pulpit/revelation/6.htm">Pulpit Commentary</a></div><span class="cmt_sub_title">Verse 10.</span> - <span class="cmt_word">And they cried with a loud voice, saying;</span> <span class="accented">i.e. the souls cried.</span> Ebrard, Dusterdieck, Hengstenberg, make "the slain" nominative, in contradistinction to the "souls," which is both <span class="accented">unnecessary</span> and unnatural. Zullig compares <a href="/genesis/4-10.htm">Genesis 4:10</a>, "The voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground." How long? (comp. <a href="/zechariah/1-12.htm">Zechariah 1:12, 13</a>, "How long wilt thou not have mercy on Jerusalem? And the Lord answered with good words and comfortable words"). No doubt the souls waiting in Paradise are answered by "comfortable words," yet, not having lost their interest in earthly struggles, nor their longing for the triumphant vindication of God's glory, they cry, "How long?," not as needing the time to be shortened for their own sakes, for <span class="accented">they rest</span>, though not yet entered into the fulness of God's glory. O Lord, holy and true; <span class="accented">O</span> <span class="accented">Master, the holy and true</span> (Revised Version). "Master" (<span class="greek">δεσπότης</span>) is the correlative of "servant" (<span class="greek">δοῦλος</span>). This is the only instance of its occurrence in the Apocalypse. (On "true," see previous passages.) Deal thou not judge and avenge our blood. The cry is not a petition for personal revenge, but a request for the termination of those ills which for a time afflict man, and the termination of which must, by virtue of God's eternal justice, be accompanied by visible retribution on the wicked. (Cf. Bede, "Those souls which offered themselves a living sacrifice to God pray eternally for his coming to judgment, not from any vindictive feeling against their enemies, but in a spirit of zeal and love for God's glory and justice, mid for the coming of that day when sin, which is rebellion against him, will be destroyed, and their own bodies will be raised. And so in that prayer wherein Christ teaches us to forgive our enemies, we are also taught to <span class="accented">say</span>, 'Thy kingdom come.'") The passage has given rise to varying interpretations, which are thought to be more consonant with the spirit of the gospel. Thus I. Williams would understand the souls to represent only the Old Testament saints, especially as it is not explicitly said that they died for the witness of Jesus, as in <a href="/revelation/20-4.htm">Revelation 20:4</a>. On them that dwell on the earth. That is, on the worldly, those who have taken the side of the world in its conflict with Christianity. <span class="p"><br /><br /></span><span class="versiontext"><a href="/commentaries/revelation/6-10.htm">Parallel Commentaries ...</a></span><span class="p"><br /><br /><br /></span><a name="lexicon" id="lexicon"></a><div class="vheading">Greek</div><span class="word">And</span><br /><span class="grk">καὶ</span> <span class="translit">(kai)</span><br /><span class="parse">Conjunction<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_2532.htm">Strong's 2532: </a> </span><span class="str2">And, even, also, namely. </span><br /><br /><span class="word">they cried out</span><br /><span class="grk">ἔκραξαν</span> <span class="translit">(ekraxan)</span><br /><span class="parse">Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_2896.htm">Strong's 2896: </a> </span><span class="str2">To cry aloud, shriek. A primary verb; properly, to 'croak' or scream, i.e. to call aloud.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">in a loud voice,</span><br /><span class="grk">φωνῇ</span> <span class="translit">(phōnē)</span><br /><span class="parse">Noun - Dative Feminine Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_5456.htm">Strong's 5456: </a> </span><span class="str2">Probably akin to phaino through the idea of disclosure; a tone; by implication, an address, saying or language.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">“How long,</span><br /><span class="grk">πότε</span> <span class="translit">(pote)</span><br /><span class="parse">Conjunction<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_4219.htm">Strong's 4219: </a> </span><span class="str2">When, at what time. From the base of pou and te; interrogative adverb, at what time.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">O</span><br /><span class="grk">ὁ</span> <span class="translit">(ho)</span><br /><span class="parse">Article - Vocative Masculine Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_3588.htm">Strong's 3588: </a> </span><span class="str2">The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">Lord,</span><br /><span class="grk">Δεσπότης</span> <span class="translit">(Despotēs)</span><br /><span class="parse">Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_1203.htm">Strong's 1203: </a> </span><span class="str2">A lord, master, or prince. Perhaps from deo and posis; an absolute ruler.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">holy</span><br /><span class="grk">ἅγιος</span> <span class="translit">(hagios)</span><br /><span class="parse">Adjective - Vocative Masculine Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_40.htm">Strong's 40: </a> </span><span class="str2">Set apart by (or for) God, holy, sacred. From hagos; sacred.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">and</span><br /><span class="grk">καὶ</span> <span class="translit">(kai)</span><br /><span class="parse">Conjunction<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_2532.htm">Strong's 2532: </a> </span><span class="str2">And, even, also, namely. </span><br /><br /><span class="word">true,</span><br /><span class="grk">ἀληθινός</span> <span class="translit">(alēthinos)</span><br /><span class="parse">Adjective - Vocative Masculine Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_228.htm">Strong's 228: </a> </span><span class="str2">True (lit: made of truth), real, genuine. From alethes; truthful.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">until</span><br /><span class="grk">Ἕως</span> <span class="translit">(Heōs)</span><br /><span class="parse">Preposition<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_2193.htm">Strong's 2193: </a> </span><span class="str2">A conjunction, preposition and adverb of continuance, until.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">You judge</span><br /><span class="grk">κρίνεις</span> <span class="translit">(krineis)</span><br /><span class="parse">Verb - Present Indicative Active - 2nd Person Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_2919.htm">Strong's 2919: </a> </span><span class="str2">Properly, to distinguish, i.e. Decide; by implication, to try, condemn, punish.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">those who</span><br /><span class="grk">τῶν</span> <span class="translit">(tōn)</span><br /><span class="parse">Article - Genitive Masculine Plural<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_3588.htm">Strong's 3588: </a> </span><span class="str2">The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">live</span><br /><span class="grk">κατοικούντων</span> <span class="translit">(katoikountōn)</span><br /><span class="parse">Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Plural<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_2730.htm">Strong's 2730: </a> </span><span class="str2">To dwell in, settle in, be established in (permanently), inhabit. From kata and oikeo; to house permanently, i.e. Reside.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">on</span><br /><span class="grk">ἐπὶ</span> <span class="translit">(epi)</span><br /><span class="parse">Preposition<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_1909.htm">Strong's 1909: </a> </span><span class="str2">On, to, against, on the basis of, at. </span><br /><br /><span class="word">the</span><br /><span class="grk">τῆς</span> <span class="translit">(tēs)</span><br /><span class="parse">Article - Genitive Feminine Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_3588.htm">Strong's 3588: </a> </span><span class="str2">The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">earth</span><br /><span class="grk">γῆς</span> <span class="translit">(gēs)</span><br /><span class="parse">Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_1093.htm">Strong's 1093: </a> </span><span class="str2">Contracted from a primary word; soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">and</span><br /><span class="grk">καὶ</span> <span class="translit">(kai)</span><br /><span class="parse">Conjunction<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_2532.htm">Strong's 2532: </a> </span><span class="str2">And, even, also, namely. </span><br /><br /><span class="word">avenge</span><br /><span class="grk">ἐκδικεῖς</span> <span class="translit">(ekdikeis)</span><br /><span class="parse">Verb - Present Indicative Active - 2nd Person Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_1556.htm">Strong's 1556: </a> </span><span class="str2">To give justice over, defend, avenge, vindicate. From ekdikos; to vindicate, retaliate, punish.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">our</span><br /><span class="grk">ἡμῶν</span> <span class="translit">(hēmōn)</span><br /><span class="parse">Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Plural<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_1473.htm">Strong's 1473: </a> </span><span class="str2">I, the first-person pronoun. A primary pronoun of the first person I.</span><br /><br /><span class="word">blood?”</span><br /><span class="grk">αἷμα</span> <span class="translit">(haima)</span><br /><span class="parse">Noun - Accusative Neuter Singular<br /></span><span class="str"><a href="/greek/strongs_129.htm">Strong's 129: </a> </span><span class="str2">Blood, literally, figuratively or specially; by implication, bloodshed, also kindred.</span><br /><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><div class="vheading">Links</div><a href="/niv/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 NIV</a><br /><a href="/nlt/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 NLT</a><br /><a href="/esv/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 ESV</a><br /><a href="/nasb/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 NASB</a><br /><a href="/kjv/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 KJV</a><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a href="//bibleapps.com/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 BibleApps.com</a><br /><a href="//bibliaparalela.com/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 Biblia Paralela</a><br /><a href="//holybible.com.cn/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 Chinese Bible</a><br /><a href="//saintebible.com/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 French Bible</a><br /><a href="/catholic/revelation/6-10.htm">Revelation 6:10 Catholic Bible</a><span class="p"><br /><br /></span><a href="/revelation/6-10.htm">NT Prophecy: Revelation 6:10 They cried with a loud voice saying (Rev. Re Apocalypse)</a></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="left"><a href="/revelation/6-9.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="Revelation 6:9"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="Revelation 6:9" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/revelation/6-11.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="Revelation 6:11"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="Revelation 6:11" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="bot"><iframe width="100%" height="1500" scrolling="no" src="/botmenubhnew2.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></td></tr></table></div></body></html>