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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elam (disambiguation)">Elam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Elam (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːləm/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, stretching from the lowlands of what is now <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam Province">Ilam Province</a> as well as a small part of southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The modern name Elam stems from the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> transliteration elam(a), along with the later <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> elamtu, and the <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, Elam was also known as <a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsuːʒiˈænə/</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsuːziˈɑːnə/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Σουσιανή Sousiānḗ), a name derived from its capital <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Elam Haltamti 𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>3200–539 BC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_Map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/250px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/330px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/500px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="480"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map showing the area of the Elamite Empire (in orange) and the neighboring areas. The approximate <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> extension of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> is shown.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Elamites, Susiana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elam&params=29_54_N_52_24_E_source:fiwiki_type:country">29°54′N 52°24′E / 29.900°N 52.400°E / 29.900; 52.400</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Iranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic">Iranic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">3200–539 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Elam was part of the early <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">urbanization of the Near East</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> history, where slightly earlier records have been found.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> In the Old Elamite period (<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Its culture played a crucial role during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a> that succeeded Elam, when the <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite language</a> remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> or unrelated to any other languages. According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._Potts" title="Daniel T. Potts">Daniel T. Potts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hinz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Hinz (page does not exist)">Walther Hinz</a> was less cautious in suggesting that the Elamites were <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">‘Proto-Lurs’</a> — that is, ancestors of the inhabitants of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lurestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurestan">Lurestan</a> in western Iran.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Proto-Elamite_(c._3200_%E2%80%93_c._2700_BC)">3.1 Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_%E2%80%93_c._1500_BC)">3.2 Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Awan_dynasty">3.2.1 Awan dynasty</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Shimashki_dynasty">3.2.2 Shimashki dynasty</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sukkalmah_dynasty">3.2.3 Sukkalmah dynasty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Trade_with_the_Indus_Valley_civilization">3.3 Trade with the Indus Valley civilization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500_%E2%80%93_c._1100_BC)">3.4 Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Anshan_and_Susa">3.4.1 Anshan and Susa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Kassite_invasions">3.4.2 Kassite invasions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Elamite_Empire">3.4.3 Elamite Empire</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100_%E2%80%93_540_BC)">3.5 Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100 – 540 BC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Neo-Elamite_I_(c._1100_%E2%80%93_c._770_BC)">3.5.1 Neo-Elamite I (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Neo-Elamite_II_(c._770_%E2%80%93_646_BC)">3.5.2 Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Neo-Elamite_III_(646%E2%80%93539_BC)">3.5.3 Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Elymais_(187_BC_%E2%80%93_224_AD)">3.6 Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Art">4 Art</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Statuettes">4.1 Statuettes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Seals">4.2 Seals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Statue_of_Queen_Napir-Asu">4.3 Statue of Queen Napir-Asu</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Stele_of_Untash_Napirisha">4.4 Stele of Untash Napirisha</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Religion">5 Religion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#List_of_Elamite_gods">5.1 List of Elamite gods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Language">6 Language</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Suggested_relations_to_other_language_families">6.1 Suggested relations to other language families</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Legacy">7 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sources">11 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Elamite language <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> of Elam as a country appears to have been Hatamti (<a href="/wiki/File:Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/120px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 26px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/120px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="26" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/250px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> in <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020a-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020b-11">[10]</a> or Haltamti (<a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Cuneiform Elamite</a>: 𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 halatamti).<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">Exonyms</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> names ELAM.MAki𒉏𒈠𒆠 and ELAM, the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> Elamû (masculine/neuter) and Elamītu (feminine) meant "resident of Susiana, Elamite".<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The Sumerian term elam also referred to the highlands.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In prehistory, Elam was centered primarily in modern <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestān</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam Province">Ilam</a>. The name Khuzestān is derived ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: 𐎢𐎺𐎩 (hūja) meaning Susa/Elam.<a href="#cite_note-Kent_1953_53-15">[14]</a> This became <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: 𐭧𐭥𐭰 (hūz) "Susiana", and in modern <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: خوز (xuz), compounded with the toponymic suffix <a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stån</a> "place". </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif/260px-Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1035"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 198px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif/260px-Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif" data-width="260" data-height="198" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif/390px-Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif/520px-Pre-Achaemenid_Era.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Timeline of Elam.</figcaption></figure> In geographical terms, Susiana basically represents the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> around the river <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a>. In ancient times, several names were used to describe this area. The ancient geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> was the earliest to call the area Susiana, referring to the country around Susa. Another ancient geographer, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, viewed Elam and Susiana as two different geographic regions. He referred to Elam ("land of the Elymaei") as primarily the highland area of Khuzestan.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16">[15]</a> Disagreements over the location also exist in the Jewish historical sources says Daniel T. Potts. Some ancient sources draw a distinction between Elam as the highland area of Khuzestan, and Susiana as the lowland area. Yet in other ancient sources 'Elam' and 'Susiana' seem equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16">[15]</a> The uncertainty in this area extends also to modern scholarship. Since the discovery of ancient <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, and the realization of its great importance in Elamite history, the definitions were changed again. Some modern scholars<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> argued that the center of Elam lay at Anshan and in the highlands around it, and not at Susa in lowland Khuzistan. Potts disagrees suggesting that the term 'Elam' was primarily constructed by the Mesopotamians to describe the area in general terms, without referring specifically either to the lowlanders or the highlanders, <blockquote>Elam is not an Iranian term and has no relationship to the conception which the peoples of highland Iran had of themselves. They were Anshanites, Marhashians, Shimashkians, Zabshalians, Sherihumians, Awanites, etc. That Anshan played a leading role in the political affairs of the various highland groups inhabiting southwestern Iran is clear. But to argue that Anshan is coterminous with Elam is to misunderstand the artificiality and indeed the alienness of Elam as a construct imposed from without on the peoples of the southwestern highlands of the Zagros mountain range, the coast of Fars and the alluvial plain drained by the Karun-Karkheh river system.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Prehistorically the area was well settled during the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> and shared many aspects of Ubaid cultures. Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>) sources. The history of Elam is conventionally divided into three periods, spanning more than two millennia. The period before the first Elamite period is known as the proto-Elamite period: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a>: c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC (Proto-Elamite script in Susa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Elamite_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Elamite period">Old Elamite period</a>: c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC (earliest documents until the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkalmah Dynasty">Sukkalmah Dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Elamite_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Elamite period (page does not exist)">Middle Elamite period</a>: c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC (Anzanite dynasty until the Babylonian invasion of Susa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Elamite_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Elamite period">Neo-Elamite period</a>: c. 1100 – 540 BC (characterized by Assyrian and Median influence. 539 BC marks the beginning of the Achaemenid period.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Elamite_(c._3200_–_c._2700_BC)">Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/250px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 249px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/250px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="249" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/330px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/340px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kneeling_Bull_with_Vessel" title="Kneeling Bull with Vessel">Kneeling Bull with Vessel</a>. Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel, Proto-Elamite period, (3100–2900 BC)<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> Proto-Elamite civilization grew up east of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> alluvial plains; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east. At least three proto-Elamite states merged to form Elam: <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_dynasty" title="Shimashki dynasty">Shimashki</a>. References to Awan are generally older than those to Anshan, and some scholars suggest that both states encompassed the same territory, in different eras (see Hanson, Encyclopædia Iranica). To this core <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Shushiana</a> was periodically annexed and broken off. In addition, some Proto-Elamite sites are found well outside this area, spread out on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>; such as <a href="/wiki/Warakshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Warakshe">Warakshe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sialk">Sialk</a> (now a suburb of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jiroft" title="Jiroft">Jiroft</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman Province</a>. The state of Elam was formed from these lesser states as a response to invasion from Sumer during the Old Elamite period. Elamite strength was based on an ability to hold these various areas together under a coordinated government that permitted the maximum interchange of the natural resources unique to each region. Traditionally, this was done through a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federated</a> governmental structure. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/250px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 111px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/250px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="111" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/500px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Proto-Elamite (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> III) cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 6166</figcaption></figure> The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 4000 BC in the watershed of the river <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a>. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation. During its early history, it fluctuated between submission to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> and Elamite power. The earliest levels (22–17 in the excavations conducted by Le Brun, 1978) exhibit pottery that has no equivalent in Mesopotamia, but for the succeeding period, the excavated material allows identification with the culture of Sumer of the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> influence from Mesopotamia in Susa becomes visible from about 3200 BC, and texts in the still undeciphered Proto-Elamite writing system continue to be present until about 2700 BC. The Proto-Elamite period ends with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a>. The earliest known historical figure connected with Elam is the king <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> (c. 2650 BC?), who subdued it, according to the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian king list">Sumerian king list</a>. Elamite history can only be traced from records dating to beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (2335–2154 BC) onwards. The Proto-Elamite states in <a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Zabol</a> (not universally accepted), present a special case because of their great antiquity. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a>, bronze-making tradition goes back to the mid-3rd millennium BC, and has many Elamite connections. Bronze objects from several cemeteries in the region date to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)</a> I, and to <a href="/wiki/Ur-III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur-III">Ur-III</a> period c. 2900–2000 BC. These excavations include Kalleh Nisar, <a href="/wiki/Bani_Surmah" title="Bani Surmah">Bani Surmah</a>, Chigha Sabz, Kamtarlan, Sardant, and Gulal-i Galbi.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_–_c._1500_BC)">Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elam1.png/330px-Elam1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 263px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elam1.png/330px-Elam1.png" data-width="330" data-height="263" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elam1.png/500px-Elam1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Elam1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Polities during the Old Elamite period, and northern tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a> and Hurti.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/250px-Elam_cool.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 296px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/250px-Elam_cool.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="296" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/330px-Elam_cool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/340px-Elam_cool.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Silver cup with linear-Elamite inscription on it. Late 3rd millennium BC. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a> (or Avan; c. 2400 – c. 2100 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Simashki</a> (c. 2100 – c. 1970 BC), are known from a list from Susa dating to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a>. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>; and likewise, several of the stronger <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugal-anne-mundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-anne-mundu">Lugal-anne-mundu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a>, are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Awan_dynasty">Awan dynasty</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awan dynasty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg/250px-Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="2740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 340px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg/250px-Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="340" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg/330px-Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg/500px-Cubist_orant_Louvre_Sb77.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Orant figure, Susa IV, 2700–2340 BC.</figcaption></figure> The Awan dynasty (2350–2150 BC)<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> was partly contemporary with that of the Mesopotamian emperor <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, who not only defeated the Awan king <a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> and subjected <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, but attempted to make the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> the official language there. From this time, Mesopotamian sources concerning Elam become more frequent, since the Mesopotamians had developed an interest in resources (such as wood, stone, and metal) from the Iranian plateau, and military expeditions to the area became more common. With the collapse of Akkad under Sargon's great-great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Shar-kali-sharri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shar-kali-sharri">Shar-kali-sharri</a>, Elam declared independence under the last Awan king, <a href="/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutik-Inshushinak">Kutik-Inshushinak</a> (c. 2240 – c. 2220 BC), and threw off the Akkadian language, promoting in its place the brief <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a> script. Kutik-Inshushinnak conquered Susa and Anshan, and seems to have achieved some sort of political unity. Following his reign, the Awan dynasty collapsed as Elam was temporarily overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Guti_(Mesopotamia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guti (Mesopotamia)">Guti</a>, another pre-Iranic people from what is now north west Iran who also spoke a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shimashki_dynasty">Shimashki dynasty</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shimashki dynasty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a></div> About a century later, the Sumerian king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sumerian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Sumerian Empire">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a> retook the city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and the surrounding region. During the first part of the rule of the Simashki dynasty, Elam was under intermittent attack from the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a> from northwestern Iran, alternating with periods of peace and diplomatic approaches. The Elamite state of Simashki at this time also extended into northern Iran, and possibly even as far as the Caspian Sea. <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> of Ur gave one of his daughters in marriage to a prince of <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>. But the power of the Sumerians was waning; <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> in the 21st century did not manage to penetrate far into Elam, and in 2004 BC, the Elamites, allied with the people of Susa and led by king <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a>, the sixth king of Simashki, managed to sack <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and lead <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> into captivity, ending the <a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">third dynasty of Ur</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to Ur, managed to drive the Elamites out of Ur, rebuild the city, and to return the statue of <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a> that the Elamites had plundered. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sukkalmah_dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sukkalmah dynasty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg/330px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="1060"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 142px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg/330px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="142" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg/500px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg/960px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Seal impression of King Ebarat (𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkalmah Dynasty">Sukkalmah Dynasty</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Epartid" class="mw-redirect" title="Epartid">Epartid</a> Dynasty after his name). <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 6225. King Ebarat appears enthroned. The inscription reads "Ebarat the King. Kuk Kalla, son of Kuk-Sharum, servant of Shilhaha".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> The succeeding dynasty, often called the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> (c. 1970 – c. 1770 BC) after "Great regents", the title borne by its members, also called the Epartid dynasty after the name of its founder Ebarat/ Eparti, was roughly contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a>, and Old <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> period in Mesopotamia, being younger by approximately sixty years than the Akkadian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, and almost seventy-five years older than the Old <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>. This period is said by many to be confusing and difficult to reconstruct. It was apparently founded by Eparti I. During this time, Susa was under Elamite control, but Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> continually tried to retake the city. Around 1850 BC <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Mabuk" title="Kudur-Mabuk">Kudur-Mabuk</a>, apparently king of another <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> state to the north of Larsa, managed to install his son, <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a>, on the throne of Larsa, and Warad-Sin's brother, <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin">Rim-Sin</a>, succeeded him and conquered much of southern Mesopotamia for <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>. Notable Eparti dynasty rulers in Elam during this time include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suruhduh/Siruk-tuh/Sirukdukh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suruhduh/Siruk-tuh/Sirukdukh (page does not exist)">Suruhduh/Siruk-tuh/Sirukdukh</a> (c. 1850 BC), who entered various military coalitions to contain the power of the south Mesopotamian states. Siruk-tuh was the king of Elam when Hammurabi first ruled,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> he and later kings of the Elamite dynasty were referred to as "great king" and "father" by kings in Syria and Mesopotamia and were the only kings that the Mesopotamian Kings considered to be higher in status than themselves.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a>, who for some time was the most powerful person in the area, respectfully addressed as "Father" by Mesopotamian kings such as <a href="/wiki/Zimrilim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimrilim">Zimrilim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> of Babylon. During his reign alone, Elam interfered extensively with Mesopotamian politics, allowing messengers and envoys to travel far west to <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> His messenger reached Emar and sent his three servants to King <a href="/wiki/Amut-pi%CA%BEel_II" title="Amut-piʾel II">Amut-piʾel II</a> of Qatna (1772–1762 BC), and the king of Qatna also sent two messengers to Elam.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The Elamite rulers had become increasingly involved in Mesopotamian politics during the <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a>. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin">Rim-Sin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> himself was of Elamite descent, notwithstanding his Akkadian name.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudur-Nahhunte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudur-Nahhunte (page does not exist)">Kudur-Nahhunte</a>, who plundered the temples of southern Mesopotamia, the north being under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a>. But Elamite influence in southern Mesopotamia did not last. Around 1760 BC, Hammurabi drove out the Elamites, overthrew Rim-Sin of Larsa, and established a short lived <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a> in Mesopotamia. Little is known about the latter part of this dynasty, since sources again become sparse with the <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> rule of Babylon (from c. 1595 BC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_with_the_Indus_Valley_civilization">Trade with the Indus Valley civilization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trade with the Indus Valley civilization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many archaeological finds suggest that maritime trade along the shores of Africa and Asia started several millennia ago.<a href="#cite_note-JR14-33">[32]</a> Trade between the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> and the cities of Mesopotamia and Elam, can be inferred from numerous find of Indus artifacts, particularly in the excavation at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. Various objects made with shell species that are characteristic of the Indus coast, particularly Trubinella pyrum and Fasciolaria trapezium, have been found in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia and Susa dating from around 2500–2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a> beads from the Indus were found in Susa in the excavation of the tell of the citadel.<a href="#cite_note-JMI-35">[34]</a> In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique of acid-etching developed by the <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FeniXX_r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition_num%C3%A9rique-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Exchanges seem to have waned after 1900 BC, together with the disappearance of the Indus valley civilization.<a href="#cite_note-JR16-39">[38]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[39]"><noscript><img alt="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/250px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 107px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/250px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" data-alt="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[39]" data-width="200" data-height="107" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/330px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/500px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 5614<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[40][41][42] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[43]"><noscript><img alt="Indus carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[40][41][42] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/250px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 116px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/250px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" data-alt="Indus carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[40][41][42] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[43]" data-width="200" data-height="116" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/330px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/500px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 17751.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[44] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[35] It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible here.[45]"><noscript><img alt="Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[44] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[35] It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible here.[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/200px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/200px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" data-alt="Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[44] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[35] It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible here.[45]" data-width="200" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/300px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/400px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> This type of bracelet was manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FeniXX_r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition_num%C3%A9rique-36">[35]</a> It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010187029">here</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined jasper, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.[46]"><noscript><img alt="Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined jasper, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg/250px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg/250px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg" data-alt="Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined jasper, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.[46]" data-width="200" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg/330px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg/500px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_weight_excavated_in_Susa._Louvre_Museum_Sb_17774.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500_–_c._1100_BC)">Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anshan_and_Susa">Anshan and Susa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anshan and Susa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/250px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/250px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/330px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/500px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish (1500–1110 BC).</figcaption></figure> The Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties around 1500 BC. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While the first of these dynasties, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings#Kidinuid_dynasty_(c._1500%E2%80%931400_BC)" title="List of Elamite kings">Kidinuids</a> continued to use the Akkadian language frequently in their inscriptions, the succeeding <a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings#Igihalkid_dynasty_(c._1400_%E2%80%93_c._1200_BC)" title="List of Elamite kings">Igihalkids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukids</a> used Elamite with increasing regularity. Likewise, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana. The Kidinuids (c. 1500 – 1400 BC) are a group of five rulers of uncertain affiliation. They are identified by their use of the older title, "king of Susa and of Anshan", and by calling themselves "servant of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirwashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirwashir (page does not exist)">Kirwashir</a>", an Elamite deity, thereby introducing the pantheon of the highlands to Susiana. The city of Susa itself is one of the oldest in the world dating back to around 4200 BC. Since its founding Susa was known as a central power location for the Elamites and for later Persian dynasties. Susa's power would peak during the Middle Elamite period, when it would be the region's capital.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kassite_invasions">Kassite invasions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kassite invasions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg/250px-Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg/250px-Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg/330px-Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg/500px-Untash_Napirisha_stele_Louvre_Sb12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stele of Untash Napirisha, king of Anshan and Susa. Sandstone, c. 1340–1300 BC.</figcaption></figure> Of the Igehalkids (c. 1400 – 1210 BC), ten rulers are known, though their number was possibly larger.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Some of them married <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> princesses. The Kassites were also a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> speaking people from the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> who had taken <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> shortly after its sacking by the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> in 1595 BC. The Kassite king of Babylon <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> who had been installed on the throne by <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1366–1020 BC), temporarily occupied Elam around 1320 BC, and later (c. 1230 BC) another Kassite king, <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a>, fought Elam unsuccessfully. Kassite-Babylonian power waned, as they became dominated by the northern Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>. Kiddin-Khutran of Elam repulsed the Kassites by defeating <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> in 1224 BC and <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> around 1222–1217 BC. Under the Igehalkids, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> inscriptions were rare, and Elamite highland gods became firmly established in Susa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elamite_Empire">Elamite Empire</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elamite Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/290px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="74" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10057" data-file-height="2581"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 74px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/290px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="74" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/435px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/580px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> ziggurat site, built c. 1250 BC.</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukids</a> (c. 1210 – 1100 BC), the Elamite empire reached the height of its power. <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhkhunte" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutruk-Nakhkhunte">Shutruk-Nakhkhunte</a> and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia (which was also being ravaged by the empire of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> during this period), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity—building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire. Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raided Babylonia, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statues of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Manishtushu Obelisk">Manishtushu Obelisk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Hammurabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Stele of Hammurabi">Stele of Hammurabi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>. In 1158 BC, after much of Babylonia had been annexed by <a href="/wiki/Ashur-Dan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-Dan I">Ashur-Dan I</a> of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated the Kassites permanently, killing the Kassite king of Babylon, <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a>, and replacing him with his eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>. The Elamites then briefly came into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, managing to take the Assyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>) before being ultimately defeated and having a treaty forced upon them by <a href="/wiki/Ashur-Dan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-Dan I">Ashur-Dan I</a>. Kutir-Nakhkhunte's son Khutelutush-In-Shushinak was probably born of Kutir-Nakhkhunte and his own daughter, Nakhkhunte-utu.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> He was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">statue of Marduk</a>, but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a>. He fled to Anshan, but later returned to Susa, and his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar (page does not exist)">Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar</a> may have succeeded him as last king of the Shutrukid dynasty. Following Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, the power of the Elamite empire began to wane seriously, as after the death of this ruler, Elam disappears into obscurity for more than three centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100_–_540_BC)">Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100 – 540 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100 – 540 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_I_(c._1100_–_c._770_BC)">Neo-Elamite I (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite I (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Very little is known of this period. Anshan was still at least partially Elamite. There appear to have been unsuccessful alliances of Elamites, Babylonians, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> and other peoples against the powerful <a href="/wiki/Neo_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Assyrian Empire">Neo Assyrian Empire</a> (911–605 BC); the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-ushur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar-biti-apla-ushur">Mar-biti-apla-ushur</a> (984–979 BC) was of Elamite origin, and Elamites are recorded to have fought unsuccessfully with the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> (823–811 BC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_II_(c._770_–_646_BC)">Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite II (c. 770 – 646 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg/220px-Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg/220px-Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="204" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg/330px-Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg/440px-Last_arrow_of_King_Teuman_and_his_son.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Elamite archer fighting against the Neo-Assyrian troops of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, and protecting wounded king <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> (kneeling), at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai" title="Battle of Ulai">Battle of Ulai</a>, 653 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg/250px-Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg/250px-Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg/330px-Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg/500px-Destruction_of_the_Elamite_city_of_Hamanu_645-635_BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ashurbanipal's campaign against Elam is triumphantly recorded in this relief showing the sack of <a href="/wiki/Hamanu" title="Hamanu">Hamanu</a> in 647 BC. Here, flames rise from the city as <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> soldiers topple it with pickaxes and crowbars and carry off the spoils.</figcaption></figure> The later Neo-Elamite period is characterized by a significant migration of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> to the Iranian plateau. Assyrian sources beginning around 800 BC distinguish the "powerful Medes", i.e. the actual <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a>, etc. Among these pressuring tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Parsu</a>, first recorded in 844 BC as living on the southeastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Urmiah">Lake Urmiah</a>, but who by the end of this period would cause the Elamites' original home, the Iranian Plateau, to be renamed Persia proper. These newly arrived <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> were also conquered by Assyria, and largely regarded as vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> until the late 7th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More details are known from the late 8th century BC, when the Elamites were allied with the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Merodach-baladan</a> to defend the cause of Babylonian independence from Assyria. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-nikash_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-nikash I (page does not exist)">Humban-nikash I</a> (743–717 BC) supported Merodach-baladan against <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, apparently without success; while his successor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutruk-Nahhunte_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shutruk-Nahhunte II (page does not exist)">Shutruk-Nahhunte II</a> (716–699 BC), was routed by Sargon's troops during an expedition in 710, and another Elamite defeat by Sargon's troops is recorded for 708. The Assyrian dominion over Babylon was underlined by Sargon's son <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, who defeated the Elamites, Chaldeans and Babylonians and dethroned Merodach-baladan for a second time, installing his own son <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a> on the Babylonian throne in 700. Shutruk-Nakhkhunte II, the last Elamite to claim the old title "king of Anshan and Susa", was murdered by his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallutash-Inshushinak_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallutash-Inshushinak I (page does not exist)">Hallutash-Inshushinak I</a>, who managed to briefly capture the Assyrian governor of Babylonia Ashur-nadin-shumi and the city of Babylon in 694 BC. <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> soon responded by invading and ravaging Elam. Khallushu was in turn assassinated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutir-Nahhunte_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutir-Nahhunte III (page does not exist)">Kutir-Nahhunte III</a>, who succeeded him but soon abdicated in favor of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-Numena_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-Numena III (page does not exist)">Humban-numena III</a> (692–689 BC). Khumma-Menanu recruited a new army to help the Babylonians and Chaldeans against the Assyrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halule" title="Battle of Halule">battle of Halule</a> in 691. Both sides claimed the victory in their annals, but Babylon was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> only two years later, and its Elamite allies defeated in the process. The reigns of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-Haltash_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-Haltash I (page does not exist)">Humban-Haltash I</a> (688–681 BC) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-Haltash_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-Haltash II (page does not exist)">Humban-Haltash II</a> (680–675 BC) saw a deterioration of Elamite-Babylonian relations, and both of them raided <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>. At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>'s reign in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (681–669 BC), Nabu-zer-kitti-lišir, an ethnically Elamite governor in the south of Babylonia, revolted and besieged <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, but was routed by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> and fled to Elam where the king of Elam, fearing Assyrian repercussions, took him prisoner and put him to the sword.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Urtaku">Urtaku</a> (674–664 BC) for some time wisely maintained good relations with the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (668–627 BC), who sent wheat to Susiana during a famine. But these friendly relations were only temporary, and Urtaku was killed in battle during a failed Elamite attack on Assyria. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/250px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="5500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/250px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/330px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/500px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Relief of a woman being fanned by an attendant while she holds what may be a spinning device before a table with a bowl containing a whole fish (700–550 BC).</figcaption></figure> His successor <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Tepti-Humban-Inshushinak</a> (664–653 BC) attacked Assyria, but was defeated and killed by <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> following the battle of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai" title="Battle of Ulai">Ulaï</a> in 653 BC; and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> itself was sacked and occupied by the Assyrians. In this same year the Assyrian vassal <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median</a> state to the north fell to the invading <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a>, and displacing another Assyrian vassal people, the Parsu (<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a> which their king <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a> captured that same year, turning it for the first time into an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> dominance that would a century later become the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> successfully subjugated and drove the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> colonies, and the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> remained vassals of Assyria. A brief respite to the Elamites was provided by the civil war between <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> and his own brother <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a>, whom their father <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> had installed as the vassal king of Babylon. The Elamites gave support to Shamash-shum-ukin, but also engaged in fighting among themselves. Babylon was besieged in midsummer of 650 BC, and fell by 648 BC; Shamash-shum-ukin died in a fire. The Elamite kingdom was greatly weakened by rebellions and civil wars; kings from 651 to 640 had short reigns before being usurped, overthrown, or captured by the Assyrians. Having dealt with his brother, Ashurbanipal sensed an opportunity to devastate Elam. In 646 BC Ashurbanipal devastated Susiana with ease, and sacked Susa. He installed several vassal kings such as <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_I" title="Tammaritu I">Tammaritu</a>, although these quickly broke off relations with Assyria over their pillages. The last Elamite king, <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-Haltash III</a>, was captured in 640 BC by Ashurbanipal, who annexed and destroyed the country.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In a tablet unearthed in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a>, Ashurbanipal boasts of the destruction he had wrought: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Susa, the great holy city, abode of their Gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed ... I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and on their lands I sowed salt.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_III_(646–539_BC)">Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite III (646–539 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/250px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="782"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 266px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/250px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="266" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/330px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Elamite_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Elamite soldier in the Achaemenid army circa 470 BC, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb relief.</figcaption></figure> The devastation was a little less complete than Ashurbanipal boasted, and a weak and fragmented Elamite rule was resurrected soon after with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Humban-umena III (not to be confused with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Indada, a petty king in the first half of the 6th century). Elamite royalty in the final century preceding the Achaemenids was fragmented among different small kingdoms, the united Elamite nation having been destroyed and colonised by the Assyrians. The three kings at the close of the 7th century (Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, Khallutush-In-Shushinak and Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak) still called themselves "king of Anzan and of Susa" or "enlarger of the kingdom of Anzan and of Susa", at a time when the Achaemenid Persians were already ruling Anshan under Assyrian dominance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The various <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empires</a>, which had been the dominant force in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mediterranean">East Mediterranean</a> for much of the period from the first half of the 14th century BC, began to unravel after the death of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> in 631 BC, descending into a series of bitter internal civil wars which also spread to Babylonia. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a>, who had been largely subject to Assyria since their arrival in the region around 1000 BC, quietly took full advantage of the anarchy in Assyria, and in 616 BC freed themselves from Assyrian rule. The Medians took control of Elam during this period. <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> the king of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a> entered into an alliance with a coalition of fellow former vassals of Assyria, including <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shar-ishkun">Sin-shar-ishkun</a> of Assyria, who was faced with unremitting civil war in Assyria itself. This alliance then attacked a disunited and war weakened Assyria, and between 616 BC and 599 BC at the very latest, had conquered its vast empire which stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. The major cities in Assyria itself were gradually taken; <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>) in 616 BC, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>) in 613, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> falling in 612, <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> in 608 BC, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> in 605 BC, and finally <a href="/wiki/Dur-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dur-Katlimmu">Dur-Katlimmu</a> by 599 BC. Elam, already largely destroyed and subjugated by Assyria, thus became easy prey for the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> dominated <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, and was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> (612–546 BC) and then the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (546–332 BC), with Assyria suffering the same fate. (see <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a>, Athura).<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Relief,_Assina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/250px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1170"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 319px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/250px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="319" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/330px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/500px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82%C5%A1%C5%A1ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Âššina">Âššina</a>, one of the last kings of Elam circa 522 BC was toppled, enchained and killed by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>. The label over him says: "This is Âššina. He lied, saying "I am king of Elam.""<a href="#cite_note-DB-56">[55]</a></div></figcaption></figure> The prophet Ezekiel describes the status of their power in the 12th year of the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Captivity">Babylonian Captivity</a> in 587 BC: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is Elam and all her multitude, All around her grave, All of them slain, fallen by the sword, Who have gone down uncircumcised to the lower parts of the earth, Who caused their terror in the land of the living; Now they bear their shame with those who go down to the Pit. (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 32:24)<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> </blockquote> Their successors Khumma-Menanu and Shilhak-In-Shushinak II bore the simple title "king", and the final king Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak used no honorific at all. In 540 BC, Achaemenid rule began in Susa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elymais_(187_BC_–_224_AD)">Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elymais (187 BC – 224 AD)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymaïs</a> was the location of the death of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> who was killed while pillaging a temple of <a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a> in 187 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson._Nigel_Guy_2005_58-58">[57]</a> Following the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, a new dynasty of Elamite rulers established <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a> from 147 BC to 224 AD, usually under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, until the advent of the unified <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in 224 AD. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elamite_worshipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Elamite_worshipper.jpg/170px-Elamite_worshipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="363" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="470"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 363px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Elamite_worshipper.jpg/170px-Elamite_worshipper.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="363" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Elamite_worshipper.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Golden statuette of a man (probably a king) carrying a goat. <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, Iran, c. 1500–1200 BC (Middle Elamite period).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statuettes">Statuettes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statuettes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dated to approximately the 12th century BC, gold and silver figurines of Elamite worshippers are shown carrying a sacrificial goat. These divine and royal statues were meant to assure the king of the enduring protection of the deity, well-being and a long life. Works which showed a ruler and his performance of a ritual action were intended to eternalize the effectiveness of such deeds. Found near the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, these statuettes would have been considered charged with beneficial power.<a href="#cite_note-art_of_elamites-59">[58]</a> While archaeologists cannot be certain that the location where these figures were found indicates a date before or in the time of the Elamite king Shilhak-Inshushinak, stylistic features can help ground the figures in a specific time period. The hairstyle and costume of the figures which are strewn with dots and hemmed with short fringe at the bottom, and the precious metals point to a date in the latter part of the second millennium BC rather than to the first millennium.<a href="#cite_note-art_of_elamites-59">[58]</a> In general, any gold or silver statuettes which represent the king making a sacrifice not only served a religious function, but was also a display of wealth.<a href="#cite_note-art_of_elamites-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seals">Seals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity;_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg/250px-Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="1387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 103px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg/250px-Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="103" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg/330px-Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg/500px-Cylinder_seal_and_modern_impression-_worshiper_before_a_seated_ruler_or_deity%3B_seated_female_under_a_grape_arbor_MET_DP370181.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cylinder seal and modern impression- worshiper before a seated ruler or deity; seated female under a grape arbor MET DP370181</figcaption></figure> Elamite seals reached their peak of complexity in the 4th millennium BC when their shape became cylindrical rather than stamp-like. Seals were primarily used as a form of identification and were often made out of precious stones. Because seals for different time periods had different designs and themes, seals and seal impressions can be used to track the various phases of the Elamite Empire and can teach a lot about the empire in ways which other forms of documentation cannot.<a href="#cite_note-metmuseum_1987.343-60">[59]</a> The seal pictured shows two seated figures holding cups with a man in front of them wearing a long robe next to a table. A man is sitting on a throne, presumably the king, and is in a wrapped robe. The second figure, perhaps his queen, is draped in a wide, flounced garment and is elevated on a platform beneath an overhanging vine. A crescent is shown in the field.<a href="#cite_note-metmuseum_1987.343-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue_of_Queen_Napir-Asu">Statue of Queen Napir-Asu</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Statue of Queen Napir-Asu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Napirasu,_SB_2731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg/250px-Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2354"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 263px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg/250px-Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="263" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg/500px-Statue_of_Napirasu%2C_SB_2731.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of Napirasu</figcaption></figure> This life-size votive offering of Queen <a href="/wiki/Napir-Asu" title="Napir-Asu">Napir-Asu</a> was commissioned around 1300 BC in Susa, Iran. It is made of copper using the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost-wax">lost-wax</a> casting method and rests on a solid bronze frame that weighs 1750 kg (3760 lb). This statue is different from many other Elamite statues of women because it resembles male statues due to the wide belt on the dress and the patterns which closely resemble those on male statues.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The inscription on the side of the statue curses anyone, specifically men, who attempts to destroy the statue: "I, Napir-Asu, wife of <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a>. He who would seize my statue, who would smash it, who would destroy its inscription, who would erase my name, may he be smitten by the curse of Napirisha, of Kiririsha, and of Inshushinka, that his name shall become extinct, that his offspring be barren, that the forces of Beltiya, the great goddess, shall sweep down on him. This is Napir-Asu's offering."<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stele_of_Untash_Napirisha">Stele of Untash Napirisha</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stele of Untash Napirisha" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The stele of the Elamite king, <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> was believed to have been commissioned in the 12th century BC. It was moved from the original religious capital of <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> to the city of Susa by the successor king, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutruk-Nahnante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shutruk-Nahnante (page does not exist)">Shutruk-Nahnante</a>. Four registers of the stele are left. The remains depict the god Inshushinak validating the legitimacy of who is thought to be Shutruk-Nahnante. In the periphery are two priestesses, deity hybrids of fish and women holding streams of water, and two half-man half-mouflon guardians of the sacred tree. The names of the two priestesses are carved on their arms.<a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63">[62]</a> King Untash Napirisha dedicated the stele to the god Ishushinak. Like other forms of art in the ancient Near East, this one portrays a king ceremonially recognizing a deity. This stele is unique in that the acknowledgement between king and god is reciprocal.<a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_horned_elam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Two_horned_elam.jpg/250px-Two_horned_elam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="325" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 325px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Two_horned_elam.jpg/250px-Two_horned_elam.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="325" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Two_horned_elam.jpg/330px-Two_horned_elam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Two_horned_elam.jpg/340px-Two_horned_elam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A carved <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> vase decorated with a relief depicting a "two-horned" figure wrestling with serpent goddesses. The Elamite artifact was discovered by Iran's border police in the possession of historical heritage traffickers, en route to Turkey, and was confiscated. Style is determined to be from "<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft</a>".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> The Elamites practised <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64">[63]</a> Due to scarcity of sources, past scholars assumed that Elamite religion must have been characterized by the "ill-defined character of the individual gods and goddesses. ...Most of them were not only ineffable beings whose real name was either not uttered or was unknown, but also sublime ideas, not to be exactly defined by the human race."<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64">[63]</a>: 403 Worship also varied between localities.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64">[63]</a>: 401 However, more recent scholarship shows that Elamite deities most likely were not any less defined than these of their <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian mythology">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian mythology">Akkadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Inscriptions of many Elamite kings indicate that a concept of a supreme triad consisting of <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a> (originally the civic protector god of Susa, eventually the leader of the triad<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64">[63]</a>: 401 and guarantor of the monarchy<a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63">[62]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a> (an earth/mother goddess in southern Elam<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64">[63]</a>: 406 ), and <a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a> existed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In the Neo-Elamite period <a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a>, previously a deity of limited relevance in known sources, emerged as a divine source of royal power.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Another significant deity was <a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a>, an astral goddess of love, similar to <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Some researchers, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, saw her as a mother goddess, and possibly originally chief deity, in northern Elam,<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-64">[63]</a>: 400 <a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> later supplanted by or identified with Kiririsha, but this view is no longer supported by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> There were also imported deities, such as Beltiya,<a href="#cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>; some native Elamite deities had <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> names as well (ex. <a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a> and his attendants), indicating a long history of interchange. Some Elamite deities were also venerated outside Elam: Pinikir was known to the Hurrians and Hittites,<a href="#cite_note-researchgate-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a> appeared in Babylonian personal names,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> and an Assyrian text mentions Khumban, Napirisha and Yabru (Jabru) as protectors of the king.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Elamite_gods">List of Elamite gods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of Elamite gods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Mesopotamian equivalent</th> <th>Functions</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ashara</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Seemingly the same goddess as Eblaite <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hišmitik</td> <td></td> <td>A deity associated with <a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a> who shared a temple with him in <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruhurater-77">[76]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></td> <td>Bestowed <a href="/wiki/Humban#Kittin" title="Humban">kittin</a> upon kings.</td> <td>Worshiped by <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> in early <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> times as well.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruhurater-77">[76]</a></td> <td>Tutelary god of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>; protector of monarchy; underworld god</td> <td>Also known in Mesopotamia as an underworld god in the entourage of <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></td> <td></td> <td>Attendant of Inshushinak. Protector of oaths.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></td> <td>The name has Akkadian origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> </td> <td></td> <td>Only known from Mesopotamian sources.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></td> <td>possibly <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a>; also an afterlife goddess as evidenced by the epithet "zana Liyan lahakra", "lady of death in Liyan"<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></td> <td>Incorrectly assumed to be a "taboo name" of Pinikir in the past.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> She and Napirisha were possibly regarded as a divine couple.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kirmašir</td> <td></td> <td>A deity from Awan.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kunzibami, Šihhaš and Šennukušu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">weather god</a>(s) </td> <td>Adad, under the Akkadian name and alongside his wife <a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a>, was himself worshiped in Elam (ex. in <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a>)<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> and none of these 3 names are attested outside Mesopotamian god lists, unless the ideogram dIM refers to more than one weather god in Elamite sources (ex. in personal names). Wouter Henkelman proposes Kunzibami, Šihhaš and Šennukušu are either locally used Elamite epithets of Adad or local (rather than national) weather gods, and notes that Šennukušu is a Sumerian rather than Elamite name.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></td> <td>Underworld god, associated with Inshushinak</td> <td>The name has Akkadian origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Goddess of the rainbow; possibly Belet/Nin-Ali, "lady of the city"</td> <td>Originally an Akkadian goddess </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mašti</td> <td></td> <td>Mother goddess.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">Sun god</a>.</td> <td>Never equated with Utu/Shamash directly though it's possible the ideographic writing "dUtu" of his name was used in personal names.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> </td> <td>A goddess known from Susa.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></td> <td>Regarded as a sister of the so-called "Divine Seven of Elam" from Mesopotamian god lists. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon god">Moon god</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></td> <td>One of the supreme gods, possibly linked to water.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></td> <td>Formerly incorrectly believed to be a "taboo name" of Humban.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> There is some evidence that in Elam Inshushinak, rather than Napirisha, was associated with Ea, as well as with the god Enzag from <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></td> <td>Goddess of love and sex, "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">queen of heaven</a>"</td> <td>Also incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-researchgate-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruhurater-77">[76]</a></td> <td>Possibly a god responsible for creation of humans.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></td> <td>Herald of the gods<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></td> <td>Associated with <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in Mesopotamia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tepti</td> <td></td> <td>Known from Neo-Elamite sources.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tirutur</td> <td></td> <td>Known from Middle and Neo-Elamite sources.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upur-kubak</td> <td></td> <td>A goddess described as "lady who dipenses the light" by Huteltush-Inshushinak<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the name Khuzestan">Origin of the name Khuzestan</a></div> Elamite is traditionally thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, and completely unrelated to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> (also isolates), and the later arriving <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> that came to dominate the region of Elam from the 6th century BC. It was written in a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> adapted from the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a> script of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, although the very earliest documents were written in the quite different <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear Elamite script">"Linear Elamite" script</a>. In 2006, two even older inscriptions in a similar script were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Jiroft" title="Jiroft">Jiroft</a> to the east of Elam, leading archaeologists to speculate that Linear Elamite had originally spread from further east to <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. It seems to have developed from an even earlier writing known as "proto-Elamite", but scholars are not unanimous on whether or not this script was used to write Elamite or another language, as it has not yet been deciphered. Several stages of the language are attested; the earliest date back to the third millennium BC, the latest to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Elamite language may have survived as late as the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic period</a> (roughly contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval period">early medieval period</a> in Europe). Among other Islamic <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_Khuzestan#Supporting_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the name Khuzestan">medieval historians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a>, for instance, wrote that "The Iranian languages are <a href="/wiki/Fahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahlavi">Fahlavi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Dari</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dari_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari Persian">Dari Persian</a> in modern Afghanistan), Khuzi, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Suryani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Assyrian</a>)", and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ibn_al-Muqaffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa">Ibn Moqaffa</a> noted that Khuzi was the unofficial language of the royalty of Persia, "Khuz" being the corrupted name for Elam.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggested_relations_to_other_language_families">Suggested relations to other language families</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Suggested relations to other language families" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While Elamite is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> by the vast majority of linguists, a minority of scholars have proposed that the Elamite language could be related to the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> David McAlpine believes Elamite may be related to the living Dravidian languages. This hypothesis (which has been subject to serious criticism by linguists) is considered under the rubric of <a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian languages</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The Assyrians had utterly destroyed the Elamite nation, but new polities emerged in the area after Assyrian power faded. Among the nations that benefited from the decline of the Assyrians were the Iranian tribes, whose presence around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> to the north of Elam is attested from the 9th century BC in Assyrian texts. Some time after that region fell to Madius the Scythian (653 BC), <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a>, conquered Elamite Anshan in the mid 7th century BC, forming a nucleus that would expand into the Persian Empire. They were largely regarded as vassals of the Assyrians, and the Medes, <a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Mannaeans</a>, and Persians paid tribute to Assyria from the 10th century BC until the death of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> in 627 BC. After his death, the Medes played a major role in the destruction of the weakened Assyrian Empire in 612 BC. The rise of the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC brought an end to the existence of Elam as an independent political power "but not as a cultural entity" (Encyclopædia Iranica, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>). Indigenous Elamite traditions, such as the use of the title "king of Anshan" by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>; the "Elamite robe" worn by <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I_of_Anshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses I of Anshan">Cambyses I of Anshan</a> and seen on the famous winged <a href="/wiki/Genii_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genii (mythology)">genii</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>; some glyptic styles; the use of Elamite as the first of three official languages of the empire used in thousands of administrative texts found at Darius' city of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>; the continued worship of Elamite deities; and the persistence of Elamite religious personnel and cults supported by the crown, formed an essential part of the newly emerging Achaemenid culture in Persian Iran. The Elamites thus became the conduit by which achievements of the Mesopotamian civilizations were introduced to the tribes of the Iranian plateau. Conversely, remnants of Elamite had "absorbed Iranian influences in both structure and vocabulary" by 500 BC,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> suggesting a form of cultural continuity or fusion connecting the Elamite and the Persian periods.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Arab sources refer to speakers of "Xūzī" which was not "Hebrew, Aramaic, or Persian" spoken by servants and isolated rural communities in Khuzestan until the 10th century. Scholars such as "von Spiegel, Huart, Spuler, Lazard, Potts, Orsatti, and Tavernier have already suggested or assumed that the language mentioned here is a very late form of Elamite."<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The name of "Elam" survived into the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and beyond. In its Greek form, <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a>, it emerges as designating a semi-independent state under <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> suzerainty during the 2nd century BC to the early 3rd century AD. In <a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a> 2:8–9 in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the language of the Elamitēs is one of the languages heard at the <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. From 410 onwards <a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syrian_Ecclesiastical_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)">Elam</a> (Beth Huzaye) was the senior metropolitan province of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, surviving into the 14th century. Indian Carmelite historian John Marshal has proposed that the root of <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> history in the Indian subcontinent could be traced to the promise of restoration of Elam (Jeremiah 49:39).<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaftar_elam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 4.5 inch long lapis lazuli dove is studded with gold pegs. Dated 1200 BC from Susa, a city later on shared with the Achaemenids."><noscript><img alt="A 4.5 inch long lapis lazuli dove is studded with gold pegs. Dated 1200 BC from Susa, a city later on shared with the Achaemenids." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kaftar_elam.jpg/187px-Kaftar_elam.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kaftar_elam.jpg/187px-Kaftar_elam.jpg" data-alt="A 4.5 inch long lapis lazuli dove is studded with gold pegs. Dated 1200 BC from Susa, a city later on shared with the Achaemenids." data-width="187" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kaftar_elam.jpg/280px-Kaftar_elam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kaftar_elam.jpg/373px-Kaftar_elam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 4.5 inch long <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a> is studded with gold pegs. Dated 1200 BC from <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, a city later on shared with the Achaemenids.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elamite reliefs at Eshkaft-e Salman. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era.[opinion]"><noscript><img alt="Elamite reliefs at Eshkaft-e Salman. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era.[opinion]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg/250px-Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg/250px-Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg" data-alt="Elamite reliefs at Eshkaft-e Salman. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era.[opinion]" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg/330px-Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg/500px-Eshkaft-e_Salman_II.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elamite <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eshkaft-e_Salman" title="Eshkaft-e Salman">Eshkaft-e Salman</a>. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ">opinion</a>]</div> </li> </ul> In modern Iran, <a href="/wiki/Ilam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam Province">Ilam Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a> are named after Elam civilization. Khuzestan means land of the Khuzis and Khuzi itself is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> name for Elamites.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Arjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam Arjan">Jam Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam,_son_of_Shem" title="Elam, son of Shem">Elam, son of Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">List of rulers of Elam</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/120px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 62px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/120px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg" data-width="62" data-height="23" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg/250px-Ha-ta-m-ti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> hatamti; <a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Cuneiform Elamite</a>: 𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 ḫalatamti; <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒉏𒈠 elam; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: 𒉏𒈠𒆠 elamtu; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: עֵילָם ʿēlām; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0044139.html">"Elam (GN)"</a>. Oracc: The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oracc%3A+The+Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.atitle=Elam+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2Fo0044139.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032013/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/cbd/qpn-x-places/x00000040.html">"Elamtu [ELAM] (GN)"</a>. Oracc: The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/cbd/qpn-x-places/x00000040.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oracc%3A+The+Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.atitle=Elamtu+%5BELAM%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fribo%2Fbabylon6%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx00000040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnikBerenbaum2007" class="citation book cs1">Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 6. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028659343" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028659343"><bdi>978-0028659343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=283&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0028659343&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Berenbaum%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHock2009" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Heinrich (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA69">Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics</a> (2nd ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110214291" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110214291"><bdi>978-3110214291</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418051423/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYkilw7Q-oC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+History%2C+Language+Change%2C+and+Language+Relationship%3A+An+Introduction+to+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3110214291&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsYkilw7Q-oC%26q%3DElam%2Bearliest%2Bwriting%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnanadesikan2008" class="citation book cs1">Gnanadesikan, Amalia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZntngbI05cC&q=Elam+earliest+writing&pg=PA25">The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet</a>. Blackwell. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444304688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444304688"><bdi>978-1444304688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+Revolution%3A+Cuneiform+to+the+Internet&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1444304688&rft.aulast=Gnanadesikan&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZntngbI05cC%26q%3DElam%2Bearliest%2Bwriting%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2016" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (2nd ed.). The Cambridge University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107476639" title="Special:BookSources/9781107476639"><bdi>9781107476639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107476639&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020a-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesset2020a_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesset2020a">Desset (2020a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesset2020b-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesset2020b_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesset2020b">Desset (2020b)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/iranian-plateau-gave-birth-to-writing-french-archaeologist/ar-BB1bR43N">"Iranian plateau gave birth to writing: French archaeologist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109053245/https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/iranian-plateau-gave-birth-to-writing-french-archaeologist/ar-BB1bR43N">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Iranian+plateau+gave+birth+to+writing%3A+French+archaeologist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-xl%2Fnews%2Fother%2Firanian-plateau-gave-birth-to-writing-french-archaeologist%2Far-BB1bR43N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_BlackAndrew_GeorgeNicholas_Postgate1999" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black; Andrew George; Nicholas Postgate, eds. (1999). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-04225-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-04225-7"><bdi>3-447-04225-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Akkadian&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-447-04225-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0026796.html">"Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary: "elam""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240415210359/https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0026796.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Pennsylvania+Sumerian+Dictionary%3A+%22elam%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2Fo0026796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_1953_53-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1953_53_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1953" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Roland (1953). Old Persian: Grammar, Texts & Lexicon. American Oriental Series. Vol. 33). American Oriental Society. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-940490-33-1"><bdi>0-940490-33-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Persian%3A+Grammar%2C+Texts+%26+Lexicon&rft.series=American+Oriental+Series&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-940490-33-1&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_16-1">b</a> D. T. Potts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.</a> Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107094690" title="Special:BookSources/1107094690">1107094690</a> p11 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> F. Vallat 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/63581/excerpt/9780521563581_excerpt.pdf">The Archaeology of Elam (excerpt)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020120928/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/63581/excerpt/9780521563581_excerpt.pdf">Archived</a> 20 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> assets.cambridge.org/ </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329074">"Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel,ca. 3100–2900 BC Proto-Elamite"</a>. www.metmuseum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329152751/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329074">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Kneeling+bull+holding+a+spouted+vessel%2Cca.+3100%E2%80%932900+BC+Proto-Elamite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F329074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Metropolitan Museum of Art, ref. 66.173 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320084135/http://www.chn.ir/english/eshownews.asp?no=4696">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chn.ir/english/eshownews.asp?no=4696">the original</a> on 20 March 2005. Retrieved 15 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chn.ir%2Fenglish%2Feshownews.asp%3Fno%3D4696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penn.museum/sites/applied_science/current_projects/luristan.html">Current Projects in Luristan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202180130/https://www.penn.museum/sites/applied_science/current_projects/luristan.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> penn.museum </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2015" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">World Monarchies and Dynasties</a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451587" title="Special:BookSources/9781317451587"><bdi>9781317451587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Monarchies+and+Dynasties&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317451587&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR63ACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouvre1992" class="citation book cs1">Louvre, Musée du (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDWJ_KBHwe4C&pg=PA114">The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870996511" title="Special:BookSources/9780870996511"><bdi>9780870996511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+City+of+Susa%3A+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Treasures+in+the+Louvre&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780870996511&rft.aulast=Louvre&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDWJ_KBHwe4C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=17119">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. cartelfr.louvre.fr. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126011008/http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=17119">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not%26idNotice%3D17119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1999" class="citation book cs1">Potts, D. T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA147">The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521564960" title="Special:BookSources/9780521564960"><bdi>9780521564960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521564960&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmc4cfzkRVj4C%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> De Graef, Katrien. 2018. "In Taberna Quando Sumus: On Taverns, Nadītum Women, and the Cagum in Old Babylonian Sippar." In Gender and Methodology in the Ancient near East: Approaches from Assyriology and beyond, edited by Stephanie Lynn Budin et al., 136. Barcino monographica orientalia 10. Barcelona: University of Barcelona. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Potts, Daniel T. 2012. "The Elamites." In The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, edited by Touraj Daryaee and Tūraǧ Daryāyī, 43-44. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Charpin, Dominique. 2012a. "Ansi parle l' empereur' à propos de la correspondance des sukkal-mah." In Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives: Proceedings of the International Congress Held at Ghent University, December 14–17, 2009, edited by Katrien De Graef and Jan Tavernier, 352. Leiden: Brill. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Kenneth Anderson Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Charpin, Dominique (2010). Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Translated by Todd, Jane Marie. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10159-0">978-0-226-10159-0</a>. p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Amanda H. Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press, 2022. 269. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190059040" title="Special:BookSources/9780190059040">9780190059040</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-JR14-33"><a href="#cite_ref-JR14_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade2008" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Julian E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28245304">The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)</a>. Archaeopress. pp. 14–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3"><bdi>978-1-4073-0312-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114145706/https://www.academia.edu/28245304">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus-Mesopotamia+relationship+reconsidered+%28Gs+Elisabeth+During+Caspers%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3&rft.aulast=Reade&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28245304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGensheimer1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1984_num_10_1_4350">"The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley"</a>. Paléorient. 10: 71–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1984.4350">10.3406/paleo.1984.4350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326164917/https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1984_num_10_1_4350">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+shell+in+Mesopotamia+%3A+evidence+for+trade+exchange+with+Oman+and+the+Indus+Valley&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fpaleo.1984.4350&rft.aulast=Gensheimer&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fpaleo_0153-9345_1984_num_10_1_4350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMI-35"><a href="#cite_ref-JMI_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189">The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079072" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079072"><bdi>9781576079072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781576079072&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJO2A-CbccC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeniXX_réédition_numérique-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeniXX_r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition_num%C3%A9rique_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeniXX_r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition_num%C3%A9rique_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355">Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234306/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodany2012" class="citation book cs1">Podany, Amanda H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971829-0"><bdi>978-0-19-971829-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234312/https://books.google.com/books?id=JTvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+Kings%3A+How+International+Relations+Shaped+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971829-0&rft.aulast=Podany&rft.aufirst=Amanda+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTvRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_AruzRonald_Wallenfels2003" class="citation book cs1">Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA246">Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-043-1"><bdi>978-1-58839-043-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234037/https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2019. <q>Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+First+Cities%3A+The+Third+Millennium+BC+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-043-1&rft.au=Joan+Aruz&rft.au=Ronald+Wallenfels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8l9X_3rHFdEC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR16-39"><a href="#cite_ref-JR16_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade2008" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Julian E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28245304">The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)</a>. Archaeopress. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-0312-3"><bdi>978-1-4073-0312-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114145706/https://www.academia.edu/28245304">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus-Mesopotamia+relationship+reconsidered+%28Gs+Elisabeth+During+Caspers%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3&rft.aulast=Reade&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28245304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13556">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. cartelfr.louvre.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090055/http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13556">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D13556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13589">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. cartelfr.louvre.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091540/http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13589">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D13589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354">Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. pp. 354–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234037/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ">Art of the first cities : the third millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n419">395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+BC+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandagopal2018" class="citation book cs1">Nandagopal, Prabhakar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37860117">Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)</a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7"><bdi>978-1-78491-917-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032858/https://www.academia.edu/37860117">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorated+Carnelian+Beads+from+the+Indus+Civilization+Site+of+Dholavira+%28Great+Rann+of+Kachchha%2C+Gujarat%29&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78491-917-7&rft.aulast=Nandagopal&rft.aufirst=Prabhakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37860117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532">"Louvre Museum Official Website"</a>. cartelen.louvre.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404152336/http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelen.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Louvre+Museum+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelen.louvre.fr%2Fcartelen%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not%26idNotice%3D13532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ">Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n422">398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoffirstcities0000unse">Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoffirstcities0000unse/page/401">401</a>–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588390431" title="Special:BookSources/9781588390431"><bdi>9781588390431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+First+Cities%3A+The+Third+Millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus&rft.pages=401-402&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781588390431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartoffirstcities0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2018" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua (12 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/susa/">"SUSA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419030147/https://www.worldhistory.org/susa/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=SUSA&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fsusa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2005" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA355">Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 355–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-965-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-965-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-965-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181741/https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA355">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-965-2&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9veK7E2JwkUC%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat1980" class="citation book cs1">Vallat, Francois (1980). Suse et l'Élam, Recherche sur les grandes civilisations. Paris: Mémoire 1. pp. 43–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suse+et+l%27%C3%89lam%2C+Recherche+sur+les+grandes+civilisations&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=M%C3%A9moire+1&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat1998" class="citation book cs1">Vallat, Francois (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-i">Elam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430035950/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-i">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elam&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> ABC 1 Col.3:39–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Potts 2016, p. 276–282 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiansmasterso00time/page/7">Persians: Masters of Empire</a>. Time-Life Books. 1995. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiansmasterso00time/page/7">7–8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4"><bdi>0-8094-9104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persians%3A+Masters+of+Empire&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8094-9104-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersiansmasterso00time%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq </li> <li id="cite_note-DB-56"><a href="#cite_ref-DB_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/">Behistun, minor inscriptions DBb inscription- Livius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310112440/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behistun%2C+minor+inscriptions+DBb+inscription-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fbehistun-persian-text%2Fbehistun-minor-inscriptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ezekiel.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson._Nigel_Guy_2005_58-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson._Nigel_Guy_2005_58_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson._Nigel_Guy2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson. Nigel Guy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6/page/58">Encyclopedia of ancient Greece</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97334-2</bdi></a>. <q>ANTIOCHUS III THE GREAT c242–187 BC Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great was the sixth king (223–187 BC) ... Antiochus landed on the mainland of Greece posing as a champion of Greek freedom against the Romans (192 BC).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97334-2&rft.au=Wilson.+Nigel+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6%2Fpage%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-art_of_elamites-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_of_elamites_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorada2017" class="citation web cs1">Porada, Edith (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_elamites.php">"Art of the Elamites"</a>. www.iranchamber.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301055339/http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_elamites.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=Art+of+the+Elamites&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Porada&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fart%2Farticles%2Fart_of_elamites.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum_1987.343-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_1987.343_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_1987.343_60-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1987.343/">Cylinder seal and modern impression: worshipper before a seated ruler or deity; seated female under a grape arbor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204084600/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1987.343/">Archived</a> 4 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The Metropolitan Museum of Art. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomanico2011" class="citation web cs1">Domanico, Emily (12 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720141345/https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue%20of%20Queen%20Napir-Asu">"Statue of Queen Napir-Asu"</a>. APAH2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue%20of%20Queen%20Napir-Asu">the original</a> on 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APAH2011&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Queen+Napir-Asu&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft.aulast=Domanico&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapah2011.wikispaces.com%2FStatue%2520of%2520Queen%2520Napir-Asu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. D.T.Potts, second edition </li> <li id="cite_note-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malbran-Labat_Florence_1995,_p.168-169_63-3">d</a> Borne interactive du département des Antiquités orientales. <a href="/wiki/Florence_Malbran-Labat" title="Florence Malbran-Labat">Florence Malbran-Labat</a>, Les Inscriptions de Suse : briques de l'époque paléo-élamite à l'empire néo-élamite, Paris, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1995, p.168–169. Miroschedji Pierre de, "Le Dieu élamite au serpent", in : Iranica antiqua, Vol.16, 1981, Gand, Ministère de l'Éducation et de la Culture, 1989, p.13–14, pl.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_64-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_F.B.A.GaddHammond,_F.B.A.Sollberger_F.B.A.1970" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, F.B.A., I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, F.B.A., N.G.L.; Sollberger F.B.A., E., eds. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&q=supreme+goddess&pg=PA482">The Cambridge Ancient History, Third Edition, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 B.C.</a> Cambridge University Press (published 1975). pp. 400–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4"><bdi>0-521-08691-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234308/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&q=supreme+goddess&pg=PA482#v=snippet&q=supreme%20goddess&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%2C+Third+Edition%2C+Volume+II%2C+Part+2%2C+History+of+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+Region+c.1380%E2%80%931000+B.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-521-08691-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C%26q%3Dsupreme%2Bgoddess%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> see ex. W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangirfar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jahangirfar, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38023344">"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition"</a>. Iranica Antiqua. LIII: 108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604192617/https://www.academia.edu/38023344/The_Elamite_Triads_Reflections_on_the_Possible_Continuities_in_Iranian_Tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Elamite+Triads%3A+Reflections+on+the+Possible+Continuities+in+Iranian+Tradition&rft.volume=LIII&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jahangirfar&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38023344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 353 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Kamyar Abdi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Elamo-Hittitica I: An Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423202253/https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Archived</a> 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) 3, 2017, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> W. Hinz, The Lost World of Elam, London 1972, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Kamyar Abdi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Elamo-Hittitica I: An Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423202253/https://www.academia.edu/31797493/Elamo_Hittitica_I_An_Elamite_Goddess_in_Hittite_Court">Archived</a> 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) 3, 2017, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> H. Koch, Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran, Civilizations of the ancient Near East 3, 1995, p. 1960-1961 </li> <li id="cite_note-researchgate-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Beckman, Gary (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280224167">"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 644)"</a>. KTEMA. No. 24. pp. 25–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419211437/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gary-Beckman/publication/280224167_The_Goddess_Pirinkir_and_Her_Ritual_from_Hattusa_CTH_644/links/5bfc50d3299bf10737f9993c/The-Goddess-Pirinkir-and-Her-Ritual-from-Hattusa-CTH-644.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KTEMA&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Pirinkir+and+Her+Ritual+from+Hattusa+%28CTH+644%29&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280224167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Šimut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502020815/https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Archived</a> 2 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol. 12, 2011, p. 512 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> K. van der Toorn, Humbaba, [in:] K. van der Toorn, B. Becking, P. W. van der Horst, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 1999, p. 431-432 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> A. Lokotinov, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/266321/JANEH_Paper_VAT_10057-2--Accepted-Copy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">An "Egyptianising" Underworld Judging an Assyrian Prince? New Perspectives on VAT 10057</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423191850/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/266321/JANEH_Paper_VAT_10057-2--Accepted-Copy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 3(1), 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> L. Murat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31405555/Goddess_I%C5%A1hara_Tanr%C4%B1%C3%A7a_I%C5%A1hara">Goddess Išhara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522211138/https://www.academia.edu/31405555/Goddess_I%C5%A1hara_Tanr%C4%B1%C3%A7a_I%C5%A1hara">Archived</a> 22 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 45, 2009, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruhurater-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruhurater_77-2">c</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2438401/Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504180532/https://www.academia.edu/2438401/Ruhurater">Archived</a> 4 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 11, 2008, p. 449 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> H. Koch, Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran, Civilizations of the ancient Near East 3, 1995, p. 1961 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> F. Wiggermann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/540407/Transtigridian_Snake_Gods">Transtigridian Snake Gods</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605222251/https://www.academia.edu/540407/Transtigridian_Snake_Gods">Archived</a> 5 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] I. L. Finkel, M. J. Geller (eds.), Sumerian Gods and their Representations, 1997, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> W. G. Lambert, Išme-karāb [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 5, 1980, p. 196-197 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> H. Koch, Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran, Civilizations of the ancient Near East 3, 1995, p. 1961 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> W. G. Lambert, Jabnu [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie, vol. 5, 1980, p. 229: "Jabnu is equated with Enlil in BA 5 (1906) 655 8 (from which An = Anum 1162 may be restored)" </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> W. G. Lambert, Jabnu [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie, vol. 5, 1980, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> M. A. Garrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_ninkhursaga.pdf">Ninkursaga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425175714/http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_ninkhursaga.pdf">Archived</a> 25 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublication.php">Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401102909/https://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublication.php">Archived</a> 1 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 354, footnote 824: "In addition to Napiriša, Hinz (1976/80b) surmised that Kiririša also was a taboo-name (for Pinigir). This theory has been convincingly discredited by Grillot & Vallat 1984: 27-9." </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>Several divinities from the plateau can be connected to the pantheons of the principal geopolitical entities that constituted Elam (...), for example (...) Kirmašir in Awan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>In the space between this wall and a second wall the temples of several gods were built. In order from the southeast to the northeast they were the temples of Pinikir, Adad and Šala, Šimut and Nin-ali, the Napratep gods, and after a wide interval that of Hišmitik and Ruhuratir</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 307-308, in particular "It seems therefore more likely that the three names (if they are not epithets) refer to deities in some of the local pantheons that must have existed in Elam but that remain virtually unknown to us." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> W. G. Lambert, Lāgamāl [in] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 6, 1983, p. 418-419 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> W. G. Lambert, Manziʾat/Mazziʾat/Mazzât/Mazzêt [in] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> vol 7, 1987, p. 344-346 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>Kiririša and Mašti were "mothers of the gods."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> M. W. Stolper, Nahhunte [in:] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> vol 9, 1998, p. 82-84 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggermann2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiggermann, F. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2393450">"Siebengötter A (Sebettu)"</a>. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Vol. 12. p. 462. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608121730/https://www.academia.edu/2393450/Siebeng%C3%B6tter_A_Sebettu_">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siebeng%C3%B6tter+A+%28Sebettu%29&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie+und+vorderasiatischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.pages=462&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2393450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallat2011" class="citation web cs1">Vallat, F. (13 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">"Elam vi. Elamite religion"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108005950/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. <q>Ešpurm, governor of Susa for Maništusu, dedicated a statue to the goddess Narundi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Elam+vi.+Elamite+religion&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Vallat&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felam-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> V. Haas, H.Koch, Religionen des alten Orients: Hethiter und Iran, 2011, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 330, footnote 770: "In Mesopotamia, Napiriša was considered to be "the Ea of Elam" (Commentary B l.3 to Šurpu II.163 in Reiner 1958: 50). Ea or Enki ("Lord Earth") resided in the Apsû and from there controlled the waters that fertilise the lands. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangirfar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jahangirfar, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38023344">"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition"</a>. Iranica Antiqua. LIII: 112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604192617/https://www.academia.edu/38023344/The_Elamite_Triads_Reflections_on_the_Possible_Continuities_in_Iranian_Tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Elamite+Triads%3A+Reflections+on+the+Possible+Continuities+in+Iranian+Tradition&rft.volume=LIII&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jahangirfar&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38023344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 307, footnote 702: "Inšušinak is indeed equated with a Mesopotamian god, (...) Ninurta (...); in Elam he seems to have been associated, if not equated, with Ea and the Dilmunite Enzag" </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Beckman, Gary (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280224167">"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 644)"</a>. KTEMA. No. 24. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419211437/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gary-Beckman/publication/280224167_The_Goddess_Pirinkir_and_Her_Ritual_from_Hattusa_CTH_644/links/5bfc50d3299bf10737f9993c/The-Goddess-Pirinkir-and-Her-Ritual-from-Hattusa-CTH-644.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KTEMA&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Pirinkir+and+Her+Ritual+from+Hattusa+%28CTH+644%29&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280224167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangirfar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jahangirfar, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38023344">"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition"</a>. Iranica Antiqua. LIII: 113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604192617/https://www.academia.edu/38023344/The_Elamite_Triads_Reflections_on_the_Possible_Continuities_in_Iranian_Tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Elamite+Triads%3A+Reflections+on+the+Possible+Continuities+in+Iranian+Tradition&rft.volume=LIII&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jahangirfar&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38023344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Šimut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502020815/https://www.academia.edu/2438476/%C5%A0imut">Archived</a> 2 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol. 12, 2011, p. 511-512 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, 2008, p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> M. Krebernik, Tirumithir, Tirutur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> vol 14, 2014, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> W. M. F. Henkelman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10644935/Upur_kubak">Upur-kubak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607153030/https://www.academia.edu/10644935/Upur_kubak">Archived</a> 7 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [in:] Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie vol 14, 2014, p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Black Athena: The linguistic evidence, by Martin Bernal, p. 701 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2006" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Abdul Jaim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWpNBAAAQBAJ">Urdu/Hindi An Artificial Divide : African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism</a>. Algora. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875864372" title="Special:BookSources/9780875864372"><bdi>9780875864372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427234038/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWpNBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%2FHindi+An+Artificial+Divide+%3A+African+Heritage%2C+Mesopotamian+Roots%2C+Indian+Culture+%26+Britiah+Colonialism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Algora&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780875864372&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Jaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWpNBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "There is much evidence, both archaeological and literary/epigraphic, to suggest that the rise of the Persian empire witnessed the fusion of Elamite and Persian elements already present in highland Fars". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge World Archaeology. Chap 9 Introduction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pages=Chap+9+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+World+Archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_T._Van_Bladel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kevin T. Van Bladel (2021). "The Language of the Xuz and the Fate of Elamite". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 31 (3): 447–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186321000092">10.1017/S1356186321000092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+the+Xuz+and+the+Fate+of+Elamite&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186321000092&rft.au=Kevin+T.+Van+Bladel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> p. 185–211, The First Foundation of Carmel in India 1619–2019[part-1] Dhyanavana publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89144-33-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89144-33-3">978-81-89144-33-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Vol 1, p687-689. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Historia de Elam el vecino mesopotámico", Murcia, 1997. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia.</li> <li>Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Textos y Fuentes para el estudio del Elam", Murcia, 2000. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia.</li> <li>Quintana Cifuentes, E., La Lengua Elamita (Irán pre-persa), Madrid, 2010. Gram Ediciones. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-88519-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-88519-17-7">978-84-88519-17-7</a></li> <li>Khačikjan, Margaret: The Elamite Language, Documenta Asiana IV, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87345-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-87345-01-5">88-87345-01-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesset2020a" class="citation web cs1">Desset, François (2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canal-u.tv/video/archeorient/breaking_the_code_the_decipherment_of_linear_elamite_a_forgotten_writing_system_of_ancient_iran_3rd_millenium_bc.58549">"Breaking the Code: The Decipherment of Linear Elamite, a Forgotten Writing System of Ancient Iran (3rd Millenium BC)"</a>. Canal-U.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canal-U&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Code%3A+The+Decipherment+of+Linear+Elamite%2C+a+Forgotten+Writing+System+of+Ancient+Iran+%283rd+Millenium+BC%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Desset&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canal-u.tv%2Fvideo%2Farcheorient%2Fbreaking_the_code_the_decipherment_of_linear_elamite_a_forgotten_writing_system_of_ancient_iran_3rd_millenium_bc.58549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesset2020b" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Desset, François (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8o1ZOUhN3t8">A New History of Writing on The Iranian Plateau</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Writing+on+The+Iranian+Plateau&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Desset&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8o1ZOUhN3t8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Persians: Masters of Empire, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4">0-8094-9104-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman,_Holly1984" class="citation book cs1">Pittman, Holly (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33948">Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870993657" title="Special:BookSources/9780870993657"><bdi>9780870993657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+southeastern+Iran%2C+western+Central+Asia%2C+and+the+Indus+Valley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780870993657&rft.au=Pittman%2C+Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F33948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>D. T. Potts, "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf",Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 111–119, (April 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2016" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (2016) [1999]. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09469-7"><bdi>978-1-107-09469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09469-7&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McAlpin, David W., Proto Elamo Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications, American Philosophy Society (1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-713-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-713-0">0-87169-713-0</a></li> <li>Vallat, François. 2010. "The History of Elam". The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-MonBaselloWicks2018" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yClKDwAAQBAJ&q=%22elamite%20world%22%20routledge&pg=PA1">The Elamite World</a>. Routledge Worlds. Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3"><bdi>978-1-138-99989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99989-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyClKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522elamite%2520world%2522%2520routledge%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Giuseppe Valenza, Elamiti Elimioti Elimi Il Teatro Genealogico degli Elimi nel crocevia del Mediterraneo. Marostica, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-908854-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-908854-2-6">978-88-908854-2-6</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>Zohouriyan, Maryam, Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Javad Neyestani, and Alireza Hozhabri Nobari. "Semiology of the Gryphon Motif in Ancient Elamite Architecture". In: Central Asiatic Journal 62, no. 2 (2019): 227–32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13173%2Fcentasiaj.62.2.0227">10.13173/centasiaj.62.2.0227</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elam">Elam</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Elam" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Elam">Elam</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.es/ipoa/cuneiforme/elamita/">Lengua e historia elamita</a>, by Enrique Quintana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/elamite/elamite.php">History of the Elamite Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_elamites.php">Elamite Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/stele-untash-napirisha-king-anshan-and-susa">Stele of King Untash Napirisha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042618/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/stele-untash-napirisha-king-anshan-and-susa">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue+of+Queen+Napir-Asu">Statue of Queen Napir Asu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720141354/https://apah2011.wikispaces.com/Statue+of+Queen+Napir-Asu">Archived</a> 20 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1987.343/">Elamite Seals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Elamite_Empire">All Empires – The Elamite Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183906/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Elamite_Empire">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Elam_Susiana.html">Elam in Ancient Southwest Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persepolistablets.blogspot.com/">Persepolis Fortification Archive Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308174927/http://www.cappuccinomag.com/iranologyenglish/001141.shtml">Iran Before Iranians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-index">Encyclopædia Iranica: Elam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2002/proceed/EXTRAS/SVERD1_S.PDF">Modelling population dispersal and language origins during the last 120,000 years</a></li> <li>Hamid-Reza Hosseini, Shush at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/10032009/frnk/susa_shush">Shush dar dāman-e Louvre, in Persian, Jadid Online, 10 March 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Susa_shush_test/susa_high.html">Audio slideshow</a> (6 min 31 sec)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elam&oldid=1280056632">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elam&oldid=1280056632</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Elam&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 12 March 2025, at 06:14 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9D" title="ኤላም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤላም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عيلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_elamita" title="Imperiu elamita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu elamita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عیلام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیلام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_(Altertum)" title="Elam (Altertum) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elam (Altertum)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Ελάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_(reino)" title="Elam (reino) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elam (reino)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamo" title="Elamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تمدن ایلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن ایلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C" title="엘람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Էլամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="ईलम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईलम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="עילם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עילם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamu" title="Elamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elama" title="Elama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamas" title="Elamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Elaman" title="Impero Elaman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Elaman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A1m" title="Elám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elama" title="Elama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഈലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="エラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ایلام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایلام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A3o" title="Elão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Элам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam%C3%ABt" title="Elamët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elamët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciilaam" title="Ciilaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciilaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شارستانیەتی ئیلام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارستانیەتی ئیلام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈலாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="เอลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Элом – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Элом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Елам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عیلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عیلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0" title="埃兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD" title="埃蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam" title="Elam – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%98%AD" title="埃蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-whw76","wgBackendResponseTime":575,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.740","walltime":"2.213","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13767,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":528018,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21600,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":374539,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1514.791 1 -total"," 28.98% 439.045 3 Template:Reflist"," 12.70% 192.355 1 Template:Efn"," 12.06% 182.693 4 Template:Transl"," 11.97% 181.271 38 Template:Cite_book"," 9.41% 142.592 19 Template:Cite_web"," 8.52% 129.023 1 Template:History_of_Iran"," 4.57% 69.248 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.38% 66.367 4 Template:Redirect_category_shell"," 4.22% 63.886 4 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