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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="do5RlMRoDr8r7qB5jruRAp4sRJt1FFKPrMkxPxQRZSLAzi1VtHcZGedCT4raXwyDgDFFtKRx8BQ/j2hQZfHTZQ==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Antiquity" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fernanda Neubauer" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/37594917/Use_Alteration_Analysis_of_Fire_Cracked_Rocks" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/4434867/2297278/38539187/s200_fernanda.neubauer.png" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/37594917/Use_Alteration_Analysis_of_Fire_Cracked_Rocks" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://ucla.academia.edu/FernandaNeubauer" /> <meta name="description" content="Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many" /> <title>(PDF) Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks | Fernanda Neubauer - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/37594917/Use_Alteration_Analysis_of_Fire_Cracked_Rocks" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'f297fefd4bbdada52f299f8671745aacd5971870'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732898533000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732898533000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many of the same methods and theories applied to the study of cooking ceramics are also relevant to the investigation of rocks used as heating elements. Because use alteration analyses of FCR are so scarce, I describe a range of attributes with the goal of helping researchers identify use alterations (e.g., sooting, reddening, various fracturing patterns) on lithic artifacts from sites worldwide and evaluate their potential function in various cultural practices. These attributes are also outlined in order to create a standardized terminology for describing FCR use-alteration patterns. I discuss my analysis of FCR from three Late Archaic sites (Duck Lake, 913, and 914) on Grand Island in Michigan\u0026amp;#39;s Upper Peninsula, followed by an interpretation of their cooking contexts, as a case study. The results indicate great intersite variability among FCR characteristics, cooking methods, and cooking facilities (earth oven, stone boiling, and rock griddle). This use alteration analysis can be applied in archaeological contexts worldwide where similar materials are recovered.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Fernanda Neubauer"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2018-10-16","dateModified":"2019-04-09","datePublished":"2018-01-01","headline":"Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Archaeology","Experimental Archaeology","Prehistoric Archaeology","Landscape Archaeology","Archaeological Method \u0026 Theory","North American archaeology","Great Lakes","Coastal and Island Archaeology","Lithic Technology","Prehistory","Arqueología","Great Lakes Archaeology","Cooking and Food Preparation (archaeology)","Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology","Arqueologia","North American prehistory","Tecnología Lítica","Tecnologia Lítica","Great Lakes Prehistory","Fired Cracked Rock"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"American Antiquity","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37594917/Use_Alteration_Analysis_of_Fire_Cracked_Rocks","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ucla"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link 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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":37594917,"created_at":"2018-10-16T07:57:21.660-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-18T09:37:01.034-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1017/aaq.2018.33","issue":"4","volume":"83","abstract":"Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many of the same methods and theories applied to the study of cooking ceramics are also relevant to the investigation of rocks used as heating elements. Because use alteration analyses of FCR are so scarce, I describe a range of attributes with the goal of helping researchers identify use alterations (e.g., sooting, reddening, various fracturing patterns) on lithic artifacts from sites worldwide and evaluate their potential function in various cultural practices. These attributes are also outlined in order to create a standardized terminology for describing FCR use-alteration patterns. I discuss my analysis of FCR from three Late Archaic sites (Duck Lake, 913, and 914) on Grand Island in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, followed by an interpretation of their cooking contexts, as a case study. The results indicate great intersite variability among FCR characteristics, cooking methods, and cooking facilities (earth oven, stone boiling, and rock griddle). This use alteration analysis can be applied in archaeological contexts worldwide where similar materials are recovered.","page_numbers":"681-700","publication_date":"2018,,","publication_name":"American Antiquity"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4434867]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":57575963,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57575963/mini_magick20190110-696-1nybczt.png?1547167856" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4434867" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/FernandaNeubauer"><img alt="Profile image of Fernanda Neubauer" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4434867/2297278/38539187/s65_fernanda.neubauer.png" />Fernanda Neubauer</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2018, American Antiquity</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many of the same methods and theories applied to the study of cooking ceramics are also relevant to the investigation of rocks used as heating elements. Because use alteration analyses of FCR are so scarce, I describe a range of attributes with the goal of helping researchers identify use alterations (e.g., sooting, reddening, various fracturing patterns) on lithic artifacts from sites worldwide and evaluate their potential function in various cultural practices. These attributes are also outlined in order to create a standardized terminology for describing FCR use-alteration patterns. I discuss my analysis of FCR from three Late Archaic sites (Duck Lake, 913, and 914) on Grand Island in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, followed by an interpretation of their cooking contexts, as a case study. The results indicate great intersite variability among FCR characteristics, cooking methods, and cooking facilities (earth oven, stone boiling, and rock griddle). This use alteration analysis can be applied in archaeological contexts worldwide where similar materials are recovered.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":57575963,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37594917/Use_Alteration_Analysis_of_Fire_Cracked_Rocks"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":57575963,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37594917/Use_Alteration_Analysis_of_Fire_Cracked_Rocks"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="57575963" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/37594917/Use_Alteration_Analysis_of_Fire_Cracked_Rocks" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="7327181" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7327181/Thermally_Modified_Rock_The_Experimental_Study_of_Fire_Cracked_Byproducts_of_Hot_Rock_Cooking_2014_">Thermally Modified Rock: The Experimental Study of "Fire-Cracked" Byproducts of Hot Rock Cooking (2014)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="277531" href="https://conncoll.academia.edu/AnthonyGraesch">Anthony P. Graesch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">"Despite its ubiquity in residential middens at many North American archaeological sites, thermally modified rock (TMR) is among the least studied elements of the archaeological record. TMR assemblages, however, may provide key insights into routine cooking practices, patterns of refuse disposal, and midden formation processes. This article outlines the results of experimental research aimed at understanding the conditions by which TMR assemblages were created in residential settlements in the Pacific Northwest. We present baseline data addressing the thermal properties of the hearth, the rate and circumstances of cobble fracturing, the extent to which different kinds of cobbles break when exposed to heat for varying durations, and the effectiveness of hot cobbles at achieving cooking temperatures." An earlier build of this article took the form of a collaborative research poster presented at the 2013 Society for American Archaeology annual meetings in Honolulu, Hawaii (see linked poster, below). The article (above) and poster (linked on my Academia.edu page) are complementary, although the NAA article contains more details concerning the experiments and outcomes. As such, the article (above) is likely the most appropriate for citation purposes, although feel free to cite the poster as well. Keywords: thermally modified rock, fire-cracked rock, fire-altered rock, hot rock cooking, experimental archaeology, TMR, FCR, FAR, Pacific Northwest Coast, Welqamex</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thermally Modified Rock: The Experimental Study of \"Fire-Cracked\" Byproducts of Hot Rock Cooking (2014)","attachmentId":38516737,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7327181/Thermally_Modified_Rock_The_Experimental_Study_of_Fire_Cracked_Byproducts_of_Hot_Rock_Cooking_2014_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7327181/Thermally_Modified_Rock_The_Experimental_Study_of_Fire_Cracked_Byproducts_of_Hot_Rock_Cooking_2014_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="60831447" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60831447/Thermally_Modified_Rock_The_Experimental_Study_of_Fire_Cracked_Byproducts_of_Hot_Rock_Cooking">Thermally Modified Rock: The Experimental Study of "Fire-Cracked" Byproducts of Hot Rock Cooking</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23297965" href="https://sfu.academia.edu/DavidSchaepe">David Schaepe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">North American Archaeologist, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite its ubiquity in residential middens at many North American archaeological sites, thermally modified rock (TMR) is among the least studied elements of the archaeological record. TMR assemblages, however, may provide key insights into routine cooking practices, patterns of refuse disposal, and midden formation processes. This article outlines the results of experimental research aimed at understanding the conditions by which TMR assemblages were created in residential settlements in the Pacific Northwest. We present baseline data addressing the thermal properties of the hearth, the rate and circumstances of cobble fracturing, the extent to which different kinds of cobbles break when exposed to heat for varying durations, and the effectiveness of hot cobbles at achieving cooking temperatures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thermally Modified Rock: The Experimental Study of \"Fire-Cracked\" Byproducts of Hot Rock Cooking","attachmentId":74103077,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60831447/Thermally_Modified_Rock_The_Experimental_Study_of_Fire_Cracked_Byproducts_of_Hot_Rock_Cooking","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60831447/Thermally_Modified_Rock_The_Experimental_Study_of_Fire_Cracked_Byproducts_of_Hot_Rock_Cooking"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="194444" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/194444/_Fire_Cracked_Rocks_An_Archaeological_Experiment">’Fire’ Cracked Rocks – An Archaeological Experiment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="75546" href="https://mun.academia.edu/OtisCrandell">Otis Crandell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Corviniana. Acta Musei Corvinensis, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper reviews the findings of an experiment conducted to determine how rocks crack under different circumstances. High temperatures and rapid cooling cause rocks to crack and contribute to the way in which they will crack. The way in which a rock cracks is also determined by the material which it is made of. Rocks heated to ca. 540°C, whether gradually or quickly, will crack the majority of the time. Those heated to ca. 315°C or by boiling, will tend not to crack. Rocks heated to ca. 540°C and then cooled quickly will crack considerably, whereas those rocks cooled gradually will tend not to crack. The material which a rock is composed of will cause a rock to crack in a certain manner. The source of a rock will not affect how it cracks. By knowing how a rock cracks under different conditions, one can look at a rock found on a site and recorded as a “Fire Cracked Rock” and determine what really caused the rock to crack and thereby learn more about the activities and life ways of the people who occupied the site.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"’Fire’ Cracked Rocks – An Archaeological Experiment","attachmentId":456966,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/194444/_Fire_Cracked_Rocks_An_Archaeological_Experiment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/194444/_Fire_Cracked_Rocks_An_Archaeological_Experiment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="122295901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122295901/Fire_Cracked_Rock_Analysis_A_Guide_to_Function_Cooking_and_Interpretation">Fire-Cracked Rock Analysis: A Guide to Function, Cooking and Interpretation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4434867" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/FernandaNeubauer">Fernanda Neubauer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Springer, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The book is the first-ever manual for the study of fire-cracked rock (FCR), one of the most ubiquitous yet understudied classes of artifacts worldwide. The book is part of Springer’s series Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique and focuses on the ways practicing archaeologists can infer function from their FCR collections, spanning from paleoanthropology and the early adoption of fire through to present archaeology. The book provides a history and background of fire-cracked rock and leads the reader through the entire process of identifying, categorizing, and analyzing FCR and related features, from the first steps through to interpretations of function, use alteration, fracturing patterns, experimentation, ethnographic/ethnohistoric uses, and so forth. In addition to exploring the fundamentals of FCR analysis, the book also covers new and cutting-edge techniques. It targets a wide global audience and serves as a laboratory and field guide for students and professionals, packed with illustrations and photographs in order to familiarize readers with the identification and analysis process while also providing a theoretical and methodological guide for advanced academic and cultural resource management research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire-Cracked Rock Analysis: A Guide to Function, Cooking and Interpretation","attachmentId":117014536,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122295901/Fire_Cracked_Rock_Analysis_A_Guide_to_Function_Cooking_and_Interpretation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122295901/Fire_Cracked_Rock_Analysis_A_Guide_to_Function_Cooking_and_Interpretation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="87818724" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87818724/A_Theory_of_Fire_cracked_Rock">A Theory of Fire-cracked Rock</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="174780108" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/DouglasWilson">Douglas Wilson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Fundamental shifts in prehistoric subsistence, settlement patterns, demographic characteristics, and socioeconomic complexity have been documented for the Pacific Northwest. These shifts undoubtedly resulted in dramatic changes in the systems used to obtain, use, and maintain rocks used to transfer thermic energy in hearths and roasting ovens. Changes to &quot;thermal rock&quot; systems undoubtedly also have conditioned the characteristics of the fire-cracked and otherwise thermallyaltered rocks found at archaeological sites. The frequency and regularity of use of facilities using thermal rocks are seen as fundamental behavioral processes that temper the stages of reduction of rocks found at sites and the location and density of deposition of rock fragment wastes. A stagemodel is proposed to explain the evolution of thermal rock systems in the Pacific Northwest and a research design for future thermal rock studies presented.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Theory of Fire-cracked Rock","attachmentId":91929344,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87818724/A_Theory_of_Fire_cracked_Rock","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87818724/A_Theory_of_Fire_cracked_Rock"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="40393253" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40393253/Heat_Capacity_and_Fragmentation_Pattern_Determinations_of_Potential_Cooking_Stones_A_Case_Study_at_the_Qwu_gwes_Archeological_Site_45TN240_Olympia_Washington">Heat Capacity and Fragmentation Pattern Determinations of Potential Cooking Stones: A Case Study at the Qwu?gwes Archeological Site (45TN240), Olympia, Washington.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37036431" href="https://wsu.academia.edu/DaleCroes">Dale R . Croes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Thermally altered rocks are common at a recently tested shell midden and wet site, the Qwu?gwes site ( 45TN240) on Mud Bay, southern Puget Sound, near Olympia, Washington. To test the use of these rocks in prehistoric cooking, the heat capacity of a number of analogous cooking stones was measured at different temperatures and firing times by standard calorimetric processes. A maximum heat capacity of 203 cal/gram was observed. The post immersion :fragmentation patterns of the same stones was cataloged and compared to the prehistoric fragmentation patterns.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Heat Capacity and Fragmentation Pattern Determinations of Potential Cooking Stones: \nA Case Study at the Qwu?gwes Archeological Site (45TN240), Olympia, Washington.","attachmentId":60644588,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40393253/Heat_Capacity_and_Fragmentation_Pattern_Determinations_of_Potential_Cooking_Stones_A_Case_Study_at_the_Qwu_gwes_Archeological_Site_45TN240_Olympia_Washington","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="174780108" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/DouglasWilson">Douglas Wilson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeology in Washington, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The experimental reduction of rock in a Camas Oven: Towards an understanding of the behavioral significance of fire-cracked rock","attachmentId":88770110,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83423318/The_experimental_reduction_of_rock_in_a_Camas_Oven_Towards_an_understanding_of_the_behavioral_significance_of_fire_cracked_rock","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83423318/The_experimental_reduction_of_rock_in_a_Camas_Oven_Towards_an_understanding_of_the_behavioral_significance_of_fire_cracked_rock"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="41888474" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41888474/Fire_cracked_rock_experiments_A_comparison_of_use_alteration_and_fracture_patterns_between_stone_boiling_wet_cooling_and_hearth_dry_cooling">Fire-cracked rock experiments: A comparison of use-alteration and fracture patterns between stone boiling/wet cooling and hearth/dry cooling</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4434867" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/FernandaNeubauer">Fernanda Neubauer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Wisconsin Archeologist, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fire-cracked rock experiments: A comparison of use-alteration and fracture patterns between stone boiling/wet cooling and hearth/dry cooling","attachmentId":62017126,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41888474/Fire_cracked_rock_experiments_A_comparison_of_use_alteration_and_fracture_patterns_between_stone_boiling_wet_cooling_and_hearth_dry_cooling","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41888474/Fire_cracked_rock_experiments_A_comparison_of_use_alteration_and_fracture_patterns_between_stone_boiling_wet_cooling_and_hearth_dry_cooling"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="90202261" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90202261/Thermal_curved_fragments_A_method_for_identifying_anthropogenic_fire_in_the_archaeological_record">Thermal curved-fragments: A method for identifying anthropogenic fire in the archaeological record</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6037036" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/SarahHlubik">Sarah Hlubik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thermal curved-fragments: A method for identifying anthropogenic fire in the archaeological record","attachmentId":93829313,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90202261/Thermal_curved_fragments_A_method_for_identifying_anthropogenic_fire_in_the_archaeological_record","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90202261/Thermal_curved_fragments_A_method_for_identifying_anthropogenic_fire_in_the_archaeological_record"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="2255397" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2255397/Asmussen_B_2009_Intentional_or_incidental_thermal_modification_Analysing_site_occupation_via_burned_bone_Journal_of_Archaeological_Science_36_2_528_536">Asmussen, B. 2009. Intentional or incidental thermal modification? Analysing site occupation via burned bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):528-536 </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="204718" href="https://queenslandmuseum.academia.edu/BritAsmussen">Brit Asmussen</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Asmussen, B. 2009. Intentional or incidental thermal modification? Analysing site occupation via burned bone. 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Sandgathe</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How heat alters underlying deposits and implications for archaeological fire features: A controlled experiment","attachmentId":43185026,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22576993/How_heat_alters_underlying_deposits_and_implications_for_archaeological_fire_features_A_controlled_experiment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22576993/How_heat_alters_underlying_deposits_and_implications_for_archaeological_fire_features_A_controlled_experiment"><span 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Poole, H. D. J. Huisman, and B. van Os. “Fuel, Fire and Heat: An Experimental Approach to Highlight the Potential of Studying Ash and Char Remains from Archaeological Contexts.” Journal of Archaeological Science (2011).</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2922378" href="https://cultureelerfgoed.academia.edu/BertilvanOs">Bertil van Os</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Braadbaart, F., I. Poole, H. D. J. 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