Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, pneumonia, Antimicrobial Resistance."> <meta name="description" content="Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance, Charlotte Doidge"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Walsh Medical Media"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Clinical Microbiology: Open Access"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Charlotte Doidge"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2022"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2327-5073"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/02/04"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=""> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance.pdf"> <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage( theURL, winName, features ) { window.open( theURL, winName, features ); } </script> <meta itemprop="name" content="Walsh Medical Media" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="YjHsSGOfJVjTiVTf6S4LqoaspPRh3ErDWaq1RaXtrAY" /> <meta name="ROBOTS" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"> <meta name="googlebot" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/assets/images/ico.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" hreflang="en-us"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/lib/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/style.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/responsive.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/journalpage.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pro.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.10.0/css/all.css" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link href="/assets/lib/css/font/font.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/assets/lib/js/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/lib/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>  <script src="/assets/lib/js/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/lib/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-82GJ3LQ7V6"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-82GJ3LQ7V6'); </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/", "logo": "https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/images/walsh-medical-media-logo.png" } </script> <meta property="og:title" content="walsh medical media | journals | open access journals" /> <meta property="og:type" content="open access journals" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/images/walsh-medical-media-logo.png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@WalshMedical"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Walsh Medical Media | Journals | Open Access Journals"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Walsh Medical Media. is one of the leading international open access journals publishers covering clinical, medical, biological, pharmaceutical sciences, engineering, as well as management and technol"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/images/walsh-medical-media-logo.png">  <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','//connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '297919997051754'); fbq('track', "PageView"); </script> </head> <body> <header class="header-view"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg p-0"> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/" title="Walsh Medical Media"><img src="/assets/images/walsh-medical-media-logo.png" alt="Walsh Medical Media"></a> <button class="navbar-toggler toggle-view" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mainNavbar"> <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-end" id="mainNavbar"> <ul class="navbar-nav header-links"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/" title="Click here">Home</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle own-journal" href="#" id="navbarDropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Journals </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu custom-dropdown" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownMenuLink"> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/scientific-journals-list.html" title="Click here">A-Z Journals</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access-journals-list.html" title="Click here">Browse By Subject</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/publish-with-us.html" title="Click here">Publish With Us</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/contact-us.html" title="Click here">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="navbar-nav manuscript"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/submissions/clinical-microbiology-open-access.html" title="Click here">Submit Manuscript <i class="fa fa-long-arrow-right px-2" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> </ul> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="journal-navbar" id="sticky-navbar"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-12 py-4"> <div class="journal-heading-issn"> <h1>Clinical Microbiology: Open Access</h1> <p>ISSN: 2327-5073</p> </div> </div> </div>  <header class="journal-navbar"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg p-0"> <button class="navbar-toggler journal-toggle-view" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#customNavbar"> <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="customNavbar"> <ul class="navbar-nav journal-navbar-list"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology.html" title="Click here">Journal Home</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Editorial panel </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu journal-custom-dropdown" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownMenuLink"> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/editor-in-chief.html" title="Click here">Editor-in-chief</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/editorial-board.html" title="Click here">Editor Board</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Instructions for Authors </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu journal-custom-dropdown" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownMenuLink"> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/instructionsforauthors.html" title="Click here">Instructions for Authors</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/ethical-malpractices.html" title="Click here">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/submit-manuscript.html" title="Click here">Submit Manuscript</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/inpress.html" title="Articles in process" style="text-transform:inherit;">Articles in process</a> </li>  <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/archive.html" title="Click here">Archive</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Special Issues </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu journal-custom-dropdown" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownMenuLink"> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/guidelines.html" title="Click here">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/upcoming-special-issues.html" title="Click here">Upcoming Special Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/contact.html" title="Click here">Contact</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Our Services </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu journal-custom-dropdown" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownMenuLink"> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/advertise.html" title="Click here">Advertise</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/reprints.html" title="Click here">Reprints</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/membership.html" title="Click here">Membership</a></li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/subscription.html" title="Click here">Subscription</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> </section> <script type="text/javascript"> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement({pageLanguage: 'en'}, 'google_translate_element'); } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script>  <section class="py-2"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3 pt-3 order-last order-sm-first"> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/awards-nomination.html" class="btn btn-info btn-block mb-3 border-0 border-left-4 border-info font-size-4 awards_link" ><i class="fa-light fa-award-simple"></i> Awards Nomination </a> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology-online-visitors-readers-143.html" class="btn btn-warning btn-block mb-3 border-0 border-left-4 border-info font-size-4 reader_link"><i class="fas fa-book-reader"></i> 20+ Million Readerbase</a>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walshmedicalmedia.com%2Fopen-access%2Frespiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="Walsh Medical Media"/>  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0"> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walshmedicalmedia.com%2Fopen-access%2Frespiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html"><img src="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="Walsh Medical Media" /></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walshmedicalmedia.com%2Fopen-access%2Frespiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="Walsh Medical Media"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walshmedicalmedia.com%2Fopen-access%2Frespiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="Walsh Medical Media"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walshmedicalmedia.com%2Fopen-access%2Frespiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="Walsh Medical Media" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div>  <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-header custom-header"> <h6><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&view_op=list_works&gmla=AJsN-F4-EfHunU2VDqjh7f02VdILcz_HmHnlx58Vb7oxffNEg9a7ShbVD6TF1zZoAu_HHnM2BB-f33l6mK-7N2Fx0Xi-OjNm-C3RuHMhvLhaNNCgf0ASzF8&user=fUHDkg0AAAAJ" title="Click here">Google Scholar citation report</a></h6> </div> <div class="card-body custom-body"> <h6 style="font-weight:bold;">Citations : 1616</h6> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&view_op=list_works&gmla=AJsN-F4-EfHunU2VDqjh7f02VdILcz_HmHnlx58Vb7oxffNEg9a7ShbVD6TF1zZoAu_HHnM2BB-f33l6mK-7N2Fx0Xi-OjNm-C3RuHMhvLhaNNCgf0ASzF8&user=fUHDkg0AAAAJ" title="Click here">Clinical Microbiology: Open Access received 1616 citations as per Google Scholar report</a></p> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/citations.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/admin/citation-images/clinical-microbiology-open-access-citation.PNG" alt="Clinical Microbiology: Open Access" class="img-fluid p_rel" /></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-header custom-header"> <h6><a href="https://publons.com/journal/23722/clinical-microbiology-open-access/" target="_blank" title="Click here">Clinical Microbiology: Open Access peer review process verified at publons</a></h6> </div> </div> <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-body custom-body p-0"> <div> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/advertising.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/assets/images/tower-banner.jpg" alt="Flyer image" class="img-fluid p_rel" width="100%" /> <span class="p_abo cu_roundchip"> <span> <h5><span>25+</span> Million Website Visitors</h5> </span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-header custom-header"> <h6>Indexed In</h6> </div> <div class="card-body custom-body card-scroll"> <ul class="list-unstyled index-list"> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Open J Gate </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> RefSeek </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Hamdard University </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> EBSCO A-Z </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> OCLC- WorldCat </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Publons </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Euro Pub </li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Google Scholar </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card-footer custom-card-footer text-end"> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/indexing.html">View More <i class="fa fa-long-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-header custom-header"> <h6>Useful Links</h6> </div> <div class="card-body custom-body card-scroll"> <ul class="list-unstyled index-list"> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/aim-and-scope.html" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Aim and Scope</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/peer-review-process.html" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Peer Review Process</a></li>   <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/citations.html" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Citations Report</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/indexing.html" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Indexing and Archiving</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-microbiology/archive.html" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Table of Contents</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/submissions/clinical-microbiology-open-access.html" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Submit Paper</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/peer-review-tracking/" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Track Your Paper</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/funded-articles.html" title="Click Here"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> Funded Work</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-header custom-header"> <h6>Share This Page</h6> </div> <div class="card-body left-bar-social-links"> <ul class="nav"> <li><a class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" target="_blank" title="Share with Facebook"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a></li> <li><a class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" target="_blank" title="Share with Twiter"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" target="_blank" title="Share with Linkedin"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a></li> <li><a class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" target="_blank" title="Share with Pinterest"><i class="fab fa-pinterest-p"></i></a></li> <li><a class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g?u=https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance-109078.html" target="_blank" title="Share with Blogger"><i class="fab fa-blogger-b"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-header custom-header"> <h6>Journal Flyer</h6> </div> <div class="card-body custom-body"> <div> <img src="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/admin/flyers/clinical-microbiology-open-access-flyer.JPG" alt="Clinical Microbiology: Open Access" class="img-fluid" width='100%'/> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="card mb-3" align="center"> <a class="twitter-timeline" href="https://twitter.com/microbilogy" data-width="450" data-height="300">Tweets by microbilogy</a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <div class="card mb-3"> <div class="card-header custom-header"> <h6>Open Access Journals</h6> </div> <div class="card-body custom-body card-scroll"> <ul class="list-unstyled index-list"> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/agri-and-aquaculture-journals.html" title="Click here"> Agri and Aquaculture </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/biochemistry-journals.html" title="Click here"> Biochemistry </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/bioinformatics-and-systems-biology-journals.html" title="Click here"> Bioinformatics & Systems Biology </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/business-and-management-journals.html" title="Click here"> Business & Management </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/chemistry-journals.html" title="Click here"> Chemistry </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/clinical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click here"> Clinical Sciences </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Click here"> Engineering </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/food-and-nutrition-journals.html" title="Click here"> Food & Nutrition </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/general-science-journals.html" title="Click here"> General Science </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Click here"> Genetics & Molecular Biology </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Click here"> Immunology & Microbiology </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click here"> Medical Sciences </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Click here"> Neuroscience & Psychology </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/nursing-and-health-care-journals.html" title="Click here"> Nursing & Health Care </a></li> <li><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click here"> Pharmaceutical Sciences </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="card-footer custom-card-footer text-end"> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access-journals-list.html">View More <i class="fa fa-long-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="col-lg-9"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Commentary - (2022) Volume 11, Issue 1 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6 text-end"> <ul class="list-unstyled abtract-view justify-content-end"> <li> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance.pdf" title="View PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/respiratory-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance.pdf&aid=109078" title="Download PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <h5 class="font-size-7 mt-2">Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance</h5> <a href='https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/author/charlotte-doidge-32044' title='Charlotte Doidge' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Charlotte Doidge</a><sup><a href='#Charlotte_Doidge'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA<br> <div> </div> <a id="Charlotte_Doidge"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Charlotte Doidge, Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='charlotte@gmail.com'></i> <p> <strong>Received: </strong>06-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. CMO-22-268; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>10-Jan-2022, Pre QC No. CMO-22-268; <strong>Reviewed: </strong>24-Jan-2022, QC No. CMO-22-268; <strong>Revised: </strong>28-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. CMO-22-268; <strong>Published:</strong> 04-Feb-2022</p> <h4>Description</h4> <p>Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) is used as a synonym for pneumonia but can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis. Symptoms include shortness of breath, weakness, fever, coughing and fatigue. A routine chest X-ray is not always necessary for people who have symptoms of a lower respiratory tract infection.</p> <p><strong>Pulmonary mucormycosis</strong></p> <p>Lower respiratory tract infection develops most frequently in severely immunocompromised patients, particularly those with hematological malignancies and allogeneic HSCT. Key factors associated with development of pulmonary mucormycosis include prolonged and profound neutropenia, corticosteroid use, and GVHD. Pulmonary disease also develops in solid organ transplant recipients. Pulmonary mucormycosis may appear radiologically as solitary lung nodules, segmental or lobar consolidation, halo signs, and cavitary or bronchopneumonic lesions. Persistent fevers and pulmonary infiltrates refractory to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents in a compromised patient should suggest fungal pneumonia. As the presentation of pulmonary mucormycosis is similar to that of invasive pulmonary <em>aspergillosis</em>, a diagnostic procedure such as Broncho Alveolar Lavage (BAL) is important.</p> <p>The pulmonary lesions of mucormycosis typically are rapidly progressive in compromised hosts. Invasion of pulmonary vessels might also additionally cause thrombosis and pulmonary infarcts. Infection might also additionally increase across tissue planes to contain the chest wall, pericardium, myocardium, superior vena cava, and diaphragm. Invasion of the great vessels may cause aneurysm formation with deadly hemoptysis and progressive as endobronchial ailment with airway obstruction. High-resolution CT is advanced to standard chest radiographs for early analysis and for delineating the extent of pulmonary and mediastinal involvement. The air crescent and halo signs, which can be normally related to invasive pulmonary <em>aspergillosis</em>, will also be observed in pulmonary mucormycosis. Respiratory tract infection may arise alone, concomitant with sinus ailment, or as a part of a disseminated process, radiological evaluation of extra pulmonary sites have to be taken into consideration in the initial evaluation.</p> <p><strong>Antimicrobial resistance</strong></p> <p>Resistance to antimicrobials is a natural biological phenomenon. The introduction of every antimicrobial agent into clinical practice has been followed by the detection in the laboratory of strains of microorganisms that are resistant, i.e. able to multiply in the presence of drug concentrations higher than the concentrations in humans receiving therapeutic doses. Such resistance may either be a characteristic associated with the entire species or emerge in strains of a normally susceptible species through mutation or gene transfer. Resistance genes encode various mechanisms which allow microorganisms to resist the inhibitory effects of specific antimicrobials. These mechanisms offer resistance to other antimicrobials of the same class and sometimes to several different antimicrobial classes.</p> <p>Deaths from acute respiration infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis account for greater than 85% of the mortality from contamination worldwide. Resistance to first-line pills in maximum of the pathogens inflicting those sicknesses stages from 0 to nearly 100%. The prevention of antibiotic misuse, which can lead to antibiotic resistance, includes taking antibiotics only when prescribed. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are preferred over broad-spectrum antibiotics when possible, as effectively and accurately targeting specific organisms is less likely to cause resistance, as well as side effects. For people who take these medications at home, education about proper use is essential. Health care providers can minimize spread of resistant infections by use of proper sanitation and hygiene, including hand washing and disinfecting between patients, and should encourage the same of the patient, visitors, and family members.</p>   <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body px-3 pb-0"> <p><strong>Citation:</strong> Doidge C (2022) Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance. Clin Microbiol. 11:268.</p> <p><strong>Copyright: </strong>© 2022 Doidge C. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>   <div class="whatup"> <ul> <li><a href="tel:+44 1687550021">+44 1687550021 <i class="fab fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> <section> <footer> <div class="custom-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 md-margin-bottom-40"> <a download="" href="/"><img id="logo-footer" src="/assets/images/footer-logo.png" alt="Walsh Medical Media" width="220px;"></a> <p class="py-3">Walsh Medical Media is a global leader in open access publishing, dedicated to advancing the frontiers of science and technology. We specialize in publishing peer-reviewed, high-impact journals across diverse fields including clinical research, life sciences, biomedical technology, and emerging areas of scientific innovation. </br>It is dedicated to connecting research with real-world practice, helping scientists, clinicians, and technologists share their knowledge and make advancements that positively impact society.</p> </div> <div class="col-md-3 md-margin-bottom-40"> <div class="headline"> <h2>Useful Links</h2> </div> <ul class="list-unstyled link-list"> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/" title="Click here">Home</a><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access-journals-list.html" title="Click here">Journals</a><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/publish-with-us.html" title="Click here">Publish With Us</a><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></li> <li><a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/contact-us.html" title="Click here">Contact Us</a><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-4 map-img md-margin-bottom-40"> <div class="headline"> <h2>Contact Us</h2> </div> <address> Address:<br> Office 317 Boundary House ,<br> Cricket Field Road, Uxbridge,<br> UB8 1QG, London UK<br> E-mail: <a href="mailto:wwwmanuscripts@journalsci.org">wwwmanuscripts@journalsci.org</a><br> Whatsapp No: +44 1687550021 / +44 7389645281 </address> </div> <div class="col-md-2 md-margin-bottom-40"> <div class="headline"> <h2>Connect</h2> </div> <ul class="list-unstyled link-list1"> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/walshmedicalmedia/" title="Click here"><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i> facebook</a></li> <li><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/WalshMedical" title="Click here"> Twitter</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/walsh.medicalmedia/" title="Click here"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i> Instagram</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/walsh-medical-media/" title="Click here"><i class="fab fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>LinkedIn</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <p> Copyright © 2024 <a href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/" title="Click here">Walsh Medical Media</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <a download="" id="back-to-top" href="#" class="btn btn-dark btn-lg back-to-top text-white" role="button"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-up"></i> </a> </section> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $(window).scroll(function() { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 100) { $("#back-to-top").fadeIn(); $("#sticky-navbar").addClass('sticky'); } else { $("#back-to-top").fadeOut(); $("#sticky-navbar").removeClass('sticky') } }); // scroll body to 0px on click $("#back-to-top").click(function() { $("body,html").animate({ scrollTop: 0, }, 400 ); return false; }); }); </script>   <script> $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover(); </script>   </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Respiratory Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance