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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Refugium</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Refugium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Refugium subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Refugium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beringian_Gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beringian_Gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Beringian Gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beringian_Gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_habitation_and_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_habitation_and_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human habitation and migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_habitation_and_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Previous connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beringia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringlandbrug" title="Beringlandbrug – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beringlandbrug" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيرنجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيرنجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiya_b%C9%99rz%C9%99xi" title="Beringiya bərzəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beringiya bərzəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="বেরিং ভূ-সেতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেরিং ভূ-সেতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Берынгія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берынгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Берингия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берингия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%ADngia" title="Beríngia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beríngia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringie" title="Beringie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beringie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering-landbroen" title="Bering-landbroen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bering-landbroen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βερίγγεια γέφυρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βερίγγεια γέφυρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_de_Beringia" title="Puente de Beringia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puente de Beringia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringio" title="Beringio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beringio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="برینگیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برینگیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ringie" title="Béringie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Béringie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringl%C3%A2nbr%C3%AAge" title="Beringlânbrêge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beringlânbrêge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berinxia" title="Berinxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Berinxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A7%81_%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%90" title="베링 육교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베링 육교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बेरिंजिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेरिंजिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringija" title="Beringija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beringija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ברינגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברינגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringija" title="Beringija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beringija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering-f%C3%B6ldh%C3%ADd" title="Bering-földhíd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bering-földhíd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringlandbrug" title="Beringlandbrug – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beringlandbrug" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%B3%A1" title="ベーリング地峡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベーリング地峡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiya" title="Beringiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Beringiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%ADngia" title="Beríngia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beríngia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Берингия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берингия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Берингия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Берингия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringija" title="Beringija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beringija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Берингија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берингија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringov_kopneni_most" title="Beringov kopneni most – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beringov kopneni most" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெரிங் பாலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரிங் பாலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เบอรินเจีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอรินเจีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Берингія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берингія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Beringia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E9%99%B8%E6%A9%8B" title="白令陸橋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白令陸橋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E9%99%B8%E6%A9%8B" title="白令陸橋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白令陸橋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190927#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the prehistoric geographical region. For the battle of World War I in Beringia, Darfur, see <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)#Battle_of_Beringia" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur (1916) § Battle of Beringia</a>. For modern proposals to construct a connection over the Bering Strait, see <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait_crossing" title="Bering Strait crossing">Bering Strait crossing</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Bering land bridge being inundated with rising sea level across time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/350px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif/525px-Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Beringia_land_bridge-noaagov.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Beringia sea levels (blues) and land elevations (browns) measured in metres from 21,000 years ago to present</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Beringia</b> is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" title="Lena River">Lena River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>; on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>; on the north by <a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">72° north</a> latitude in the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a>; and on the south by the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shared_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shared-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi</a> and Kamchatka Peninsulas in Russia as well as <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p>The area includes land lying on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a> and Siberian land east of the <a href="/wiki/Chersky_Range" title="Chersky Range">Chersky Range</a>. At various times, it formed a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> referred to as the <b>Bering land bridge</b>, that was up to 1,000 km (620 mi) wide at its greatest extent and which covered an area as large as <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> together,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> totaling about 1.6 million km<sup>2</sup> (620,000 sq mi), allowing biological dispersal to occur between Asia and North America. Today, the only land that is visible from the central part of the Bering land bridge are the <a href="/wiki/Diomede_Islands" title="Diomede Islands">Diomede Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pribilof_Islands" title="Pribilof Islands">Pribilof Islands</a> of St. Paul and St. George, <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Matthew_Island" title="St. Matthew Island">St. Matthew Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Island_(Alaska)" title="King Island (Alaska)">King Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shared_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shared-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that a small human population of at most a few thousand arrived in Beringia from eastern Siberia during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> before expanding into the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">settlement of the Americas</a> sometime after 16,500 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a> (YBP).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would have occurred as the American glaciers blocking the way southward melted,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goebel_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goebel_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fagundes_2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagundes_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamm_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamm_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but before the bridge was covered by the sea about 11,000 YBP.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated60_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated60-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jakobsson2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakobsson2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Beringia</i> was coined by the Swedish botanist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hult%C3%A9n" title="Eric Hultén">Eric Hultén</a> in 1937, from the Danish-born Russian explorer <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoffeckerElias2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoffeckerElias2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ice ages, Beringia, like most of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and all of <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, was not <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciated</a> because <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">snowfall was very light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Voous1973_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voous1973-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.png/170px-Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.png/255px-Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Bering land bridge – Wisconsin glaciation</figcaption></figure> <p>The remains of <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> mammals that had been discovered on the <a href="/wiki/Aleutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleutians">Aleutians</a> and islands in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> at the close of the nineteenth century indicated that a past land connection might lie beneath the shallow waters between <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a>. The underlying mechanism was first thought to be tectonics, but by 1930 changes in the ice mass balance, leading to global sea-level fluctuations were viewed as the cause of the Bering land bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hoffecker2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffecker2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hult%C3%A9n" title="Eric Hultén">Eric Hultén</a> proposed that around the Aleutians and the Bering Strait region were tundra plants that had originally dispersed from a now-submerged plain between Alaska and Chukotka, which he named Beringia after <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Vitus Bering</a> who had sailed into the strait in 1728.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hoffecker2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffecker2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American arctic geologist David Hopkins redefined Beringia to include portions of Alaska and Northeast Asia. Beringia was later regarded as extending from the <a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Verkhoyansk Mountains">Verkhoyansk Mountains</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffecker2016_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffecker2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of plants in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Erythranthe" title="Erythranthe">Erythranthe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i> are good examples of this, as very similar genera members are found in Asia and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-sinoalba_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinoalba-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brubaker_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brubaker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Pleistocene epoch, global cooling led periodically to the expansion of glaciers and the lowering of sea levels. This created land connections in various regions around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the average water depth of the Bering Strait is 40–50 m (130–160 ft); therefore the land bridge opened when the sea level dropped more than 50 m (160 ft) below the current level.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reconstruction of the sea-level history of the region indicated that a seaway existed from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 135,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70,000</span> YBP, a land bridge from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 60,000</span> YBP, an intermittent connection from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 60,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> YBP, a land bridge from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 11,000</span> YBP, followed by a Holocene sea-level rise that reopened the strait.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">Post-glacial rebound</a> has continued to raise some sections of the coast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg/290px-Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg/435px-Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg/580px-Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> caused a much lower global sea level</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, enough of the Earth's water became frozen in the great <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> covering <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to cause a drop in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea levels</a>. For thousands of years the sea floors of many <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> shallow seas were exposed, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a> to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> to the south. Other <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a> around the world have emerged and disappeared in the same way. Around 14,000 years ago, mainland <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> was linked to both <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> became an extension of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> via the dry beds of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and the dry bed of the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> linked <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochina</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refugium">Refugium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Refugium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lgm_ccsm4_beringia_annual_precipitation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lgm_ccsm4_beringia_annual_precipitation.png/300px-Lgm_ccsm4_beringia_annual_precipitation.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lgm_ccsm4_beringia_annual_precipitation.png/450px-Lgm_ccsm4_beringia_annual_precipitation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lgm_ccsm4_beringia_annual_precipitation.png/600px-Lgm_ccsm4_beringia_annual_precipitation.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Beringia precipitation 22,000 years ago</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">Mammoth steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray_disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Asa Gray disjunction">Asa Gray disjunction</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000<sup id="cite_ref-ipcc2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipcc2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–14,500<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/YBP" class="mw-redirect" title="YBP">YBP</a><sup id="cite_ref-clark2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the most recent <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial period</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">current ice age</a>, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.<sup id="cite_ref-ipcc2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipcc2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ice Age reached its peak during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> began advancing from 33,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500<span class="nowrap"> </span>YBP. Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>YBP and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 years<span class="nowrap"> </span>YBP, which is consistent with evidence that glacial meltwater was the primary source for an abrupt rise in sea level 14,500<span class="nowrap"> </span>YBP<sup id="cite_ref-clark2009_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bridge was finally inundated around 11,000 YBP.<sup id="cite_ref-jakobsson2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakobsson2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil evidence from many continents points to the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">extinction</a> of large animals, termed <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a>, near the end of the last glaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-elias2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elias2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Ice Age a vast, cold and dry <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">Mammoth steppe</a> stretched from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">arctic islands</a> southwards to China, and from Spain eastwards across Eurasia and over the Bering land bridge into Alaska and the Yukon where it was blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a>. Therefore, the flora and fauna of Beringia were more related to those of Eurasia rather than North America. Beringia received more moisture and intermittent maritime cloud cover from the north Pacific Ocean than the rest of the Mammoth steppe, including the dry environments on either side of it. This moisture supported a shrub-tundra habitat that provided an <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">ecological refugium</a> for plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-elias2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elias2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guthrie2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guthrie2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In East Beringia 35,000 YBP, the northern arctic areas experienced temperatures 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) degrees warmer than today but the southern sub-Arctic regions were 2 °C (4 °F) degrees cooler. During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the <a href="/wiki/Seward_Peninsula" title="Seward Peninsula">Seward Peninsula</a> to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon.<sup id="cite_ref-elias2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elias2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the driest and coldest periods of the Late Pleistocene, and possibly during the entire Pleistocene, moisture occurred along a north–south gradient with the south receiving the most cloud cover and moisture due to the air-flow from the North Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-guthrie2001_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guthrie2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Late Pleistocene, Beringia was a mosaic of biological communities.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffecker2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffecker2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elias2008_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elias2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brigham2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brigham2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commencing from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 57,000</span> YBP (<a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine isotope stage">MIS</a> 3), steppe–tundra vegetation dominated large parts of Beringia with a rich diversity of grasses and herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffecker2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffecker2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elias2008_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elias2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sher2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sher2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were patches of shrub tundra with isolated refugia of <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a> (<i>Larix</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> (<i>Picea</i>) forests with <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> (<i>Betula</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a> (<i>Alnus</i>) trees.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffecker2007_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffecker2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brigham2004_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brigham2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sher2005_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sher2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that the largest and most diverse megafaunal community residing in Beringia at this time could only have been sustained in a highly diverse and productive environment.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beringia_20000bp_duration_of_snow_cover_days_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Beringia_20000bp_duration_of_snow_cover_days_1.png/290px-Beringia_20000bp_duration_of_snow_cover_days_1.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Beringia_20000bp_duration_of_snow_cover_days_1.png/435px-Beringia_20000bp_duration_of_snow_cover_days_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Beringia_20000bp_duration_of_snow_cover_days_1.png/580px-Beringia_20000bp_duration_of_snow_cover_days_1.png 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="1661" /></a><figcaption>Duration of snow cover in days, East Beringia, 20000 years ago. Chelsa Trace 21ka variable bio/scd 200.</figcaption></figure> <p>Analysis at Chukotka on the Siberian edge of the land bridge indicated that from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 57,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15,000</span> YBP (MIS 3 to MIS 2) the environment was wetter and colder than the steppe–tundra to the east and west, with warming in parts of Beringia from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15,000</span> YBP.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes provided the most likely explanation for mammal migrations after <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15,000</span> YBP, as the warming provided increased forage for browsers and mixed feeders.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Mesic_habitat" title="Mesic habitat">mesic habitat</a>-adapted species left the refugium and spread westward into what had become tundra-vegetated northern Asia and eastward into northern North America.<sup id="cite_ref-guthrie2001_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guthrie2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beringia_8000bp_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Beringia_8000bp_2.png/290px-Beringia_8000bp_2.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Beringia_8000bp_2.png/435px-Beringia_8000bp_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Beringia_8000bp_2.png/580px-Beringia_8000bp_2.png 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Beringia, 8000 years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>The latest emergence of the land bridge was <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70,000</span> years ago. However, from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 24,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 13,000</span> YBP the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> fused with the <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran Ice Sheet</a>, which blocked gene flow between Beringia (and Eurasia) and continental North America.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yukon corridor opened between the receding ice sheets <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 13,000</span> YBP, and this once again allowed gene flow between Eurasia and continental North America until the land bridge was finally closed by rising sea levels <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,000</span> YBP.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Holocene, many mesic-adapted species left the refugium and spread eastward and westward, while at the same time the forest-adapted species spread with the forests up from the south. The arid-adapted species were reduced to minor habitats or became extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-guthrie2001_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guthrie2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_res_mastodon_rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/High_res_mastodon_rendering.jpg/290px-High_res_mastodon_rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/High_res_mastodon_rendering.jpg/435px-High_res_mastodon_rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/High_res_mastodon_rendering.jpg/580px-High_res_mastodon_rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Mammut americanum</i> (<a href="/wiki/American_mastodon" class="mw-redirect" title="American mastodon">American mastodon</a>) became extinct around 12,000–9,000 years ago due to human-related activities, climate change, or a combination of both. See <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beringia constantly transformed its <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> as the changing climate affected the environment, determining which plants and animals were able to survive. The land mass could be a barrier as well as a bridge: during colder periods, glaciers advanced and precipitation levels dropped. During warmer intervals, clouds, rain and snow altered <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> and drainage patterns. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> remains show that <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> once grew beyond their northernmost range today, indicating that there were periods when the climate was warmer and wetter. The environmental conditions were not homogenous in Beringia. Recent <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotope</a> studies of <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> bone <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> demonstrate that western Beringia (<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>) was colder and drier than eastern Beringia (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>), which was more ecologically diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-SzpakP3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SzpakP3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grey wolves suffered a species-wide <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> (reduction) approximately 25,000 YBP during the Last Glacial Maximum. This was followed by a single population of modern wolves expanding out of their Beringia refuge to repopulate the wolf's former range, replacing the remaining <a href="/wiki/Megafaunal_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Megafaunal wolf">Late Pleistocene wolf</a> populations across Eurasia and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Loog2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loog2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werhahn2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werhahn2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schweizer2020_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extinct pine species <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_matthewsii" title="Pinus matthewsii">Pinus matthewsii</a></i> has been described from Pliocene sediments in the Yukon areas of the refugium.<sup id="cite_ref-McKown2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKown2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beringian_Gap">Beringian Gap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beringian Gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of fauna endemic to the respective Siberian and North American portions of Beringia has led to the 'Beringian Gap' hypothesis, wherein an unconfirmed geographic factor blocked migration across the land bridge when it emerged. Beringia did not block the movement of most dry steppe-adapted large species such as saiga antelope, woolly mammoth, and caballid horses.<sup id="cite_ref-guthrie2001_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guthrie2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable restricted fauna include the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhino</a> in Siberia (which went no further east than the <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadyr River">Anadyr River</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Arctodus#Beringia_2" title="Arctodus">Arctodus simus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">kiang</a>-like equids, <i><a href="/wiki/Bootherium" title="Bootherium">Bootherium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Camelops" title="Camelops">Camelops</a></i> in North America, with the existence of <i><a href="/wiki/Homotherium" title="Homotherium">Homotherium</a></i> being disputed in Late Pleistocene Siberia. The lack of mastodon and <i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></i> has been attributed to their inhabitation of Alaska and the Yukon being limited to interglacials.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ground sloth eDNA has potentially been recovered from Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_habitation_and_migration">Human habitation and migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human habitation and migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Schematic illustration of maternal geneflow in and out of Beringia.Colours of the arrows correspond to approximate timing of the events and are decoded in the coloured time-bar. The initial peopling of Berinigia (depicted in light yellow) was followed by a standstill after which the ancestors of indigenous Americans spread swiftly all over the New World while some of the Beringian maternal lineages–C1a-spread westwards. More recent (shown in green) genetic exchange is manifested by back-migration of A2a into Siberia and the spread of D2a into north-eastern America that post-dated the initial peopling of the New World." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg/220px-Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg/330px-Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg/440px-Map_of_gene_flow_in_and_out_of_Beringia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of Beringia, from 25,000 years ago to present</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a> (AB) is a human <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetic</a> lineage, based on the genome of an infant found at the <a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River site</a> (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Beringian_Moreno-Mayar2018_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Beringian_Moreno-Mayar2018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AB lineage diverged from the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Native_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Native American">Ancestral Native American</a> (ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago. The ANA lineage was estimated as having been formed between 20,000 and 25,000 years ago by a mixture of East Asian (~65%) and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> (~35%) lineages, consistent with the model of the <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">peopling of the Americas</a> via Beringia during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Beringian_:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Beringian_:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Beringian_:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Beringian_:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/240px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/360px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/480px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the approximate location of the ice-free corridor along the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>, separating the <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide</a> ice sheets. Also indicated are the locations of the <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Draw" title="Blackwater Draw">Clovis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a> Paleo-Indian sites.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">peopling of the Americas</a> began when <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>) entered <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> from the <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">Mammoth steppe</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Beringia_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Beringia land bridge">Beringia land bridge</a>, which had formed between northeastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> due to the lowering of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (26,000 to 19,000 years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Smithsoniana_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Smithsoniana-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These populations expanded south of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> and spread rapidly southward, occupying both <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">North and South America</a> by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_FaganDurrani2016_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_FaganDurrani2016-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Goebel_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Goebel-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_NYT-20180103_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_NYT-20180103-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_NAT-20180103_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_NAT-20180103-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest populations in the Americas, before roughly 10,000 years ago, are known as <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by proposed <a href="/wiki/Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" title="Dene–Yeniseian languages">linguistic factors</a>, the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Blood_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood types">blood types</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">genetic composition</a> as reflected by <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> data, such as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_AshRobinson2011_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_AshRobinson2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Roberts2010_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Roberts2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The precise date for the peopling of the Americas is a long-standing open question. While advances in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical anthropology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> have progressively shed more light on the subject, significant questions remain unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Null_2022_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Null_2022-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Pauketat2012_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Pauketat2012-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Clovis first theory" refers to the hypothesis that the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> represents the earliest human presence in the Americas about 13,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Surovell_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Surovell-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Clovis_First_theory" title="Alternatives to the Clovis First theory">Evidence of pre-Clovis cultures has accumulated</a> and pushed back the possible date of the first peopling of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Yasinski_2022_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Yasinski_2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics generally believe that humans reached North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Null_2022_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Null_2022-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Yasinski_2022_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Yasinski_2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Wells2006_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Wells2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Relethford2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Relethford2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Birx2010_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Birx2010-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_KiczaHorn2016_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_KiczaHorn2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some new controversial archaeological evidence suggests the possibility that human arrival in the Americas may have occurred prior to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> more than 20,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Yasinski_2022_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Yasinski_2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Baisas_2022_l824_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Baisas_2022_l824-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Chatters_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Chatters-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Gibbon,_Guy_E_1998_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peopling_of_the_Americas_Gibbon,_Guy_E_1998-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>Around 3,000 years ago, the progenitors of the <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik peoples</a> settled along both sides of the straits.<sup id="cite_ref-Kibin_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kibin-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governments of Russia and the United States announced a plan to formally establish "a transboundary area of shared Beringian heritage". Among other things this agreement would establish close ties between the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge_National_Preserve" title="Bering Land Bridge National Preserve">Bering Land Bridge National Preserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Krusenstern_National_Monument" title="Cape Krusenstern National Monument">Cape Krusenstern National Monument</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Beringia_National_Park" title="Beringia National Park">Beringia National Park</a> in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_connections">Previous connections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Previous connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png/170px-Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png/255px-Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png/340px-Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption>Map shows the connection between North America and Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> period (~80Ma).<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeographical</a> evidence demonstrates previous connections between North America and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> fossils occur both in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_2020_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_2020-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dinosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Saurolophus" title="Saurolophus">Saurolophus</a></i> was found in both Mongolia and western North America.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatives of <i><a href="/wiki/Troodon" title="Troodon">Troodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Triceratops" title="Triceratops">Triceratops</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a> rex</i> all came from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiorillo_2014_pp._54–61_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiorillo_2014_pp._54–61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fiorillo_2004_pp._84–91_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiorillo_2004_pp._84–91-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest <i>Canis lupus</i> specimen was a fossil tooth discovered at <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow,_Yukon" title="Old Crow, Yukon">Old Crow, Yukon</a>, Canada. The specimen was found in sediment dated 1 million YBP,<sup id="cite_ref-tedford2009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tedford2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the geological attribution of this sediment is questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-tedford2009_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tedford2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-westgate2017_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westgate2017-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slightly younger specimens were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a>, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 YBP. Both discoveries point to the origin of these wolves in eastern Beringia during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tedford2009_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tedford2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossil evidence also indicates an exchange of primates and plants between North America and Asia around 55.8 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JiangKlausZhang2019_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JiangKlausZhang2019-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 million years ago, evidence in North America shows the last natural interchange of mammalian species. Some, like the ancient <a href="/wiki/Saber-toothed_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber-toothed cat">saber-toothed cats</a>, have a recurring geographical range: Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pattern of bidirectional flow of biota has been asymmetric, with more plants, animals, and fungi generally migrating from Asia to North America than vice versa throughout the Cenozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-JiangKlausZhang2019_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JiangKlausZhang2019-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait_crossing" title="Bering Strait crossing">Bering Strait crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_John_(archeological_site)" title="Little John (archeological site)">Little John (archeological site)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Last glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoshoreline" title="Paleoshoreline">Paleoshoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">Peopling of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Beringia_Interpretive_Centre" title="Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre">Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-shared-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shared_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shared_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShared_Beringian_Heritage_Program" class="citation web cs1">Shared Beringian Heritage Program. <a 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Klaus, Sebastian; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Hillis, David M; Li, Jia-Tang (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8291635">"Asymmetric biotic interchange across the Bering land bridge between Eurasia and North America"</a>. <i>National Science Review</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">739–</span>745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnsr%2Fnwz035">10.1093/nsr/nwz035</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2053-714X">2053-714X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2095-5138">2095-5138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8291635">8291635</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34691929">34691929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Asymmetric+biotic+interchange+across+the+Bering+land+bridge+between+Eurasia+and+North+America&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E739-%3C%2Fspan%3E745&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8291635%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.eissn=2053-714X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnsr%2Fnwz035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34691929&rft.issn=2095-5138&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Dechun&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ya-Ping&rft.au=Hillis%2C+David+M&rft.au=Li%2C+Jia-Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8291635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_Demuth" title="Bathsheba Demuth">Demuth, Bathsheba</a> (2019) <i><a href="/wiki/Floating_Coast:_An_Environmental_History_of_the_Bering_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait">Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait</a></i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35832-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35832-2">978-0-393-35832-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagundesKanitzEckertValls2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C.S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva Jr., Wilson A.; et al. 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C.">Pielou, E. C.</a>, <i>After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66812-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66812-3">978-0-226-66812-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heather_Pringle_(writer)" title="Heather Pringle (writer)">Pringle, Heather</a> (2014). "Welcome to Beringia". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>343</b> (6174): <span class="nowrap">961–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...343..961P">2014Sci...343..961P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.343.6174.961">10.1126/science.343.6174.961</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24578560">24578560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Beringia&rft.volume=343&rft.issue=6174&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E961-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24578560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.343.6174.961&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...343..961P&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeringia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beringia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="extiw" title="commons:Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new-beringia-map-1.4999523">CBC News: New map of Beringia 'opens your imagination' to what landscape looked like 18,000 years ago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/akso/beringia/index.cfm">Shared Beringian Heritage Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beringiapark.ru/about-park.html">International National Park in the Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/bela/">Bering Land Bridge National Preserve</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/beringia.html#top">D.K. Jordan, "Prehistoric Beringia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225113224/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/beringia.html#top">Archived</a> 2008-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs/atlas/beringia/lbridge.html">Paleoenvironmental atlas of Beringia:</a> includes animation showing the gradual disappearance of the Bering land bridge</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beringia.com/">Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041212105840/http://www.geo.umass.edu/projects/chukotka/berhome.html">Paleoenvironments and Glaciation in Beringia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313061401/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html">Study suggests 20000 year hiatus in Beringia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-humans-came-to-americas-180973739/">The Fertile Shore</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/75px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/113px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Other prehistoric continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Possible future supercontinents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Asia604" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Asia604" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">The 'stans</a></b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_of_the_World" title="Roof of the World">Roof of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Imeon" title="Mount Imeon">Mount Imeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Japan_Arc" title="Northeastern Japan Arc">Northeastern Japan Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island_Arc" title="Sakhalin Island Arc">Sakhalin Island Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast China Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Mountains">Qinling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianghuai" title="Jianghuai">Jianghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou,_Anhui" title="Huizhou, Anhui">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Shaanxi" title="Southern Shaanxi">Shaannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos Loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Shaanxi" title="Northern Shaanxi">Shaanbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Mountains" title="Hamgyong Mountains">Hamgyong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range" title="Central Mountain Range">Central Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Alps" title="Japanese Alps">Japanese Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuka_Mountains" title="Suzuka Mountains">Suzuka Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk%E2%80%93Manchurian_taiga" title="Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga">Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beringia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Extreme North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikalia" title="Baikalia">Baikalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatanga_Gulf" title="Khatanga Gulf">Khatanga Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisey Gulf">Yenisey Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin" title="Sikhote-Alin">Sikhote-Alin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland/Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Triangle_temperate_forests" title="Northern Triangle temperate forests">Northern Triangle temperate forests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">Philippine Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzgan" title="Guzgan">Guzgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_subtropical_forests" title="Meghalaya subtropical forests">Meghalaya subtropical forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Little Rann of Kutch">Little Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Divi_Point" title="False Divi Point">False Divi Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigar_Valley" title="Shigar Valley">Shigar Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halar" title="Halar">Halar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminidivi" title="Aminidivi">Aminidivi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Faw Peninsula">Al-Faw Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharat" title="Al-Sharat">Al-Sharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria region</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Naharaim" title="Aram-Naharaim">Aram-Naharaim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa valley">Bekaa valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Dasht-e Kavir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kur-Araz Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Lowland" title="Lankaran Lowland">Lankaran Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)" title="Phasiane (historical region)">Phasiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speri_(region)" title="Speri (region)">Speri </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_Peninsula" title="Biga Peninsula">Biga Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana#Neo-Hittite_period" title="Tyana">Tuwana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Submerged_continents_and_lost_lands182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Submerged_landmasses" title="Template:Submerged landmasses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Submerged_landmasses" title="Template talk:Submerged landmasses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Submerged_landmasses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Submerged landmasses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Submerged_continents_and_lost_lands182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continents</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost lands">lost lands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles Microcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda Shelf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dampier_Archipelago" title="Dampier Archipelago">Dampier Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">Transcontinental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arctic Ocean--Bering Land Bridge"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242464/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bering Land Bridge"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85013325">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beringův průliv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge561088&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283269605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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