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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genera_and_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera_and_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genera and species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera_and_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bowerbird</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereboogvo%C3%ABl" title="Ereboogvoël – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ereboogvoël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9" title="طيور التعريشة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيور التعريشة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Альтанкавыя птушкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альтанкавыя птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Беседкови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беседкови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorr%C3%ADnquids" title="Ptilonorrínquids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ptilonorrínquids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D3%97%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D3%91%D0%BA%D3%97%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D3%97" title="Ӳпле вӗҫен кайӑкӗсен йышӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳпле вӗҫен кайӑкӗсен йышӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lem%C4%8D%C3%ADkovit%C3%AD" title="Lemčíkovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lemčíkovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8vhyttefugle" title="Løvhyttefugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Løvhyttefugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laubenv%C3%B6gel" title="Laubenvögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laubenvögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii_daha%C5%82b%C4%AF%CA%BC%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_M%C3%B3s%C3%AD%CA%BCiin%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tsídii dahałbįʼí dóó Mósíʼiinééʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii dahałbįʼí dóó Mósíʼiinééʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehtlalindlased" title="Lehtlalindlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lehtlalindlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorinkedoj" title="Ptilonorinkedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ptilonorinkedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مرغ کریچ‌ساز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرغ کریچ‌ساز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89an_grian%C3%A1in" title="Éan grianáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éan grianáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%96%B4%EC%83%88" title="바우어새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바우어새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrtlarice" title="Vrtlarice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrtlarice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdur" title="Namdur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Namdur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laufsk%C3%A1lafuglar" title="Laufskálafuglar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Laufskálafuglar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סוכיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕುಂಜಪಕ್ಷಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಂಜಪಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მეკარვიასებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეკარვიასებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Үйшікті құстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үйшікті құстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklano_(Ptilonorhynchidae)" title="Proklano (Ptilonorhynchidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Proklano (Ptilonorhynchidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapinukiniai" title="Palapinukiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Palapinukiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugas%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C5%91-f%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Lugasépítő-félék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lugasépítő-félék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%87" title="طيور التعريشه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طيور التعريشه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_pepunjung" title="Burung pepunjung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung pepunjung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prieelvogels" title="Prieelvogels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prieelvogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E7%A7%91" title="ニワシドリ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニワシドリ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnere" title="Gartnere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gartnere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnarar" title="Gartnarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gartnarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altanniki" title="Altanniki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Altanniki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Шалашниковые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шалашниковые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird" title="Bowerbird – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bowerbird" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavastajat" title="Lavastajat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lavastajat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6vsalsf%C3%A5glar" title="Lövsalsfåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lövsalsfåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="தோட்டப் பறவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோட்டப் பறவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Ptilonorhynchidae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ptilonorhynchidae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Наметникові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наметникові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim_t%E1%BB%95_l%E1%BB%81u" title="Chim tổ lều – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chim tổ lều" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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title="Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the family of birds. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Bowerbirds_(band)" title="Bowerbirds (band)">Bowerbirds (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Bowerbirds<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Late Oligocene-present <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">26–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:211.2px; width:8.8px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:211.2px; width:8.8px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:212.2px; width:6.8px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Satin_Bowerbird_JCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satin_Bowerbird_JCB.jpg/220px-Satin_Bowerbird_JCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satin_Bowerbird_JCB.jpg/330px-Satin_Bowerbird_JCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satin_Bowerbird_JCB.jpg/440px-Satin_Bowerbird_JCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3387" data-file-height="2419" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male <a href="/wiki/Satin_bowerbird" title="Satin bowerbird">satin bowerbird</a><br /><i>Ptilonorhynchus violaceus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ptilonorhynchidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eupasserine" title="Eupasserine">Eupasseres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">Passeri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptilonorhynchidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gray" title="George Robert Gray">G. R. Gray</a>, 1841</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Ptilonorhynchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilonorhynchus">Ptilonorhynchus</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kuhl" title="Heinrich Kuhl">Kuhl</a>, 1820</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuroedus" title="Ailuroedus">Ailuroedus</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Amblyornis" title="Amblyornis">Amblyornis</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Archboldia" title="Archboldia">Archboldia</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydera" title="Chlamydera">Chlamydera</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Prionodura" class="mw-redirect" title="Prionodura">Prionodura</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Ptilonorhynchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilonorhynchus">Ptilonorhynchus</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Scenopoeetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenopoeetes">Scenopoeetes</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Sericulus" title="Sericulus">Sericulus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Bowerbirds</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>) make up the bird <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Ptilonorhynchidae</b>. They are renowned for their unique courtship behaviour, where males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects in an attempt to attract a mate. </p><p>The family has 27 species in eight <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are medium to large-sized <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_bowerbird" title="Golden bowerbird">golden bowerbird</a> at 22 cm (8.7 in) and 70 g (2.5 oz) to the <a href="/wiki/Great_bowerbird" title="Great bowerbird">great bowerbird</a> at 40 cm (16 in) and 230 g (8.1 oz). Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species.<sup id="cite_ref-EoB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satin<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_bowerbird" title="Spotted bowerbird">spotted bowerbirds</a><sup id="cite_ref-spotted_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spotted-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are sometimes considered agricultural <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> due to their habit of feeding on introduced fruit and vegetable crops and have occasionally been killed by affected orchardists.<sup id="cite_ref-spotted_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spotted-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bowerbirds have an Australo-Papuan <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">distribution</a>, with ten species <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, eight endemic to Australia, and two found in both. Although their distribution is centered on the tropical regions of New Guinea and northern Australia, some species extend into central, western, and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> forest, and shrublands. While the females are unequivocally drab, in some species the males have bright golden-yellow and sometimes black markings.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowland_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowland-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One group with particularly inconspicuous plumage in males as well as females, but loud meowing calls, is known as "catbirds". Note that the ptilonorhynchid catbirds, the <a href="/wiki/Grey_catbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey catbird">grey catbird</a> (<i>Dumetella carolinensis</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Black_catbird" title="Black catbird">black catbird</a> (<i>Melanoptila glabrirostris</i>) from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_catbird" title="Abyssinian catbird">Abyssinian catbird</a> (<i>Sylvia=Parophasma galinieri</i>) from Africa, are only related by their common name; they belong to different families. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowerbird&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bower_of_the_Satin_Bowerbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bower_of_the_Satin_Bowerbird.jpg/220px-Bower_of_the_Satin_Bowerbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bower_of_the_Satin_Bowerbird.jpg/330px-Bower_of_the_Satin_Bowerbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bower_of_the_Satin_Bowerbird.jpg/440px-Bower_of_the_Satin_Bowerbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="4242" /></a><figcaption>Bower of the satin bowerbird after sunset</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ailuroedus" title="Ailuroedus"><i>Ailuroedus</i> catbirds</a> are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, with males raising chicks with their partners, but all other bowerbirds are <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a>, with the female building the nest and raising the young alone. These latter species are commonly <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">dimorphic</a>, with the female being drabber in color. Female bowerbirds build a nest by laying soft materials, such as leaves, ferns, and vine tendrils, on top of a loose foundation of sticks. </p><p>All Papuan bowerbirds lay one egg, while Australian species lay one to three with laying intervals of two days.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowerbird eggs are around twice the weight of those of most passerines of similar size<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – for instance eggs of the satin bowerbird weigh around 19 g (0.67 oz) as against a calculated 10 g (0.35 oz) for a passerine weighing 150 g (5.3 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Rowland_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowland-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs hatch after 19 to 24 days, depending on the species<sup id="cite_ref-EoB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are a plain cream color for catbirds and the <a href="/wiki/Tooth-billed_bowerbird" title="Tooth-billed bowerbird">tooth-billed bowerbird</a>, but in other species possess brownish wavy lines similar to eggs of <a href="/wiki/Australo-Papuan_babbler" title="Australo-Papuan babbler">Australo-Papuan babblers</a>. In accordance with their lengthy incubation periods, bowerbirds that lay more than one egg have asynchronous hatching, but <a href="/wiki/Siblicide" title="Siblicide">siblicide</a> has never been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bowerbirds as a group have the longest <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of any passerine family with significant <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">banding</a> studies. The two most studied species, the green catbird and satin bowerbird, have life expectancies of around eight to ten years<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one satin bowerbird has been known to live for twenty-six years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common raven</a>, the heaviest passerine species with significant banding records, has not been known to live longer than 21 years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtship_and_mating">Courtship and mating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowerbird&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Courtship and mating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most notable characteristic of bowerbirds is their extraordinarily complex courtship and mating behaviour, where males build a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bower" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bower">bower</a> to attract mates. There are two main types of bowers. Prionodura, Amblyornis, Scenopoeetes and Archiboldia bowerbirds build so-called maypole bowers, which are constructed by placing sticks around a sapling; in the former two species these bowers have a hut-like roof.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chlamydera, Sericulus and Ptilonorhynchus bowerbirds build an avenue-type bower made of two walls of vertically placed sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ailuroedus catbirds are the only species which do not construct either bowers or display courts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In and around the bower, the male places a variety of brightly colored objects he has collected. These objects — usually different among each species — may include hundreds of shells, leaves, flowers, feathers, stones, berries, and even discarded plastic items, coins, nails, rifle shells, or pieces of glass. The males spend hours arranging this collection. Bowers within a species share a general form but do show significant variation, and the collection of objects reflects the biases of males of each species and its ability to procure items from the habitat, often stealing them from neighboring bowers. Several studies of different species have shown that colors of decorations males use on their bowers match the preferences of females. </p><p>In addition to the bower construction and ornamentation, male birds perform involved courtship displays to attract the female. Research suggests the male adjusts his performance based on success and female response.<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Behaviour_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Behaviour-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satin_bowerbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Satin_bowerbird.jpg/220px-Satin_bowerbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Satin_bowerbird.jpg/330px-Satin_bowerbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Satin_bowerbird.jpg/440px-Satin_bowerbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>Female <a href="/wiki/Satin_bowerbird" title="Satin bowerbird">satin bowerbird</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mate-searching females commonly visit multiple bowers, often returning to preferred bowers several times, and watching males' elaborate courtship displays and inspecting the quality of the bower. Through this process the female reduces the set of potential mates.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many females end up selecting the same male, and many under-performing males are left without copulations. Females mated with top-mating males tend to return to the male the next year and search less.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110707221304!Chlamydera_nuchalis_bower_-_Mount_Carbine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/20110707221304%21Chlamydera_nuchalis_bower_-_Mount_Carbine.jpg/220px-20110707221304%21Chlamydera_nuchalis_bower_-_Mount_Carbine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/20110707221304%21Chlamydera_nuchalis_bower_-_Mount_Carbine.jpg/330px-20110707221304%21Chlamydera_nuchalis_bower_-_Mount_Carbine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/20110707221304%21Chlamydera_nuchalis_bower_-_Mount_Carbine.jpg/440px-20110707221304%21Chlamydera_nuchalis_bower_-_Mount_Carbine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Bower of a <a href="/wiki/Great_bowerbird" title="Great bowerbird">great bowerbird</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It has been suggested that there is an inverse relationship between bower complexity and the brightness of plumage. There may be an evolutionary "transfer" of ornamentation in some species, from their plumage to their bowers, in order to reduce the visibility of the male and thereby its vulnerability to predation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis is not well supported because species with vastly different bower types have similar plumage. Others have suggested that the bower functioned initially as a device that benefits females by protecting them from forced copulations and thus giving them enhanced opportunity to choose males and benefits males by enhancing female willingness to visit the bower.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from observations of Archbold's bowerbirds that have no true bower and have greatly modified their courtship so that the male is limited in his ability to mount the female without her cooperation. In tooth-billed bowerbirds that have no bowers, males may capture females out of the air and forcibly copulate with them. Once this initial function was established, bowers were then co-opted by females for other functions such as use in assessing males based on the quality of bower construction. Recent studies with robot female bowerbirds have shown that males react to female signals of discomfort during courtship by reducing the intensity of their potentially threatening courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Behaviour_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Behaviour-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young females tend to be more easily threatened by intense male courtship, and these females tend to choose males based on traits not dependent on male courtship intensity. </p><p>The high degree of effort directed at mate choice by females and the large skews in mating success directed at males with quality displays suggests that females gain important benefits from mate choice. Since males have no role in parental care and give nothing to females except sperm, it is suggested that females gain genetic benefits from their mate choice. However this has not been established, in part because of the difficulty of following offspring performance since males take seven years to reach sexual maturity. One hypothesis for the evolutionary causation of the bower building display is <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Hamilton and Zuk's "bright bird" hypothesis</a>, which states that sexual ornaments are indicators of general health and heritable disease resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doucet and Montgomerie<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> determined that the male bowerbird's plumage reflectance indicates internal parasitic infection, whereas the bower quality is a measure of external parasitic infection. This would suggest that the bowerbird mating display evolved due to parasite-mediated sexual selection, although there is some controversy surrounding this conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This complex mating behaviour, with its highly valued types and colors of decorations, has led some researchers<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to regard the bowerbirds as among the most behaviorally complex species of bird. It also provides some of the most compelling evidence that the <a href="/wiki/The_Extended_Phenotype" title="The Extended Phenotype">extended phenotype</a> of a species can play a role in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> and indeed, act as a powerful mechanism to shape its <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, as seems to be the case for humans. Inspired by their seemingly extreme courtship rituals, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> discussed both bowerbirds and <a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">birds-of-paradise</a> in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, many species of bowerbird are superb vocal mimics. <a href="/wiki/MacGregor%27s_bowerbird" title="MacGregor's bowerbird">MacGregor's bowerbird</a>, for example, has been observed imitating pigs, waterfalls, and human chatter. Satin bowerbirds commonly mimic other local species as part of their courtship display. </p><p>Bowerbirds have also been observed creating <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical illusions">optical illusions</a> in their bowers to appeal to mates. They arrange objects in the bower's court area from smallest to largest, creating a <a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">forced perspective</a> which holds the attention of the female for longer. Males with objects arranged in a way that have a strong optical illusion are likely to have higher mating success.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowerbird&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masked_Bowerbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Masked_Bowerbird.jpg/220px-Masked_Bowerbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Masked_Bowerbird.jpg/330px-Masked_Bowerbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Masked_Bowerbird.jpg/440px-Masked_Bowerbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Two males displaying to a female masked bowerbird, <i><a href="/wiki/Sericulus_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sericulus aureus">Sericulus aureus</a></i>, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a> (1804–1881)</figcaption></figure> <p>Though bowerbirds have traditionally been regarded as closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of paradise">birds of paradise</a>, recent <a href="/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> studies suggest that while both families are part of the great corvid radiation that took place in or near <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a> (Australia-New Guinea), the bowerbirds are more distant from the birds of paradise than was once thought. <a href="/wiki/DNA%E2%80%93DNA_hybridization" title="DNA–DNA hybridization">DNA–DNA hybridization</a> studies placed them close to the <a href="/wiki/Lyrebird" title="Lyrebird">lyrebirds</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, anatomical evidence appears to contradict this placement,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the true relationship remained unresolved for long. <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">Cladistic</a> analyses in the mid-2010s usually allied bowerbirds with the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_treecreeper" title="Australasian treecreeper">Australasian treecreepers</a> (Climacteridae), another Sahul <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> family which is highly adapted to a <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpecker</a>-like lifestyle (woodpeckers being absent from Sahul). This putative <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">superfamily</a> forms part of a large <a href="/wiki/Basal_(evolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (evolution)">basal</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">radiation</a> of ancient songbirds, with the lyrebirds being part of a more ancestral branch than the bowerbirds and their DNA-DNA hybridization similarities being due to the <a href="/wiki/Phenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenetic">phenetic</a> methodology which (unlike cladistic analysis) merely assesses overall similarity without accounting for <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. </p><p>Many bowerbirds (in particular New Guinean species) are little known and even less studied. But the hypothesized relationships of 3 roughly equally distinct groups and one peculiar species inferred from courtship behaviour and external appearance are by and large confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a>, . Some insights from the more recent studies, however, were less expected: The <a href="/wiki/Tooth-billed_catbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth-billed catbird">Tooth-billed catbird</a>, with its unique "stagemaker" courtship, was long suspected not to be a true catbird (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ailuroedus" title="Ailuroedus">Ailuroedus</a></i>). As it turned out, this is not only correct, but in fact the Tooth-billed catbird is robustly resolved by the <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> data as more closely related to the "<a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">maypole</a>"-type bower builders than to <i>Ailuroedus</i>, and certainly warrants separation in genus <i>Scenopoeetes</i>. Also, the enigmatic "maypole-builder" genus <i><a href="/wiki/Archboldia" title="Archboldia">Archboldia</a></i> seems to be merely a <i><a href="/wiki/Amblyornis" title="Amblyornis">Amblyornis</a></i> with unusually heavy <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> pigmentation as is often found in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> birds. On the other hand, the "avenue-builders" also have a hypermelanic lineage, the satin bowerbird, but this seems well separable as a <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> genus <i>Ptilonorhynchus</i>, as is the "maypole-building" golden bowerbird (as <i>Prionodura</i>). Interestingly, the widely divergent "avenue-builders" may represent the oldest living lineage, with the monogamous true catbirds, which do not build a bower and were traditionally held to be "primitive", as the most derived group among living bowerbirds – the <a href="/wiki/Last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of the living bowerbirds is hypothesized to have been <a href="/wiki/Polygynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygynous">polygynous</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> plumage – <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptic</a> greenish in the females, and probably dark with a yellow belly in the males. But overall relationships between the true catbirds, the "maypole-builders" and the "avenue-builders" were not definitely resolvable, with only a small <a href="/wiki/Outgroup_(cladistics)" title="Outgroup (cladistics)">outgroup</a> being used and outgroup effects on intra-family relationships not being tested. Even so, it is precisely this uncertainty about inter-group relationships that strongly suggests that the "maypole"/"avenue" bowers are not one ancestral and one derived type, but evolved independent of one another, perhaps from a "clean stage"-type courtship arena which is commonly established by all bower-building species at the start of bower construction, and persists in little-altered form (just adding some remarkable leaves strewn about as decoration) in <i>Scenopoeetes</i> which almost certainly is the most ancient living lineage of the "maypole-builders". Among the catbirds, the white-cheeked group (<i>A.buccoides/geislerorum/stonii</i>) is very likely the most ancient one, which is also in line with the hypothesis that bowerbirds have become more and more drab and inconspicuous as their evolution progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera_and_species">Genera and species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowerbird&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genera and species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>True catbirds</b><br /> Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ailuroedus" title="Ailuroedus">Ailuroedus</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ochre-breasted_catbird" title="Ochre-breasted catbird">Ochre-breasted catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus stonii</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eared_catbird" title="White-eared catbird">White-eared catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus buccoides</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-capped_catbird" title="Tan-capped catbird">Tan-capped catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus geislerorum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_catbird" title="Green catbird">Green catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus crassirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_catbird" title="Spotted catbird">Spotted catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus maculosus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_catbird" title="Huon catbird">Huon catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus astigmaticus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-capped_catbird" title="Black-capped catbird">Black-capped catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus melanocephalus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_catbird" title="Northern catbird">Northern catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus jobiensis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfak_catbird" title="Arfak catbird">Arfak catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus arfakianus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-eared_catbird" title="Black-eared catbird">Black-eared catbird</a>, <i>Ailuroedus melanotis</i></li></ul> <p><b>Maypole-builders</b> (including Tooth-billed catbird)<br /> Genus <i>Scenopoeetes</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tooth-billed_catbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth-billed catbird">Tooth-billed catbird</a>, <i>Scenopoeetes dentirostris</i></li></ul> <p>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Archboldia" title="Archboldia">Archboldia</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbold%27s_bowerbird" title="Archbold's bowerbird">Archbold's bowerbird</a>, <i>Archboldia papuensis</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanford%27s_bowerbird" title="Sanford's bowerbird">Sanford's bowerbird</a>, <i>Archboldia (papuensis) sanfordi</i> (species status disputed)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Amblyornis" title="Amblyornis">Amblyornis</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogelkop_bowerbird" title="Vogelkop bowerbird">Vogelkop bowerbird</a>, <i>Amblyornis inornata</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor%27s_bowerbird" title="MacGregor's bowerbird">MacGregor's bowerbird</a>, <i>Amblyornis macgregoriae</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_bowerbird" title="Huon bowerbird">Huon bowerbird</a>, <i>Amblyornis germanus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaked_bowerbird" title="Streaked bowerbird">Streaked bowerbird</a>, <i>Amblyornis subalaris</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden-fronted_bowerbird" title="Golden-fronted bowerbird">Golden-fronted bowerbird</a>, <i>Amblyornis flavifrons</i></li></ul> <p>Genus <i>Prionodura</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_bowerbird" title="Golden bowerbird">Golden bowerbird</a>, <i>Prionodura newtoniana</i></li></ul> <p><b>Avenue-builders</b><br /> Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sericulus" title="Sericulus">Sericulus</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_bowerbird" title="Flame bowerbird">Flame bowerbird</a>, <i>Sericulus ardens</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_bowerbird" title="Masked bowerbird">Masked bowerbird</a>, <i>Sericulus aureus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-maned_bowerbird" title="Fire-maned bowerbird">Fire-maned bowerbird</a>, <i>Sericulus bakeri</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_bowerbird" title="Regent bowerbird">Regent bowerbird</a>, <i>Sericulus chrysocephalus</i></li></ul> <p>Genus <i>Ptilonorhynchus</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satin_bowerbird" title="Satin bowerbird">Satin bowerbird</a>, <i>Ptilonorhynchus violaceus</i></li></ul> <p>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydera" title="Chlamydera">Chlamydera</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_bowerbird" title="Western bowerbird">Western bowerbird</a>, <i>Chlamydera guttata</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_bowerbird" title="Spotted bowerbird">Spotted bowerbird</a>, <i>Chlamydera maculata</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_bowerbird" title="Great bowerbird">Great bowerbird</a>, <i>Chlamydera nuchalis</i> <ul><li>Eastern great bowerbird, <i>Chlamydera (nuchalis) orientalis</i> (possibly a distinct species)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-breasted_bowerbird" title="Yellow-breasted bowerbird">Yellow-breasted bowerbird</a>, <i>Chlamydera lauterbachi</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn-breasted_bowerbird" title="Fawn-breasted bowerbird">Fawn-breasted bowerbird</a>, <i>Chlamydera cerviniventris</i></li></ul> <p><b>Fossil record</b><br /> Bowerbirds have a scant <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record that nonetheless extends to the <a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a> (latest <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>), with the fossil species <i>Sericuloides marynguyenae</i> dated to 26 to 23 million years ago. It was found in Faunal Zone A deposits of the White Hunter Site at D-site Plateau of the <a href="/wiki/Riversleigh_World_Heritage_Area" title="Riversleigh World Heritage Area">Riversleigh World Heritage Area</a>. <i>S. marynguyenae</i> was a tiny member of its family, about the same size as the golden bowerbird. It is known from the proximal end of a right <a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpus" title="Carpometacarpus">carpometacarpus</a> and the proximal end of a left <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsometatarsus</a>. The material, though fragmentary, preserves much detail, and is overall more similar to the "avenue-builders" – in particular <i>Chlamydera</i> – than to the other two main groups. However, the splits between the three main groups of living bowerbirds are presumed to have occurred only in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, some time after <i>Sericuloides</i> lived. Thus, the fossil species may have belonged to a more <a href="/wiki/Basal_(evolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (evolution)">basal</a> and now entirely extinct lineage, and/or it may be considered to support the hypothesis that the "avenue-builders" are the most ancient group of bowerbirds and retain many "primitive" features in their anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-nguyenetal2023_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nguyenetal2023-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other than <i>S. marynguyenae</i>, as of 2023 only one other prehistoric bowerbird species is known. This has not been named, as it is only known from the distal left <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> piece <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Museum" title="Queensland Museum">QM</a> F57970 (AR19857), also found on the D-site Plateau of Riversleigh WHA, but in interval 3 of Faunal Zone B at the Ross Scott-Orr site, in late early Miocene (<a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a>) sediments dated to 16.55 mya. Even though this piece of fossil bone is merely some 16 mm long, it is excellently preserved, and its features are characteristic of a smallish bowerbird the size of a <a href="/wiki/Black-eared_catbird" title="Black-eared catbird">black-eared catbird</a>. Bowerbird ulnae – to the extent they have been studied – differ little between genera and species, but the Miocene fossil is unlike all living members of the family in one detail or another. If anything, it resembles the presumably more advanced groups ("maypole-builders" and true catbirds) more than the "avenue-builders" and given its age it may well have been one of the earliest members of either of the former two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-nguyenetal2023_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nguyenetal2023-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowerbird&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBorgia1986" class="citation journal cs1">Borgia, Gerald (June 1986). "Sexual Selection in Bowerbirds". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>254</b> (6): 92–101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986SciAm.254f..92B">1986SciAm.254f..92B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0686-92">10.1038/scientificamerican0686-92</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24975977">24975977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Sexual+Selection+in+Bowerbirds&rft.volume=254&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=92-101&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24975977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0686-92&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986SciAm.254f..92B&rft.aulast=Borgia&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrith,_Clifford_B.1991" class="citation book cs1">Frith, Clifford B. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Animals: Birds</i>. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 228–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85391-186-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85391-186-6"><bdi>978-1-85391-186-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animals%3A+Birds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228-331&rft.pub=Merehurst+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85391-186-6&rft.au=Frith%2C+Clifford+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428151056/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/plants-and-animals/native-plants-and-animals/problem-wildlife">"Problem Wildlife"</a>. Dse.vic.gov.au. 2013-02-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/plants-and-animals/native-plants-and-animals/problem-wildlife">the original</a> on 2013-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problem+Wildlife&rft.pub=Dse.vic.gov.au&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dse.vic.gov.au%2Fplants-and-animals%2Fnative-plants-and-animals%2Fproblem-wildlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spotted-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spotted_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spotted_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217213301/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/103182/064_Spotted_Bowerbird_1995.pdf">"Spotted Bowerbird"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/103182/064_Spotted_Bowerbird_1995.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spotted+Bowerbird&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dse.vic.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0015%2F103182%2F064_Spotted_Bowerbird_1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowland-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowland_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowland_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2008" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Peter (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bowerbirdsaustra00rowl"><i>Bowerbirds</i></a></span>. Australian Natural History Series. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bowerbirdsaustra00rowl/page/n9">1</a>–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09420-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09420-8"><bdi>978-0-643-09420-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowerbirds&rft.place=Collingwood&rft.series=Australian+Natural+History+Series&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-643-09420-8&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbowerbirdsaustra00rowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Higgins, P.J. and J.M. Peter (editors); <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Australian,_New_Zealand_and_Antarctic_Birds" title="Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds">Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds</a>, Volume 6: Pardalotes to Shrike-thrushes</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553762-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-553762-9">0-19-553762-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frith, Clifford B.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU9940060.pdf">"Egg laying at long intervals in bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchidae)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the formula of egg mass = 0.258<i>m</i><sup>0.73</sup>, where <i>m</i> is body mass. From Rahn, H., Sotherland, P. and Paganelli, C. V., 1985. "Interrelationships between egg mass and adult body mass and metabolism among passerine birds" in <i>Journal für Ornithologie</i> 126:263–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt,_Donald_F.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hoyt, Donald F. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/node/23238">"Practical Methods of estimating the Volume and Fresh Weight of Bird Eggs"</a>. <i>Auk</i>. <b>96</b> (1): 73–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=Practical+Methods+of+estimating+the+Volume+and+Fresh+Weight+of+Bird+Eggs&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-77&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Hoyt%2C+Donald+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fnode%2F23238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/biodiversity/abbbs/abbbs-search.pl">Species search</a> by <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bird_and_Bat_Banding_Scheme" title="Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme">Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/biodiversity/abbbs/abbbs-search.pl?taxon_id=378">"Satin Bowerbird"</a>. Environment.gov.au. 2007-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satin+Bowerbird&rft.pub=Environment.gov.au&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbiodiversity%2Fabbbs%2Fabbbs-search.pl%3Ftaxon_id%3D378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wasser, D. E. and Sherman, P.W.; "Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence" in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology" title="Journal of Zoology">Journal of Zoology</a></i> 2 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusmierski1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kusmierski, Rab (September 1993). "Molecular information on bowerbird phylogeny and the evolution of exaggerated male characteristics". <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 737–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1420-9101.1993.6050737.x">10.1046/j.1420-9101.1993.6050737.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84721791">84721791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Molecular+information+on+bowerbird+phylogeny+and+the+evolution+of+exaggerated+male+characteristics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=737-752&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1420-9101.1993.6050737.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84721791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kusmierski&rft.aufirst=Rab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusmierski1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kusmierski, Rab (1997-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688255">"Labile evolution of display traits in bowerbirds indicates reduced effects of phylogenetic constraint"</a>. <i>Proc. Biol. Sci</i>. <b>264</b> (1380): 307–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1997.0044">10.1098/rspb.1997.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688255">1688255</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9107048">9107048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Biol.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Labile+evolution+of+display+traits+in+bowerbirds+indicates+reduced+effects+of+phylogenetic+constraint.&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=1380&rft.pages=307-13&rft.date=1997-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688255%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9107048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1997.0044&rft.aulast=Kusmierski&rft.aufirst=Rab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusmierski1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kusmierski, Rab (1997-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688255">"Labile evolution of display traits in bowerbirds indicates reduced effects of phylogenetic constraint"</a>. <i>Proc Biol Sci</i>. <b>264</b> (1380): 307–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1997.0044">10.1098/rspb.1997.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688255">1688255</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9107048">9107048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Biol+Sci&rft.atitle=Labile+evolution+of+display+traits+in+bowerbirds+indicates+reduced+effects+of+phylogenetic+constraint&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=1380&rft.pages=307-313&rft.date=1997-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688255%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9107048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1997.0044&rft.aulast=Kusmierski&rft.aufirst=Rab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Animal_Behaviour-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Animal_Behaviour_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animal_Behaviour_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricelliColemanBorgia2006" class="citation journal cs1">Patricelli, Gail L.; Coleman, Seth W.; Borgia, Gerald (January 2006). "Male satin bowerbirds, Ptilonorhynchus violaceus, adjust their display intensity in response to female startling: an experiment with robotic females". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2005.03.029">10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472">0003-3472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6096593">6096593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Male+satin+bowerbirds%2C+Ptilonorhynchus+violaceus%2C+adjust+their+display+intensity+in+response+to+female+startling%3A+an+experiment+with+robotic+females&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6096593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-3472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2005.03.029&rft.aulast=Patricelli&rft.aufirst=Gail+L.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Seth+W.&rft.au=Borgia%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColemanPatricelliBorgia2004" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Seth W.; Patricelli, Gail L.; Borgia, Gerald (April 2004). "Variable female preferences drive complex male displays". <i>Nature</i>. <b>428</b> (6984): 742–745. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..742C">2004Natur.428..742C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02419">10.1038/nature02419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15085130">15085130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2744790">2744790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Variable+female+preferences+drive+complex+male+displays&rft.volume=428&rft.issue=6984&rft.pages=742-745&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2744790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.428..742C&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02419&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15085130&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Seth+W.&rft.au=Patricelli%2C+Gail+L.&rft.au=Borgia%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUyPatricelliBorgia2001" class="citation journal cs1">Uy, J. 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"Systematic affinities of the lyrebirds (Passeriformes: Menura), with a novel classification of the major groups of passerine birds". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 53–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MolPE..25...53E">2002MolPE..25...53E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900215-4">10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00215-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903">1055-7903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12383750">12383750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Systematic+affinities+of+the+lyrebirds+%28Passeriformes%3A+Menura%29%2C+with+a+novel+classification+of+the+major+groups+of+passerine+birds&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-62&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900215-4&rft.issn=1055-7903&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12383750&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002MolPE..25...53E&rft.aulast=Ericson&rft.aufirst=Per+G.P&rft.au=Christidis%2C+Les&rft.au=Irestedt%2C+Martin&rft.au=Norman%2C+Janette+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ericson, P. G., Irestedt, M., Nylander, J. A., Christidis, L., Joseph, L., & Qu, Y. (2020). Parallel Evolution of Bower-Building Behavior in Two Groups of Bowerbirds Suggested by Phylogenomics. Systematic Biology, 69(5): 820-829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nguyenetal2023-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nguyenetal2023_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nguyenetal2023_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcheringa2023" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, Jacqueline M.T. (2023-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03115518.2023.2180537">"The earliest record of bowerbirds (Passeriformes, Ptilonorhynchidae) from the Oligo-Miocene of northern Australia"</a>. <i>Alcheringa</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 475–483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Alch...47..475N">2023Alch...47..475N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03115518.2023.2180537">10.1080/03115518.2023.2180537</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257578512">257578512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcheringa&rft.atitle=The+earliest+record+of+bowerbirds+%28Passeriformes%2C+Ptilonorhynchidae%29+from+the+Oligo-Miocene+of+northern+Australia&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-483&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257578512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03115518.2023.2180537&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Alch...47..475N&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+M.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03115518.2023.2180537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABowerbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowerbird&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/bowerbirds-ptilonorhynchidae">Bowerbird videos</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418032704/http://www.viralforest.com/bower-bird/">Bower bird nest building</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ptilonorhynchidae_(Bowerbirds)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bowerbirds" title="Template:Bowerbirds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bowerbirds" title="Template talk:Bowerbirds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bowerbirds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bowerbirds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ptilonorhynchidae_(Bowerbirds)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptilonorhynchidae</a> (Bowerbirds)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuroedus" title="Ailuroedus">Ailuroedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ochre-breasted_catbird" title="Ochre-breasted catbird">Ochre-breasted catbird (<i>A. stonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eared_catbird" title="White-eared catbird">White-eared catbird (<i>A. buccoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-capped_catbird" title="Tan-capped catbird">Tan-capped catbird (<i>A. geislerorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_catbird" title="Green catbird">Green catbird (<i>A. crassirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_catbird" title="Spotted catbird">Spotted catbird (<i>A. maculosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_catbird" title="Huon catbird">Huon catbird (<i>A. astigmaticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-capped_catbird" title="Black-capped catbird">Black-capped catbird (<i>A. melanocephalus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-eared_catbird" title="Black-eared catbird">Black-eared catbird (<i>A. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfak_catbird" title="Arfak catbird">Arfak catbird (<i>A. arfakianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_catbird" title="Northern catbird">Northern catbird (<i>A. jobiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Scenopoeetes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tooth-billed_bowerbird" title="Tooth-billed bowerbird">Tooth-billed catbird (<i>S. dentirostris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Archboldia" title="Archboldia">Archboldia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbold%27s_bowerbird" title="Archbold's bowerbird">Archbold's bowerbird (<i>A. papuensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford%27s_bowerbird" title="Sanford's bowerbird">Sanford's bowerbird (<i>A. sanfordi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Amblyornis" title="Amblyornis">Amblyornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogelkop_bowerbird" title="Vogelkop bowerbird">Vogelkop bowerbird (<i>A. inornata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor%27s_bowerbird" title="MacGregor's bowerbird">MacGregor's bowerbird (<i>A. macgregoriae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_bowerbird" title="Huon bowerbird">Huon bowerbird (<i>A. germanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaked_bowerbird" title="Streaked bowerbird">Streaked bowerbird (<i>A. subalaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden-fronted_bowerbird" title="Golden-fronted bowerbird">Golden-fronted bowerbird (<i>A. flavifrons</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Prionodura</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_bowerbird" title="Golden bowerbird">Golden bowerbird (<i>P. newtoniana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Sericulus" title="Sericulus">Sericulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masked_bowerbird" title="Masked bowerbird">Masked bowerbird (<i>S. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_bowerbird" title="Flame bowerbird">Flame bowerbird (<i>S. ardens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-maned_bowerbird" title="Fire-maned bowerbird">Fire-maned bowerbird (<i>S. bakeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_bowerbird" title="Regent bowerbird">Regent bowerbird (<i>S. chrysocephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ptilonorhynchus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satin_bowerbird" title="Satin bowerbird">Satin bowerbird (<i>P. violaceus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydera" title="Chlamydera">Chlamydera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_bowerbird" title="Western bowerbird">Western bowerbird (<i>C. guttata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_bowerbird" title="Spotted bowerbird">Spotted bowerbird (<i>C. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_bowerbird" title="Great bowerbird">Great bowerbird (<i>C. nuchalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-breasted_bowerbird" title="Yellow-breasted bowerbird">Yellow-breasted bowerbird (<i>C. lauterbachi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn-breasted_bowerbird" title="Fawn-breasted bowerbird">Fawn-breasted bowerbird (<i>C. cerviniventris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rawnsley%27s_bowerbird" title="Rawnsley's bowerbird">Rawnsley's bowerbird</a> (<i>Ptilonorhynchus violaceus</i> x <i>Sericulus chrysocephalus</i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ptilonorhynchidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215603" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q215603">Q215603</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=78649">78649</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6276X">6276X</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1615">1615</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5276">5276</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/14495">14495</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104754">104754</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179663">179663</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9164">9164</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=44863">44863</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=99144">99144</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215603#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016149">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jardiniers (oiseaux)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14425567p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jardiniers (oiseaux)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14425567p">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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