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Human Rights subsection </button> <ul id="toc-European_Convention_on_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_of_petition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_of_petition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Right of petition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_of_petition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_for_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_for_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Campaign for incorporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_for_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passage_through_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_through_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Passage through Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passage_through_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Rights_Act_1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Rights_Act_1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Human Rights Act 1998 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_Rights_Act_1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_in_domestic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_in_domestic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Rights in domestic law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rights_in_domestic_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rights in domestic law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rights_in_domestic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_forced_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_forced_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 No forced labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Liberty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fair trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Privacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought,_conscience_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought,_conscience_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Thought, conscience and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought,_conscience_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Expression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_and_assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_and_assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Association and assembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_and_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torture_and_degrading_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture_and_degrading_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Torture and degrading treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torture_and_degrading_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enjoyment_of_possessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enjoyment_of_possessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Enjoyment of possessions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enjoyment_of_possessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_from_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_from_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Freedom from discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_from_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Electoral rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 European Union law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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residents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disabled_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_spies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_spies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Child spies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_spies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Domestic abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Children's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Crime_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Crime_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 2022 Crime bill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Crime_bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Nationality_and_Borders_act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Nationality_and_Borders_act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 2022 Nationality and Borders act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Nationality_and_Borders_act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Court_of_Human_Rights_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Court_of_Human_Rights_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 European Court of Human Rights cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Court_of_Human_Rights_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lesser arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/203px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rule of law in the United Kingdom">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Separation of powers in the United Kingdom">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom#Principles" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Other constitutional principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Monarch</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">list</a>)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prince of Wales's feathers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/30px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/45px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/60px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="383" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir apparent</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">Prerogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsellor_of_State" title="Counsellor of State">Counsellors of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/20px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/30px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/40px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1147" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> (<a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>) <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">HM Government</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a>) </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Starmer_ministry" title="Starmer ministry">Starmer ministry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>) </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislatures_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legislatures of the United Kingdom">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></li></ul> (<a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>) <a href="/wiki/File:Crowned_Portcullis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowned portcullis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/50px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/75px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/100px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="550" /></a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">King</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_composition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composition diagram of the House of Lords" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/100px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/150px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/200px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="199" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composition diagram of the House of Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/100px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/150px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/200px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="164" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Sir Lindsay Hoyle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a> <a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">C</a>) </li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">59th Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition" title="His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">List of MPs</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King-on-the-Bench</a>) <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/45px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="691" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">President</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir" title="Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir">The Lord Reed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Deputy President</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hodge,_Lord_Hodge" title="Patrick Hodge, Lord Hodge">The Lord Hodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Justices of the Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Courts of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Andrew Bailey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Deputy Governor of the Bank of England">Deputy governors</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_currencies" title="List of British currencies">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coins</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">referendums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament constituencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies">2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions">Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Senedd constituencies and electoral regions">Senedd constituencies and electoral regions</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections" title="List of United Kingdom general elections">UK general elections</a></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="First Parliament of the United Kingdom">1801 co-option</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1802 United Kingdom general election">1802</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">1807</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832–33</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Jan–Feb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Dec)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Feb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Oct)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024</a></li></ul></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Endorsements</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">2024</a></li></ul></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">European Parliament elections (1979–2019)</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1989</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2004</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019</a></li></ul></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Scottish Parliament elections</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="Next Scottish Parliament election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Northern Ireland Assembly elections</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election">1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2011 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2016 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="Next Northern Ireland Assembly election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Senedd elections</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="1999 National Assembly for Wales election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2003 National Assembly for Wales election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2007 National Assembly for Wales election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2011 National Assembly for Wales election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2016 National Assembly for Wales election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Senedd_election" title="2021 Senedd election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Senedd_election" title="Next Senedd election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">UK referendums</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_relations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom">Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_consent_motion" title="Legislative consent motion">Legislative consent motions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_and_Heads_of_Devolved_Governments_Council" title="Prime Minister and Heads of Devolved Governments Council">Prime Minister and Heads of Devolved Governments Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nations_and_Regions" title="Council of the Nations and Regions">Council of the Nations and Regions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_votes_for_English_laws" title="English votes for English laws">English votes for English laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum" title="1998 Greater London Authority referendum">1998 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority_Act_1999" title="Greater London Authority Act 1999">Greater London Authority Act 1999</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority_Act_2007" title="Greater London Authority Act 2007">2007 Act</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor_of_London" title="Deputy Mayor of London">Mayoral cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">Combined authorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England#Combined_Authority_("Metro")_Mayors" title="Directly elected mayors in England">Metro mayors</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(St_Andrews_Agreement)_Act_2006" title="Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006">2006 Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">deputy First Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Little-Pengelly" title="Emma Little-Pengelly">Emma Little-Pengelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="List of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly">Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">1997 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">2012 Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">2016 Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Act of the Scottish Parliament">Act of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_statutory_instrument" title="Scottish statutory instrument">Scottish statutory instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Welsh devolution referendum">1997 referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="2011 Welsh devolution referendum">2011 referendum on law-making powers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">2006 Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2014" title="Wales Act 2014">Wales Act 2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan,_Baroness_Morgan_of_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely">Eluned Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_of_the_National_Assembly_for_Wales" title="Measure of the National Assembly for Wales">Measure of the National Assembly for Wales</a> (1999–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Act of Senedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">England</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London Borough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">Civil parishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland#History" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Northern Ireland">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Northern Ireland">Districts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Scotland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">Sheriffdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">Council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_council_areas_in_Scotland" title="List of community council areas in Scotland">Community council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="List of civil parishes in Scotland">Civil parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">Shires of Scotland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Wales</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">Preserved counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Principal areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">Communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Wales" title="List of communities in Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Historic counties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> </li></ul> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>)</li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">UK-CD Customs Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>)</li><li> <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_British_Overseas_Territories_citizens" title="Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policies_of_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Visa policies of British Overseas Territories">Visa policies</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_Act_2002" title="British Overseas Territories Act 2002">British Overseas Territories Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK%E2%80%93Overseas_Territories_Joint_Ministerial_Council" title="UK–Overseas Territories Joint Ministerial Council">UK-OT JMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Gibraltar sovereignty dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the United Kingdom">Foreign policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">history</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">UK passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)_passport" title="British National (Overseas) passport">British National (Overseas) passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens" title="Visa requirements for British citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">UK–CD Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Visa policy of the United Kingdom">Visa policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Australia–United Kingdom relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Barbados–United Kingdom relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belgium–United Kingdom relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belize–United Kingdom relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Brunei–United Kingdom relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Denmark–United Kingdom relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Israel–United Kingdom relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Kenya–United Kingdom relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malaysia–United Kingdom relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malta–United Kingdom relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="New Zealand–United Kingdom relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Norway–United Kingdom relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Singapore–United Kingdom relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Spain–United Kingdom relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="South Africa–United Kingdom relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Palestine–United Kingdom relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Pakistan–United Kingdom relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Portugal–United Kingdom relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">politics of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">UK–Ireland border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">history</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">UK–EU withdrawal agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">The Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom and the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">P5</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div style="font-size:85%;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Category:Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Wales" title="Category:Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Human rights in the United Kingdom concern the fundamental rights in <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> of every person in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. An integral part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constitutional_law" title="United Kingdom constitutional law">UK constitution</a>, human rights derive from <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>, from membership of the Council of Europe, and from <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. Codification of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> is recent, but the UK law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions. Today the main source of jurisprudence is the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>, which incorporated the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> into domestic litigation.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">History of human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Civil liberties in the United Kingdom">Civil liberties in the United Kingdom</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">The Bill of Rights</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg/220px-English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="614" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights (1689)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1689</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Archives" title="Parliamentary Archives">Parliamentary Archives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Assert certain rights.</td></tr></tbody></table> Codification of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> is recent, but before the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, UK law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta 1215</a> bound the King to require Parliament's consent before any tax, respect the right to a trial "by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land", stated that "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right", guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">free movement</a> for people, and preserved <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">common land</a> for everyone.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It implicitly supported what became the writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, safeguarding individual freedom against <a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">unlawful imprisonment</a> with right to <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">first representative English parliament</a> in 1265, the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England#Emergence_as_an_institution" title="Parliament of England">petitioning</a> in the 13th century is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> During the early 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Right_1628" class="mw-redirect" title="Petition of Right 1628">Petition of Right 1628</a> reasserted the values of the Magna Carta against <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>. The idea of freely debating rights to political representation took form during the <a href="/wiki/Putney_Debates" title="Putney Debates">Putney Debates</a> of 1647. After the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> in England and Wales, and the <a href="/wiki/Claim_of_Rights_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim of Rights Act 1689">Claim of Rights Act 1689</a> in Scotland, enshrined principles of representative democracy, no tax without Parliament, freedom of speech in Parliament, and no "cruel and unusual punishment".<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights-7">[7]</a> Philosophers began to think of rights not as privileges to be granted by the government or the law, but as a fundamental part of what it means to be a person.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704), one of the most influential of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers, argued that protection of "property" – which to him meant "life, liberty and estates" – were the very reasons that society existed. He articulated that every person is created equal and free but, in return for the advantages of living in an organised society, a person may need to give up some of this freedom.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> During the 18th century, the landmark case of <a href="/wiki/Entick_v_Carrington" title="Entick v Carrington">Entick v Carrington</a>, following Locke almost exactly, established that the state and government could do nothing that is not expressly provided for by law, and that people could do anything but that which is prohibited by law.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somerset v Stewart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Lord Mansfield held that slavery was unlawful at common law so that a person who had purportedly been enslaved in Boston, Massachusetts had to be freed in England. This was a severe grievance of southern colonies in the run up to the <a href="/wiki/US_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="US Declaration of Independence">US Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By 1789, ideas of inherent rights had evolved and inspired both the <a href="/wiki/US_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="US Bill of Rights">US Bill of Rights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutions</a>. Although some labelled natural rights as "nonsense upon stilts",<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> more legal rights were slowly developed by Parliament and the courts. In 1792, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> began the British movement for women's rights and equality,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> while movements behind the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolpuddle martyrs">Tolpuddle martyrs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chartists" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartists">Chartists</a> drove reform for labour and democratic freedom.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Upon the catastrophe of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> order put the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948">Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948</a> at its centre, enshrining civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Though a UN General Assembly Declaration, not a treaty, the rights are binding <a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a> norms in international law, and the UK ratified two further treaties which recast the Universal Declaration: the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> of 1966. In 1950, the UK co-authored the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, enabling people to appeal to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> even against Acts of Parliament: Parliament has always undertaken to comply with basic principles of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Because this appeals process was long, Parliament legislated to "bring rights home" with the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>, so that people can raise human rights claims in UK courts based on the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention</a> directly. The <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention</a> contains the rights to life, rights against torture, against forced labour, to marry, to an effective remedy, and the right to suffer no discrimination in those rights.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Most case law concerns the rights to <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">freedom of conscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">expression</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a> and assembly.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The UK also enshrines rights to fair labour standards, social security, and a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Social_and_economic_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and economic rights">social and economic rights</a> through its legislation. In May 2019, the British government announced to appoint its first human rights ambassador. Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a> appointed Rita French, Hunt's former principal private secretary, to promote UK's work at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In January 2023 the <a href="/wiki/Sunak_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunak government">Sunak government</a> announced plans to broaden the scope of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Order Bill">Public Order Bill</a>, which would allow the <a href="/wiki/UK_police" class="mw-redirect" title="UK police">UK police</a> to prosecute more easily against peaceful protest,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> if the government deems such protest to be "disruptive",<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> forcing deemed protestors to wear <a href="/wiki/Tracking_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking device">tracking devices</a> even if un-prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Human Rights activists have accused the bill of being <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Convention_on_Human_Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European Convention on Human Rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a></div> The UK played an important role in the drafting of the Convention,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.59-25">[25]</a> with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lehman_Goodhart" title="Arthur Lehman Goodhart">Arthur Goodhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a> and the UK-based <a href="/wiki/Hersch_Lauterpacht" title="Hersch Lauterpacht">Hersch Lauterpacht</a> providing the impetus for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in 1949 as a means of guarding against the rise of new <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a> and to provide the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-occupied countries with a beacon of hope.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The initiative in producing a legally binding human rights agreement had already been taken by the International Council of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</a>, an organisation whose cause had been championed by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, and whose international juridical section (counting Lauterpacht and <a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Maxwell Fyfe</a> amongst its members) had produced a draft convention.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chaired by Maxwell Fyfe and the former <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen" title="Pierre-Henri Teitgen">Pierre-Henri Teitgen</a>, the Legal Committee of the Council of Europe's Consultative Assembly proposed that the Council's Committee of Ministers draw up a convention which would take in and ensure the effective enjoyment of the rights proclaimed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> of 10 December 1948, as well as establishing a <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court and Commission of Human Rights</a>. The Committee agreed and the text of what was to become the European Convention of Human Rights was in the main drafted by Sir Oscar Dowson, a retired senior legal adviser to the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.47-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratification">Ratification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ratification">edit</a>]</div> There was reluctant support for the Convention back in the UK where <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Labour government</a> was in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman200272-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Griffiths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stafford_Cripps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a> disapproved of ratification on the basis of the loss of sovereignty that would result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000444–445-28">[28]</a> Jowitt also saw a threat to the domestic system of common law and the risk in allowing judgments to be made by an unknown foreign court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000445-29">[29]</a> He nevertheless believed that ratification was necessary from a political point of view as a refusal would be, in his view, difficult to justify at home and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000446-30">[30]</a> Political pressure aside, the overall government view was that the Convention was only aimed at preventing a totalitarian takeover and not human rights issues within a functioning democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000447-31">[31]</a> In essence, it was thought that Britain had little to lose from ratification but rejection could risk some loss of face in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000447-31">[31]</a> The Convention had more support among Conservative party politicians, in particular Winston Churchill who believed that it could help unify Europe on the basis of the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanor200957-32">[32]</a> The UK became the first state to deposit its instrument of ratification of the Convention on 8 March 1951, with the Convention taking effect on 3 September 1953 after the tenth ratification was deposited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenwick2007141-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston1993796-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.47-26">[26]</a> No legislation was introduced and no steps were taken to give effect to the Convention's rights in domestic law until the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.05-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_of_petition">Right of petition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Right of petition">edit</a>]</div> Two aspects of the Convention gave the United Kingdom's representatives to the Council of Europe cause for concern: the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> and the right of individual petition to the Court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000448-36">[36]</a> It was thought that the possibility to submit complaints was open to abuse and could be used for political purposes, notably by members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party</a>, rather than for genuine grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000448-36">[36]</a> In addition, it was feared that the consequences of accepting individual petition would cause instability in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British colonies</a> as Britain's authority could be undermined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000448–449-37">[37]</a> Britain's attempts to exclude the provisions relating to these two issues were unsuccessful but it managed to ensure that they were optional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000451-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Conservative government</a> <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">elected in 1951</a> ratified the First Protocol to the ECHR in 1953 relating to the rights to property, education and free elections,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.18-39">[39]</a> but resisted the right of petition on the grounds that the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> would come under scrutiny by an <a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">international court</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Labour's <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">election in 1964</a> led to reconsideration of the issue and this time the only senior dissenting voice was that of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice,_Baron_Stow_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Soskice, Baron Stow Hill">Frank Soskice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000452-40">[40]</a> Although willing to accept the right of petition, he objected to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court on the basis that it would deprive the United Kingdom of a degree of flexibility in dealing with petitions and could lead to political embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000452–453-41">[41]</a> By 1965 a majority of government ministers believed that the Court would not pose a significantly greater threat to <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">national sovereignty</a> or to political survival than the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights" title="European Commission of Human Rights">Commission of Human Rights</a> to which the United Kingdom was subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000453-42">[42]</a> Further pressure for acceptance came from the British judge and President of the Court, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_McNair,_1st_Baron_McNair" title="Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair">Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General of the Council of Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Smithers" title="Peter Smithers">Peter Smithers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Higgins,_Baron_Higgins" title="Terence Higgins, Baron Higgins">Terence Higgins MP</a> and various non-governmental organisations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000453–454-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester1998239-44">[44]</a> As had been the case for ratification in 1950, the Labour government concluded in 1965 that there was little to be lost from giving in to the pressure to recognise the Court and the right of petition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks2000454-45">[45]</a> In December 1965, Wilson informed the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> that the right of petition would be recognised for an initial period of three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester1998251-46">[46]</a> At the time the government were concerned that the <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmah Oil Company">Burmah Oil Company</a> would take advantage of the new right to contest the legality of the <a href="/wiki/War_Damage_Act_1965" title="War Damage Act 1965">War Damage Act 1965</a>, depriving the company of the right to compensation for damage caused during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. As recognised by <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil_Co._v_Lord_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate">a House of Lords' decision</a>, the acceptance was timed to fall outside the six-month <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">limitation period</a> for challenges to the Act, and the United Kingdom's acceptance explicitly stated that it applied only to claims arising after its effective date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester1998252-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.48-48">[48]</a> The declarations of acceptance were deposited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boothby,_Baron_Boothby" title="Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby">Robert Boothby MP</a> with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe on 14 January 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester1998253-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_for_incorporation">Campaign for incorporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaign for incorporation">edit</a>]</div> The first public call for the <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_international_law" title="Incorporation of international law">incorporation</a> of the Convention into national law was made in 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Anthony Lester</a> who published a pamphlet entitled Democracy and Individual Rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.19-50">[50]</a> Then in 1974 <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Scarman,_Baron_Scarman" title="Leslie Scarman, Baron Scarman">Lord Scarman</a> called for an <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">entrenched</a> instrument to challenge the sovereignty of Parliament and protect basic human rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.19-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.50-51">[51]</a> The following year a Charter of Human Rights was unveiled by the Labour Party <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a>, although this was regarded as insufficient by certain Conservative politicians including <a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Leon Brittan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Geoffrey Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> who saw an entrenched Bill of Rights as more effective in preventing abuses by the executive of individual rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.20-52">[52]</a> In 1976, a draft Bill of Rights was moved in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wade,_Baron_Wade" title="Donald Wade, Baron Wade">Lord Wade</a> and in 1978 a House of Lords <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">Select committee</a> published a report recommending incorporation which was debated in the Lords leading to an amendment being moved which was requesting that the government introduce legislation on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.21-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman200278-54">[54]</a> Lord Wade succeeded in securing the Lords' approval for a draft <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bill</a> but it did not make any progress in the Commons where <a href="/wiki/Alan_Beith" title="Alan Beith">Alan Beith</a>'s unsuccessful attempt to secure a <a href="/wiki/Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Second reading">second reading</a> was poorly attended.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There was concern at the time about judges deciding cases involving human rights which could lead them from their traditionally impartial role to political issues <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.21-53">[53]</a> In 1986 <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walker-Smith,_Baron_Broxbourne" title="Derek Walker-Smith, Baron Broxbourne">Lord Broxbourne</a> secured the Lords' approval for his incorporation bill, but was unsuccessful in the Commons, even though a second reading had been obtained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman200278-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.55-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gardner_(British_politician)" title="Edward Gardner (British politician)">Edward Gardner</a>'s 1989 bill to incorporate the Convention also failed on its second reading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenwick2007143-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.55-55">[55]</a> At the time, official Conservative party policy was in favour of maintaining the existing constitutional arrangements which it saw as ensuring a high standard of protection of individual rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenwick2007143-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos20066-57">[57]</a> By 1991 the momentum for incorporation had grown, garnering support from organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Charter88" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter88">Charter88</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(pressure_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (pressure group)">Liberty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a> – the latter two having published proposals for a British Bill of Rights incorporating the rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman200279-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.56-59">[59]</a> Incorporation was also advocated by senior members of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, both past and present, including <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardiner,_Baron_Gardiner" title="Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner">Lord Gardiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor,_Baron_Taylor_of_Gosforth" title="Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth">Lord Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bingham,_Baron_Bingham_of_Cornhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill">Lord Bingham</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales" title="Law Society of England and Wales">Law Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Bar" title="General Council of the Bar">Bar Council</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the <a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1992 Labour Party leadership election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a> as Labour Party leader in 1992, Labour policy towards the Convention – which had been against it before and during the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 General Election</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenwick2007141-33">[33]</a> – began to change in favour of incorporation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.22-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman200278-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.57-61">[61]</a> Smith gave a speech on 1 March 1993 entitled "A Citizen's Democracy" in which he called for a "new constitutional settlement, a new deal between the people and the state that puts the citizen centre stage".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party (UK) Conference">Labour Party Conference</a> in October 1993 which agreed in a two-stage policy whereby the Convention would be incorporated into law followed by the enactment of a Bill of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.22-60">[60]</a> It was planned to entrench Convention rights using a "notwithstanding clause" similar to that in <a href="/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>, which would have led to the Convention prevailing over legislation passed by Parliament unless stated otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.22-60">[60]</a> A human rights commission would also be set up to monitor and promote human rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.22-60">[60]</a> In November 1994 Lord Lester introduced a bill in the Lords which was based on the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Bill_of_Rights_Act_1990" title="New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990">New Zealand Bill of Rights</a> which would give the Convention a similar status in UK law as that accorded to <a href="/wiki/European_Community_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community law">European Community law</a> by allowing courts to disapply future and existing <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament">Acts of Parliament</a> which were incompatible with it, imposing a duty on public authorities to comply and making provision for effective remedies including damages for breaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.23-63">[63]</a> Introduced during a period of concern over the impact of European Community law on the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">Parliamentary sovereignty</a>, the bill did not receive support from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Conservative government</a> and failed in the Commons due to lack of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.23-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._1.58-64">[64]</a> On 18 December 1996, the shadow Labour Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boateng" title="Paul Boateng">Paul Boateng</a> published a Consultation Paper headed "Bringing Rights Home" which set out Labour's plans to incorporate the Convention if it won the next election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.24-65">[65]</a> The paper focused on the first stage of Labour's human rights policy and how the Convention should be incorporated, notably as regards its ability to override <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._1.24-65">[65]</a> On 5 March 1997 a Labour and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> Consultative Committee on Constitutional Reform chaired by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maclennan,_Baron_Maclennan_of_Rogart" title="Robert Maclennan, Baron Maclennan of Rogart">Robert Maclennan</a> published a report calling for the creation of a "Human Rights Commissioner" to oversee the operation of the legislation and to bring cases on behalf of those seeking protection of their rights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passage_through_Parliament">Passage through Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Passage through Parliament">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">election of Labour</a> in May 1997 led to the publication of a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> on the bill – "Rights Brought Home: The Human Rights Bill".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenwick2007160-66">[66]</a> The bill was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Derry_Irvine,_Baron_Irvine_of_Lairg" title="Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg">Lord Irvine</a> to the House of Lords on 3 November 1997.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In response to a question from <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Simon,_Baron_Simon_of_Glaisdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocelyn Simon, Baron Simon of Glaisdale">Lord Simon</a>, Lord Irvine confirmed that the bill did not in fact incorporate the Convention, but rather gave "further effect in the United Kingdom to convention rights".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Lord Irvine also rejected a proposed amendment by the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Prout,_Baron_Kingsland" title="Christopher Prout, Baron Kingsland">Lord Kingsland</a> which would have had the effect of obliging the domestic courts to apply the <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">case-law</a> of the European Court of Human Rights, stating that the obligation to take it into account was sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The Liberal Democrats supported the bill, as did several <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">crossbenchers</a> including Lord Bingham, Lord Scarman, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilberforce,_Baron_Wilberforce" title="Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce">Lord Wilberforce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Ackner,_Baron_Ackner" title="Desmond Ackner, Baron Ackner">Lord Ackner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cooke,_Baron_Cooke_of_Thorndon" title="Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon">Lord Cooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Donaldson,_Baron_Donaldson_of_Lymington" title="John Donaldson, Baron Donaldson of Lymington">Lord Donaldson</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The bill was opposed by the Conservative Party,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenwick2007143-56">[56]</a> although some <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbenchers</a> rebelled against the party line, most notably <a href="/wiki/David_Renton,_Baron_Renton" class="mw-redirect" title="David Renton, Baron Renton">Lord Renton</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hennessy,_3rd_Baron_Windlesham" title="David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham">Lord Windlesham</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The second reading in the House of Commons took place on 16 February 1998 where the bill was introduced by Jack Straw who stated that it was "the first major Bill on human rights for more than 300 years".<a href="#cite_note-Hansard-767-70">[70]</a> In addition to the incorporation of the Convention in domestic law, Jack Straw indicated that the bill was intended to have two other significant effects: the <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratisation</a> of the political system by bringing about "a better balance between rights and responsibilities, between the powers of the state and the freedom of the individual"<a href="#cite_note-Hansard-767-70">[70]</a> and the introduction of a culture of awareness of human rights by public authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlug1999246–247-71">[71]</a> Amendments rejected included giving courts a greater degree of flexibility with regard to Strasbourg case-law and referring to the <a href="/wiki/Margin_of_appreciation" title="Margin of appreciation">margin of appreciation</a> accorded to states by the Court,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> as well as limiting the obligation to interpret legislation compatibly with Convention rights only when it was 'reasonable' to do so.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A successful amendment was tabled by Labour backbencher <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McNamara_(politician)" title="Kevin McNamara (politician)">Kevin McNamara</a> which had the effect of incorporating into the bill Articles 1 and 2 of Protocol 6 of the Convention <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">abolishing the death penalty</a> in peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlug1999272–273-75">[75]</a> The bill successfully negotiated the Commons and the Lords and entered into force on 2 October 2000 as the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenwick2007160-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_Rights_Act_1998">Human Rights Act 1998</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human Rights Act 1998">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK constitutional law">UK constitutional law</a></div> The Human Rights Act 1998 seeks to give direct effect to the European Convention on Human Rights in domestic law by enabling claimants to bring an action in national courts instead of having to take their case before the European Court of Human Rights, as had previously been the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos20068-76">[76]</a> The Act makes it unlawful for a public authority to act in a manner contrary to certain rights prescribed by the Convention<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._3.15-77">[77]</a> and allows a <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United Kingdom">UK court</a> to award a remedy in the event of a breach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._3.23-78">[78]</a> In principle, the Act has <a href="/wiki/Vertical_effect" title="Vertical effect">vertical effect</a> in that it operates only vis-à-vis public bodies and not private parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._3.05-79">[79]</a> There are however certain situations in which the Act can be indirectly invoked against a private person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._3.72-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998">Section 3 of the Act</a> requires primary and secondary legislation to be given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention insofar as this is possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._3.11-81">[81]</a> If the legislation cannot be interpreted in a manner which is compatible, this does not affect its validity, continuing operation or enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011para._3.14-82">[82]</a> In such a situation, <a href="/wiki/Sections_4_and_10_of_the_Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Sections 4 and 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998">section 4 of the Act</a> allows a court to make a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_incompatibility" title="Declaration of incompatibility">declaration of incompatibility</a> which has no direct effect on the legislation nor any practical consequences for the case in which it is made;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._4.91-83">[83]</a> it allows Parliament to take remedial action without being obliged to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._4.91-83">[83]</a> Human rights in Scotland are given legal effect through the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a>. Section 57(2) of the Act states: "A member of the Scottish Executive has no power to make any subordinate legislation, or to do any other act, so far as the legislation or act is incompatible with any of the Convention rights...”<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> UK human rights legislation has been criticised by some for what they perceive as excessive attention to the human rights of offenders at the expense of those of victims; high-profile cases, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Learco_Chindamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Learco Chindamo">Learco Chindamo</a><a href="#cite_note-dc-85">[85]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2006_Afghan_hijackers_case" title="2006 Afghan hijackers case">2006 Afghan hijackers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2af-86">[86]</a> have attracted controversy, sparking calls[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] for the review of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> and other legislation. <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry" title="Second Cameron ministry">second ministry</a> announced plans to replace the Human Rights Act with a "<a href="/wiki/Proposed_British_Bill_of_Rights" title="Proposed British Bill of Rights">British Bill of Rights</a>".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On 9 May 2022, more than 50 organisations warned the UK government that tearing up the Human Rights Act would have “dire consequences” including removing obligations to properly address violence against women and girls and destabilising peace in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_in_domestic_law">Rights in domestic law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rights in domestic law">edit</a>]</div> Both the common law and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> are domestic sources of rights. Since 1998, through judicial development, the two have increasingly converged as the dominant view is that the ordinary rules of tort, equity, contract or property can accommodate human rights. As <a href="/wiki/Lord_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Bingham">Lord Bingham</a> put it in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">one would ordinarily be surprised if conduct which violated a fundamental right or freedom of the individual did not find a reflection in a body of law ordinarily as sensitive to human needs as the common law, and it is demonstrable that the common law in some areas has evolved in a direction signalled by the Convention...</blockquote> The modern law contrasts to the older view, represented by <a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a> that "at no time has there in England been any proclamation of the right to liberty of thought or to freedom of speech, [...] it can hardly be said that our constitution knows of such a thing as any specific right of public meeting".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicey1889239–240,_271-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life">Life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_2" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 2">ECHR article 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></div> The common law ensures the protection of the right to life and that no person is deprived of life intentionally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._7.08-91">[91]</a> This is achieved primarily through the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> and the crimes of <a href="/wiki/Murder_in_English_law" title="Murder in English law">murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">manslaughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._106-92">[92]</a> Some protection is also offered by the civil law where, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Fatal_Accidents_Act_1976" title="Fatal Accidents Act 1976">Fatal Accidents Act 1976</a> allows relatives of those killed by the wrongdoing of others to recover damages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">Capital punishment</a> had by 1998 been abolished in respect of all offences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._7.20-93">[93]</a> Under the Coroners Act 1988 there is a duty in certain circumstances for deaths to be investigated by a <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._7.44-94">[94]</a> The law also attaches importance to the preservation of life: aiding and abetting a <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> is a criminal offence under the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_Act_1961" title="Suicide Act 1961">Suicide Act 1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> is unlawful (see the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bland#The_case" title="Tony Bland">Bland case</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._7.09-95">[95]</a> Furthermore, there is a duty upon medical professionals to keep patients alive unless to do so would be contrary to the patient's best interests based on professional medical opinion (the <a href="/wiki/Bolam_v_Friern_Hospital_Management_Committee" title="Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee">Bolam Test</a>), taking into account their quality of life in the event that treatment is continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._7.24-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">Abortion Act 1967</a> permits the termination of a pregnancy under certain conditions and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_1990" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990">Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990</a> requires the storage of embryos to be licensed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._7.16_and_7.19-97">[97]</a> There is also an obligation on the state to prevent <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">destitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a> by providing relief to persons who may otherwise <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starve to death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._5.130-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_forced_labour">No forced labour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: No forced labour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_4" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 4">ECHR article 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Slavery at common law</a></div> Slavery was abolished throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a> but as early as 1706 the common law had recognised that as soon as a slave came to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, he became free.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._9.06-101">[101]</a> The courts did not recognise contracts which were equivalent to slavery or servitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._9.06-101">[101]</a> The courts have been reluctant to force individuals to work and have declined to enforce <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">contracts of service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._9.07-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Forced labour</a> is however permitted in certain limited circumstances: the Crown can theoretically compel persons to undertake <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Naval Service">naval service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">prisoners</a> can be forced to work whilst serving their sentences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._9.08-9.09-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> considered the forced labour prohibition in <a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Reilly_and_Jamieson_Wilson_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Caitlin Reilly and Jamieson Wilson v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Caitlin Reilly and Jamieson Wilson v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions</a>, where it ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a>' <a href="/wiki/Workfare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Workfare in the United Kingdom">workfare policy</a> under which the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a> work in return for their <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">benefit payments</a> were not forced labour but were nevertheless legally flawed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty">Liberty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liberty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_5" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 5">ECHR article 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to liberty">Right to liberty</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Right_to_liberty_sources" style="width: 350px; text-align: center; font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #fafafa; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clist_liberty" title="Template:Clist liberty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_liberty" title="Template talk:Clist liberty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_liberty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clist liberty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Right_to_liberty_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Right to liberty sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948">Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Article_3">arts 3 and 9-11</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention on Human Rights 1950">European Convention on Human Rights 1950</a> arts 5-7</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> arts 9-16</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta 1297</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw1cc1929/25/9/section/XXIX">ch XXIX</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somerset v Stewart</a> (1772) 98 ER 499</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_v_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bird v Jones (page does not exist)">Bird v Jones</a> (1845) 7 QB 742</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> ss 1-3, 17-28 and 117</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magistrates%E2%80%99_Courts_Act_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (page does not exist)">Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980</a> ss 1 and 125-126</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christie_v_Leachinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christie v Leachinsky (page does not exist)">Christie v Leachinsky</a> [1947] AC 573</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 30-78</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_v_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim v R (page does not exist)">Ibrahim v R</a> [1914] AC 599</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beckles_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beckles v UK (page does not exist)">Beckles v UK</a> (2003) 36 EHRR 162</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 8-21 and 32</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=McLeod_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McLeod v UK (page does not exist)">McLeod v UK</a> (1998) 27 EHRR 493</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Longman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Longman (page does not exist)">R v Longman</a> [1988] 1 WLR 619</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Iqbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Iqbal (page does not exist)">R v Iqbal</a> [2011] EWCA Crim 273</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1996" title="Police Act 1996">Police Act 1996</a> ss 37A-54</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_MPC_ex_p_Blackburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v MPC ex p Blackburn (page does not exist)">R v MPC ex p Blackburn</a> [1968] 2 QB 118</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>see <a href="/wiki/UK_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK constitutional law">UK constitutional law</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The right to <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> of the person, to be free from the domination or servitude of others, and only to lose one's liberty 'by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land' has been fundamental to UK and English law since the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> This said, slavery and serfdom took until the 16th century to break down in England, and was maintained at least until 1833 within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, before full abolition of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> was passed, extending the writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> (the right to one's own body) to everyone.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin#1750s" class="extiw" title="q:Benjamin Franklin">alleged adage</a>, that people who sacrifice <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> for <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> will lose both and deserve neither,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> is reflected in human rights law. Like international law,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_article_5" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention on Human Rights article 5">European Convention on Human Rights article 5</a> states no 'one shall be deprived of [their] liberty' unless law expressly allows that person's detention after conviction, a lawful arrest or detention on suspicion of an offence, detention of a minor for education, detention for health or stopping infectious diseases spreading, or for lawful deportation or extradition.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> People must be told reasons for any detention, be put on trial in a reasonable time, or released immediately with compensation if detention was unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In practice, every power of the police or the state to maintain order and security 'inevitably means a corresponding reduction in the liberty of the individual',<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and the UK has among the highest spending on policing in the world.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> For this reason the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a>, and the limits to police powers, is a key legislative guardian of liberty in the UK today. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nottinghamshire_Pride_2018_(28808113177).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nottinghamshire_Pride_2018_%2828808113177%29.jpg/220px-Nottinghamshire_Pride_2018_%2828808113177%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nottinghamshire_Pride_2018_%2828808113177%29.jpg/330px-Nottinghamshire_Pride_2018_%2828808113177%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nottinghamshire_Pride_2018_%2828808113177%29.jpg/440px-Nottinghamshire_Pride_2018_%2828808113177%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5067" data-file-height="3378" /></a><figcaption>Chief constables can grant limited powers to <a href="/wiki/Community_safety_accreditation_scheme" title="Community safety accreditation scheme">community support officers</a> including giving a fixed penalty notice,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> but not the wider search or arrest powers of police.</figcaption></figure> Three main issues of police power and liberty are (1) powers of arrest, detention and questioning, (2) powers to enter, search or seize property, and (3) the accountability of the police for abuse of power. First, the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> section 1 allows a constable to stop and search people if a constable 'has reasonable grounds for suspecting' that they will 'find stolen or prohibited articles', they may seize the articles, and they may use reasonable force.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The constable must give their name, police station, and grounds for the search. People cannot be made to remove clothing in public, except an outer coat, jacket or gloves.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Because of the widespread problem of <a href="/wiki/Race_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Race discrimination">race discrimination</a> in stop and search, the Home Office Code A says that 'reasonable suspicion cannot be based on generalisations or stereotypical images' of people being involved in crime.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> It was formerly seen as 'contrary to constitutional principle' to search someone to find whether or not there are grounds for arrest.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> But since 1994, there is no need for police to show reasonable suspicion to search someone to prevent violence or the carrying of offensive weapons.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 2015 the Supreme Court held suspicionless searches were held to be compatible with <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_5" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 5">ECHR article 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Under section 24, constables can arrest people without a warrant if they are committing an offence, or if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting they will.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The meaning of 'reasonable grounds' is not exacting, but a police officer must not arrest someone in bad faith, or irrationally, or if a suspect is cooperating and arrest is therefore unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Otherwise, a justice of the peace may issue a warrant for arrest, require attendance at court, in writing, and it can be executed by a constable.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> With a warrant, a constable can enter and search premises to make an arrest, or enter and search after an arrest. In addition, any person can make a '<a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_arrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' arrest">citizens' arrest</a> of another person who is in the act of committing an <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">indictable offence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Anyone being arrested must be told the fact of arrest, and the reasons, or be told as soon as practicable, and if they are not the arrest is unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> People who are arrested must be brought to a police station as soon as practicable, and there must either be released, charged or detained for questioning.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> People can only be detained without charge for 24 hours, but this can be extended to 36 hours for an <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">indictable offence</a>, or another 36 hours (i.e. 72 hours in total) but only with approval of a magistrate's court where the detainee has a right to legal representation.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> People can be searched at a police station with an <a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police ranks of the United Kingdom">inspector</a>'s authority, but can only do intimate searches of orifices if there are reasonable grounds for thinking there is a class A drug or article that could cause injury. A detainee has the right to inform a friend or relative, and consult a solicitor, but this right can be delayed by 36 hours if arrested for an indictable offence or 48 hours for terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Interviews should be recorded, people can be photographed and drug tested without their consent. 'Intimate' samples of bodily fluids, blood and swabs cannot be taken without consent, but courts may draw adverse inferences.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> When being questioned by police, it is acknowledged that the right to silence is ultimately 'at the heart' of a fair trial,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and 'particular caution [is] required before a domestic court [should] invoke an accused's silence against him.'<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> No statement or confession is admissible unless it is voluntarily given.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> A clear exception, however, is that a vehicle owner can be required to reveal the identity of a driver, and this does not breach <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_6" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 6">ECHR article 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> 'The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law... wherein every man by common consent gives up that right, for the sake of justice and the general good. By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass. No man can set his foot upon my ground without my licence, but he is liable to an action, though the damage be nothing... If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment.' </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Entick_v_Carrington" title="Entick v Carrington">Entick v Carrington</a> [1765] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1765/J98.html">EWHC KB J98</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Camden_CJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Camden CJ">Lord Camden CJ</a></cite> </div> Second, police officers have no right to trespass upon property without a lawful warrant, because as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Camden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Camden">Lord Camden</a> said in <a href="/wiki/Entick_v_Carrington" title="Entick v Carrington">Entick v Carrington</a> by 'the law of England every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass.' Here a sheriff searched and seized property at the home of a journalist, <a href="/wiki/John_Entick" title="John Entick">John Entick</a>, but the 'warrant' used by the sheriff had no legal basis. The Court held that the sheriff had to pay damages. Today, under the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> section 8 enables officers to enter premises and search but only based on a warrant granted by a justice of the peace. There is no right to search communications between lawyer and a client, or confidential personal records, some medical materials, and confidential journalistic material, unless there is an order of a judge.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A common law power to enter premises to stop a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Breach of peace">breach of peace</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> was held in McLeod v UK to have unjustifiably violated the right to privacy under <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_8" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 8">ECHR article 8</a>, because the police used it to help an ex-husband recover property when an ex-wife was absent from a home.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Under section 19, an officer can seize material if they have reasonable grounds to believe it was obtained by committing an offence, or if it is evidence, but not if it is subject to legal privilege.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Third, although 'the law does not encourage' someone to 'resist the authority of... an officer of the law', there is an inherent right to resist an unlawful arrest,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> but it is an offence to resist a lawful arrest.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> By contrast, before being formally arrested, in R v Iqbal a man accused of drug offences was detained and handcuffed by police while attending a friend's trial, but before being arrested he broke free and escaped. He was caught again, and convicted for escaping lawful custody, but the Lord Chief Justice overturned the conviction because there was no lawful arrest, and the offence could not be widened 'by making it apply to those whose arrest has been deliberately postponed.'<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Anyone can bring a claim against police for unlawful conduct, the chief constable is vicariously liable for constables' conduct, and <a href="/wiki/Exemplary_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Exemplary damages">exemplary damages</a> are available for 'oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional actions'.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Evidence illegally obtained, such as a confession, and certainly anything through 'torture, inhuman or degrading treatment and the use or threat of violence' must be excluded, and a court can refuse evidence if it would have an adverse effect on the fairness of proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Since 2011, Police and Crime Commissioners are directly elected in England and Wales (on low turnouts) and have a duty to 'secure that the police force is efficient and effective'.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The Home Secretary is meant to issue a 'strategic policing document' that chief constables pay regard to, but can intervene and require 'special measures' if there is mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> This means the Home Secretary is ultimately politically responsible, but administration is largely local. Commissioners have a duty to enforce the law, but decisions about how to allocate scarce resources mean that police forces can choose to prioritise tackling some kinds of crime (e.g. violence) over others (e.g. drugs).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Generally police forces will not be liable in tort for failing to stop criminal acts,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> but positive duties do exist to take preventative measures or properly investigate allegations.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Other persons who may be detained include those in need of care and attention under the <a href="/wiki/National_Assistance_Act_1948" title="National Assistance Act 1948">National Assistance Act 1948</a> (<a href="/wiki/11_%26_12_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="11 & 12 Geo. 6">11 & 12 Geo. 6</a>. c. 29), and children in the care of a <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">local authority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Secure_Children%27s_Home" title="Secure Children's Home">secure accommodation</a>, those suffering from infectious diseases under the Public Health Act of 1984 and those detained by the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.76-10.80-147">[147]</a> The courts have powers to <a href="/wiki/Sentencing_in_England_and_Wales" title="Sentencing in England and Wales">sentence</a> offenders and deprive them of their liberty, as well as detain mental patients under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983" title="Mental Health Act 1983">Mental Health Act 1983</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.95_and_10.122-148">[148]</a> They may also order the payment of compensation to persons who have been unlawfully detained and the Home Secretary may award payments to victims of <a href="/wiki/Miscarriages_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscarriages of justice">miscarriages of justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.143_and_10.146-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_trial">Fair trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fair trial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_6" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 6">ECHR article 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_7" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 7">ECHR article 7</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">Ex post facto law</a></div> <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_6" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 6">Article 6</a> of the Convention requires a <a href="/wiki/Fair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair trial">fair trial</a>, with a presumption of innocence, and <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">legal aid</a> if justice requires it, according to principles of <a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">natural justice</a>. <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_7" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 7">Article 7</a> prohibits criminal offences applying retroactively to acts done before something was made criminal. This follows the law since <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> that everyone has the right to "trial by one's Peers, or the law of the land". Several principles also combine to guarantee an individual a certain level of protection by law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._119-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.06-151">[151]</a> These are often known as the rules of <a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">natural justice</a> and comprise the principles <a href="/wiki/Nemo_iudex_in_causa_sua" title="Nemo iudex in causa sua">nemo iudex in causa sua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audi_alteram_partem" title="Audi alteram partem">audi alteram partem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.124-152">[152]</a> A fair <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(law)" title="Hearing (law)">hearing</a> implies that each party has the opportunity to present their own case to an impartial tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.166-153">[153]</a> Courts must generally sit in public and decisions may be challenged on the grounds of actual or apparent <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.142_and_11.181-154">[154]</a> Although judges are under a common law duty to give reasons for their decisions, there is no such rule for non-judicial decision-makers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.205-11.206-155">[155]</a> Certain specific rights apply in criminal cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.210-156">[156]</a> Persons in custody have the right to consult a solicitor by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Justice_Act_1999" title="Access to Justice Act 1999">Access to Justice Act 1999</a> allows an individual to request confidential and <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid#England_and_Wales" title="Legal aid">free</a> legal advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.215_and_11.217-157">[157]</a> The prosecution is under a common law duty to disclose all relevant evidence including that which may assist the defendant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.221-158">[158]</a> The accused also benefits from a limited <a href="/wiki/Right_to_silence_in_England_and_Wales" title="Right to silence in England and Wales">right to silence</a> and the privilege against <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">self-incrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.231-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Confession_(law)" title="Confession (law)">Confessions</a> are admissible as evidence under certain conditions laid down in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.250-160">[160]</a> The accused additionally benefits from a <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.253-161">[161]</a> In discharging the <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">burden of proof</a>, the onus is on the prosecution as established in <a href="/wiki/Woolmington_v_DPP" title="Woolmington v DPP">Woolmington v DPP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.254-162">[162]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/R_v_Wang" title="R v Wang">R v Wang</a> it was held that it was never permissible for a judge to direct a jury to find a defendant guilty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is also a right to <a href="/wiki/Juries_in_England_and_Wales" title="Juries in England and Wales">jury trial</a>, the accused should be able to follow proceedings and they have a right to be present during proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.262,_11.270_and_11.272-163">[163]</a> The application of the <a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a> rule was limited by the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_2003" title="Criminal Justice Act 2003">Criminal Justice Act 2003</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Courts have jurisdiction to prevent <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">abuses of process</a> if it would be unfair to try a defendant or a fair trial would not be possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.302-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy">Privacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Privacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_8" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 8">ECHR article 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_English_law" title="Privacy in English law">Privacy in English law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Right_to_privacy_sources" style="width: 350px; text-align: center; font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #fafafa; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clist_privacy" title="Template:Clist privacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_privacy" title="Template talk:Clist privacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_privacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clist privacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Right_to_privacy_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Right to privacy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948">Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Article_12">arts 12</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention on Human Rights 1950">European Convention on Human Rights 1950</a> arts 8</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights#Article_17">art 17</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Semayne%E2%80%99s_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Semayne’s case">Semayne’s case</a> (1604) 77 Eng Rep 194</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Entick_v_Carrington" title="Entick v Carrington">Entick v Carrington</a> (1765) 19 St Tr 1030</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/R_v_Khan" title="R v Khan">R v Khan</a> (2001) 31 EHRR 1016</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1997" title="Police Act 1997">Police Act 1997</a> ss 92-97</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000</a> ss 26-36 and 65</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinloch_v_HM_Advocate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinloch v HM Advocate (page does not exist)">Kinloch v HM Advocate</a> [2012] UKSC 62</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (EU) 2016/679 arts 4-7</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_Football_Union_v_Consolidated_Info_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby Football Union v Consolidated Info Ltd (page does not exist)">Rugby Football Union v Consolidated Info Ltd</a> [2012] UKSC 55</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> ss 27 and 65A</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Records_(Recordable_Offences)_Regulations_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Records (Recordable Offences) Regulations 2000">National Police Records (Recordable Offences) Regulations 2000</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(L)_v_MPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (L) v MPC (page does not exist)">R (L) v MPC</a> [2009] UKSC 3</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v_MGN_Ltd" title="Campbell v MGN Ltd">Campbell v MGN Ltd</a> [2004] UKHL 22, [2005] UKHL 61</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assoc_Newspapers_Ltd_v_Prince_of_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assoc Newspapers Ltd v Prince of Wales (page does not exist)">Assoc Newspapers Ltd v Prince of Wales</a> [2006] EWCA Civ 1776</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/PJS_v_News_Group_Newspapers_Ltd" title="PJS v News Group Newspapers Ltd">PJS v News Group Newspapers Ltd</a> [2016] UKSC 26</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>see <a href="/wiki/UK_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK constitutional law">UK constitutional law</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The constitutional importance of privacy, of one's home, belongings, and correspondence, has been recognised since 1604, when <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Coke">Sir Edward Coke</a> wrote that the 'house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress'.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Today it is clear that common law recognises "the tort of invasion of privacy".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-167">[167]</a> While rights to liberty and a fair trial also protect against unjustified search or seizure, the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> article 8 enshrines the right to one's 'private and family life', 'home' and 'correspondence' unless interference is 'in accordance with the law' and '<a href="/wiki/Necessary_in_a_democratic_society" title="Necessary in a democratic society">necessary in a democratic society</a>' for public security, safety, economic well-being, preventing crime, protecting health or morals or rights of others.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The law of trespass, as in <a href="/wiki/Entick_v_Carrington" title="Entick v Carrington">Entick v Carrington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> traditionally protected against unjustified physical violations of people's homes, but given extensive powers of entry,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and with modern information technology the central concerns of privacy are electronic surveillance, both by the state and by private corporations aiming to profit from data or '<a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">surveillance capitalism</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The four main fields of law relating to privacy concern (1) listening devices and interference with private property, (2) interception of mail, email or web communications by government, (3) mass data storage and processing by corporations or state bodies, and (4) other breaches of confidence and privacy, particularly by the press. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCHQ_at_Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire_MOD_45154333.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GCHQ_at_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire_MOD_45154333.jpg/220px-GCHQ_at_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire_MOD_45154333.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GCHQ_at_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire_MOD_45154333.jpg/330px-GCHQ_at_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire_MOD_45154333.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GCHQ_at_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire_MOD_45154333.jpg/440px-GCHQ_at_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire_MOD_45154333.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_HQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications HQ">Government Communications HQ</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">UK intelligence</a>, is among the public bodies which can apply for warrants to put people under surveillance to detect serious crime. With the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a> these powers have steadily grown.</figcaption></figure> First, the <a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1997" title="Police Act 1997">Police Act 1997</a> sections 92 prohibits 'interference with property or with wireless telegraphy' without authorisation by a chief constable or others.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Such listening or bugging devices may only be used 'for the prevention or detection of serious crime' that could lead to over 3 years of jail. A judicial commissioner's approval is further needed if a dwelling, bedroom or office is being bugged, and if refused the police can appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner" title="Investigatory Powers Commissioner">Investigatory Powers Commissioner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> On top of this, the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000</a> which also generally allows surveillance by police, intelligence, <a href="/wiki/HMRC" class="mw-redirect" title="HMRC">HMRC</a> and councils to obtain private information ('directed'), or surveillance of a residence or vehicle ('intrusive') if for the purpose of national security, preventing serious crime, or protecting UK economic well-being. Only 'intrusive' surveillance requires approval by a judicial commissioner.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> This has frequently led to abuse, for instance, in one case with a family being put under surveillance to see if they lived in a catchment area of an oversubscribed school,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and in another an intelligence officer infiltrating a protest group and fathering a child, after taking a dead child's identity.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Surveillance in public places does not engage the human right to privacy, according to Kinloch v HM Advocate, where evidence of the defendant money laundering was gathered by police following the suspect in public spaces.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Second, although the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a> section 2 creates a duty to consider whether means less intrusive to privacy could be used, warrants can be issue for targeted or bulk interception of any data, including to assist other governments, but only to detect serious crime, protect national security, or protect the UK's economic well-being, and this must be proportionate.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Applications are made to the Home Secretary or other appropriate ministers, and must be approved by a judicial commissioner with written reasons for any refusal.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Warrants can be issued against Members of Parliament with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Interception should not be disclosed in judicial proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Local councils are able to carry out interceptions, albeit with authority of a justice of the peace. Journalists' material can be intercepted, though only with authority of a judicial commissioner. The government can also require internet service providers retain data, including bulk data, for up to a year. Judicial commissioners must have held high judicial office, while the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner" title="Investigatory Powers Commissioner">Investigatory Powers Commissioner</a> audits, inspects and investigates the exercise of public body powers. In 2015, over 3059 warrants were granted, and it is argued by <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> that bulk data enables security services to 'make the right connections between disparate pieces of information'.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The fact of bulk data collection, however, inevitably means people who have nothing to do with serious crime remain under state surveillance. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad-tech_London_2010_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG/220px-Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG/330px-Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG/440px-Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The world's biggest tech corporations, particularly <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> have vast databases on user behaviour. In 2016, a scandal broke as it was found Facebook and other data was illegally taken and used for psychologically targeted adverts in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Brexit_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Brexit poll">2016 Brexit poll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-183">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/GDPR_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR 2016">GDPR 2016</a> creates minimal data rights.</figcaption></figure> Third, it has been recognised that the 'right to keep oneself to oneself, to tell other people that certain things are none of their business, is under technological threat' also from private corporations, as well as the state.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Through standard form <a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">contracts</a>, tech corporations routinely appropriate users' private data for targeted advertising, particularly <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (e.g. search and browsing history, email, locations), <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> (e.g. personal interactions, hobbies, messages), Microsoft (e.g. emails, or cloud documents) and others. Because people have no choice but to agree to the terms and conditions, consent is defective and contract terms are often unfair, legislation has been increasing in strength to reflect the fundamental 'right to the protection of personal data' in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="General Data Protection Regulation 2016">General Data Protection Regulation 2016</a> requires that all data is processed lawfully, fairly and transparently, and on the basis of 'consent' or a contract.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The meaning of 'consent' requires more than the basic rules for commercial contracts, and must be clearly and distinctly identifiable, and revocable at any time.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Contract terms may be subject to more protective rights contained in UK law.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Whenever a 'data subject' has personal data processed or stored, they have basic rights to be provided with transparent information about the data stored including when they have not given that information themselves,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> to access the data and rectify any inaccuracies, and to demand that the data is erased when it is no longer necessary for the purpose for which it was originally given.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> There is a further right that data must be portable 'to another controller without hindrance',<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> for instance in switching phone contacts. Data may be disclosed for legitimate reasons, so in Rugby Football Union v Consolidated Information Services Ltd the Supreme Court held that a ticketing agency had no data protection defence against disclosing information to the Rugby Football Union about people who touted tickets against its rules, because the legitimate interest in stopping theft was stronger.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Article 32 states a data controller must ensure the security of people's data, and notify supervisory authorities of any breach, including transfers to 'third countries' where the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> is defective. However, during the <a href="/wiki/2016_Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a> the House of Commons fake news committee found that Facebook enabled massive breaches of users' data, being sold onto third parties including <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a>, which psychologically targeted voters with political adverts, and this data spread into <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian interference in Brexit">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The penalties for breach of GDPR rules, since it came into force in May 2018, can be up to 4% of a company's worldwide turnover, or €20m, whichever is higher.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> There are also databases kept by UK state bodies, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">National Domestic Extremism Database</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_National_DNA_Database" title="United Kingdom National DNA Database">DNA Database</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Police_National_Computer" title="Police National Computer">Police National Computer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Related to this, the Supreme Court held in R(L) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner that there was no breach of privacy when a primary school's enhanced criminal record check on an applicant for a teaching assistant job showed the applicant's son was put on a child protection register because of neglect, and she was refused a job.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> A planned NHS patients' database, <a href="/wiki/Care.data" title="Care.data">care.data</a>, was abandoned because of protests about confidentiality and security of data.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Finally, claimants may sue any private party on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_confidence" title="Breach of confidence">breach of confidence</a>, an old <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equitable action</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> although one that may be giving way to a tort of misuse of private information.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> For instance, it was held that it was an unlawful breach of privacy for the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> to publish private journals of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> about the handover of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> stolen and leaked by a former employee.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> It was also held to be unlawful for a newspaper to publish details of an applicant's private sexual life, even though in other countries the story had spread around the internet, because there was no 'public interest... in the disclosure or publication of purely private sexual encounters, even though they involve adultery or more than one person at the same time'.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-167">[167]</a> In this way the common law has developed to uphold human rights. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thought,_conscience_and_religion">Thought, conscience and religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thought, conscience and religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_9" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 9">ECHR article 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom">Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom</a></div> <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_9" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 9">Article 9</a> states that everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, including religion and belief. Only the manifestation of a belief can be limited on justifiable legal grounds as strictly necessary in a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> By contrast, the common law historically required punishment for "erroneous opinions concerning rites or modes of worship" to be provided for in legislation before it could be applied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> There were a number of such laws in the 17th and 18th centuries, including the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_Act_1661" title="Corporation Act 1661">Corporation Act 1661</a> requiring holders of civic office to be members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Test_Act_1673" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act 1673">Test Act 1673</a> requiring holders of military or civil functions to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance and subscribe to a declaration against <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03-203">[203]</a> Both Acts were repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a> which admitted <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> into the legal profession and permitted Catholic schools and places of worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were allowed to enter Parliament under the <a href="/wiki/Jews_Relief_Act_1858" title="Jews Relief Act 1858">Jews Relief Act 1858</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03-203">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Crown_Act_2013" title="Succession to the Crown Act 2013">Succession to the Crown Act 2013</a> amended the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> to remove the exclusion from the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_British_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the British throne">line of succession</a> of those who married Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> However, it remains the case that the Sovereign must be a member of the Church of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.24-206">[206]</a> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>, the Church of England is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established church</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and enjoys certain privileges and rights in law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.04-207">[207]</a> However, the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">anti-Christian views</a> is no longer illegal and the law places no formal restrictions on the freedom of worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.04-207">[207]</a> There is no formal legal definition of religion and courts generally abstain from deciding issues of religious <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.06-208">[208]</a> The common law offences of <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Blasphemy law in the United Kingdom">blasphemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemous_libel" title="Blasphemous libel">blasphemous libel</a> were abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.18-209">[209]</a> A new offence of <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">incitement to religious hatred</a> was created by the <a href="/wiki/Racial_and_Religious_Hatred_Act_2006" title="Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006">Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.22-210">[210]</a> and discrimination on the grounds of religion is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Equality_(Religion_or_Belief)_Regulations_2003" title="Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003">Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.26-211">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Act_1916" title="Military Service Act 1916">Military Service Act 1916</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Service_(Armed_Forces)_Act_1939" title="National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939">National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939</a> both provided for the possibility of exemption from military service on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.23-212">[212]</a> although the House of Lords has held that there would be no breach of human rights if such a possibility was not provided for.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expression">Expression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Expression">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_10" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 10">ECHR article 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">Freedom of expression</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Freedom_of_expression_sources" style="width: 350px; text-align: center; font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #fafafa; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clist_expression" title="Template:Clist expression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_expression" title="Template talk:Clist expression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_expression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clist expression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Freedom_of_expression_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Freedom of expression sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948">Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention on Human Rights 1950">European Convention on Human Rights 1950</a> arts 9-10</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> arts 18-20</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a> ss 3, 319-321</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Pro-Life_Alliance)_v_BBC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Pro-Life Alliance) v BBC (page does not exist)">R (Pro-Life Alliance) v BBC</a> [2003] UKHL 23</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theatres_Act_1968" title="Theatres Act 1968">Theatres Act 1968</a> ss 1-6</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984" title="Video Recordings Act 1984">Video Recordings Act 1984</a> ss 2-9</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1959" title="Obscene Publications Act 1959">Obscene Publications Act 1959</a> ss 1-4</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knuller_Ltd_v_DPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knuller Ltd v DPP (page does not exist)">Knuller Ltd v DPP</a> [1973] AC 435</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> ss 17-27</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006" title="Terrorism Act 2006">Terrorism Act 2006</a> ss 1-3 and 20</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Defamation_Act_2013" title="Defamation Act 2013">Defamation Act 2013</a> ss 1-5, 11-13</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v_Times_Newspapers_Ltd" title="Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd">Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd</a> [2001] 2 AC 127</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunday_Times_v_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunday Times v United Kingdom (page does not exist)">Sunday Times v United Kingdom</a> (1979–80) 2 EHRR 245</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_v_Guardian_Newspapers_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd">Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd</a> [1992] 1 AC 191</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>see <a href="/wiki/UK_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK constitutional law">UK constitutional law</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The right to freedom of expression is generally seen as being the 'lifeblood of democracy.'<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, it was established that a jury could acquit a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> who preached to a crowd even against the judge's direction and 'against full and manifest evidence'.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> article 9 guaranteed the 'freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament' and stated they were 'not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament', but the first full, legal guarantees for free speech came from the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment to the US Constitution">First Amendment to the US Constitution</a> guaranteed 'freedom of speech'. The government and employers suppressed free speech through the French revolution and after the Napoleonic wars,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> until the repeal of the anti-Catholic laws,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> and the abolition of restraints on trade union organising, as well as throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the UK signed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration on Human Rights">Universal Declaration on Human Rights</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention</a>. <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_10" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 10">Article 10</a> enshrines the right to freedom of expression which includes the rights 'to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers.' This does not prevent 'the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.' Like all other rights these are subject to restrictions set out in law, and as necessary in a democratic society, to stop crime, or protect security, territorial integrity, safety, health, morals, the rights of others, and to maintain the judiciary's impartiality.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Home_Front_in_Britain,_1944_TR2323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Home_Front_in_Britain%2C_1944_TR2323.jpg/220px-The_Home_Front_in_Britain%2C_1944_TR2323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Home_Front_in_Britain%2C_1944_TR2323.jpg/330px-The_Home_Front_in_Britain%2C_1944_TR2323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Home_Front_in_Britain%2C_1944_TR2323.jpg/440px-The_Home_Front_in_Britain%2C_1944_TR2323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5143" data-file-height="3401" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner" title="Speakers' Corner">Speakers' Corner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a>, here in 1944, people traditionally gather to exchange views, debate, and listen. Debating and free speech societies are found throughout the UK and make a regular part of TV.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></figcaption></figure> The practical right to free expression is limited by (1) unaccountable ownership in the media, (2) censorship and obscenity laws, (3) public order offences, and (4) the law of defamation and breach of confidence. First, although anybody can stand on <a href="/wiki/Speakers%E2%80%99_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Speakers’ Corner">Speakers’ Corner</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> and speak freely to a crowd,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> the communication channels with the biggest audiences are owned by large corporate entities:<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> three internet media networks,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> five television networks,<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> and six corporate owned newspaper groups,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> almost all of which aim have shareholders that demand to make a profit.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> This means that most speech, with most reach, is designed to be compatible with generating advertising revenue and shareholder profit for the newspaper, TV, or internet corporation, and controllers choose which speech or images are acceptable, unless the law creates different rights. While there are loose limits on cross-ownership of TV and newspapers,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> there is no regulation yet separate advertising business and internet media platforms where their interests conflict with public goals. The <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a> sections 319–321, regulates television (but not explicitly internet broadcasts, or newspapers) to ensure that diverse views are heard, and to restrict discriminatory viewing, or the stop misleading information, and allows a complaints procedure.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The UK's transparent, and publicly accountable system of TV media regulation is consistently held to be compatible with freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Two of the UK's TV networks, the BBC and Channel 4, are publicly owned and accountable, through an arm's length appointment process overseen by the government. However most television channels are funded through advertising revenue. There is also effectively no regulation of standards on internet media, although the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_committee_on_fake_news" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons committee on fake news">House of Commons committee on fake news</a> called for the same regulation as on TV to be applied after Facebook data theft and psychologically targeted political ads were used by ‘Vote Leave’ in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Brexit_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Brexit poll">2016 Brexit poll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-183">[183]</a> Second, censorship and obscenity laws have been a highly traditional limit on freedom of expression. The <a href="/wiki/Theatres_Act_1968" title="Theatres Act 1968">Theatres Act 1968</a> prohibits obscenity in plays, that is 'indecent, offensive, disgusting or injurious to morality' but with a defence in the public good, while the <a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984" title="Video Recordings Act 1984">Video Recordings Act 1984</a> section 9 makes it illegal to supply of a video without a classification certificate, which is graded according to sexual or violent activity. Obscene publications, since early common law,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> have been banned although the idea of what is 'obscene' has changed from Victorian values.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1959" title="Obscene Publications Act 1959">Obscene Publications Act 1959</a> defines 'obscene' as having the effect to 'deprave and corrupt' people, and allows police or the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions" title="Director of Public Prosecutions">Director of Public Prosecutions</a> to search and seize obscene material, subject to a defence for literary, artistic, scientific or other merit. Pornography, but also non-sexual gay literature, was suppressed until the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> There are around 70 cases each year, but today the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Prosecution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Prosecution Service">Criminal Prosecution Service</a> Guidelines only recommend charges for 'extreme' cases. The controversial <a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2017" title="Digital Economy Act 2017">Digital Economy Act 2017</a>, which would have required age verification on the basis of protecting children to access all pornographic websites, by requiring companies take bank card details, has been repeatedly delayed. Third, there are three main public order offences, based on incitement to disaffection, racial hatred, and terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Disaffection means attempting to persuade the armed forces,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> police,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> or others,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> to revolt or even withhold services. Racial hatred means 'hatred against a group of persons defined by reference to colour, race, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origins', and it is an offence to threaten, abuse or insult anyone, including through displays, to stir up racial hatred.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The same idea extends to religious hatred, sexual orientation and in practice disability.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In international law, it is also explicit, that advocacy of hatred includes 'incitement to discrimination' (as well as hostility or violence).<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006" title="Terrorism Act 2006">Terrorism Act 2006</a> defines incitement to terrorism as 'direct or indirect encouragement or other inducement' for 'commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism', as well as glorifying terrorist acts (that is 'any form of praise or celebration') punishable with 7 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Fourth, the laws of <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_confidence" title="Breach of confidence">breach of confidence</a> are designed to balance people's reputations and rights to privacy. The <a href="/wiki/Defamation_Act_2013" title="Defamation Act 2013">Defamation Act 2013</a> states that defamation means a statement that has or would 'cause serious harm to the reputation of the claimant', and if that claimant is a profit making body this requires 'serious financial loss'.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The truth is always a defence for stating something factual, and a defendant may always show their statement 'is substantially true', or that they made a statement of honest opinion, rather than an assertion of fact. Further, of the statement is in the public interest, it will not be unlawful. Connected to this, news outlets should ask someone who is a subject of a story for their side.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Internet operators are liable for statements on their websites that are defamatory if the poster is hard to identify, and they fail on a notice by the claimant to remove the statement within 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> There can be no claim for defamation if a defendant has the 'absolute privilege' of making a statement in Parliament or reports, in the course of high state duty, internal documents or a foreign embassy, or reports of courts' proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> There is also 'qualified privilege' which gives a defence to defamation, but only if the writer asks the subject for an explanation or contradiction, for any legislative proceedings outside the UK, public enquiries, non-UK government documents, and matters of an international organisation.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Given the global nature of media, a claim in the UK must ensure that the UK is the 'most appropriate place', there is no long trial by jury, and courts can order removal of claims from many websites if it has spread.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Claims for breach of confidence are meant to protect the right to privacy. Examples have included an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> against a retired security service officer who wrote a book called <a href="/wiki/Spycatcher" title="Spycatcher">Spycatcher</a> that revealed official secrets.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> But the government lost its claim to have an injunction against a newspaper on the effects of <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a> on new births.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The courts have stated that there is no difference between the protection offered by the common law, and that guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_and_assembly">Association and assembly</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Association and assembly">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_11" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 11">ECHR article 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK labour law">UK labour law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_and_assembly_sources" style="width: 350px; text-align: center; font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #fafafa; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clist_association" title="Template:Clist association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_association" title="Template talk:Clist association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clist association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_and_assembly_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Association and assembly sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948">Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Article_20">arts 20 and 23</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention on Human Rights 1950">European Convention on Human Rights 1950</a> art 11</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> arts 21-22</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Int%27l_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Int'l Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966">Int'l Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966</a> art 8</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wilson_v_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson v United Kingdom">Wilson v United Kingdom</a> [2002] ECHR 552</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/ASLEF_v_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLEF v UK">ASLEF v UK</a> [2007] ECHR 184</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/RMT_v_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="RMT v United Kingdom">RMT v United Kingdom</a> [2014] ECHR 366</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983" title="Representation of the People Act 1983">Representation of the People Act 1983</a> ss 95-96</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_University_of_Liverpool,_ex_p_Caesar-Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v University of Liverpool, ex p Caesar-Gordon (page does not exist)">R v University of Liverpool, ex p Caesar-Gordon</a> [1987] PL 344</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatty_v_Gillbanks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatty v Gillbanks (page does not exist)">Beatty v Gillbanks</a> (1882) 9 QBD 308</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> ss 11-16</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kay_v_Metropolitan_Police_Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kay v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (page does not exist)">Kay v Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a> [2008] UKHL 69</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DPP_v_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPP v Jones (page does not exist)">DPP v Jones</a> [1999] 2 AC 240</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1980" title="Highways Act 1980">Highways Act 1980</a> s 137</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubbard_v_Pitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubbard v Pitt (page does not exist)">Hubbard v Pitt</a> [1976] QB 142</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middlebrook_Mushrooms_Ltd_v_TGWU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middlebrook Mushrooms Ltd v TGWU (page does not exist)">Middlebrook Mushrooms Ltd v TGWU</a> [1993] ICR 612</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appleby_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appleby v UK (page does not exist)">Appleby v UK</a> [2003] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2003/222.html">ECHR 222</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1977" title="Criminal Law Act 1977">Criminal Law Act 1977</a> ss 6-10</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/R_v_Jones" title="R v Jones">R v Jones</a> [2006] UKHL 16</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a> ss 61-77</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> ss 1-6</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brutus_v_Cozens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brutus v Cozens (page does not exist)">Brutus v Cozens</a> [1973] AC 854</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Horseferry_Road_Magistrate,_ex_p_Siadatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Horseferry Road Magistrate, ex p Siadatan (page does not exist)">R v Horseferry Road Magistrate, ex p Siadatan</a> [1991] 1 QB 260</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_1997" title="Protection from Harassment Act 1997">Protection from Harassment Act 1997</a> ss 1-5A</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_v_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duncan v Jones (page does not exist)">Duncan v Jones</a> [1936] 1 KB 218</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Laporte)_v_Gloucestershire_Chief_Constable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Laporte) v Gloucestershire Chief Constable (page does not exist)">R (Laporte) v Gloucestershire Chief Constable</a> [2006] UKHL 55</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_v_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin v United Kingdom (page does not exist)">Austin v United Kingdom</a> [2012] ECHR 459</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Hicks)_v_Metropolitan_Police_Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Hicks) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (page does not exist)">R (Hicks) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a> [2017] UKSC 9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>see <a href="/wiki/UK_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK constitutional law">UK constitutional law</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The rights to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> are central to the functioning of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> because they are the basis for <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> organisation and discourse.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a>, social campaign groups, and businesses all associate freely in democratic societies, and take action upon that freedom, including through assemblies, strikes, or protests. Also protected in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_article_11" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention on Human Rights article 11">European Convention on Human Rights article 11</a> states: 'Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others' including joining 'trade unions for the protection of' their interests. Like with other rights, this cannot be restricted without a lawful justification, that goes no further than necessary in a democratic society, to protect security, safety, health or other people's rights. Generally, the right to freedom of association involves three main principles.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> First, there is a right to suffer no disadvantage for associating with others, for instance, because if an employer penalises workers for joining a trade union.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Second, one must be able to associate with others on the terms one wishes so that, for example, a political party or a trade union must be able to admit or expel members based on their political values and actions.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The flip side of this is that common law recognises a right not to be unjustly excluded from an association. For instance in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagle_v_Feilden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagle v Feilden (page does not exist)">Nagle v Feilden</a> a horse trainer, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nagle" title="Florence Nagle">Florence Nagle</a> successfully claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Jockey_Club" title="Jockey Club">Jockey Club</a>'s refusal to grant her a training licence on grounds of her sex was unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Third, there is a right to act upon the goals of the association, for instance by campaigning for election as a political party, or as a trade union collectively bargaining with an employer for better wages or if necessary going on strike.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> UK law generally imposes no restriction on people forming groups for political purposes, with the significant exception of organisations banned under the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a>, such as the neo-Nazi white hate group <a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jihadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadi">Jihadi</a> fundamentalists in <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extinction_Rebellion_London_(46740878395).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Extinction_Rebellion_London_%2846740878395%29.jpg/220px-Extinction_Rebellion_London_%2846740878395%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Extinction_Rebellion_London_%2846740878395%29.jpg/330px-Extinction_Rebellion_London_%2846740878395%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Extinction_Rebellion_London_%2846740878395%29.jpg/440px-Extinction_Rebellion_London_%2846740878395%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a> protests in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> Like freedom of association,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> the right of peaceful assembly was recognised at <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. For instance, in Beatty v Gillbanks the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> wanted to march against alcohol but was stopped by the police over concerns that a rival 'skeleton army' of local brewers would violently disrupt them and so breach the beach. The court held that nobody could 'say that such an assembly [was] in itself an unlawful one' and said there was 'no authority' for saying anyone 'may be convicted for doing a lawful act'.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Denning,_Baron_Denning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Denning, Baron Denning">Lord Denning</a> summarised in 1981, freedom of assembly "is the right for everyone to meet and assemble with his fellows to discuss their affairs and to promote their views".<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Any procession in the streets or highways is lawful,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> although there is a duty to inform police 6 days in advance if it is to demonstrate for a cause.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> This said, in Kay v Metropolitan Police Commissioner the House of Lords held that a regular cycling protest called <a href="/wiki/Critical_Mass_(cycling)" title="Critical Mass (cycling)">Critical Mass</a> required no notification because under the <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> section 11(2) it was "commonly or customarily held" and it did not have a planned route.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1980" title="Highways Act 1980">Highways Act 1980</a> section 137 makes it an offence to obstruct a highway,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> in DPP v Jones the House of Lords held that protestors who assembled on roads around <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> despite police ordering them to disperse from a four-mile radius,<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> could not be lawfully arrested or convicted, because their occupation was 'not inconsistent with the primary right of the public to pass and repass.'<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> This established that peaceful meetings may be held on a <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_England_and_Wales" title="Highways in England and Wales">highway</a> so long as they do not restrict access by other road users.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> As well as rights to use public spaces, the law creates positive rights to use public property, such as school halls, for public political meetings.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Universities have a special duty, imposed in 1986, to 'ensure that freedom of speech within the law is secured for members... and for visiting speakers' and not denied use of premises based on their views or objectives.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> This does not mean, however, that student societies cannot protest or that universities cannot prohibit speakers based on likely threats to property or good order.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Anomalously it was held in Hubbard v Pitt that an estate agent might be able to sue a group of protestors in the tort of <a href="/wiki/Private_nuisance" class="mw-redirect" title="Private nuisance">private nuisance</a> for giving out leaflets and displaying placards opposed to it, on the ground that frustrated its business. Lord Denning MR dissented, and would have held the protestors used the highway reasonably, there was no nuisance at common law, and any picket was lawful if to obtain or communicate information for peaceful persuasion.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Whenever a picket is made in the "contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute" it is lawful,<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> so mushroom workers leafleting customers outside a supermarket to boycott their employers' mushrooms acted lawfully even though it caused the employers economic loss.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The right to assembly does not yet extend to private property. In Appleby v UK the Court of Human Rights held there was no interference in <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_11" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 11">ECHR article 11</a> when the owners of a private shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington, Tyne and Wear</a> excluded protestors collecting signatures to stop the loss of open space from their mall.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Although UK law could provide more protection than the minimum European level, it does not, and makes it an offence under the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1977" title="Criminal Law Act 1977">Criminal Law Act 1977</a> to enter 'any premises' without leave, or threaten violence to secure entry. For 'residential premises' it is also an offence to remain as a trespasser after being required to leave. Further, a law dating from 1875, still makes it an offence to 'wrongfully and without legal authority... watch and beset' premises.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In <a href="/wiki/R_v_Jones" title="R v Jones">R v Jones</a>, Jones entered a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> base intending to damage military equipment during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, which was itself a <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">violation</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The House of Lords held that it was no defence even if the invasion was itself unlawful in international law, and there was still a conspiracy to cause criminal damage in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1977" title="Criminal Law Act 1977">Criminal Law Act 1977</a> section 1.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a> also makes it an offence to trespass and reside, disrupt or quat on premises without the owner's consent.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Genuine belief in the importance of the cause is no defence,<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> and an injunction can be obtained for violations. however, in all of these offences the human right of freedom of assembly or expression of the protesters must be taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> There are four further significant public order offences. First, it is unlawful to <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a>, where 12 or more people use or threaten unlawful violence.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Second, using threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, including on signs, is an offence if this could make people believe they will suffer immediate unlawful violence,<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> or if it causes or is likely to cause "harassment, alarm or distress."<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Insults did not include anti-apartheid protests at <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> that spectators resented,<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> and did not include books, such as <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a> where the immediacy of any result is lacking.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Third, harassment is an offence under the <a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_1997" title="Protection from Harassment Act 1997">Protection from Harassment Act 1997</a> section 4 if it causes someone to fear on two or more occasions that violence will be used against them.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> Fourth, while <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Breach of peace">breach of peace</a> is not an offence itself, apprehension is grounds for arrest. This has included selling a <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a> paper outside a football ground,<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> and a homophobic preacher holding signs in Bournemouth saying 'Stop Immorality', 'Stop Homosexuality' and 'Stop Lesbianism'.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Generally the police may arrest people who they honestly and reasonably think will risk a breach of the peace,<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> but in R (Laporte) v Gloucestershire Chief Constable the House of Lords held it was unlawful for police to stop a coach of demonstrators from travelling to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fairford" title="RAF Fairford">RAF Fairford</a> and turn it back to London. There was no evidence a breach of peace was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> It regarded freedom of assembly as a residual right which individuals are free to exercise so long as the law does not preclude them from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> By contrast, in Austin v United Kingdom the European Court of Human Rights held there was no breach of article 5, the right to liberty, when protestors were kettled in Oxford Circus without food or drink for 7 hours. They were held not to have been falsely imprisoned and the conduct was justified to stop breach of the peace. Arguments were not, however, made under article 11.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> This said, the police must use their 'operational discretion' at all times with regard to human rights.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_England_and_Wales" title="Marriage in England and Wales">Marriage in England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Scotland" title="Marriage in Scotland">Marriage in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Marriage in Northern Ireland">Marriage in Northern Ireland</a></div> There is no general right to marry.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.04-294">[294]</a> The necessary formalities in the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1949" title="Marriage Act 1949">Marriage Act 1949</a> must be observed if the marriage is to be valid and parties who are less than 18 years of age must obtain consent under the <a href="/wiki/Children_Act_1989" title="Children Act 1989">Children Act 1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.08-295">[295]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Partnership_Act_2004" title="Civil Partnership Act 2004">Civil Partnership Act 2004</a> introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Civil_partnership_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Civil partnership in the United Kingdom">civil partnerships</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_(Same_Sex_Couples)_Act_2013" title="Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013">Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013</a> provides for <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.14-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The right to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_England_and_Wales" title="Divorce in England and Wales">divorce</a> is contained in the <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1973" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1973">Matrimonial Causes Act 1973</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.15-298">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">Gender Recognition Act 2004</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexuals</a> to change their legal <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.12-299">[299]</a> The right to respect for family life, for which there is no general right at common law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.04-294">[294]</a> is qualified by the broad principle that the welfare of the child is paramount and <a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">parental rights</a> must take second place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._113-300">[300]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gillick_v_West_Norfolk_Area_Health_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillick v West Norfolk Area Health Authority">Gillick v West Norfolk Area Health Authority</a>, Lord Scarman stated that "parental rights are derived from parental duty and exist only so long as they are needed for the protection of the person and property of the child", while <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fraser,_Baron_Fraser_of_Tullybelton" title="Ian Fraser, Baron Fraser of Tullybelton">Lord Fraser</a> said that "parental rights to control a child do not exist for the benefit of the parent".<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> The effect of this is to allow state intervention in family life where justified in the interests of the child in question, and the <a href="/wiki/Children_Act_1989" title="Children Act 1989">Children Act 1989</a> gives effect to this by providing a basis on which decisions relating to a child's welfare are made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._113-300">[300]</a> Section 1 of the Act provides that a court must, when taking a decision with regard to a child, take into account the child's wishes and feelings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.25-302">[302]</a> Adoption is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Adoption_and_Children_Act_2002" title="Adoption and Children Act 2002">Adoption and Children Act 2002</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.60-303">[303]</a> Local authorities have a duty to act in a way to facilitate the right to family life, for example in providing travel arrangements for the elderly under the Health Services and Public Health Act 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.109-304">[304]</a> The right to education is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1944" title="Education Act 1944">Education Act 1944</a>, and the right to housing is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_1985" title="Housing Act 1985">Housing Act 1985</a>. The enactment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">National Minimum Wage Act 1998</a> installed a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Contributions_and_Benefits_Act_1992" title="Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992">Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992</a> provides access to <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._121-305">[305]</a> There is no positive right to healthcare. The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1977" title="National Health Service Act 1977">National Health Service Act 1977</a> imposes a duty on the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State</a> to provide "adequate" healthcare but the courts have not thus far been willing to enforce this duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._121-305">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture_and_degrading_treatment">Torture and degrading treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Torture and degrading treatment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_3" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 3">ECHR article 3</a></div> The common law recognises that every person's body is "inviolate".<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Interference will constitute the offence of <a href="/wiki/Common_assault" title="Common assault">common assault</a> and the tort of <a href="/wiki/Battery_(tort)" title="Battery (tort)">battery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.03-307">[307]</a> Under the criminal law, an individual cannot consent to actual bodily harm and the House of Lords held in <a href="/wiki/R_v_Brown" title="R v Brown">R v Brown</a> that acts of <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">sado-masochism</a> committed in private between <a href="/wiki/Consent_(criminal_law)" title="Consent (criminal law)">consenting adults</a> did not give the author of the harm a valid defence in respect of his acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.04-308">[308]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Children_Act_2004" title="Children Act 2004">Children Act 2004</a> removed the defence of reasonable chastisement in respect of acts committed against children and <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">corporal punishment in schools</a> was outlawed in the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1996" title="Education Act 1996">Education Act 1996</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._8.09-8.10-309">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_1988" title="Criminal Justice Act 1988">Criminal Justice Act 1988</a> prohibits <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> carried out by public officials in the performance of their duties and evidence obtained by torture is excluded by the common law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._8.12_and_8.15-310">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> outlawed <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">cruel and unusual punishment</a> and provided that an action for damages could be brought by victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.16-311">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> allows police to carry out "intimate searches" of suspects in custody without the person's consent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.42-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enjoyment_of_possessions">Enjoyment of possessions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Enjoyment of possessions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></div> Protection against the arbitrary deprivation of property was recognised in the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> and is of key importance in the common law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._18.01_and_18.04-313">[313]</a> Protection of the right to own and enjoy property is found in the offence of <a href="/wiki/Theft#Theft_in_English_law" title="Theft">theft</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property law">intellectual property laws</a> and by the principle that there can be no <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxation</a> except that which is authorised by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._111-314">[314]</a> The right to property is qualified by <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_purchase_in_England_and_Wales" title="Compulsory purchase in England and Wales">compulsory purchase laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._18.18-315">[315]</a> In civil cases, a judge may grant an <a href="/wiki/Anton_Piller_order" title="Anton Piller order">Anton Piller order</a> authorising the search of premises and seizure of evidence without prior warning.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The order's purpose is to prevent the destruction of incriminating evidence, particularly in cases of alleged <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_infringement" title="Intellectual property infringement">intellectual property infringement</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_from_discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Freedom from discrimination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">United Kingdom employment equality law</a></div> The common law has not traditionally provided effective protection against <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>, refusing to find that slavery in the colonies was contrary to public policy and not interpreting the word "person" to include women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.06-316">[316]</a> Due to the inadequacies of the common law in this area, Parliament enacted the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1965" title="Race Relations Act 1965">Race Relations Act 1965</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968" title="Race Relations Act 1968">Race Relations Act 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.09-317">[317]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Sex Discrimination Act 1975">Sex Discrimination Act 1975</a> was the first legislation to protect against discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.18-318">[318]</a> while dismissal for pregnancy-related reasons is qualified as automatically <a href="/wiki/Unfair_dismissal_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unfair dismissal in the United Kingdom">unfair dismissal</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Rights_Act_1996" title="Employment Rights Act 1996">Employment Rights Act 1996</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.25-319">[319]</a> The principle of <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay">equal pay</a> was brought in under the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_1970" title="Equal Pay Act 1970">Equal Pay Act 1970</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.36-320">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a> was prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1976" title="Race Relations Act 1976">Race Relations Act 1976</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disability_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability discrimination">disability discrimination</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1995" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1995">Disability Discrimination Act 1995</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._17.44_and_17.65-321">[321]</a> Discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief in the workplace and tertiary education was first regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Equality_(Religion_or_Belief)_Regulations_2003" title="Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003">Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003</a>. Sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace was prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Equality_(Sexual_Orientation)_Regulations_2003" title="Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003">Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Age_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Age discrimination">Age discrimination</a> in employment was prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Equality_(Age)_Regulations_2006" title="Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006">Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._17.81,_17.92_and_17.104-322">[322]</a> Much of this legislation was consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a>, the bulk of which entered into force in October 2010,<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> which introduces an "equality duty" requiring public bodies to have due regard to the need to eliminate discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to foster good relations between people.<a href="#cite_note-EA-Guidance-324">[324]</a> It imposes a duty on public bodies to publish information about compliance with the equality duty and to set equality objectives.<a href="#cite_note-EA-Guidance-324">[324]</a> The Act clarifies existing legislation and simplifies the definition of direct discrimination, extends the definitions of indirect discrimination and harassment, regulates pay secrecy clauses in employment contracts and the use of health questionnaires by employers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-08102010-325">[325]</a> It gives <a href="/wiki/Employment_tribunal" title="Employment tribunal">employment tribunals</a> new powers to make recommendations to employers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-08102010-325">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_rights">Electoral rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Electoral rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections in the United Kingdom</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983" title="Representation of the People Act 1983">Representation of the People Acts 1983</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_2000" title="Representation of the People Act 2000">2000</a> confer the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> on <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> and citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> who are resident in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.25-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._118-326">[326]</a> Nationals of other <a href="/wiki/Member_States_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member States of the European Union">Member States of the European Union</a> have the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">local elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">elections to the European Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._118-326">[326]</a> The right to vote includes the right to a <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> and the right to stand as a candidate in elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._118-326">[326]</a> Certain persons are excluded from participation including <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">aliens</a>, infants, persons of unsound mind, holders of judicial office, <a href="/wiki/Civil_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servants">civil servants</a>, members of the regular armed forces or police, members of any non-Commonwealth legislature, members of various commissions, boards and tribunals, persons imprisoned for more than one year, <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Bankruptcy in the United Kingdom">bankrupts</a> and persons convicted of corrupt or illegal election practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._20.11-327">[327]</a> The restriction on the participation of <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> was removed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(Removal_of_Clergy_Disqualification)_Act_2001" title="House of Commons (Removal of Clergy Disqualification) Act 2001">House of Commons (Removal of Clergy Disqualification) Act 2001</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._20.11-327">[327]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a> deals with the registration of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">political parties</a>, while <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">electoral boundaries</a> are determined by four <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Commissions_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)">Boundary Committees</a> established under the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Constituencies_Act_1986" title="Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986">Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._20.12_and_20.13-328">[328]</a> Electoral campaigns and electoral publicity, including expenditure rules per candidate, are regulated by the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._20.17-329">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union_law">European Union law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: European Union law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/EU_law" class="mw-redirect" title="EU law">EU law</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_principles_of_European_Union_law" title="General principles of European Union law">General principles of European Union law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">Fundamental rights</a> form an integral part of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenaertsVan_Nuffel2005para._17-077-330">[330]</a> As such, the principle of <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_(European_Union_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacy (European Union law)">primacy of European Union law</a> requires that any action taken by its <a href="/wiki/Member_States_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member States of the European Union">member states</a> must comply with the requirements of EU law as to the protection of fundamental rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenaertsVan_Nuffel2005para._17-077-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a>, which has legal effect equivalent to the Treaties following the entry into force of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> is applicable to Member States when "they are implementing Union law".<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> The Charter includes a number of rights not provided for in the Convention including the right of access to healthcare, the right of collective bargaining and action, the right to freedom of the arts and sciences, the right to education and the right of access to a free placement service.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> The United Kingdom sought to obtain a partial <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-out</a> from the application of the Charter with the addition of Protocol 30 which affirms that the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> does not have the jurisdiction to state a breach of the Charter by national laws, regulations or administrative provisions, practices or action, and that nothing in Title IV of the Charter concerning employment rights creates "<a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">justiciable rights</a>" applicable to the United Kingdom unless those rights exist already in its law.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> However, the Court of Justice held in December 2011 that Protocol 30 does not operate to exempt the United Kingdom from ensuring compliance with the Charter's provisions or from preventing a national court from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> The extent to which Member States are bound by the Charter was highlighted in a judgment of the European Court of Justice from February 2013 which held that compliance is required where national legislation falls within the scope of European Union law.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> Other rights are conferred on UK nationals as <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">citizens of the European Union</a>, notably the right not to be discriminated against on grounds of nationality in an area within the scope of European Union law, the right to move and reside within the EU, the right to vote and stand for election in European and municipal elections, the right to diplomatic protection, the right to petition the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the right to apply to the <a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenaertsVan_Nuffel2005para._12-008-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> To these rights can be added the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freedoms (European Union)">four freedoms</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European single market</a> which include the right of free movement between Member States, the right to provide services in another Member State, the right to move capital between States and the right to move goods between States without restriction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenaertsVan_Nuffel2005para._5-083-343">[343]</a> The rights to equal pay and to equal treatment in the workplace and with regard to <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> are also recognised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenaertsVan_Nuffel2005para._5-063-344">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law">International law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights law</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>; and <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></div> The United Kingdom is party to a number of international treaties and agreements which guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms. However, as the UK is a <a href="/wiki/Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law" title="Monism and dualism in international law">dualist</a> state, treaties and agreements ratified by the government have only indirect effect until and unless <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_international_law" title="Incorporation of international law">incorporated</a> into domestic law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._2.05-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> The provisions of unincorporated treaties can have an impact on domestic law in a certain number of situations including the interpretation of legislation, the consideration of public policy and the assessment of the legality of the exercise of administrative discretion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._2.05-345">[345]</a> In particular, there is a presumption that Parliament does not intend to legislate in a manner contrary to international agreements which have been ratified by the United Kingdom but not incorporated into domestic law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._2.09-347">[347]</a> This presumption is capable of rebuttal by reference to <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> in accordance with the principle established in <a href="/wiki/Pepper_v_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper v Hart">Pepper v Hart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._2.13-348">[348]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>International human rights treaties and the UK </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>United Nations<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> </th> <th>Ratified </th> <th>Incorporated </th> <th>Council of Europe<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> </th> <th>Ratified </th> <th>Incorporated </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> </td> <td>7 March 1969<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-EHRC-Monitoring-352">[352]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> </td> <td>8 March 1951<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> </td> <td>Partially<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._3.119-3.122-354">[354]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> </td> <td>20 May 1976<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-Seibert-Fohr-356">[356]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;">Protocol 1 </td> <td>3 November 1952<a href="#cite_note-Treaty_Record-357">[357]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/First_Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">First Optional Protocol</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-Seibert-Fohr-356">[356]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;">Protocol 4 </td> <td>Signed 16 September 1963<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._3.121-361">[361]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">Second Optional Protocol</a> </td> <td>10 December 1999<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-Seibert-Fohr-356">[356]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;">Protocol 6 </td> <td>20 May 1999<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._3.121-361">[361]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> </td> <td>20 May 1976<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-EHRC-Monitoring-352">[352]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;">Protocol 7 </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._3.121-361">[361]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> </td> <td>7 April 1986<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-SHRC-CEADAW-367">[367]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/Protocol_12_to_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights">Protocol 12</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._6.03-368">[368]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">Optional Protocol</a> </td> <td>Acceded 17 December 2004<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-SHRC-CEADAW-367">[367]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;">Protocol 13 </td> <td>10 October 2003<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._7.20-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a> </td> <td>8 December 1988<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> </td> <td>Partially<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;">Protocol 14 </td> <td>28 January 2005<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_against_Torture_and_other_Cruel,_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">Optional Protocol</a> </td> <td>10 December 2003<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-EHRC-Monitoring-352">[352]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;">Protocol 15 </td> <td>Signed 24 June 2013<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> </td> <td>16 December 1991<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-UNCRC-378">[378]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a> </td> <td>11 July 1962<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-CoE-Social-380">[380]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a> </td> <td>24 June 2003<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-UNCRC-378">[378]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:none;">Revised European Social Charter </td> <td>Signed 7 November 1997<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-CoE-Social-380">[380]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Optional_protocol_to_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child">Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography</a> </td> <td>20 February 2009<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-UNCRC-378">[378]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture_and_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment</a> </td> <td>24 June 1988<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> </td> <td>Partially<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> </td> <td>n/a<a href="#cite_note-EHRC-Monitoring-352">[352]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> </td> <td>27 March 2001<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> </td> <td>Partially<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> </td> <td>8 June 2009<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-EHRC-Monitoring-352">[352]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a> </td> <td>15 January 1998<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> </td> <td>Partially<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Optional Protocol</a> </td> <td>7 August 2009<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-EHRC-Monitoring-352">[352]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Action_against_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings">Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a> </td> <td>17 December 2008<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> </td> <td>Partially<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_violations_and_criticism">Human rights violations and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Human rights violations and criticism">edit</a>]</div> While protection of human rights is generally robust, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> has under different governments a history of non-compliance with human rights, and has been criticised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other international bodies for discrimination,<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> disregarding the rights of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Kingdom">migrants</a>,<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> the unemployed,<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> and the disabled.<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></div> During the 1970s and 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> focused a lot of effort on measures to combat the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (PIRA) and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist paramilitaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. In Northern Ireland, the government curtailed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> of all those, disproportionately from the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a> minority (as the UK government commissioned <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Inquiries" title="Stevens Inquiries">Stevens Inquiries</a> concluded; "This included examination and analysis of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">RUC</a> records to determine whether both sides of the community were dealt with in equal measure. They were not."<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a>), who were <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> without trial, and violated the human rights of some. During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">Operation Demetrius</a>, for instance, a total of 1,981 people were interned without trial,<a href="#cite_note-joint2005p110-401">[401]</a> of whom only 107 were <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalists</a>, and no loyalists were arrested until 1973, 2 years after the introduction of internment.<a href="#cite_note-cainsum-402">[402]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> stated "moderate physical pressure" was applied to the men. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> lodged a complaint against the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> for its alleged treatment of interned prisoners in Northern Ireland (ECHR Ireland v UK 1978). The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> initially ruled that <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> had been used, but on appeal amended the ruling to state that the techniques used, including <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooding" title="Hooding">hooding</a>, stress postures, subjection to "<a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a>" and deprivation of food and drink, constituted "cruel and inhuman treatment", but fell short of torture, in a landmark 1978 case.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> On 2 December 2014, in response to petitions from organisations including <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane_Centre" title="Pat Finucane Centre">Pat Finucane Centre</a> after <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> broadcast a documentary entitled The Torture Files<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> – which included evidence that the UK government of the time had intentionally misled the European Courts by withholding information, and that the decision to use the <a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">five techniques</a> had been taken at UK cabinet level – the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)">Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Flanagan" title="Charles Flanagan">Charles Flanagan</a>, announced that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Irish government</a> had formally petitioned the EUCHR to re-examine the case.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a> <del>As of January 2016, the case remains before the EUCHR</del> (EDIT: In 2018 the EUCHR decided the previous judgement was final <a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> There have also been persistent allegations of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Collusion_with_the_security_forces" title="Ulster loyalism">collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and British security forces</a>, such as in the 1989 murder of human rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane" title="Pat Finucane">Pat Finucane</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a> by members of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">UVF</a>, allegedly in collusion with <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> In 2011, then <a href="/wiki/UK_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Prime Minister">UK Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> admitted that members of the UK security service were involved in the murder.<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_Terror">War on Terror</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: War on Terror">edit</a>]</div> Since 2001, the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>" has led to new human rights concerns. The most recent criticism has concerned the now repealed <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_2005" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005">Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005</a>, a response to a perceived increased threat of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. This act allowed the <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> of terrorism suspects where there was insufficient evidence to bring them to <a href="/wiki/Trial_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial (law)">trial</a>, involving the derogation (opting-out) of human rights laws, through the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Control_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Control orders">control orders</a>. This aspect of the Prevention of Terrorism Act was introduced because the detention without trial of nine foreigners at <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Belmarsh" title="HM Prison Belmarsh">HM Prison Belmarsh</a> under Part IV of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism,_Crime_and_Security_Act_2001" title="Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001">Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001</a> was held to be unlawful under human rights legislation, by the House of Lords, in <a href="/wiki/A_and_Others_v._Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="A and Others v. Secretary of State for the Home Department">A and Others v. Secretary of State for the Home Department</a> (2004).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Both the above Acts have been criticised for the lack of parliamentary discussion; the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 went from introduction to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> in 32 days, the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 in 17.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Act_2004" title="Civil Contingencies Act 2004">Civil Contingencies Act 2004</a> has also been criticised as giving the government very wide-ranging power in an emergency.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 2 February 2005 Parliament's <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Human_Rights" title="Joint Committee on Human Rights">Joint Committee on Human Rights</a> also suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Identity_Cards_Act_2006" title="Identity Cards Act 2006">Identity Cards Act 2006</a> might contravene Article 8 of the European Convention (the right to respect for private life) and Article 14 (the right to non-discrimination).<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a> In 2015, Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> introduced a Counter-Terrorism and Security Act, which was criticized by the civil liberties and human rights pressure group <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">Liberty</a> because 'Sadly this Bill ignores reforms that could improve the effectiveness of investigations and prosecutions and continues the discredited trend of unnecessary and unjust blank cheque powers that have the potential to undermine long term security'.<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment">Internment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Internment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September 2001 attacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Terrorism,_Crime_and_Security_Act_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001">Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001</a> was passed. Part 4 of the Act provided for the <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite detention without trial">indefinite detention without charge</a> of foreign nationals certified by the Home Secretary as "suspected international terrorists" where such persons could not be deported on the grounds that they faced a real risk of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment if removed to their home country.<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> Part 4 did not create new detention powers – under the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_1971" title="Immigration Act 1971">1971 Immigration Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_home_secretary" title="Powers of the home secretary">Home Secretary has the power</a> to detain a foreign national pending deportation. Instead, Part 4 removed a limitation on detention powers imposed by the requirements of Article 5(1)(f) of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> (which provided, among other things, that someone could only be detained for a short period prior to deportation). This was achieved by the British government derogating from the ECHR on the basis that the threat to the UK amounted to a 'public emergency threatening the life of the nation' within the meaning of Article 15.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the use of immigration detention powers meant that, although the British government could not force them, the detainees were technically free to return (albeit facing a real risk of torture). However, 2 detainees did leave – one to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and one to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Immigration_Appeals_Commission" title="Special Immigration Appeals Commission">Special Immigration Appeals Commission</a> held that indefinite detention under Part 4 was incompatible with the right to non-discrimination under Article 14 ECHR, on the basis that only suspected terrorists who were foreign nationals were subjected to detention, while suspects who were British nationals remained free. However, SIAC's declaration of Part 4's incompatibility with Article 14 was quashed by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal of England and Wales</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In December 2004, the House of Lords held 8-1 that Part 4 was incompatible with both Article 5 and Article 14 ECHR on the basis that indefinite detention was both a disproportionate measure notwithstanding the seriousness of the terrorist threat, as well as discriminatory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the judgment, the government moved to introduce control orders as an (highly controversial) alternative measure. It was secured by the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_2005" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005">Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], now repealed. As per immigration policy documents from the Foreign Office, reviewed by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, the Downing Street sought advice on emulating the Australian offshore detention system model. Immigration policy experts warn that implementing the policy would create a fresh “human rights disaster”. Reportedly, dozens of people have died in the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_Australia" title="Immigration detention in Australia">Australian detention</a> network, while thousands of others have sustained mental trauma and self harm. The Australian government has been ordered in the past to pay a compensation of $70 million to about 2,000 detainees, following the case.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_trafficking">Human trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Human trafficking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human trafficking in the United Kingdom">Human trafficking in the United Kingdom</a></div> There has been a growing awareness of human trafficking as a human rights issue in the UK, in particular the trafficking of women and under-age girls into the UK for <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced prostitution</a>. A particular high-profile case resulted in the conviction of five <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanians</a> who 'trafficked' a 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> girl and forced her into prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> figures, there are over 1,000 cases of trafficking each year. Under pressure from organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, the UK government has recently signed the <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_human_beings#Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafficking in human beings">Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disabled_residents">Disabled residents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Disabled residents">edit</a>]</div> In January 2014, the UK became the first country in its history<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> to be investigated under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> for "systematic and grave violations" of disabled people's human rights, largely in response to cuts made by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social care provision</a> since 2011,<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a> which disproportionately affect disabled people,<a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Workfare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Workfare in the United Kingdom">workfare</a> programmes and the "<a href="/wiki/Under-occupancy_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-occupancy penalty">bedroom tax</a>".<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> The final report was published on 3 October 2017.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_spies">Child spies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Child spies">edit</a>]</div> In July 2018, a committee of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> revealed that British police and intelligence agencies are using children as <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">spies</a> in covert operations against terrorists, gangs and drug dealers. The committee raised alarm over government plans to give law enforcement bodies more freedom over their use of children. Some of the child spies are aged under 16.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> Parliament's joint committee on human rights has been asked to investigate the use of child spies by the police and security services. <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a>, the former Brexit secretary, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Diane Abbott</a>, the shadow home secretary, and a number of human rights groups have criticized the practice of using children as spies.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_abuse">Domestic abuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Domestic abuse">edit</a>]</div> On 8 June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) urged the UK Government to fill the loopholes in the "Domestic Abuse Bill", which does not include measures to protect all women and girls. The plea came following a rampant rise in domestic abuse during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_rights">Children's rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Children's rights">edit</a>]</div> According to a report by HRW and the Childhood Trust, the UK government was failing in its duty to ensure the right to adequate housing for <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">homeless families</a>. Thousands of homeless children in London are being placed in "uninhabitable" accommodations that violate their rights and cause "trauma".<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Crime_bill">2022 Crime bill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2022 Crime bill">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Police,_Crime,_Sentencing_and_Courts_Act_2022" title="Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022">Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022</a> is controversial, prior and after it was passed. It was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales" title="Police Federation of England and Wales">Police Federation of England and Wales</a>,<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Police_and_Crime_Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Police and Crime Commissioners">Association of Police and Crime Commissioners</a> (APCC), a group of elected officials in England and Wales, registered their disagreement with the bill. On the topic of proposed legally-binding restrictions on protests, the APCC chair <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Tipping" title="Paddy Tipping">Paddy Tipping</a> stated: "I think politicians would be wise to leave decisions to the responsible people." Tipping added that "they've got to leave people to make local decisions in local circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a> In March 2021, Michael Barton and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fahy" title="Peter Fahy">Peter Fahy</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Chief_constable" title="Chief constable">chief constables</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Constabulary" title="Durham Constabulary">Durham Constabulary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a>, respectively, said that the law threatened civil liberties and constituted a politically-motivated move towards <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> policing.<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> The advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">Liberty</a> said the bill "threatens protest".<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> Broadcaster and writer <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Malik" title="Kenan Malik">Kenan Malik</a> warned the bill reduced the right to protest to "whispering in the corner".<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">David Blunkett</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> home secretary from 2001 to 2004, called it an "anti-protest bill" threatening to make Britain look like <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s Russia.<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> The bill was based on the 2019 report by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a> think tank, which received in 2017 a $30,000 donation by oil and gas corporation <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> to target Extinction Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Bychawski_2022-436">[436]</a> After it was reported that other UK-based think tank have received donations by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_deniers" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change deniers">climate change deniers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Alyn_Smith" title="Alyn Smith">Alyn Smith</a> commented this showed <a href="/wiki/The_UK%27s_lobbying_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The UK's lobbying laws">the UK's lobbying laws</a> were not tough enough, saying: "He who pays the piper calls the tune. We urgently need to rewrite the laws governing this sort of sock puppet funding so that we can see who speaks for who."<a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a> commented: "It appears that the Policing Bill is stained with the grubby, oil-soaked hands of the fossil fuel lobby. And no wonder – this cracks down on the fundamental rights of protestors to challenge the very climate-wrecking policies espoused by this downright dangerous industry."<a href="#cite_note-Bychawski_2022-436">[436]</a> <a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a>, who advocated for the policing bill, said it was intended to stop tactics used by <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a>, which was mistakenly listed as an extremist group by the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Counter_Terrorism_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Counter Terrorism Unit">South East Counter Terrorism Unit</a>, and continued to defend the decision after the guide was disawned in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Bychawski_2022-436">[436]</a> As of January 2022, despite initial "Kill the Bill" protests by grassroots groups, no mass movement opposing this bill has come together.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-438">[438]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Nationality_and_Borders_act">2022 Nationality and Borders act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2022 Nationality and Borders act">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nationality_and_Borders_Act_2022" title="Nationality and Borders Act 2022">Nationality and Borders Act 2022</a> was proposed in July 2021 relating to immigration, asylum and the UK's modern slavery response.<a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> The Act also deals with <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territories">British overseas territories</a> citizenship and registration of stateless citizens. Amongst other elements, it proposes to introduce "designated places" or "offshore" asylum hubs for application of refugee and migrant asylum claims, potentially in another European country or an African country.<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a> Part 5 of the Act grants the Government new powers to limit who is considered a victim of modern slavery, with clauses limiting support in cases where survivors have not complied with State-set deadlines to disclose their abuse.<a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a> Under Part 5, decision makers would also be asked to consider the survivors' criminal history before deeming them eligible for support.<a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a> In November 2021, an amendment to the Bill was introduced which, if passed, would allow people to be deprived of British citizenship without being given notice. At the time the Home Office stated its position on citizenship: "British citizenship is a privilege, not a right".<a href="#cite_note-privilege-445">[445]</a> As of 27 January 2022, it is in committee stage, with four sittings scheduled until February 10, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a> Under Clause 62, a 'public order' exemption will give the Government powers to ban survivors from support if they have a conviction of 12 months or more.<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a> Many non-violent crimes carry 12-month convictions, including activity routinely enforced by traffickers (such as marijuana cultivation<a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> or petty theft).<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a> The support exemption would also apply to children with custodial sentences.<a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> Exemption from support, on the basis of offending, raised concerns due to the overlap between forced criminality and modern slavery.<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> In the UK, a majority of reported survivors (49%) are forced to commit criminal activity as a result of their exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> Under Clauses 60-61, guidance would be issued by the Secretary of State to prevent survivors from accessing a second recovery period, which charities such as the Anti Trafficking Labour Exploitation Unit warned could penalise particularly vulnerable victims who are targeted for repeat exploitation: "It is unclear what situation this clause is designed to address".<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a> Under Clauses 57–58, the Secretary of State would be granted powers to issue potential victims with a 'deadline' by which point all evidence in their case must be shared with the relevant authority. Decision makers will be asked to consider compliance with the deadline as part of their decision as to whether or not somebody has been trafficked.<a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> The proposal has been condemned by civil society<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Anti-Slavery_Commissioner" title="Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner">Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Thornton_(police_officer)" title="Sara Thornton (police officer)">Dame Sara Thornton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> as disadvantaging those whose memory recall is affected by severe trauma. Survivor groups have outlined the role that Clauses 57-58 could play in disincentivising survivors from reporting.<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a> Under Clause 59, the threshold that survivors must meet, in order to access the most urgent forms of support and subsistence, will be raised.<a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a> Under the current system, survivors have access to support, such as a caseworker or translator, before being subjected to the toughest stage of decision making. In November 2021, more than 110 non-profit organisations condemned the 'tightening up' of support, in a letter to the Home Secretary led by the Human Trafficking Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> In June 2021, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Council_for_the_Welfare_of_Immigrants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants (page does not exist)">Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants</a> labelled the proposals as "inhumane and farcical".<a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> In December 2021, the Scrap Part 5 campaign was launched by <a href="/wiki/After_Exploitation" title="After Exploitation">After Exploitation</a> in conjunction with more than 40 non-profit organisations and law firms with specialism in human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a> The campaign appeals to Members of Parliament to share concerns with colleagues in the Lords, in order to see Part 5 removed from the Bill at <a href="/wiki/Report_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Report stage">Report stage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a> In February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Lush_(company)" title="Lush (company)">Lush cosmetics</a> committed to promoting the Scrap Part 5 campaign in each of its UK shopfronts.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Court_of_Human_Rights_cases">European Court of Human Rights cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: European Court of Human Rights cases">edit</a>]</div> By the end of 2010, the European Court of Human Rights had, in 271 cases, found violations of the European Convention of Human Rights by the United Kingdom.[4].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannickLester2004para._1.02-469">[469]</a> These judgments cover a wide variety of areas, from the rights of prisoners to trade union activities. The decisions have also had a profound effect and influence on the approach adopted by the UK to the regulation of activities which could potentially engage Convention rights. As one author has noted, "[t]here is hardly an area of state regulation untouched by standards which have emerged from the application of Convention provisions to situations presented by individual applicants."<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> Notable cases involving violations of the Convention include: <ul><li>Criminal sanctions for private consensual homosexual conduct (<a href="/wiki/Dudgeon_v._United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dudgeon v. United Kingdom">Dudgeon, 1981</a>);</li> <li>Refusal to legally recognise <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexuals</a> (Rees, 1986);</li> <li>Different ages of consent for <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexuals</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutherland_v_United_Kingdom" title="Sutherland v United Kingdom">(Sutherland, 2000)</a>;</li> <li>Parents' rights to exempt their children from <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> in schools (Campbell and Cosans, 1982);</li> <li>Sentencing a juvenile young offender to be "birched" (Tyrer, 1978);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">Wiretapping</a> of suspects in the absence of any legal regulation (Malone, 1984);</li> <li>Restrictions on prisoners' correspondence and visits by their lawyers (Golder, 1975);</li> <li>Routine strip-searching of visitors to a prison (Wainwright, 2006);</li> <li>Allowing the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> rather than a court to fix the length of sentences (Easterbrook, 2003);</li> <li>Admitting <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">testimony</a> obtained under coercion as evidence (<a href="/wiki/Saunders_v._the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunders v. the United Kingdom">Saunders, 1996</a>);</li> <li>Keeping a suspect incommunicado in oppressive conditions without access to a <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Magee (Irish republican)">Magee</a>, 2000);</li> <li>Extradition of a suspect to the United States to face a capital charge (<a href="/wiki/Soering_v._United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Soering v. United Kingdom">Soering, 1989</a>);</li> <li>Granting the police blanket immunity from prosecution (<a href="/wiki/Osman_v._the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman v. the United Kingdom">Osman, 1998</a>);</li> <li>Shooting of <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> suspects in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> without any attempt to arrest them (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_McCann" title="Daniel McCann">McCann</a>, 1995);</li> <li>Killing of a prisoner by another mentally ill detainee with whom he was sharing a cell (Edwards, 2002);</li> <li>Investigation of an unlawful killing by police officers conducted by the police officers who participated in the killing (McShane, 2002);</li> <li>Failure to protect a child from ill-treatment at the hands of his stepfather (A, 1998);</li> <li>Failure by a local authority to take sufficient measures in the case of severe neglect and abuse of children by their parents over several years (Z, 2001);</li> <li>Ineffective monitoring of a young prisoner who committed suicide during a short sentence (Keenan, 2001);</li> <li>Keeping a disabled person in dangerously cold conditions without access to a toilet (Price, 2001);</li> <li>Granting of an injunction against the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a> for publishing an article on the effects of <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a> (Sunday Times, 1979);</li> <li>Injunction against the Sunday Times for publishing extracts from the <a href="/wiki/Spycatcher" title="Spycatcher">Spycatcher</a> novel (Sunday Times (no. 2), 1991);</li> <li>Ordering a journalist to disclose his sources (Goodwin, 1996);</li> <li>Agreement obliging employees to join a certain trade union in order to keep their jobs (Young, 1981);</li> <li>Keeping a database of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> samples taken from individuals arrested, but later acquitted or have the charges against them dropped (<a href="/wiki/S._and_Marper_v._The_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom">Marper, 2008</a>);</li> <li>Forcing individuals to <a href="/wiki/Workfare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Workfare in the United Kingdom">work for private companies without pay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> under threat of having their <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> payments stopped (<a href="/wiki/R_(Reilly)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="R (Reilly) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Reilly, 2012</a>, leading to the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Jobseekers_(Back_to_Work_Schemes)_Act_2013" title="Jobseekers (Back to Work Schemes) Act 2013">Jobseekers (Back to Work Schemes) Act 2013</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a> itself also criticised for violating human rights treaties<a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_organisations">Human rights organisations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Human rights organisations">edit</a>]</div> There are three <a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="National human rights institutions">national human rights institutions</a> in the UK, each with specific jurisdiction and functions. All three are accredited with 'A' status by the <a href="/wiki/International_Co-ordinating_Committee_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-ordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions">International Co-ordinating Committee of NHRIs</a>, and all participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Group_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions" title="European Group of National Human Rights Institutions">European Group of NHRIs</a>, in both cases sharing one (United Kingdom) vote. <ul><li>The first such body to be created was the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission">Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission</a> (NIHRC, www.nihrc.org) was set up in 1999, under the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a> which implemented elements of the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_(Good_Friday)_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement">Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement</a>; its powers were strengthened by the Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007. The Commission is mandated to promote and protect human rights in Northern Ireland through advising on legislation and policy, providing legal assistance to individuals, intervening in litigation, conducting litigation in its own name, publications, research, investigations, monitoring compliance with international standards, and education and training.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a> (EHRC, www.equalityhumanrights.com) deals with anti-discrimination and equality issues in England, Scotland and Wales, and with human rights issues in England and Wales, and certain human rights issues in Scotland (those not devolved to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Scottish Human Rights Commission">Scottish Human Rights Commission</a> (SHRC, www.scottishhumanrights.com) was established by The Scottish Commission for Human Rights Act 2006 (Scottish Parliament), and became fully operational on 10 December 2008, Human Rights Day, and the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Commission is mandated to promote and protect human rights in Scotland in relation to civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, through publications, research, inquiries, advice, monitoring, legal intervention and education and training.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, the largest human rights organisation in the world, was set up in the UK;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARTICLE_19" class="mw-redirect" title="ARTICLE 19">ARTICLE 19</a> works to promote freedom of expression in the UK and worldwide;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Administration_of_Justice" title="Committee on the Administration of Justice">Committee on the Administration of Justice</a> is a human rights NGO in Northern Ireland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_Modern_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on Modern Liberty">The Convention on Modern Liberty</a> is a British voluntary body and programme of the Open Trust that aims to highlight what it sees as the erosion of civil liberties in the UK;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Islamic Human Rights Commission">Islamic Human Rights Commission</a> is a non-profit organisation based in London;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUSTICE" class="mw-redirect" title="JUSTICE">JUSTICE</a> is a human rights and law reform organisation based in the UK. It is the British Section of the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>. Its mission is to promote human rights and advance the rule of law in the UK;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(pressure_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (pressure group)">Liberty</a> is an influential pressure group which aims to protect <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> in the UK.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mansfield" title="Michael Mansfield">Michael Mansfield</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413112932/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/research/83._european_court_of_human_rights.pdf">"The UK and the European Court of Human Rights"</a> (PDF). Equality and Human Rights Commission. Spring 2012. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/research/83._european_court_of_human_rights.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UK+and+the+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Equality+and+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equalityhumanrights.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fresearch%2F83._european_court_of_human_rights.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems: <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/United_Kingdom.html">"A Guide to the UK Legal System"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cilex.org.uk/about_cilex_lawyers/the_uk_legal_system.aspx">the original</a> on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legal+System+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+Chartered+Institute+of+Legal+Executives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cilex.org.uk%2Fabout_cilex_lawyers%2Fthe_uk_legal_system.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988">. These jurisdictions have particular human rights considerations of their own, arising from differences in <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland law">Northern Ireland law</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_1215" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Carta 1215">Magna Carta 1215</a> clauses 12 (no tax without consent), 39 (fair trial), 40 (justice), 41 (free movement of merchants), and 47 (disafforesting common land). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102914/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/21magnacarta.html">"Magna Carta"</a>. The British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/21magnacarta.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Ftakingliberties%2Fstaritems%2F21magnacarta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm">"Origins and growth of Parliament"</a>. The National Archives. Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+and+growth+of+Parliament&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fcitizenship%2Fcitizen_subject%2Forigins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlick2015" class="citation web cs1">Blick, Andrew (13 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/magna-carta-and-contemporary-constitutional-change">"Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change"</a>. History & Policy. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Magna+Carta+and+contemporary+constitutional+change&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.aulast=Blick&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandpolicy.org%2Fpolicy-papers%2Fpapers%2Fmagna-carta-and-contemporary-constitutional-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Rights-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114213856/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritemshumanrights.html">"Human Rights"</a>. The British Library. 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Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Locke%27s+Two+Treatises&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Ftakingliberties%2Fstaritems%2F62johnlocketreatise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> cf <a href="#CITEREFPannickLester2004">Pannick & Lester (2004)</a>, para. 1.02 and Feldman (2002) 70 criticising the "undifferentiated mass of liberty". </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> (1772) 98 ER 499 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> AW Blumrosen, 'The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield's Decision in Somerset v Stuart' (2007) 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J_Bentham" class="mw-redirect" title="J Bentham">J Bentham</a>, Anarchical Fallacies; Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution (1789) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1921#Bentham_0872-02_6149">art II</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">M Wollstonecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman:_with_Strictures_on_Political_and_Moral_Subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects</a> (1792). See also <a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">O de Gouges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen</a> (1791) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Turning points were the <a href="/wiki/Second_Reform_Act_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Reform Act 1867">Second Reform Act 1867</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Act_1871" title="Trade Union Act 1871">Trade Union Act 1871</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> This is qualified, as in the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>, by the position that international law must be compatible with basic principles of the UK constitution: see <a href="/wiki/R_(HS2_Action_Alliance_Ltd)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport">R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport</a> [2014] UKSC 3 (for the UK), <a href="/wiki/Kadi_and_Al_Barakaat_International_Foundation_v_Council_and_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission">Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission</a> (2008) C-402/05 (for the EU) and <a href="/wiki/Re_W%C3%BCnsche_Handelsgesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Wünsche Handelsgesellschaft">Re Wünsche Handelsgesellschaft</a> (22 October 1986) BVerfGE 73, 339 (first setting out the basic concepts). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a> arts 2 (right to life). 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Retrieved 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Government+fail+to+overturn+Poundland+work+scheme+ruling&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-24742499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_1215" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Carta 1215">Magna Carta 1215</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw1cc1929/25/9/section/XXIX">ch XXIX</a>, 'NO Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right.' </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> cf <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somerset v Stewart</a> (1772) 98 ER 499, and now <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_4" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 4">article 4</a>. See also the <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_1679" title="Habeas Corpus Act 1679">Habeas Corpus Act 1679</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_v_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bird v Jones (page does not exist)">Bird v Jones</a> (1845) 7 QB 742. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> cf <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, Objections to Barclay's Draft Articles of 16 February (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-21-02-0269">1775</a>) 'They who can give up essential Liberty to obtain a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.' </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948">Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Article_3">arts 3 and 9-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights#Article_9">arts 9-16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> ECHR art 5(1) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> ECHR art 5(2)-(5) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) 398, 'Every power conferred on police officers inevitably means a corresponding reduction in the liberty of the individual, and brings us face to face with Convention obligations.' </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Home Affairs Committee, Policing in the 21st Century (2007–08) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/364/364i.pdf">HC 364-I</a>, para 67, the UK spent 2.5% of GDP on police, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>'s highest. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_Act_2002" title="Police Reform Act 2002">Police Reform Act 2002</a> s 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 1 and 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> s 2, and s 3 requires details are recorded. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Home Office Code A, para 2.2B(b). The <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a> s 23 enables stop and search powers for unlawful drugs. M Townsend, 'Racial bias in police stop and search getting worse, report reveals' (13 October 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/oct/13/racial-bias-police-stop-and-search-policy-black-people-report">Guardian</a>, finds black people are 9 times more likely than white people to be searched. In 2019, 43% of searches in London were on black people: (26 January 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/jan/26/met-police-disproportionately-use-stop-and-search-powers-on-black-people">Guardian</a>. See also K Rawlinson, 'Bristol race relations adviser Tasered by police is targeted again' (19 October 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/18/stunned-then-shocked-race-adviser-tasered-by-police-is-targeted-again">Guardian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_v_Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jackson v Stevenson (page does not exist)">Jackson v Stevenson</a> (1879) 2 Adam 255, per the <a href="/wiki/John_Inglis,_Lord_Glencorse" title="John Inglis, Lord Glencorse">Lord Justice General</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a> s 60(5) and see B Bowling and E Marks, 'The rise and fall of suspicionless searches' (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09615768.2017.1298942">28 KLJ 62</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Roberts)_v_MPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Roberts) v MPC (page does not exist)">R (Roberts) v MPC</a> [2015] UKSC 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> s 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alanov_v_Sussex_CC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alanov v Sussex CC (page does not exist)">Alanov v Sussex CC</a> [2012] EWCA Civ 235, 'the "threshold" for the existence of "reasonable grounds" for suspicion is low... small, even sparse.' Also <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(TL)_v_Surrey_CC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (TL) v Surrey CC (page does not exist)">R (TL) v Surrey CC</a> [2017] EWHC 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magistrates%E2%80%99_Courts_Act_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (page does not exist)">Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980</a> s 1 and 125D-126. nb <a href="/wiki/Constables_Protection_Act_1750" title="Constables Protection Act 1750">Constables Protection Act 1750</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/44/section/6">s 6</a> means a constable who arrests someone in good faith is protected from liability from arrest if it turns out the warrant was beyond the jurisdiction of the person who issued it. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/24A">s 24A</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> s 28. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hill_v_Chief_Constable_of_South_Yorkshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (page does not exist)">Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire</a> [1990] 1 All ER 1046, s 28 is a rule ‘laid down by Parliament to protect the individual against the excess or abuse of the power of arrest’. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christie_v_Leachinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christie v Leachinsky (page does not exist)">Christie v Leachinsky</a> [1947] AC 573, 'the arrested man is entitled to be told what is the act for which he is arrested.' </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 30-39 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 41-45ZA. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 54-58 and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a> s 41 and Sch 8 para 9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim v UK (page does not exist)">Ibrahim v UK</a> [2016] ECHR 750, suggests that damages were recoverable for denial of access to a solicitor in breach of Convention rights. cf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cullen_v_Chief_Constable_of_the_RUC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cullen v Chief Constable of the RUC (page does not exist)">Cullen v Chief Constable of the RUC</a> [2003] UKHL 39, held there was no right to damages for failure to permit legal representatives, but evidence may be inadmissible. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 60-64A. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condron_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condron v UK (page does not exist)">Condron v UK</a> (2000) 31 EHRR 1, 20 the right to silence is in ECHR art 6, 'at the heart'. But drawing adverse inferences is not an infringement. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beckles_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beckles v UK (page does not exist)">Beckles v UK</a> (2003) 36 EHRR 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_v_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim v R (page does not exist)">Ibrahim v R</a> [1914] AC 599, a confession or statement of an accused person is not admissible unless it is voluntary, not obtained by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage, exercised by the person in authority: <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 76-78. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v_Stott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v Stott (page does not exist)">Brown v Stott</a> [2001] 1 AC 681, on the <a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1988" title="Road Traffic Act 1988">Road Traffic Act 1988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 9-14 and Sch 1, paras 4-12. See <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Singleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Singleton (page does not exist)">R v Singleton</a> (1995) 1 Cr App R 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v_Sawkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v Sawkins (page does not exist)">Thomas v Sawkins</a> [1935] 2 KB 249, power to enter to stop breach of peace: controversial. KD Ewing and C Gearty, The Struggle for Civil Liberties (2000) ch 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=McLeod_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McLeod v UK (page does not exist)">McLeod v UK</a> (1998) 27 EHRR 493 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 19 and 21, a record must be provided to the occupier, and a person has a right of access under police supervision unless this would prejudice investigation. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christie_v_Leachinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christie v Leachinsky (page does not exist)">Christie v Leachinsky</a> [1947] AC 573, 599, per <a href="/wiki/Herbert_du_Parcq,_Baron_du_Parcq" title="Herbert du Parcq, Baron du Parcq">Lord du Parcq</a>, and at 591, Lord Simonds, 'it is the corollary of the right of every citizen to be thus free from arrest that he should be entitled to resist arrest unless that arrest is lawful'. See also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbassy_v_MPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbassy v MPC (page does not exist)">Abbassy v MPC</a> [1990] 1 All ER 193, <a href="/wiki/Woolf_LJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolf LJ">Woolf LJ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1996" title="Police Act 1996">Police Act 1996</a> s 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Iqbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Iqbal (page does not exist)">R v Iqbal</a> [2011] EWCA Crim 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1996" title="Police Act 1996">Police Act 1996</a> s 88, <a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_Act_2002" title="Police Reform Act 2002">Police Reform Act 2002</a> s 42 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuddus_v_Chief_Constable_of_Leicestershire_Constabulary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire Constabulary (page does not exist)">Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire Constabulary</a> [2001] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2001/29.html">UKHL 29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/PACEA_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="PACEA 1984">PACEA 1984</a> ss 76-78 and see <a href="/wiki/R_v_Khan" title="R v Khan">R v Khan</a> [1997] AC 558, an illegally placed surveillance device evidence was admissible, even with probable ECHR art 8 breach, but merely 'a consideration which may be taken into account for what it is worth'. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schenck_v_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schenck v Switzerland (page does not exist)">Schenck v Switzerland</a> (1988) 13 EHRR 242, irregularly obtained evidence can be admitted. <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Loosely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Loosely (page does not exist)">R v Loosely</a> [2001] UKHL 53, no need to changes 78 for the ECHR. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_and_Social_Responsibility_Act_2011" title="Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011">Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011</a> s 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1996" title="Police Act 1996">Police Act 1996</a> ss 37A-54 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_MPC_ex_p_Blackburn_(No_3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v MPC ex p Blackburn (No 3) (page does not exist)">R v MPC ex p Blackburn (No 3)</a> [1973] QB 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hill_v_CC_of_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill v CC of West Yorkshire">Hill v CC of West Yorkshire</a> [1989] AC 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Osman_v_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman v UK">Osman v UK</a> (2000) 29 EHRR 245, ECHR art 2 requires the state 'to take preventive operational measures to protect an individual whose life is at risk from the criminal acts of another individual.' But breach hard to establish. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DSD_v_MPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSD v MPC (page does not exist)">DSD v MPC</a> [2018] UKSC 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.76-10.80-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.76-10.80_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 10.76-10.80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.95_and_10.122-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.95_and_10.122_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 10.95 and 10.122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.143_and_10.146-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._10.143_and_10.146_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 10.143 and 10.146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._119-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._119_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLesterOliver1997">Lester & Oliver (1997)</a>, para. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.06-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.06_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.06. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.124-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.124_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.166-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.166_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.142_and_11.181-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.142_and_11.181_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 11.142 and 11.181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.205-11.206-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.205-11.206_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 11.205-11.206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.210-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.210_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.215_and_11.217-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._11.215_and_11.217_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 11.215 and 11.217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.221-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.221_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.231-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.231_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.250-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.250_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.253-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.253_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.254-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.254_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.262,_11.270_and_11.272-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.262,_11.270_and_11.272_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.262, 11.270 and 11.272. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5333230.stm">"The law of 'double jeopardy'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 11 September 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=The+law+of+%27double+jeopardy%27&rft.date=2006-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F5333230.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.302-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._11.302_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 11.302. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Semayne%E2%80%99s_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Semayne’s case">Semayne’s case</a> (1604) 77 Eng Rep 194, Sir Edward Coke, 'The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose.' </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_167-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/PJS_v_News_Group_Newspapers_Ltd" title="PJS v News Group Newspapers Ltd">PJS v News Group Newspapers Ltd</a> [2016] UKSC 26, [32] </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_8" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 8">ECHR article 8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> (1765) 19 St Tr 1030 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Freedoms_Act_2012" title="Protection of Freedoms Act 2012">Protection of Freedoms Act 2012</a> explanatory notes stated over 1300 statutory provisions enable entry into people's homes, and while ss 39-47 and Sch 2 enable a Minister to repeal and replace these powers, the government continued to add them, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scrap_Metal_Dealers_Act_2013" title="Scrap Metal Dealers Act 2013">Scrap Metal Dealers Act 2013</a> s 16(1) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> See AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) ch 16, 429, not just the state but private parties violate privacy, highlighting 'newspapers engaged in a desperate circulation war, or employers checking on employees'. S Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (2019) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1997" title="Police Act 1997">Police Act 1997</a> s 92, following <a href="/wiki/R_v_Khan" title="R v Khan">R v Khan</a> [1997] AC 558, (2001) 31 EHRR 1016 which found there was no legal basis for police bugging, and therefore a violation of <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_8" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 8">ECHR article 8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1997" title="Police Act 1997">Police Act 1997</a> s 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/RIPA_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="RIPA 2000">RIPA 2000</a> ss 26-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Investigatory Powers Tribunal, Report 2010 (2011) 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Barkshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Barkshire (page does not exist)">R v Barkshire</a> [2011] EWCA Crim 1885. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> [2012] UKSC 62, [21] Lord Hope, 'He took the risk of being seen and of his movements being noted down. The criminal nature of what he was doing, if that was what it was found to be, was not an aspect of his private life that he was entitled to keep private.' </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a> ss 6 and 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA 2016">IPA 2016</a> ss 19 and 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA 2016">IPA 2016</a> s 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA 2016">IPA 2016</a> s 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Privacy_International_v_Foreign_Secretary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Privacy International v Foreign Secretary (page does not exist)">Privacy International v Foreign Secretary</a> [2016] UKIPTrib 15_110-CH </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_183-1">b</a> House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Final Report (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/1791.pdf">HC 1791</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="/wiki/R_v_Brown" title="R v Brown">R v Brown</a> [1996] 1 AC 541, 556, per <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Hoffmann">Lord Hoffmann</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> See the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 2000">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 2000</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union#Article_8_%E2%80%93_Protection_of_personal_data">art 8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="/wiki/GDPR_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR 2016">GDPR 2016</a> arts 5-6 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="/wiki/GDPR_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR 2016">GDPR 2016</a> arts 6-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> See the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Rights_Act_2015" title="Consumer Rights Act 2015">Consumer Rights Act 2015</a> at present. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/GDPR_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR 2016">GDPR 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj">arts 12-14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="/wiki/GDPR_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR 2016">GDPR 2016</a> art 17. Also art 18 gives the right to restrict processing. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="/wiki/GDPR_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR 2016">GDPR 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj">art 20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> [2012] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2012/55.html">UKSC 55</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Final Report (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/1791.pdf">HC 1791</a>, [150] and [255]-[256] </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="/wiki/GDPR_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR 2016">GDPR 2016</a> art 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S_and_Marper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S and Marper (page does not exist)">S and Marper</a> [2008] ECHR 1581, limits to retain DNA information </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> s 27(4) and National Police Records (Recordable Offences) Regulations 2000/1139, recording people's convictions, cautions, reprimands, and warnings for any offence punishable with prison or in the Schedule. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> [2009] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2009/3.html">UKSC 3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> cf J Kollewe, 'NHS data is worth billions – but who should have access to it?' (10 June 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jun/10/nhs-data-google-alphabet-tech-drug-firms">Guardian</a> and S Boseley, 'NHS to scrap single database of patients' medical details' (6 July 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/06/nhs-to-scrap-single-database-of-patients-medical-details">Guardian</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_v_Strange" title="Prince Albert v Strange">Prince Albert v Strange</a> (1849) 1 Mac&G 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Ingenious_Media_Holdings_plc)_v_HMRC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Ingenious Media Holdings plc) v HMRC (page does not exist)">R (Ingenious Media Holdings plc) v HMRC</a> [2016] UKSC 54 and <a href="/wiki/Campbell_v_MGN_Ltd" title="Campbell v MGN Ltd">Campbell v MGN Ltd</a> [2004] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2004/22.html">UKHL 22</a>, [14] per Lord Nicholls, and [2005] UKHL 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associated_Newspapers_Ltd_v_Prince_of_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associated Newspapers Ltd v Prince of Wales (page does not exist)">Associated Newspapers Ltd v Prince of Wales</a> [2006] EWCA Civ 1776 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> cf <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_v_Inner_London_Education_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad v Inner London Education Authority">Ahmad v Inner London Education Authority</a> [1978] QB 38, and <a href="/wiki/Redfearn_v_Serco_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Redfearn v Serco Ltd">Redfearn v Serco Ltd</a> [2012] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2012/1878.html">ECHR 1878</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.03_203-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.03. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <cite>Harrison v Evans</cite>, (1767) 3 Bro Parl Cas 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22300293">"Law ending exclusively male royal succession now law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Law+ending+exclusively+male+royal+succession+now+law&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-22300293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.24-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.24_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.04-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.04_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.04_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.04. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.06-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.06_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.06. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.18-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.18_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.22-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.22_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.26-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.26_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.23-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._14.23_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 14.23. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite>Sepet v Secretary of State for the Home Department</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2003/15.html">[2003</a> 1 WLR 856]. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Home_Secretary,_ex_p_Simms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Home Secretary, ex p Simms (page does not exist)">R v Home Secretary, ex p Simms</a> [2000] 2 AC 115, 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Penn_and_Mead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Penn and Mead (page does not exist)">R v Penn and Mead</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushell%E2%80%99s_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushell’s case (page does not exist)">Bushell’s case</a> (1670) 6 St Tr 951, prosecuting Quakers under the <a href="/wiki/Religion_Act_1592" title="Religion Act 1592">Religion Act 1592</a> (offence to not attend church) and the <a href="/wiki/Conventicle_Act_1664" title="Conventicle Act 1664">Conventicle Act 1664</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conventicles_Act_1670" title="Conventicles Act 1670">Conventicles Act 1670</a> (prohibitions on religious gatherings over five people outside the Church of England). </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/R_v_Lovelass" title="R v Lovelass">R v Lovelass</a> (1834) 172 ER 1380 on the transportation of the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolpuddle martyrs">Tolpuddle martyrs</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Oaths_Act_1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful Oaths Act 1797">Unlawful Oaths Act 1797</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>, and contrast the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Papists_Act_1778" title="Papists Act 1778">Papists Act 1778</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> In international law, the duty to stop war propaganda and incitement of discrimination is made explicit: see <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights#Article_18">arts 18-20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> The oldest free speech and debating society in the world is <a href="/wiki/Cogers" title="Cogers">Cogers</a> (est 1755), while <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Union" title="Cambridge Union">Cambridge Union</a> was established in 1815 and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> in 1823. Most universities have student debating societies. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Generally the same laws apply to these places of free speech as in the whole country: see <a href="/wiki/Redmond-Bate_v_DPP" title="Redmond-Bate v DPP">Redmond-Bate v DPP</a> [2000] HRLR 249 (Speakers' Corner), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailey_v_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailey v Williamson (page does not exist)">Bailey v Williamson</a> (1873) 8 QBD 118 (Hyde Park), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DPP_v_Haw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPP v Haw (page does not exist)">DPP v Haw</a> [2007] EWHC 1931 (Admin). </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> cf <a href="/wiki/Leveson_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveson Report">Leveson Report</a> (2012–13) HC 779 discussing media concentration and competition. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> In 2019, these were (1) YouTube and Google, owned by Alphabet, which is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> (2) Facebook, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>, and (3) <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> In 2019, these were (1) the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, owned by an arms-length public corporation ultimately accountable to the UK government (2) <a href="/wiki/Channel_4_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 4 (UK)">Channel 4</a>, a public corporation set up under the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a>, (3) <a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV</a>, owned by asset managers such as <a href="/wiki/Capital_Group_Companies" title="Capital Group Companies">Capital Group Companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriprise_Financial" title="Ameriprise Financial">Ameriprise Financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock</a> (4) Channel 5, owned by <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom Inc</a>, where 80% of votes on shares are controlled by <a href="/wiki/Sumner_Redstone" title="Sumner Redstone">Sumner Redstone</a>, and (5) <a href="/wiki/Sky_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky (company)">Sky</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> which is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Brian_L._Roberts" title="Brian L. Roberts">Brian L. Roberts</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> In 2019, the largest by website and circulation were (1) the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a>, largely owned by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harmsworth,_4th_Viscount_Rothermere" title="Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere">Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere</a> through <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Mail and General Trust plc">Daily Mail and General Trust plc</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a>, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> through <a href="/wiki/Newscorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Newscorp">Newscorp</a>, (3) the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Star (United Kingdom)">Daily Star</a>, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach plc</a> (4) the Guardian and the Observer, owned by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Trust_Limited" title="Scott Trust Limited">Scott Trust Limited</a> which has a board must guard editorial independence, but which appoints itself <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2018/07/24/1.4_STL_corporate_governance_2018.pdf">article 63</a>, but this could be changed (for instance to include workers or readers) with 75% approval of directors under article 7, (5) the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Barclay_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Brothers">Barclay Brothers</a>, and (6) <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_i" class="mw-redirect" title="The i">The i</a>, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebedev" title="Alexander Lebedev">Alexander Lebedev</a> (who also has a majority stake with Lord Rothermere in the Evening Standard). </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> AW Bradley, <a href="/wiki/KD_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="KD Ewing">KD Ewing</a> and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) 464, ‘most newspapers are commercial enterprises whose first duty is one arising under private law to maximise shareholder return.’ There is no formal legal duty to maximise shareholder returns under the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_2006" title="Companies Act 2006">Companies Act 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/172">s 172</a>, but in practice where shareholders monopolise votes to dismiss the board under <a href="/wiki/CA_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="CA 2006">CA 2006</a> s 168, this becomes the duty in practice, and the culture: see <a href="/wiki/S_Deakin" class="mw-redirect" title="S Deakin">S Deakin</a>, 'The Coming Transformation of Shareholder Value' (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2005.00399.x">13(1) Corporate Governance 11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a> s 3 requires <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> to maintain 'sufficient plurality', s 391, requires regular review of media ownership by Ofcom, sent to Secretary of State, under the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_1990" title="Broadcasting Act 1990">Broadcasting Act 1990</a> Sch 2, and CA 2003 Sch 14, para 1, states a person cannot hold a Channel 3 (ITV) licence if he runs a national newspaper/s with market share over 20% over a 6-month period. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> This is detailed by the Ofcom, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Code" title="Broadcasting Code">Broadcasting Code</a> (2017). An <a href="/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a> operates for newspapers, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(News_Media_Association)_v_Press_Recognition_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (News Media Association) v Press Recognition Panel (page does not exist)">R (News Media Association) v Press Recognition Panel</a> [2017] EWHC 2527, but this has no publicly accountable legal basis after the industry chose to boycott one. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Pro-Life_Alliance)_v_BBC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Pro-Life Alliance) v BBC (page does not exist)">R (Pro-Life Alliance) v BBC</a> [2003] UKHL 23 finding that a ban on an anti-abortion group showing 'prolonged and deeply disturbing' images of an aborted foetus for a TV campaign advert did not violate <a href="/wiki/ECHR_article_10" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHR article 10">ECHR article 10</a>. cf <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Central_Independent_Television_plc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Central Independent Television plc (page does not exist)">R v Central Independent Television plc</a> [1994] Fam 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curl%E2%80%99s_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curl’s case (page does not exist)">Curl’s case</a> (1727) 17 St Tr 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1857" title="Obscene Publications Act 1857">Obscene Publications Act 1857</a> debate, Lord Campbell, HL Deb (25 June 1857) col 329 said obscene meant 'exclusively to works written for the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth, and of a nature calculated to shock the common feelings of decency in any well regulated mind'. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Hicklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Hicklin (page does not exist)">R v Hicklin</a> (1868) LR 3 QB 360, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Cockburn,_12th_Baronet" title="Sir Alexander Cockburn, 12th Baronet">Lord Cockburn CJ</a> (a notorious womaniser) held there immunity for a medical treatise depended on the circumstances, and the author's intent could be taken into account. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaw_v_DPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaw v DPP (page does not exist)">Shaw v DPP</a> [1962] AC 220, finding obscene an illustrated magazine with contacts for prostitutes, and convicting the publisher, Shaw, for conspiracy, Lord Reid dissenting. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knuller_Ltd_v_DPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knuller Ltd v DPP (page does not exist)">Knuller Ltd v DPP</a> [1973] AC 435 finding a gay magazine for men to meet other men was involved in a 'conspiracy' to 'corrupt public morals' even though homosexuality ceased to be criminal in the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">Sexual Offences Act 1967</a>, Lord Reid and Lord Diplock dissenting. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Old offences of seditious libel and blasphemous libel were removed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Justice_and_Coroners_Act_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Justice and Coroners Act 2009 (page does not exist)">Criminal Justice and Coroners Act 2009</a> s 73. See previously <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Burns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Burns (page does not exist)">R v Burns</a> (1886) 16 Cox CC 355, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Aldred&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Aldred (page does not exist)">R v Aldred</a> (1909) 22 Cos CC 1, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Lemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Lemon (page does not exist)">R v Lemon</a> [1979] AC 617, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gay_News_Ltd_v_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gay News Ltd v UK (page does not exist)">Gay News Ltd v UK</a> (1982) 5 EHRR 123 (linking Jesus Christ to homosexuality). </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_Disaffection_Act_1934" title="Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934">Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934</a>, makes it an offence to maliciously and advisedly endeavour to seduce a member of the armed forces from that person's duty or allegiance. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1996" title="Police Act 1996">Police Act 1996</a> s 91 prohibits causing disaffection among police officers or inducing them to withhold services or commit breaches of discipline. This effectively prohibits strikes, or calling for them, although it appears unenforceable in practice. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919 s 3 prohibits an 'alien' from causing sedition or disaffection among civil population and armed forces. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> ss 17-27, first introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1965" title="Race Relations Act 1965">Race Relations Act 1965</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 s 1, inserted <a href="/wiki/POA_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="POA 1986">POA 1986</a> ss 29A-29N. <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> s 74, Sch 16. College of Policing, Hate Crime Operational Guidance (2014) on disability. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights#Article_20">art 20</a> '(1) Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law. (2) Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.' In the UK this would engage the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a>, and could include incitement to discriminate against immigrants. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006" title="Terrorism Act 2006">Terrorism Act 2006</a> ss 1-3 and 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> A trade union, central and local government appear unable to bring defamation claims: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EETPU_v_Times_Newspapers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EETPU v Times Newspapers (page does not exist)">EETPU v Times Newspapers</a> [1980] 1 All ER 1097 (trade unions), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derbyshire_CC_v_Times_Newspapers_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers Ltd (page does not exist)">Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers Ltd</a> [1993] AC 534 (local government). </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v_Times_Newspapers_Ltd" title="Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd">Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd</a> [2001] 2 AC 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Defamation_Act_2013" title="Defamation Act 2013">Defamation Act 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/26/section/5">s 5</a> and The Defamation (Operators of Websites) Regulations 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/3028/schedule/made">Schedule</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Prebble_v_Television_New_Zealand_Ltd" title="Prebble v Television New Zealand Ltd">Prebble v Television New Zealand Ltd</a> [1995] 1 AC 321, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatterton_v_Secretary_of_State_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatterton v Secretary of State of India (page does not exist)">Chatterton v Secretary of State of India</a> [1895] 2 QB 189, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_Act_1967" title="Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967">Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967</a> s 10(5), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Fayed_v_Al-Tajir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Fayed v Al-Tajir (page does not exist)">Al-Fayed v Al-Tajir</a> [1988] QB 712, <a href="/wiki/Defamation_Act_1996" title="Defamation Act 1996">Defamation Act 1996</a> s 14(3) </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Webb_v_Times_Publishing_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Webb v Times Publishing Co (page does not exist)">Webb v Times Publishing Co</a> [1960] 2 QB 535, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsikata_v_Newspaper_Publishing_plc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsikata v Newspaper Publishing plc (page does not exist)">Tsikata v Newspaper Publishing plc</a> [1997] 1 All ER 655, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curistan_v_Times_Newspapers_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curistan v Times Newspapers Ltd (page does not exist)">Curistan v Times Newspapers Ltd</a> [2008] EWCA Civ 432, and Defamation Act 1996 Sch 1, part 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Defamation Act 2013 ss 9-13 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_v_Guardian_Newspapers_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd">Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd</a> (1992) 14 EHRR 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunday_Times_v_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunday Times v United Kingdom (page does not exist)">Sunday Times v United Kingdom</a> (1979–80) 2 EHRR 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_v_Guardian_Newspapers_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd">Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No. 2)</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1988/6.html">[1988</a> UKHL 6]. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) ch 18 and E McGaughey, A Casebook on Labour Law (2019) ch 8, 324, stating freedom of association "is fundamental to democratic society... workers taking collective action were major... factors contributing to the deposition of German Kaiser in 1918, Indian independence in 1948, the victory of the US civil rights movement in 1964, the collapse of the Iron Curtain in 1989, and the end of apartheid South Africa in 1994". </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948">Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Article_20">arts 20 and 23</a>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966</a> arts 21-22 and <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966</a> art 8, both ratified by the UK. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> KD Ewing, 'The Implications of Wilson and Palmer' (2003) 32(1) Industrial Law Journal 1-22 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilson_v_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson v United Kingdom">Wilson v United Kingdom</a> [2002] ECHR 552, where an employee for the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> who was not given a raise after he refused to give up trade union membership was held to have suffered an unlawful detriment, violating his freedom of association. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/ASLEF_v_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLEF v UK">ASLEF v UK</a> [2007] ECHR 184, where the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> held that a union, <a href="/wiki/ASLEF" title="ASLEF">ASLEF</a>, could expel a member of the fascist group, the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a>, because it was committed to equality. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Nagle v Feilden [1966] 2 QB 633 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> cf <a href="/wiki/RMT_v_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="RMT v United Kingdom">RMT v United Kingdom</a> [2014] ECHR 366, where the <a href="/wiki/ECtHR" class="mw-redirect" title="ECtHR">ECtHR</a> held that although a union had the right to strike, and the UK's laws were at the outer limits (with Russia and Turkey) in restricting union freedoms, it was within the margin of appreciation to have restricting balloting rules, and possibly to limit <a href="/wiki/Secondary_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary action">secondary action</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a> s 3 and Sch 2, with a growing list of banned organisations. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Crofter_Hand_Woven_Harris_Tweed_Co_Ltd_v_Veitch" title="Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch">Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch</a> [1941] UKHL 2 and <a href="/wiki/Mogul_Steamship_Co_Ltd_v_McGregor,_Gow_%26_Co" title="Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co">Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co</a> [1892] AC 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> (1882) 9 QBD 308, approved in <a href="/wiki/Redmond-Bate_v_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Redmond-Bate v Director of Public Prosecutions">Redmond-Bate v Director of Public Prosecutions</a> [2000] HRLR 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Verrall_v_Great_Yarmouth_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrall v Great Yarmouth Borough Council">Verrall v Great Yarmouth Borough Council</a> [1981] 1 QB 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> AL Goodhart, 'Public Meetings and Processions' (1937) 6 CLJ 161, 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/64/section/11">ss 11-16</a>. Police can impose conditions on duration and numbers, and may apply for a banning order but only if serious public disorder could not be controlled with conditions. In Scotland, the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 ss 62-64 requires 28 days notification. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> [2008] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2008/69.html">UKHL 69</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1980" title="Highways Act 1980">Highways Act 1980</a> s 137 is inconsistent with many other EU member state and Commonwealth country rules, see e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Schmidberger,_Internationale_Transporte_und_Planz%C3%BCge_v_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge v Austria (page does not exist)">Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge v Austria</a> (2003) C-112/00 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Order_Act_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Order Act 1980 (page does not exist)">Public Order Act 1980</a> s 14A </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> [1999] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1999/5.html">UKHL 5</a>, [1999] 2 AC 240, a 3 to 2 decision. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DPP_v_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPP v Jones (page does not exist)">DPP v Jones</a> [1999] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1999/5.html">2 WLR 625</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983" title="Representation of the People Act 1983">Representation of the People Act 1983</a> ss 95-96, and case law such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_v_Leicester_CC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheeler v Leicester CC (page does not exist)">Wheeler v Leicester CC</a> [1985] AC 1054 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Webster_v_Southwark_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Webster v Southwark Council (page does not exist)">Webster v Southwark Council</a> [1983] QB 698. But contrast the <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_Behaviour,_Crime_and_Policing_Act_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014">Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014</a> s 59, that enables public space protection orders, requiring application for a public assembly. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_(No_2)_Act_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Education (No 2) Act 1986">Education (No 2) Act 1986</a> s 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_University_of_Liverpool,_ex_p_Caesar-Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v University of Liverpool, ex p Caesar-Gordon (page does not exist)">R v University of Liverpool, ex p Caesar-Gordon</a> [1987] PL 344, a university was not entitled to stop a talk by secretaries of the South African Embassy, from the apartheid government, because of fears about violence on the nearby <a href="/wiki/Toxteth" title="Toxteth">Toxteth</a> estate, but could have done if there was concern about 'disorder on university premises and among university members'. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Hubbard v Pitt [1976] QB 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="/wiki/TULRCA_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="TULRCA 1992">TULRCA 1992</a> s 220. cf Broome v DPP [1974] AC 587, holding there was no right to stop traffic. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middlebrook_Mushrooms_Ltd_v_TGWU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middlebrook Mushrooms Ltd v TGWU (page does not exist)">Middlebrook Mushrooms Ltd v TGWU</a> [1993] ICR 612 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> [2003] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2003/222.html">ECHR 222</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a> s 241, originally in the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 s 7. This fell into disuse, but was revived for miners' strike: Wallington (1985) 14 Industrial Law Journal 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> See J Crawford, Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (2019) ch 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> [2006] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2006/16.html">UKHL 16</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Damage_Act_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Damage Act 1971">Criminal Damage Act 1971</a> s 3(b) </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 ss 61-77, also <a href="/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_and_Police_Act_2005" title="Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005">Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005</a> s 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DPP_v_Bayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPP v Bayer (page does not exist)">DPP v Bayer</a> [2003] EWHC 2567 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> On injunctions, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=NWL_Ltd_v_Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NWL Ltd v Woods (page does not exist)">NWL Ltd v Woods</a> [1979] ICR 867, 881, Lord Diplock, stating the test concerns 'the degree of likelihood the plaintiff would have succeeded in establishing his right to an injunction if the action had gone to trial, is a factor to be brought into the balance.' AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) chs 18, 501, where human rights are at stake, <a href="/wiki/HRA_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="HRA 1998">HRA 1998</a> s 12 means that 'courts ought to give more weight to the respondent's defence than might otherwise have been the case.' </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> s 1, with up to 10 years prison. The famous <a href="/wiki/Riot_Act_1714" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot Act 1714">Riot Act 1714</a> is now repealed, and the <a href="/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1817" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1817">Seditious Meetings Act 1817</a>, which allowed police to disperse meetings lapsed. The <a href="/wiki/Riot_Compensation_Act_2016" title="Riot Compensation Act 2016">Riot Compensation Act 2016</a> entitles victims who suffer damage from rioting to compensation for uninsured property. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> s 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a> s 4A-5 </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brutus_v_Cozens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brutus v Cozens (page does not exist)">Brutus v Cozens</a> [1973] AC 854 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_v_Horseferry_Road_Magistrate,_ex_p_Siadatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R v Horseferry Road Magistrate, ex p Siadatan (page does not exist)">R v Horseferry Road Magistrate, ex p Siadatan</a> [1991] 1 QB 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_v_Broughton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University v Broughton (page does not exist)">Oxford University v Broughton</a> [2004] EWHC 2543, injunctions against animal rights activists. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander v Smith (page does not exist)">Alexander v Smith</a> 1984 SLT 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammond_v_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammond v Director of Public Prosecutions (page does not exist)">Hammond v Director of Public Prosecutions</a> [2004] EWHC 69 (Admin) </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piddington_v_Bates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piddington v Bates (page does not exist)">Piddington v Bates</a> [1960] 3 All ER 660, a police officer instructed at a trade dispute in a North London factory there should only be two pickets at each entrance. The appellant insisted on joining, and was arrested for obstruction. Divisional Court upheld the conviction, the restriction to 2 pickets was not unlawful and arbitrary. Lord Parker CJ, 'a police officer charged with the duty of preserving the Queen's peace must be left to take such steps as, on the evidence before him, he thinks are proper.' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moss_v_McLachlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moss v McLachlan (page does not exist)">Moss v McLachlan</a> [1985] IRLR 76, defendants were stopped at a motorway exit, suspected of travelling to attend a picket at a colliery. They refused to go back and were arrested for obstructing a police officer. Skinner J upheld convictions, saying provided officers 'honestly and reasonably form the opinion that there is a real risk of a breach of the peace in the sense that it is in close proximity both in place and time, then the conditions exist for reasonable preventive action including, if necessary, the measures taken in this case.' </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> [2006] UKHL 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Laporte)_v_Chief_Constable_of_Gloucestershire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire (page does not exist)">R (Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire</a> [2006] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2006/55.html">UKHL 55</a>, [34] </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(Hicks)_v_Metropolitan_Police_Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R (Hicks) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (page does not exist)">R (Hicks) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a> [2017] UKSC 9 holding arrests and release of protestors on the royal wedding day was not unlawful. Contrast AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight, Constitutional and Administrative Law (2018) 515-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> cf <a href="/w/index.php?title=DB_v_PSI_Chief_Constable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DB v PSI Chief Constable (page does not exist)">DB v PSI Chief Constable</a> [2017] UKSC 7, [72] 'The area of discretion available to the police was also constrained by the positive obligation to protect the appellant's article 8 rights'. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <cite>R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bhajan Singh</cite>, [1976] QB 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.04-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.04_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.04_294-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.04. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.08-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.08_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.08. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.14-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.14_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.14. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23338279">"Same-sex marriage becomes law in England and Wales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Same-sex+marriage+becomes+law+in+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-23338279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.15-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.15_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.12-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.12_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._113-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._113_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._113_300-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLesterOliver1997">Lester & Oliver (1997)</a>, para. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Gillick_v_West_Norfolk_Area_Health_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillick v West Norfolk Area Health Authority">Gillick v West Norfolk Area Health Authority</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1985/7.html">[1986</a> AC 112]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.25-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.25_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.60-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.60_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.109-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._13.109_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 13.109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._121-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._121_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._121_305-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLesterOliver1997">Lester & Oliver (1997)</a>, para. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <cite>Collins v Willcock</cite>, [1984] 1 WLR 1172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.03-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.03_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 8.03. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.04-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.04_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 8.04. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._8.09-8.10-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._8.09-8.10_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 8.09-8.10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._8.12_and_8.15-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._8.12_and_8.15_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 8.12 and 8.15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.16-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.16_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 8.16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.42-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._8.42_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 8.42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._18.01_and_18.04-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009paras._18.01_and_18.04_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, paras. 18.01 and 18.04. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._111-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterOliver1997para._111_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLesterOliver1997">Lester & Oliver (1997)</a>, para. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._18.18-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._18.18_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 18.18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.06-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaytonTomlinson2009para._17.06_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009">Clayton & Tomlinson (2009)</a>, para. 17.06. </li> <li 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Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.helenbamber.org&rft.atitle=Briefing+for+House+of+Lords+Second+Reading+of+the+Nationality+and+Borders+Bill+%7C+Helen+Bamber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helenbamber.org%2Fresources%2Freportsbriefings%2Fbriefing-house-lords-second-reading-nationality-and-borders-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHome_Office" class="citation web cs1">Home Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/970995/modern-slavery-national-referral-mechanism-statistics-end-year-summary-2020-hosb0821.pdf">"Modern Slavery: National Referral Mechanism and Duty to Notify Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">Gov.uk</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Modern+Slavery%3A+National+Referral+Mechanism+and+Duty+to+Notify+Statistics.&rft.au=Home+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F970995%2Fmodern-slavery-national-referral-mechanism-statistics-end-year-summary-2020-hosb0821.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bills.parliament.uk/Publications/43411/Documents/861">"ATLEU's Briefing for Committee Stage of the Nationality and Borders Bill"</a>. ATLEU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ATLEU&rft.atitle=ATLEU%27s+Briefing+for+Committee+Stage+of+the+Nationality+and+Borders+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbills.parliament.uk%2FPublications%2F43411%2FDocuments%2F861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599abfb4e6f2e19ff048494f/t/61fd4bc396935c1f9e96c910/1643989956485/Briefing+for+Clause+57+%26+58+Nationality+%26+Borders+Bill.pdf">"Nationality and Borders Bill – Briefing and amendment for Clause 57 and 58: Acknowledging disclosure takes time"</a> (PDF). Human Trafficking Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Trafficking+Foundation&rft.atitle=Nationality+and+Borders+Bill+%E2%80%93+Briefing+and+amendment+for+Clause+57+and+58%3A+Acknowledging+disclosure+takes+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F599abfb4e6f2e19ff048494f%2Ft%2F61fd4bc396935c1f9e96c910%2F1643989956485%2FBriefing%2Bfor%2BClause%2B57%2B%2526%2B58%2BNationality%2B%2526%2BBorders%2BBill.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/anti-slavery-sector-urges-government-to-make-major-changes-to-dangerous-nationality-and-borders-bill">"News - Anti-slavery sector urges government to make major changes to "dangerous" Nationality and Borders Bill - University of Nottingham"</a>. www.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nottingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=News+-+Anti-slavery+sector+urges+government+to+make+major+changes+to+%22dangerous%22+Nationality+and+Borders+Bill+-+University+of+Nottingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fanti-slavery-sector-urges-government-to-make-major-changes-to-dangerous-nationality-and-borders-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westmidlandsantislavery.org/open-response-question-chapter-6-supporting-victims-of-modern-slavery-2/">"Open Response Question: Chapter 6 - Supporting Victims of Modern Slavery"</a>. West Midlands Anti Slavery Network. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Midlands+Anti+Slavery+Network&rft.atitle=Open+Response+Question%3A+Chapter+6+-+Supporting+Victims+of+Modern+Slavery&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestmidlandsantislavery.org%2Fopen-response-question-chapter-6-supporting-victims-of-modern-slavery-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/news-insights/rushed-borders-bill-will-fail-victims-of-modern-slavery/">"Rushed borders bill will fail victims of modern slavery"</a>. Independent Anti Slavery Commissioner. 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Anti+Slavery+Commissioner&rft.atitle=Rushed+borders+bill+will+fail+victims+of+modern+slavery&rft.date=2021-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk%2Fnews-insights%2Frushed-borders-bill-will-fail-victims-of-modern-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/nationality-and-borders-bill-trafficking-survivors-b2023222.html">"Opinion: I'm a trafficking survivor – and terrifed of new government rules"</a>. The Independent. 25 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/nationality-and-borders-bill-trafficking-survivors-b2023222.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+I%27m+a+trafficking+survivor+%E2%80%93+and+terrifed+of+new+government+rules&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fnationality-and-borders-bill-trafficking-survivors-b2023222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bigissue.com/opinion/trauma-deadline-in-borders-bill-would-see-survivors-of-abuse-miss-out-on-support/">"'Trauma deadline' in Borders Bill would see survivors of abuse miss out on support"</a>. The Big Issue. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Issue&rft.atitle=%27Trauma+deadline%27+in+Borders+Bill+would+see+survivors+of+abuse+miss+out+on+support&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigissue.com%2Fopinion%2Ftrauma-deadline-in-borders-bill-would-see-survivors-of-abuse-miss-out-on-support%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclairShakil2022" class="citation web cs1">Sinclair, Alexandra; Shakil, Saba (10 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/commentary-and-opinion/is-the-nationality-and-borders-bill-just-another-example-of-bad-law-making-/5111093.article">"Is the Nationality and Borders Bill just another example of bad law-making?"</a>. Law Gazette. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+Gazette&rft.atitle=Is+the+Nationality+and+Borders+Bill+just+another+example+of+bad+law-making%3F&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Shakil%2C+Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawgazette.co.uk%2Fcommentary-and-opinion%2Fis-the-nationality-and-borders-bill-just-another-example-of-bad-law-making-%2F5111093.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humantraffickingfoundation.org/news/2021/11/19/ask-your-mp-for-urgent-changes-to-the-nationality-and-borders-bill">"Urgent changes needed to the Nationality and Borders Bill"</a>. Human Trafficking Foundation. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Trafficking+Foundation&rft.atitle=Urgent+changes+needed+to+the+Nationality+and+Borders+Bill&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humantraffickingfoundation.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F19%2Fask-your-mp-for-urgent-changes-to-the-nationality-and-borders-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJCWI2021" class="citation web cs1">JCWI [@JCWI_UK] (28 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/JCWI_UK/status/1409438215182901250">"These plans are inhumane and farcical. Offshore detention centres are places of cruelty and neglect - they should have absolutely NO place in our asylum system. When will Priti Patel stop playing political football with people's lives?"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=These+plans+are+inhumane+and+farcical.+Offshore+detention+centres+are+places+of+cruelty+and+neglect+-+they+should+have+absolutely+NO+place+in+our+asylum+system.+When+will+Priti+Patel+stop+playing+political+football+with+people%27s+lives%3F&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft.au=JCWI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FJCWI_UK%2Fstatus%2F1409438215182901250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afterexploitation.com/open-letter-scrap-part-5-to-protect-survivors-of-modern-slavery/">"Joint letter: #ScrapPart5"</a>. After Exploitation. 11 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=After+Exploitation&rft.atitle=Joint+letter%3A+%23ScrapPart5&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafterexploitation.com%2Fopen-letter-scrap-part-5-to-protect-survivors-of-modern-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/style/lush-joins-campaign-in-support-of-survivors-of-modern-day-slavery">"How Lush Is Taking A Stand Against Modern Slavery"</a>. Bustle. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=How+Lush+Is+Taking+A+Stand+Against+Modern+Slavery&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Fstyle%2Flush-joins-campaign-in-support-of-survivors-of-modern-day-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weare.lush.com/press-releases/for-survivors-of-modern-slavery/">"For survivors of modern day slavery..."</a> We Are Lush. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Are+Lush&rft.atitle=For+survivors+of+modern+day+slavery...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweare.lush.com%2Fpress-releases%2Ffor-survivors-of-modern-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/style/lush-joins-campaign-in-support-of-survivors-of-modern-day-slavery">"How Lush Is Taking A Stand Against Modern Slavery"</a>. Bustle. 28 February 2022. 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Retrieved 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Are+Lush&rft.atitle=For+survivors+of+modern+day+slavery...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweare.lush.com%2Fpress-releases%2Ffor-survivors-of-modern-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afterexploitation.com/2022/02/28/scrap-part-5-lush-shop-front-take-over-for-survivors-of-modern-day-slavery/">"Scrap Part 5: Lush shop front take-over for survivors of modern day slavery"</a>. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scrap+Part+5%3A+Lush+shop+front+take-over+for+survivors+of+modern+day+slavery&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafterexploitation.com%2F2022%2F02%2F28%2Fscrap-part-5-lush-shop-front-take-over-for-survivors-of-modern-day-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannickLester2004para._1.02-469"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPannickLester2004para._1.02_469-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPannickLester2004">Pannick & Lester (2004)</a>, para. 1.02. </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsWhite,_C.A.1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Geoffrey_Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Geoffrey Jacobs">Jacobs, F.G.</a>; White, C.A. (1996). The European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826242-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826242-8"><bdi>978-0-19-826242-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826242-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=F.G.&rft.au=White%2C+C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2013" class="citation news cs1">Malik, Shiv (12 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/feb/12/graduate-poundland-government-work-schemes">"Graduate's Poundland victory leaves government work schemes in tatters"</a>. The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Graduate%27s+Poundland+victory+leaves+government+work+schemes+in+tatters&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Shiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F12%2Fgraduate-poundland-government-work-schemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-28158483">"Court challenges UK work schemes"</a>. BBC News. 4 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Court+challenges+UK+work+schemes&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-28158483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611094255/https://www.judiciary.uk/judgments/the-queen-on-the-application-of-reilly-no-2-and-hewstone-v-the-secretary-of-state-for-work-and-pensions/">"The Queen on the application of Reilly (No. 2) and Hewstone -v- The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions"</a>. www.judiciary.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/judgments/the-queen-on-the-application-of-reilly-no-2-and-hewstone-v-the-secretary-of-state-for-work-and-pensions/">the original</a> on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.judiciary.uk&rft.atitle=The+Queen+on+the+application+of+Reilly+%28No.+2%29+and+Hewstone+-v-+The+Secretary+of+State+for+Work+and+Pensions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fjudgments%2Fthe-queen-on-the-application-of-reilly-no-2-and-hewstone-v-the-secretary-of-state-for-work-and-pensions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2006" class="citation book cs1">Amos, Merris (2006). Human Rights Law. Oxford: Hart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-324-9"><bdi>978-1-84113-324-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Hart&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84113-324-9&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Merris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanor2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor, Vernon</a> (2009). The New British Constitution. Oxford: Hart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-149-8"><bdi>978-1-84113-149-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+British+Constitution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Hart&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84113-149-8&rft.aulast=Bogdanor&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonTomlinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tomlinson" title="Hugh Tomlinson">Tomlinson, Hugh</a> (2009). The Law of Human Rights. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926355-4"><bdi>978-0-19-926355-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Human+Rights&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926355-4&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicey1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.V._Dicey" class="mw-redirect" title="A.V. Dicey">Dicey, A.V.</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontos04dicegoog">An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7182665M">7182665M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+the+Law+of+the+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7182665M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Dicey&rft.aufirst=A.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontos04dicegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Feldman_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Feldman (lawyer)">Feldman, David</a> (2002). Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876503-5"><bdi>978-0-19-876503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Liberties+and+Human+Rights+in+England+and+Wales&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876503-5&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick2007" class="citation book cs1">Fenwick, Helen (2007). Civil Liberties and Human Rights. Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-937-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-937-3"><bdi>978-1-85941-937-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Liberties+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85941-937-3&rft.aulast=Fenwick&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlug1999" class="citation journal cs1">Klug, Francesca (Summer 1999). "The Human Rights Act 1998, Pepper v Hart and all that". <a href="/wiki/Public_Law_(journal)" title="Public Law (journal)">Public Law</a>: 246–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Law&rft.atitle=The+Human+Rights+Act+1998%2C+Pepper+v+Hart+and+all+that&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=246-273&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenaertsVan_Nuffel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koen_Lenaerts" title="Koen Lenaerts">Lenaerts, Koen</a>; Van Nuffel, Piet (2005). Constitutional Law of the European Union. London: Sweet & Maxwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-421-88610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-421-88610-0"><bdi>978-0-421-88610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+of+the+European+Union&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-421-88610-0&rft.aulast=Lenaerts&rft.aufirst=Koen&rft.au=Van+Nuffel%2C+Piet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Lester, Anthony</a> (Summer 1998). "U.K. acceptance of the Strasbourg jurisdiction: what really went on in Whitehall in 1965". <a href="/wiki/Public_Law_(journal)" title="Public Law (journal)">Public Law</a>: 237–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Law&rft.atitle=U.K.+acceptance+of+the+Strasbourg+jurisdiction%3A+what+really+went+on+in+Whitehall+in+1965&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=237-253&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesterOliver1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Lester, Anthony</a>; Oliver, Dawn (1997). Constitutional Law and Human Rights. London: Butterworths. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-89511-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-89511-2"><bdi>0-406-89511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-406-89511-2&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Dawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarston1993" class="citation journal cs1">Marston, Geoffrey (October 1993). "The United Kingdom's part in the preparation of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950". <a href="/wiki/International_and_Comparative_Law_Quarterly" title="International and Comparative Law Quarterly">International and Comparative Law Quarterly</a>. 42 (4): 796–826. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F42.4.796">10.1093/iclqaj/42.4.796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+and+Comparative+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+United+Kingdom%27s+part+in+the+preparation+of+the+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights%2C+1950&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=796-826&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F42.4.796&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannickLester2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pannick" class="mw-redirect" title="David Pannick">Pannick, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Lester, Anthony</a> (2004). Human Rights Law and Practice. London: LexisNexis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-96971-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-96971-X"><bdi>0-406-96971-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Law+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-406-96971-X&rft.aulast=Pannick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lester%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadhamMountfieldProchaskaBrown2011" class="citation book cs1">Wadham, John; <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mountfield" title="Helen Mountfield">Mountfield, Helen</a>; Prochaska, Elizabeth; Brown, Christopher (2011). The Human Rights Act 1998. Blackstone's Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969700-7"><bdi>978-0-19-969700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Rights+Act+1998&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Blackstone%27s+Guides&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969700-7&rft.aulast=Wadham&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mountfield%2C+Helen&rft.au=Prochaska%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Brown%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicks2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wicks, Elizabeth (Autumn 2000). "The United Kingdom Government's perceptions of the European Convention on Human Rights at the time of entry". <a href="/wiki/Public_Law_(journal)" title="Public Law (journal)">Public Law</a>: 438–455.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Law&rft.atitle=The+United+Kingdom+Government%27s+perceptions+of+the+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights+at+the+time+of+entry&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=438-455&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wicks&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311094703/http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.htm">European Court of Human Rights Judgements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org.uk/">Amnesty International UK site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105110401/http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/0%2C7368%2C367207%2C00.html">Guardian Special Report: Human Rights in the UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128202743/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/1094/">Censorship in the UK</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">IFEX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980042.htm">Human Rights Act 1998</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Template:Human rights in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Human rights in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">Human rights in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Andorra" title="Human rights in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Austria" title="Human rights in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belgium" title="Human rights in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bulgaria" title="Human rights in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Croatia" title="Human rights in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Human rights in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Denmark" title="Human rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iceland" title="Human rights in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Liechtenstein" title="Human rights in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lithuania" title="Human rights in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malta" title="Human rights in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Moldova" title="Human rights in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Monaco" title="Human rights in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Norway" title="Human rights in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Serbia" title="Human rights in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Slovakia" title="Human rights in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sweden" title="Human rights in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kosovo" title="Human rights in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="Human rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Transnistria" title="Human rights in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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