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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_cylinder_duplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Acoustic cylinder duplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_cylinder_duplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milling_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milling_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Milling machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milling_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pantograph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AB%E1%8C%85" title="ኮራጅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮራጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="منساخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منساخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantoqraf" title="Pantoqraf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pantoqraf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Пантограф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пантограф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant%C3%B2graf" title="Pantògraf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pantògraf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf" title="Pantograf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pantograf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf" title="Pantograf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pantograf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf" title="Pantograf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pantograf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παντογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant%C3%B3grafo" title="Pantógrafo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pantógrafo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantografo_(desegnilo)" title="Pantografo (desegnilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pantografo (desegnilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantografo" title="Pantografo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pantografo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="فرز پانتوگراف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرز پانتوگراف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantographe_(dessin)" title="Pantographe (dessin) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pantographe (dessin)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf" title="Pantograf – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pantograf" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantografo" title="Pantografo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pantografo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf" title="Pantograf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pantograf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikningast%C3%A6kkari" title="Teikningastækkari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Teikningastækkari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantografo_(grafica)" title="Pantografo (grafica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pantografo (grafica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A3_(%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="פנטוגרף (העתקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנטוגרף (העתקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Пантограф – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пантограф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantogr%C4%81fs_(r%C4%ABks)" title="Pantogrāfs (rīks) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pantogrāfs (rīks)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantogr%C3%A1f" title="Pantográf – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pantográf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograaf_(gereedschap)" title="Pantograaf (gereedschap) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pantograaf (gereedschap)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf_(tegnemaskin)" title="Pantograf (tegnemaskin) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pantograf (tegnemaskin)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf_(przyrz%C4%85d_kre%C5%9Blarski)" title="Pantograf (przyrząd kreślarski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pantograf (przyrząd kreślarski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant%C3%B3grafo" title="Pantógrafo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pantógrafo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf_(desen)" title="Pantograf (desen) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pantograf (desen)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Пантограф (прибор) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пантограф (прибор)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantogroaf" title="Pantogroaf – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pantogroaf" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pantograph" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantografi" title="Pantografi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pantografi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf" title="Pantograf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pantograf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograf" title="Pantograf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pantograf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Пантограф (прилад) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пантограф (прилад)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E6%94%BE%E5%84%80" title="縮放儀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="縮放儀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mechanical linkage used for copying drawings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the duplication instrument. For the electrical device used above trains or trams, see <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">Pantograph (transport)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pantograph (disambiguation)">Pantograph (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograph_in_action.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pantograph_in_action.svg/220px-Pantograph_in_action.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pantograph_in_action.svg/330px-Pantograph_in_action.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pantograph_in_action.svg/440px-Pantograph_in_action.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3355" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>Drafting pantograph in use</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograph_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pantograph_animation.gif/220px-Pantograph_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Pantograph_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Pantograph used for scaling a picture. The red shape is traced and enlarged.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograph01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pantograph01.jpg/220px-Pantograph01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pantograph01.jpg/330px-Pantograph01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pantograph01.jpg/440px-Pantograph01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Pantograph 3d rendering</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pantograph</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i> παντ-</i> 'all, every' and <i> γραφ-</i> 'to write', from their original use for copying writing) is a <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">mechanical linkage</a> connected in a manner based on <a href="/wiki/Parallelogram" title="Parallelogram">parallelograms</a> so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to the other. Using the same principle, different kinds of pantographs are used for other forms of duplication in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Sculpting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpting">sculpting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">minting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">milling</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidographe2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Eidographe2.svg/220px-Eidographe2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Eidographe2.svg/330px-Eidographe2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Eidographe2.svg/440px-Eidographe2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Diagram illustrating the principles used by William Wallace's eidograph</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient Greek engineer <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> described pantographs in his work <i>Mechanics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1603,<sup id="cite_ref-GPscheiner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPscheiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Scheiner" title="Christoph Scheiner">Christoph Scheiner</a> used a pantograph to copy and scale diagrams, and wrote about the invention over 27 years later, in <i>"Pantographice seu Ars delineandi res quaslibet per parallelogrammum lineare seu cavum"</i> (Rome 1631). One arm of the pantograph contained a small pointer, while the other held a drawing implement, and by moving the pointer over a diagram, a copy of the diagram was drawn on another piece of paper. By changing the positions of the arms in the linkage between the pointer arm and drawing arm, the scale of the image produced can be changed. </p><p>In 1821, Professor <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_(mathematician)" title="William Wallace (mathematician)">William Wallace</a> (1768–1843) invented the eidograph to improve upon the practical utility of the pantograph.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eidograph relocates the fixed point to the center of the parallelogram and uses a narrow parallelogram to provide improved mechanical advantages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograph_etching_mechanism.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pantograph_etching_mechanism.JPG/220px-Pantograph_etching_mechanism.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pantograph_etching_mechanism.JPG/330px-Pantograph_etching_mechanism.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pantograph_etching_mechanism.JPG/440px-Pantograph_etching_mechanism.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Pantograph etching mechanism</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Galton%27s_pantograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Francis_Galton%27s_pantograph.jpg/220px-Francis_Galton%27s_pantograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Francis_Galton%27s_pantograph.jpg/330px-Francis_Galton%27s_pantograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Francis_Galton%27s_pantograph.jpg/440px-Francis_Galton%27s_pantograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="2709" /></a><figcaption>Francis Galton's pantograph</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting">Drafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original use of the pantograph was for copying and <a href="/wiki/Scaling_(geometry)" title="Scaling (geometry)">scaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">line drawings</a>. Modern versions are sold as technical toys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture_and_minting">Sculpture and minting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sculpture and minting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sculptors use a three-dimensional version of the pantograph,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually a large boom connected to a fixed point at one end, bearing two rotating pointing needles at arbitrary points along this boom. By adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved. This device, now largely overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer guided</a> <a href="/wiki/CNC_Router" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC Router">router</a> systems that <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">scan</a> a <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">model</a> and can produce it in a variety of materials and in any desired size,<sup id="cite_ref-castro2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castro2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was invented by inventor and steam pioneer <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> and perfected by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cheverton" title="Benjamin Cheverton">Benjamin Cheverton</a> in 1836. Cheverton's machine was fitted with a rotating cutting bit to carve reduced versions of well-known sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A three-dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the model and the copy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> designs for <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> down to the required size of the coin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_cylinder_duplication">Acoustic cylinder duplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acoustic cylinder duplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pantograph" title="Special:EditPage/Pantograph">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One advantage of <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> and gramophone discs over cylinders in the 1890s—before electronic amplification was available—was that large numbers of discs could be stamped quickly and cheaply. In 1890, the only ways of manufacturing copies of a master cylinder were to mold the cylinders (which was slow and, early on, produced very poor copies), or to acoustically copy the sound by placing the horns of two phonographs together or to hook the two together with a rubber tube (one phonograph recording and the other playing the cylinder back). Instead of copying a master cylinder, the other alternative was to record a performance to multiple gramophones simultaneously, over and over again, making each cylinder a master copy. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Bettini" title="Gianni Bettini">Bettini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Douglass" title="Leon Douglass">Leon Douglass</a> and others solved this problem (partly) by mechanically linking a cutting stylus and a playback stylus together and copying the "hill-and-dale" grooves of the cylinder mechanically. When molding improved somewhat, molded cylinders were used as pantograph masters. This was employed by Edison and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a> in 1898, and was used until about January 1902 (Columbia brown waxes after this were molded). Some companies like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Phonograph_Company" title="United States Phonograph Company">United States Phonograph Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, supplied cylinder masters for smaller companies so that they could duplicate them, sometimes pantographically. Pantographs could turn out about 30 records per day and produce up to about 150 records per master. In theory, pantograph masters could be used for 200 or 300 duplicates if the master and the duplicate were running in reverse and the record would be duplicated in reverse. This, in theory, could extend the usability of a pantograph master by using the unworn/lesser worn part of the recording for duplication. <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a> employed this system with mastering their vertically-cut records until 1923; a 5-inch-diameter (130 mm), 4-or-6-inch-long (100 or 150 mm) master cylinder, rotating at a high speed, would be recorded on. This was done as the resulting cylinder was considerably loud and of very high fidelity. Then, the cylinder would be placed on the mandrel of a duplicating pantograph that would be played with a stylus on the end of a lever, which would transfer the sound to a wax disc master, which would be electroplated and be used to stamp copies out. This system resulted in some fidelity reduction and rumble, but relatively high quality sound. <a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Edison Diamond Disc Records</a> were made by recording <i>directly</i> onto the wax master disc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milling_machines">Milling machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Milling machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pantograph" title="Special:EditPage/Pantograph">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograph_milling_machine_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pantograph_milling_machine_001.jpg/170px-Pantograph_milling_machine_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pantograph_milling_machine_001.jpg/255px-Pantograph_milling_machine_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pantograph_milling_machine_001.jpg/340px-Pantograph_milling_machine_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A small pantograph milling machine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograph_mill_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pantograph_mill_table.jpg/220px-Pantograph_mill_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pantograph_mill_table.jpg/330px-Pantograph_mill_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pantograph_mill_table.jpg/440px-Pantograph_mill_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the table of a larger pantograph milling machine</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the advent of control technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical control</a> (NC and CNC) and <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic control</a> (PLC), duplicate parts being milled on a <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machine</a> could not have their contours mapped out by moving the <a href="/wiki/Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">milling cutter</a> in a "connect-the-dots" ("by-the-numbers") fashion. The only ways to control the movement of the cutting tool were to dial the positions by hand using dexterous skill (with natural limits on a human's <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a>) or to trace a cam, template, or model in some way, and have the cutter mimic the movement of the tracing stylus. If the milling head was mounted on a pantograph, a duplicate part could be cut (and at various scales of magnification besides 1:1) simply by tracing a template. (The template itself was usually made by a <a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">tool and die maker</a> using <a href="/wiki/Toolroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Toolroom">toolroom</a> methods, including milling via dialing followed by hand sculpting with <a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">files</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Die_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Die grinder">die grinder</a> points.) This was essentially the same concept as reproducing documents with a pen-equipped pantograph, but applied to the <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a> of hard materials such as metal, wood, or plastic. Pantograph <a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">routing</a>, which is conceptually identical to pantograph milling, also exists (as does CNC routing). The Blanchard lathe, a <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blanchard_(inventor)#Machine_tools_for_gun_making_and_pattern_copying_lathe" title="Thomas Blanchard (inventor)">copying lathe developed by Thomas Blanchard</a>, used the same essential concept. </p><p>The development and dissemination throughout industry of NC, CNC, PLC, and other control technologies provided a new way to control the movement of the milling cutter: via feeding information from a program to actuators (<a href="/wiki/Servomotor" title="Servomotor">servos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Selsyn">selsyns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leadscrew" title="Leadscrew">leadscrews</a>, machine slides, <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindles</a>, and so on) that would move the cutter as the information directed. Today most commercial machining is done via such programmable, computerized methods. Home machinists are likely to work via manual control, but computerized control has reached the home-shop level as well (it is just not yet as pervasive as its commercial counterparts). Thus pantograph milling machines are largely a thing of the past. They are still in commercial use, but at a greatly reduced and ever-dwindling level. They are no longer built new by machine tool builders, but a small market for used machines still exists. As for the magnification-and-reduction feature of a pantograph (with the scale determined by the adjustable arm lengths), it is achieved in CNC via mathematic calculations that the computer applies to the program information practically instantaneously. Scaling functions (as well as mirroring functions) are built into languages such as <a href="/wiki/G-code" title="G-code">G-code</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In another application similar to drafting, the pantograph is incorporated into a pantograph engraving machine with a revolving cutter instead of a pen, and a tray at the pointer end to fix precut lettered plates (referred to as 'copy'), which the pointer follows and thus the cutter, via the pantograph, reproduces the 'copy' at a ratio to which the pantograph arms have been set. The typical range of ratio is Maximum 1:1 Minimum 50:1 (reduction) In this way machinists can neatly and accurately <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engrave</a> numbers and letters onto a part. Pantographs are no longer commonly used in modern engraving, with computerized laser and rotary engraving taking favor. </p><p>The device which maintains electrical contact with the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">contact wire</a> and transfers power from the wire to the <a href="/wiki/Railway_electric_traction#Unit_types" title="Railway electric traction">traction unit</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric locomotives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a>, is also called a "<a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">pantograph</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">"Keyboard punch"</a> used for the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1890 United States Census">1890 U.S. Census</a> was a pantograph design and sometimes referred to as "The Pantograph Punch".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early 19th-century device employing this mechanism is the <a href="/wiki/Polygraph_(duplicating_device)" title="Polygraph (duplicating device)">polygraph</a>, which produces a duplicate of a letter as the original is written. </p><p>In 1886, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Selling" title="Eduard Selling">Eduard Selling</a> patented a prize-winning calculating machine based on the pantograph, although it was not commercially successful.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Longarm_quilting" title="Longarm quilting">Longarm quilting</a> machine operators may trace a pantograph, paper pattern, with a laser pointer to stitch a custom pattern onto the quilt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Digitized pantographs are followed by computerized machines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd_Benton" title="Linn Boyd Benton">Linn Boyd Benton</a> invented a pantographic engraving machine for type design,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was capable not only of scaling a single font design pattern to a variety of sizes, but could also condense, extend, and slant the design (mathematically, these are cases of <a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">affine transformation</a>, which is the fundamental geometric operation of most systems of digital typography today, including <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Linotype2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linotype2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> used the analogy of a pantograph as a way of scaling down tools to the nanometer scale in his talk "<a href="/wiki/There%27s_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottom" title="There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom">There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autopen" title="Autopen">Autopen</a> – Device for automatically signing a signature or autograph</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettering_guide" title="Lettering guide">Lettering guide</a> – Template for writing text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_motion_linkage" title="Parallel motion linkage">Parallel motion linkage</a> – Six-bar straight-line mechanism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirograph" title="Spirograph">Spirograph</a> – Geometric drawing device</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCeccarelli2007" class="citation book cs1">Ceccarelli, Marco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UmBnVMA5ri4C"><i>Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6366-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6366-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-6366-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguished+Figures+in+Mechanism+and+Machine+Science%3A+Their+Contributions+and+Legacies&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6366-4&rft.aulast=Ceccarelli&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmBnVMA5ri4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPscheiner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPscheiner_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Helden1995" class="citation web cs1">Van Helden, Albert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/scheiner.html">"The Galileo Project — Scheiner, Christoph" (history)"</a>. Galileo Project, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040709143818/http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/scheiner.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Project+%E2%80%94+Scheiner%2C+Christoph%22+%28history%29&rft.pub=Galileo+Project%2C+Rice+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Van+Helden&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2FCatalog%2FNewFiles%2Fscheiner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paBbAAAAcAAJ&q=Account%20of%20the%20Invention%20of%20the%20pantograph%20and%20a%20description%20of%20the%20eidograph%2C%20a%20copying%20instrument%20invented%20by%20William%20Wallace&pg=PA418">"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. - Edinburgh, Dickson 1788-1905"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>13</b>. Dickson: 418–439, 637. 1836.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh.+-+Edinburgh%2C+Dickson+1788-1905&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=418-439%2C+637&rft.date=1836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpaBbAAAAcAAJ%26q%3DAccount%2520of%2520the%2520Invention%2520of%2520the%2520pantograph%2520and%2520a%2520description%2520of%2520the%2520eidograph%252C%2520a%2520copying%2520instrument%2520invented%2520by%2520William%2520Wallace%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/an-unfinished-symphony-in-stone">"An Unfinished Symphony In Stone: A video with sculptor CS Jagger using a three-dimensional pantograph"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">British Pathé</a>. 28 January 1935. 1 min. 7 sec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+Symphony+In+Stone%3A+A+video+with+sculptor+CS+Jagger+using+a+three-dimensional+pantograph&rft.pages=1+min.+7+sec.&rft.pub=British+Path%C3%A9&rft.date=1935-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fvideo%2Fan-unfinished-symphony-in-stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castro2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-castro2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Castro, Jan Garden (January–February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag03/janfeb03/cronin/cronin.shtml">"Making the Personal Monumental: A Conversation with Patricia Cronin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_(magazine)" title="Sculpture (magazine)">Sculpture</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/International_Sculpture_Center" title="International Sculpture Center">International Sculpture Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001223724/https://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag03/janfeb03/cronin/cronin.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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US GPO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Punch+Card+Tabulation+in+the+Bureau+of+the+Census%3A+1890-1940&rft.pub=US+GPO&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Truesdell&rft.aufirst=Leon+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelling,_E.1887" class="citation book cs1">Selling, E. (1887). <i>Eine neue Rechenmaschine</i>. 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Rochester, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933360-42-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933360-42-3"><bdi>978-1-933360-42-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bentons%3A+How+an+American+Father+and+Son+Changed+the+Printing+Industry&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-933360-42-3&rft.au=Cost%2C+Patricia.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantograph" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linotype2022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linotype2022_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinotype2022" class="citation web cs1">Linotype (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linotype.com/2382/linn-boyd-benton.html">"Font Designer-Linn Boyd Benton"</a>. <i>www.linotype.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linotype.com&rft.atitle=Font+Designer-Linn+Boyd+Benton&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Linotype&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linotype.com%2F2382%2Flinn-boyd-benton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APantograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantograph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pantographs_(instrument)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pantographs (instrument)">Pantographs (instrument)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124851/http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/geo/panta/panta.html">Pantograph Java applet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pantograph.html">Pantograph</a> at mathworld.wolfram.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peter.com.au/articles/pantograph.html">How to build a pantograph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rostek-uk.com/html/building_maintenance_units.html">Pantograph Cradle used in Building Facade Access 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