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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-組成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#組成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>組成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-組成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地質活動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地質活動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>地質活動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地質活動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地球上的水" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地球上的水"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>地球上的水</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地球上的水-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大氣，氣候和天氣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大氣，氣候和天氣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>大氣，氣候和天氣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大氣，氣候和天氣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-全球氣候變暖的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#全球氣候變暖的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>全球氣候變暖的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-全球氣候變暖的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生命與生物圈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生命與生物圈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>生命與生物圈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生命與生物圈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生態系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生態系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>生態系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生態系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物群落" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物群落"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>生物群落</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物群落-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物地質化學循環" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物地質化學循環"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>生物地質化學循環</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物地質化學循環-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">自然环境</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。107种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliyokan_no_pala" title="Taliyokan no pala – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Taliyokan no pala" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambient" title="Medio ambient – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medio ambient" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesceaftes_ymbhwyrft" title="Gesceaftes ymbhwyrft – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gesceaftes ymbhwyrft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيئة طبيعية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيئة طبيعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ftraf_m%C3%BChit" title="Ətraf mühit – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ətraf mühit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="دوغال چئوره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغال چئوره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99-%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тирә-яҡ мөхит – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тирә-яҡ мөхит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_na_kapalibotan" title="Natural na kapalibotan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Natural na kapalibotan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Навакольнае асяроддзе – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навакольнае асяроддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Околна среда – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Околна среда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="རང་བྱུང་ཁོར་ཡུག – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རང་བྱུང་ཁོར་ཡུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodno_okru%C5%BEenje" title="Prirodno okruženje – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prirodno okruženje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medi_ambient" title="Medi ambient – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medi ambient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalikopan" title="Kalikopan – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalikopan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ژینگەی سروشتی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینگەی سروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambienti" title="Ambienti – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ambienti" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Тавралăх – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тавралăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgylchedd" title="Amgylchedd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amgylchedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" title="Miljø – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miljø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BCrliche_Umwelt" title="Natürliche Umwelt – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natürliche Umwelt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandad_posorili" title="Sandad posorili – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sandad posorili" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Φυσικό περιβάλλον – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικό περιβάλλον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Natural environment" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio" title="Medio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Medio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambiente_natural" title="Medio ambiente natural – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medio ambiente natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskkond_(%C3%B6koloogia)" title="Keskkond (ökoloogia) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskkond (ökoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingurumen" title="Ingurumen – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingurumen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="محیط زیست – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محیط زیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnonymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6" title="Luonnonympäristö – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnonympäristö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement" title="Environnement – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Environnement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpeallacht" title="Timpeallacht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timpeallacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente" title="Ambiente – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ambiente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="زیویشر – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زیویشر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoha_renda" title="Tekoha renda – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoha renda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_okoli%C5%A1" title="Prirodni okoliš – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prirodni okoliš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anviw%C3%B2nman" title="Anviwònman – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anviwònman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rnyezet_(term%C3%A9szet)" title="Környezet (természet) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Környezet (természet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Շրջակա միջավայր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրջակա միջավայր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan_hidup" title="Lingkungan hidup – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lingkungan hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1tt%C3%BArulegt_umhverfi" title="Náttúrulegt umhverfi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Náttúrulegt umhverfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente_(biologia)" title="Ambiente (biologia) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ambiente (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然環境" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupengan_alam" title="Kupengan alam – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kupengan alam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="ბუნებრივი გარემო – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნებრივი გარემო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korogocho_ya_nd%C5%A9ire" title="Korogocho ya ndũire – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Korogocho ya ndũire" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Қоршаған орта – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоршаған орта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD" title="자연 환경 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연 환경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%97%D9%84" title="ماحوٗل – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماحوٗل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEngeha_xwezay%C3%AE" title="Jîngeha xwezayî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jîngeha xwezayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumiecta_naturalia" title="Circumiecta naturalia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circumiecta naturalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bmwelt" title="Ëmwelt – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ëmwelt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieu" title="Milieu – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Milieu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1" title="ສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamtin%C4%97_aplinka" title="Gamtinė aplinka – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamtinė aplinka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apleice" title="Apleice – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Apleice" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabisk%C4%81_vide" title="Dabiskā vide – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabiskā vide" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontolo_iainana" title="Tontolo iainana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tontolo iainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Животна средина – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животна средина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_sekitar" title="Alam sekitar – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam sekitar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambjent_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Ambjent (bijoloġija) – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ambjent (bijoloġija)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زیوشپیرا – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زیوشپیرا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurlijke_omgeving" title="Natuurlijke omgeving – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurlijke omgeving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" title="Miljø – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Miljø" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturmilj%C3%B8" title="Naturmiljø – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturmiljø" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environament" title="Environament – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Environament" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambiente_natural" title="Medio ambiente natural – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Medio ambiente natural" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arodowisko_przyrodnicze" title="Środowisko przyrodnicze – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Środowisko przyrodnicze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="طبیعي چاپېریال – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبیعي چاپېریال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meio_ambiente" title="Meio ambiente – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meio ambiente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyuriq_pacha" title="Muyuriq pacha – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muyuriq pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediu" title="Mediu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mediu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Окружающая среда – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Окружающая среда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibidukikije" title="Ibidukikije – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibidukikije" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente" title="Ambiente – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ambiente" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambienti_(spazziu)" title="Ambienti (spazziu) – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ambienti (spazziu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="قدرتي ماحول – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قدرتي ماحول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_okoli%C5%A1" title="Prirodni okoliš – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prirodni okoliš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වභාවික පරිසරය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වභාවික පරිසරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Natural environment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%A9_prostredie" title="Životné prostredie – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Životné prostredie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naravno_okolje" title="Naravno okolje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naravno okolje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjedisi_natyror" title="Mjedisi natyror – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjedisi natyror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Животна средина – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животна средина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan_hirup" title="Lingkungan hirup – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lingkungan hirup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B6_(omgivning)" title="Miljö (omgivning) – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miljö (omgivning)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazingira_ya_asili" title="Mazingira ya asili – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mazingira ya asili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="పర్యావరణం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్యావరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="สิ่งแวดล้อมทางธรรมชาติ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งแวดล้อมทางธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likas_na_kapaligiran" title="Likas na kapaligiran – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Likas na kapaligiran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_%C3%A7evre" title="Doğal çevre – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal çevre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99-%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Әйләнә-тирә мохит – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әйләнә-тирә мохит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C9%94de%C9%9B_Mu_Nno%C9%94ma_A_Atwa_Y%C9%9Bn_Ho_Ahyia_(Natural_Environment)" title="Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment) – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Довкілля – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довкілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="قدرتی ماحول – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدرتی ماحول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrof_muhit" title="Atrof muhit – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atrof muhit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Môi trường tự nhiên – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Môi trường tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然环境" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="סביבה – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סביבה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n_kho%C3%A2n-k%C3%A9ng" title="Chū-jiân khoân-kéng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-jiân khoân-kéng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自然環境" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43619#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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.ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" class="extiw" title="en:Natural environment">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2017年2月4日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopetoun_falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/220px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/330px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/440px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="土地管理">土地管理</a>政策被制定保存<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍普頓（页面不存在）">霍普頓</a>瀑布的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>特性，同时有充裕的遊客訪問。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/220px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/330px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/440px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7432" data-file-height="4168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="撒哈拉大沙漠">撒哈拉大沙漠</a>的衛星圖像，它是世界上最大的炎熱的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" title="沙漠">沙漠</a>，和在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="南極洲">南極洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="北极地区">北極地区</a>之後的第三大沙漠。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>自然环境</b>指<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>或一些区域上一切<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>和非生命的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="事物">事物</a>以<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>的状态呈现。這是一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="環境">環境</a>涵蓋了所有生物之間的相互作用<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自然環境可分為幾個主要組成部分： </p> <ul><li>完整的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F" title="生態區域">生態</a>單位，是指沒有受到人為大規模干擾下自我運作的自然<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a>，包括所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">岩石</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣">大氣</a>，和在其範圍內發生的自然現象。</li> <li>不受人類活動影響的普遍的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="自然資源">自然資源</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>現象，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="能源">能源</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a>性。</li></ul> <p><b>自然環境</b>是對比<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%88%90%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="建成環境">建成環境</a>，建成環境當中包括區域和組件受人類的強烈影響。一個地理區域被认為是一個自然的環境。 </p><p>發現完全自然的環境是困難的，并且自然度有連續的變化是常見的，有從一個極端的0％的自然度，到另一极端理想的100％的純自然度。更確切地說，我們能夠考慮環境的不同方面或組成部分，看到它們的自然度並不均勻。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>例如，如果我們以農田为例，並考慮其<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物">礦物</a>學成分和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="土壤结构">土壤結構</a>，我們會發現，而前者是非常相似的未受干擾的林地土壤，但其結構是相當的不同。 </p><p><b>自然環境</b>是經常被用來作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B2%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="棲息地">棲息地</a>的同義字。例如，當我們說<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%A0%B8%E9%B9%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="長頸鹿">長頸鹿</a>的自然環境是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="熱帶草原">熱帶稀樹草原</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="組成"><span id=".E7.B5.84.E6.88.90"></span>組成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：組成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordens_inre-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/220px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/330px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jordens_inre-numbers.svg/440px-Jordens_inre-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>的層狀結構。（1）內核;（2）外核;（3）下地幔;（4）上地幔;（5）岩石圈;（6）地殼</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcano_q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/220px-Volcano_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/330px-Volcano_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/440px-Volcano_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>裂縫和<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%B2%A9" title="熔岩">熔岩</a>通道。</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a></div> <p>地球科學普遍認同有4个領域，岩石圈，水圈，大氣，生物圈，對應於岩石，水，空氣和生命。 </p> <dl><dd>構成及影響自然环境的物质种类很多。主要有空氣、水、植物、動物、土壤、岩石礦物、太阳辐射等。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地質活動"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E8.B3.AA.E6.B4.BB.E5.8B.95"></span>地質活動</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：地質活動"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></div> <p>地質的表面，或稱岩石圈、地殼，是地球表面最外層的固體。主要是由岩漿（熔化的岩石）冷卻凝固而成的堅硬石塊。其下方又分為地函、地核兩大部分，地函位於地殼之下、地核之上，和地殼以莫氏不連續面為界，地函與地核間則為古氏不連續面。地函又分為上部地函、過渡帶及下部地函，上部地函包含岩石圈及軟流圈，一般認為軟流圈的形成是由於大量放射性元素衰變加熱所形成，此部分使得外層岩石圈緩慢的移動，為板塊構造學說的重要部分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地球上的水"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.83.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E6.B0.B4"></span>地球上的水</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：地球上的水"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>海洋</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海洋</a>是水圈的成員之一，也是鹽水體的主要來源。地表將近71%是由海洋所覆蓋（面積約362萬平方千米），是一個連續的水體，通常被分為數個主要的洋以及較小的海。超過一半以上的地區水深超過3000公尺（約9800英尺）深。幾乎所有的海水的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD%E5%BA%A6" title="鹽度">鹽度</a>濃度落在30~38ppt這個範圍，而洋的鹽度平均約為千分之三十五左右（35ppt；3.5%）。各大洋雖然有獨立的名稱，實際上是為一個整體，這些相連的鹽水體通常被視為世界洋或全球洋(World Ocean or global ocean)。主要的海洋有（由大至小排序）：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋">大西洋</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋">南大洋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="北冰洋">北冰洋</a>。 </p><p><b>河川</b> </p><p>河川是一個天然的水道，通常為淡水，流向海洋、湖泊或另一條河川。在少數的情況下，河川在進入另一個水體之前，會先流入地面或完全蒸發。小河流又被稱為溪流、小溪或小河（stream, creek and brook）。河川是水文循環的一個部分，可以收集地表徑流水；補充地下水及泉水；將儲存型態為冰川和積雪的水資源釋出至環境中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="大氣，氣候和天氣"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E6.B0.A3.EF.BC.8C.E6.B0.A3.E5.80.99.E5.92.8C.E5.A4.A9.E6.B0.A3"></span>大氣，氣候和天氣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：大氣，氣候和天氣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>地球上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="大气层">大氣層</a>是維持生態系統運作的一個重要因素，這層壟罩地球的薄薄的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">氣體</a>是由重力所吸引聚集而成。乾燥空氣是由78%的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A3" title="氮氣">氮氣</a>、21%的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧氣</a>及1%的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬氣</a>及惰性氣體，如二氧化碳所組成。其它氣體通常被稱為微量氣體，其中有溫室氣體，如水蒸氣、二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮、臭氧。過濾後的空氣有其它微量化學物質的蹤跡。在未過濾的空氣中，存在著許多微量的自然物質，包括灰塵，花粉和孢子，浪花，火山灰和流星。各種化學物質也可能存在於空氣中，如氯（元素或化合物）、氟化合物、元素汞、二氧化硫和硫的化合物如SO<sub>2</sub>。地球大氣的臭氧層能夠減少紫外線(UV)輻射到達地球表面的量，保護地表上生物的DNA不被紫外線損壞。大氣層還有調節氣溫的功能，在晚間可以保存熱量，減少每日極端溫度的產生。 </p><p><b>主要大氣層</b> </p><p>地球的大氣層可被分為五個部分，會隨著海拔的改變而有溫度上的增加或減少。從最高到最低為： </p> <ul><li>外氣層：大氣層的最外層，主要由氫氣及氦氣組成。</li> <li>游離層：又稱增溫層、電離層，游離層的頂部是外氣層的底部，其頂部離地面約800公里，國際太空站也在此層。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E5%B1%82" title="中间层">中間層</a>：又稱中氣層，高度約在50到85公里處，氣溫隨高度上升而下降。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="平流层">平流層</a>：又稱同溫層，頂端距地表約50公里，底端距地表約10公里，此層幾乎沒有上下對流，又因為含有大量臭氧，也被稱為臭氧層。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="对流层">對流層</a>：最接近地面的大氣層，有旺盛的對流作用，天氣現象發生在此層，對流層溫度隨高度而降低，平均每上升100公尺，溫度下降約0.6度。</li></ul> <p><b>氣候</b> </p><p>氣候包括溫度，濕度，氣壓，風力，降水量，大氣粒子數及眾多其他氣象要素在很長時期及特定區域內的統計數據。與氣候相比，天氣是指這些氣象要素在近兩周內的實時狀態。氣候可根據不同氣象要素的平均範圍和特殊範圍進行分類，最常採用的變數為溫度和降水量。其中最常使用Koppen氣候分類系統。 </p><p><b>天氣</b> </p><p>天氣是指在特定時間內、特定大氣區域內的所有現象。多數的天氣現象發生在對流層。天氣一般是指一天內的溫度及降水活動，而氣候是指長時間內的平均大氣狀況。在無特別指明的情況下，天氣通常指的是地球上的天氣。天氣的產生是因為地區之間密度（溫度和濕度）的不同所造成的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="全球氣候變暖的影響"><span id=".E5.85.A8.E7.90.83.E6.B0.A3.E5.80.99.E8.AE.8A.E6.9A.96.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>全球氣候變暖的影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：全球氣候變暖的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生命與生物圈"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.91.BD.E8.88.87.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.9C.88"></span>生命與生物圈</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：生命與生物圈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生態系統"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.85.8B.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>生態系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：生態系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="生態系統">生態系統</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物群落"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E7.BE.A4.E8.90.BD"></span>生物群落</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：生物群落"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>生物聚落的概念類似於<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="生態系統">生態系統</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生態學">生態學</a>上氣候條件相似，並以氣候和地理條件來劃分區域，如植物聚落、動物聚落及土壤生物聚落。生物群落可依照下列的特徵來分類，如植物構成（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91" title="树">樹木</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="灌木">灌木</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="草本植物">草</a>），葉型（如闊葉林和針葉），株距（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林">森林</a>、林地、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="草原">草原</a>），和氣候。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物地質化學循環"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.9C.B0.E8.B3.AA.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E5.BE.AA.E7.92.B0"></span>生物地質化學循環</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：生物地質化學循環"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/220px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/330px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/440px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="葉綠體">葉綠體</a>進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>，存在于植物細胞和其他真核生物。These are Chloroplasts visible in the cells of <i>Plagiomnium affine</i> — Many-fruited Thyme-moss.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="生物地質化學循環">生物地質化學循環</a></div> <p>生物地质化学循环（Biogeochemical Cycle，又称作生态系统的物质循环）在生态学上指的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化学元素</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>在生态系统中划分的生物群落和无机环境之间相互循环的过程。这使得相关的元素得以循环，虽然实际上在某些循环中化学元素被长期积聚在同一个地方而不发生移动。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="氮循环">氮循環</a>是指自然界中氮與含氮化合物之間的轉化作用，可分為五大作用，分別為同化作用、氨化作用、硝化作用、脫硝作用及固氮作用。</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="水循环">水循環</a>是指水在地球表面上方及下方連續的移動狀態。在水循環內，水可經由固體、液體、氣體等不同型態存在於不同的地區。雖然隨著時間的推移，地球上的水已達到穩定的平衡狀態，個別的水分子仍然可以自由的移動。</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳循環">碳循環</a>是指地球上生物圈、土壤圈、岩石圈、水圈和大氣之間的碳交換現象。</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="氧循環">氧循環</a>是指氧在其三大貯存庫（大氣、生物圈和岩石圈）中的移動情形，氧循環主要透過光合作用來推動。</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="磷循环">磷循環</a>是指磷在岩石圈、水圈和生物圈的移動，磷及其化合物通常是以固體的形式存在。</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83131740">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>生物地質化學循環</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="氮循環"><img alt="Diagram of the nitrogen cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/110px-Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/165px-Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/220px-Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="氮循環">氮循環</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cycle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="水循環"><img alt="Diagram of the water cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/110px-Water_cycle.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/165px-Water_cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/220px-Water_cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="水循环">水循環</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="碳循環"><img alt="Diagram of the carbon cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/110px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/165px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/220px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳循環">碳循環</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="氧循環"><img alt="Diagram of the oxygen cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oxygen_Cycle.jpg/110px-Oxygen_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oxygen_Cycle.jpg/165px-Oxygen_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oxygen_Cycle.jpg/220px-Oxygen_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="氧循環">氧循環</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoscycle-EPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="磷循環"><img alt="Diagram of the phosphorus cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Phoscycle-EPA.jpg/110px-Phoscycle-EPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Phoscycle-EPA.jpg/165px-Phoscycle-EPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Phoscycle-EPA.jpg/220px-Phoscycle-EPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="磷循环">磷循環</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. Meanings of Environmental Terms. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1997, <b>26</b> (3): 581–589. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq1997.00472425002600030002x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&rft.atitle=Meanings+of+Environmental+Terms&rft.au=Ambrose%2C+S.+H.&rft.au=Bassett%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Bowen%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Crummey%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Isaacson%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.+N.&rft.au=Lamb%2C+P.&rft.au=Saul%2C+M.&rft.au=Winter-Nelson%2C+A.+E.&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Quality&rft.pages=581-589&rft.volume=26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fjeq1997.00472425002600030002x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Symons, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofhuman00dona">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1979: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofhuman00dona/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-502535-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-502535-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-502535-0</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.aulast=Symons&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-502535-0&rft.pages=31&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofhuman00dona&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol>    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