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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Royal Cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodice_III" title="Laodice III – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Laodice III" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_III" title="Лаадыка III – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаадыка III" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_III" title="Лаодика III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лаодика III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodice_III" title="Laodice III – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laodice III" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodike_3." title="Laodike 3. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laodike 3." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodike_(Gattin_des_Antiochos_III.)" title="Laodike (Gattin des Antiochos III.) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laodike (Gattin des Antiochos III.)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λαοδίκη Γ΄ της Συρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαοδίκη Γ΄ της Συρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B3dice_III" title="Laódice III – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laódice III" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodize_III.a" title="Laodize III.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laodize III.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodic%C3%A9_III" title="Laodicé III – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laodicé III" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodike_(putri_Mithridates_II)" title="Laodike (putri Mithridates II) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laodike (putri Mithridates II)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodice_III" title="Laodice III – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laodice III" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לאודיקה השלישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאודיקה השלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B13%E4%B8%96" title="ラオディケ3世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラオディケ3世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodike_III" title="Laodike III – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Laodike III" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodika_III" title="Laodika III – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laodika III" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B3dice_III" title="Laódice III – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laódice III" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_III" title="Лаодика III – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаодика III" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodika_III" title="Laodika III – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laodika III" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodike_III" title="Laodike III – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laodike III" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodike_III" title="Laodike III – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laodike III" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen consort of the Seleucid Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Laodice III</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 222 BC – c. 191 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 222 BC (ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma" title="Seleucia at the Zeugma">Zeugma</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">after 176 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Queen">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodice_IV" title="Laodice IV">Laodice IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochis_(daughter_of_Antiochus_the_Great)" title="Antiochis (daughter of Antiochus the Great)">Antiochis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II of Pontus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laodice_(wife_of_Mithridates_II_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (wife of Mithridates II of Pontus)">Laodice</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Laodice III</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Λαοδίκη, <i>Laodikē</i>) also known as Laodika, was a princess of Pontus and a Seleucid queen. She was regent for her first born son, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a>, during the Anabase expedition of her husband, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a>, between 212 and 206 BC. Antiochus III created a royal cult dedicated to her in 193 BC. In 192 BC she was pushed out of political life due to her husband's remarriage. Her last known activities are documented in 177–176 BC and relate to the court of her son, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She was a daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II of Pontus</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Laodice_(wife_of_Mithridates_II_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (wife of Mithridates II of Pontus)">Laodice</a>. Her sister was <a href="/wiki/Laodice_of_Pontus" title="Laodice of Pontus">Laodice of Pontus</a> and her brother was <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates III of Pontus">Mithridates III of Pontus</a>. </p><p>Laodice married Antiochus III around 221 BC in a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma" title="Seleucia at the Zeugma">Zeugma</a> and named queen at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> states that she was promised to Antiochus III as “a virgin and aforenamed as wife to the king”.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that her parents named her ‘Laodice’ in the Seleucid female tradition suggests that her parents intended this marriage from her birth, and named her accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like her sisters, her marriage was part of a diplomatic strategy to strengthen relations between the Seleucids and Pontus. </p><p>Laodice gave birth to her eldest child, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a>, while her husband Antiochus III set out his expedition against <a href="/wiki/Molon" title="Molon">Molon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her marriage, it is believed that Laodice and her children sometimes followed Antiochus during his expeditions throughout his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laodice III bore Antiochus III eight children who were: <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a>, Ardys, a daughter, name unknown, who was engaged to <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laodice_IV" title="Laodice IV">Laodice IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiochis_(daughter_of_Antiochus_the_Great)" title="Antiochis (daughter of Antiochus the Great)">Antiochis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (birth name Mithridates). </p><p>Many inscriptions refer to Laodice as the “sister” or “sister-queen” of Antiochus III, and Laodice often referred to Antiochus as “brother”, despite the fact that the couple were only maternal first cousins.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not an official title, but used for multiple reasons; it played up to attributions of loyalty and devoted like-mindedness of the couple, as well as affirming Laodice's position as a member of the dynasty, and her position as being an equal to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towns could use the term “sister-queen” to further praise Laodice as a faithful consort.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Laodice's position as ‘sister’ to Antiochus mimicked the traditions of the previous <a href="/wiki/Hecatomnids" title="Hecatomnids">Hecatomnid</a> dynasty that ruled Caria during the 4th century BC, integrating the Seleucids into that territory's traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice was also borrowed from the Greek world, were Ptolemy II's marriage to his full sister was likened to the divine union of Zeus and Hera, and started a tradition of representing wives as sisters in the Ptolemaic dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laodice and Antiochus furthered the tradition of brother-sister rulers by arranging the marriage of two of their own children, Antiochus and Laodice, in 195 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 192 BC Antiochus took a second wife, Euboea of Chalcis, which led to Laodice being pushed to the periphery of Antiochus' court.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that Laodice was repudiated by Antiochus in favour of his new wife, but there is no evidence for this. Although Antiochus' second wife did not have the political influence of Laodice, Laodice disappears from the public record until after the death of Antiochus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_power">Political power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency">Regency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 210 BC, Antiochus, the king's eldest son, was made co-ruler with his father, at the age of 10 or 11 years old, in order to keep the throne secure while Antiochus III went on campaign in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time Laodice most probably acted as regent. A clay seal impression is thought to show Antiochus the son in the foreground, with Laodice in the background, suggesting that she overtly displayed her power as ruler during her regency.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal cult that Antiochus III initiated in 195 BC may have been a way for Antiochus to acknowledge Laodice for her good management of the kingdom during his absences.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefactor">Benefactor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benefactor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During and after her regency, Laodice continued to assert her political power by acting as a benefactor, or philanthropist. Philanthropic action was typical of Hellenistic queens as a way to further their power and assert their position, particularly in the religious sphere, but Laodice was unusually active and her donations addressed political problems and targeted depopulation and poverty by focusing on food and marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laodice's donations are evidenced in inscriptions of her honours, and her letters to the towns. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, Antiochus had imposed a tax of 5%, attached a billeted garrison and confiscated the gymnasium after the citizens of Sardis' resistance to him in 214 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 213 BC, these punishments were greatly lessened, with a 3-year tax exemption, the donation of wood from the royal forest, the restoration of the gymnasium and a donation of 8000 litres of oil for the youths at the gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians suggest that these actions may have been thanks to the influence of Laodice, as she is particularly honoured in the inscriptions following the donations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a> in 203 BC, Laodice was thanked for helping the city, alongside her husband. The similarity of honours accorded to Laodice at Teos and at Iasos suggest that she acted as a benefactor in a similar manner.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasos</a>, the city had suffered the loss of its traditional laws, its freedom, depopulation and poverty as well as an earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 196 BC Laodice donated 10000 <a href="/wiki/Medimnos" title="Medimnos">medimnus</a> of wheat, the profits of which were to be used to ensure each woman getting married a dowry of three hundred Antiochian <i>drachmai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funding for this came from land that belonged to Laodice, but her use of Strouthiôn, a royal administrator, suggests she did this acting as part of the royal administration rather than as a separate body.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_Honors">Civic Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civic Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For her help, Laodice received multiple honours, which often focused on honouring her symbolically as a mother.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not always clear if these honors were given before or after her benefaction of the city. The cities could have given them after in order to honour and thank the queen (probable in Sardis) or it could have been given before, in order to encourage the queen to act generously towards the city (possible in Teos).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The giving of honours was the point of depart for a diplomatic exchange, in which the queen would be obliged by laws of exchange to accept the honours and act as a sort of patron to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she received more honours, the cities honoured her in increasingly elaborate manners.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sardis, an altar was made and dedicated to Laodice, and there was an annual festival with a sacrifice for the queen, king and children. These festivities were related to Zeus.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Teos, statues were built of both the king and the queen in the temple of Dionysos. There were sacrifices made to the king and queen during an annual celebration, <i>Antiocheia Kai Laodikeia</i>, with a banquet dedicated to the royal couple.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign residents were also expected to hold their own sacrifice at home.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a></i> was built in the port with a fountain dedicated to Laodice, the water of which was to be used for civic sacrifices, funeral rituals, and bathwater for brides to be.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to draw the water, one would need to dress all in white and wear a crown.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The honours were meant to be “for the rest of time” but stopped after 189 BC when Antiochus was defeated by the Romans leading to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Apamea" title="Treaty of Apamea">Treaty of Apamea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iasos Laodice was linked to <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, who represented sex, maternity and marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a religious festival on the birthday of the queen, in the month of Aphrodision, during which there would be a procession of the betrothed, dressed in white.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annually, a virgin girl was elected from a high status family, and named priestess of Laodice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, these honours included funds that were dedicated to female education, connecting Laodice with education and the introduction of female citizens into public life.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These honours were to continue for 10 years, but ceased after 189 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Cult">Royal Cult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Royal Cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 192 BC, more than 10 years after his return from conquest, Antiochus III declared a cult dedicated to Laodice. He had already created a cult for himself in 209 BC, and this new cult was envisioned as a parallel to his own cult, with priestesses which mirrored his priests.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the existence of previous honours helped in the development of the royal cult, they could not compete with the glamour of royal administrative festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A royal cult was modelled on the worship of the gods, with a sacrifice, a procession of citizens wearing wreaths and their best clothes, and then competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A priestess of the cult of Laodice was named in each city. In Nehavend, Laodice, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice III was named the priestess of the cult of Laodice III, in order to help introduce her into her public role, and advance her position as consort and co-ruler with their son Antiochus.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Caria, Berenice, of the Telmessus dynasty was named high priestess in order to further relations between the Seleucids and local dynasties, and unify the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other priestesses also came primarily from local dynasties and the royal family, though some historians theorise that the use of local dynasties may have been somewhat due to the fact that most Seleucid women were not available to be high priestesses, as they were involved in state marriages to neighbouring kings.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the cult came quite a bit later than Laodice's regency, Antiochus claimed he started the cult in order to celebrate the virtue of Laodice and her piety.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led historians to interpret the cult as a way of recognising Laodice for her management of the kingdom during the absence of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative view is that the cult was started at a moment of weakness in the Seleucid Empire, and was useful in promoting unity throughout the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than include the cult in legal acts, or writing to local governors (satraps) to spread the cult, Antiochus III wrote directly to the satraps to spread the cult, such as Anaximbrotos in Phrygia and Menedemos in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have interpreted this as a lack of interest on the part of Antiochus III.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Antiochos’ remarriage, Antiochus ceased his efforts to further the official cult of Laodice.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seleucus IV may have perpetuated further honours related to Laodice by associating her with the goddess Nikephoros-Aphrodite around 177 BCE, due to the relationship of Aphrodite to queens and the appearance of bronzes depicting the goddess around the possible time of Laodice's death.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal children may have been moved to assert the sacredness of Laodice and her position as queen due to the second marriage by Antiochus.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_monarchs" title="List of Syrian monarchs">List of Syrian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline of Syrian history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, A. <i>Femmes en public dans le monde hellénistique</i>, Malesherbes, Sedes, 2002, pg 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Ramsey, “The Queen and the City: Royal Female Intervention and Patronage in Hellenistic Civic Communities,” <i>Gender & History</i>, Vol 23, No. 3, 2011: 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, “The Queen and the City,” 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234;query=chapter%3D%23406;layout=;loc=5.42">v. 43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gauthier, <i>Nouvelles Inscriptions de Sardes II</i>, Hautes études du Monde Gréco-Romain, Droz, Genève, 1989, 65. J. Ma, <i>Antiochos III et les Cités de l’Asie Mineure Occidentale</i>, trad. S. Bardet, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2004, 49, 55. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Beilman, <i>Femmes en public dans le monde hellénistique</i>, Malesherbes, Sedes, 2002, 44. Ramsey, “The Queen and the City,” 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 519, 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Rowlandson, R. Takahashi, “Brother-Sister Marriage and Inheritance Strategies in Greco-Roman Egypt,” <i>Journal of Roman Studies,</i> vol. 99 (2009): 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en public, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519131952/http://www.livius.org/am-ao/antiochus/antiochus_iii.html">"Antiochus III the Great"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/am-ao/antiochus/antiochus_iii.html">the original</a> on 2006-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Antiochus+III+the+Great&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fam-ao%2Fantiochus%2Fantiochus_iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaodice+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, “The Queen and the City,” 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Iossif, C. Lober, “Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros,” <i>L’antiquité classique</i>, Tome 76, 2007 : 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Capdetrey, <i>Le pouvoir séleucide: Territoire, administration, finances d’un royaume hellénistique (312-129 avant J.-C.)</i>, Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2007, 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gauthier, <i>Les Cités Grecques et leurs Bienfaiteurs (Ive-Ier siècle avant J.-C.)</i>, Paris, École Français d’Athènes, 1985, 74. Ramsey, “The Queen and the City,” 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 515. Ma, Antiochos III,49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 515, 516. MA, Antiochos III, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gauthier, Nouvelles Inscriptions, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en public, 162. Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 512, 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en public, 162. Capdetrey, Le pouvoir séleucide, 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma, Antiochos III, 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en Public, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gauthier, Les Cités Grecques, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en Public, 46. Gauthier, Les Cités Grecques, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en public, 46. Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 518, 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsey, "The Queen and the City," 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaniotis, “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers,” in <i>A Companion to the Hellenistic World</i>, ed. A. Erskin, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003: 41. Beilman, Femmes en public, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaniotis, “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers,” 438. Ma, Antiochos III, 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaniotis, “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers,” 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en public, 45, 47. Capdetrey, Le pouvoir séleucide, 324. Ramsey, “The Queen and the City,” 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en public, 45. Capdetrey, Le pouvoir séleucide, 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iossif, Lober, “Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros,” 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gauthier, Nouvelles Inscriptions, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capdetrey, Le pouvoir séleucide, 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capdetrey, Le pouvoir séleucide, 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iossif, Lober, “Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros,” 65. Ma, Antiochos III, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilman, Femmes en public, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iossif, Lober, “Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros,” 76, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iossif, Lober, “Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros,” 83.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Austin, M. “The Seleukids and Asia.” In <i>A Companion to the Hellenistic World</i>, ed. A. Erskin, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing Limited">Blackwell Publishing</a>, 2003: 121-133.</li> <li>Beilman, A. <i>Femmes en public dans le monde hellénistique</i>, Malesherbes, Sedes, 2002.</li> <li>Capdetrey, L. <i>Le pouvoir séleucide: Territoire, administration, finances d’un royaume hellénistique (312-129 avant J.-C.)</i>, Rennes : <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_Rennes" title="Presses Universitaires de Rennes">Presses Universitaires de Rennes</a>, 2007.</li> <li>Chaniotis, A. “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers.” In <i>A Companion to the Hellenistic World</i>, ed. A. Erskin, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing Limited">Blackwell Publishing</a>, 2003: 431-445.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauthier" title="Gauthier">Gauthier</a>, P. <i>Les Cités Grecques et leurs Bienfaiteurs (Ive-Ier siècle avant J.-C.)</i>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/French_School_at_Athens" title="French School at Athens">École Français d’Athènes</a>, 1985.</li> <li>Gauthier, P. <i>Nouvelles Inscriptions de Sardes II</i>, Hautes études du Monde Gréco-Romain, Droz, Genève, 1989.</li> <li>Iossif P., Lober, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2007_num_76_1_2618">“Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros.”</a> <i>L’antiquité classique</i>, Tome 76, 2007 : 63-88.</li> <li>Ma, J. <i>Antiochos III et les Cités de l’Asie Mineure Occidentale</i>, trad. S. Bardet, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Les_Belles_Lettres" title="Les Belles Lettres">Les Belles Lettres</a>, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+1.1"> Histories</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_S._Shuckburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn S. Shuckburgh">Evelyn S. Shuckburgh</a> (translator), London - New York, (1889)</li> <li>Ramsey, G. “The Queen and the City: Royal Female Intervention and Patronage in Hellenistic Civic Communities.” <i>Gender & History</i>, Vol 23, No. 3, 2011: 510-527.</li> <li>Rowlandson, J., Takahashi, R. “Brother-Sister Marriage and Inheritance Strategies in Greco-Roman Egypt.” <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a>,</i> vol. 99 (2009):104-139.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (editor); <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1827.html">"Laodice (4)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060102051334/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1827.html">Archived</a> 2006-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, (1867) (link no longer active)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.livius.org/am-ao/antiochus/antiochus_iii.html">https://www.livius.org/am-ao/antiochus/antiochus_iii.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205125049/http://www.livius.org/am-ao/antiochus/antiochus_iii.html">Archived</a> 2016-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>John D. Grainger, A Seleukid prosopography and gazetteer, BRILL, 1997</li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Laodice III </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> Unknown</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> c. 176 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Consort of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a>. <small> Last known:<a href="/wiki/Laodice_II" title="Laodice II">Laodice II</a></small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Queen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Queen_Consort_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Consort of Syria">Queen Consort of Syria</a>)</small> </b><br />c. 222 BC – c. 191 BC<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> <small>(222–187 BC)</small></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Euboea</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&oldid=1268512669">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laodice_III&oldid=1268512669</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_BC_women_regents" title="Category:3rd-century BC women regents">3rd-century BC women regents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seleucid_royal_consorts" title="Category:Seleucid royal consorts">Seleucid royal consorts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_princesses" title="Category:Ancient Greek princesses">Ancient Greek princesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_people_of_Greek_descent" title="Category:Iranian people of Greek descent">Iranian people of Greek descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_people_of_Iranian_descent" title="Category:Greek people of Iranian descent">Greek people of Iranian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_female_monarchs" title="Category:Deified female monarchs">Deified female monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Category:Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_BC_regents" title="Category:3rd-century BC regents">3rd-century BC regents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_kings" title="Category:Daughters of kings">Daughters of kings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 January 2025, at 04:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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