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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Kimberlin Brain</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1931-05-07</span>)</span>7 May 1931<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisbury, Rhodesia">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 June 2023<span style="display:none">(2023-06-07)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Irene,_Gauteng" title="Irene, Gauteng">Irene, Gauteng</a>, South Africa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">South African</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">C. K. Brain<br />Bob Brain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School" title="Pretoria Boys High School">Pretoria Boys High School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Palaeontology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Kimberlin Brain</b> (7 May 1931 – 6 June 2023), also known as <b>C. K. "Bob" Brain</b>, was a South African <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> who studied and taught African cave <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">taphonomy</a> for more than fifty years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brain was born in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisbury, Rhodesia">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> on 7 May 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-cbrain_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbrain-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1965 to 1991, Brain directed the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Museum">Transvaal Museum</a>, which became one of the most scientifically productive institutions of its kind in Africa during his tenure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During his years at the museum, Brain actively pursued his own research, which was A-rated by the Foundation for Research Development (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Foundation of South Africa">National Research Foundation of South Africa</a>) from the inception of its evaluation system in 1984 until his retirement. </p><p>Brain planned and scripted the displays in the museum's "Life’s Genesis I" and "Life's Genesis 2" halls, which have been seen by several million visitors. </p><p>Very early in Brain's career, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ardrey" title="Robert Ardrey">Robert Ardrey</a> wrote of him: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> [In 1958] I was spending a night in a South African village with a party of scientists. One in the party was Dr. C. K. Brain, an amazing young man from the Transvaal Museum.<br /><br /> Brain is a scientist's scientist, and I know of none so young on any continent who has acquired from achievements so varied a reputation quite so wide. He is a Rhodesian, from a family related to that of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Marais" title="Eugène Marais">Eugène Marais</a>. He has a long, distinguished face and his mode of expression, unlike my own, is as a rule one of long, distinguished silences. Brain was twenty-seven at the time, and had taken his doctorate in geology.<br /><br /> He had followed this with three fruitful years in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, in which time he had furnished palaeontology with its only comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">geological survey</a> of all five <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">australopithecine</a> sites; had developed techniques of <a href="/wiki/Dating_methodology_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating methodology (archaeology)">ancient dating</a> never thought of before by anyone; and with his uncovering of primitive stone <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">handaxes</a> at Sterkfontein had made a discovery ranked by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Oakley" title="Kenneth Oakley">Dr. Kenneth P. Oakley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> as one of the anthropological milestones of the century." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ardrey" title="Robert Ardrey">Robert Ardrey</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/African_Genesis" title="African Genesis">African Genesis</a></i>, p. 69, 1961.      </cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although Brain retired in 1996, he was active as <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a> Emeritus at the Transvaal Museum, an Honorary Professor of Zoology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>, an active <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a> Associate at the <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Price_Institute_for_Palaeontological_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research">Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research</a>, and Chief Scientific Advisor to the Palaeo-Anthropology Scientific Trust (PAST). He was an active researcher of fossils of the earliest animals and was co-ordinating a renewed excavation initiative at the <a href="/wiki/Swartkrans" title="Swartkrans">Swartkrans</a> Cave. He was a consulting editor for the <i>Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums.</i><sup id="cite_ref-EasternCapeMuseums_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EasternCapeMuseums-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2006 Lifetime Achiever tribute to Brain, the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Foundation of South Africa">National Research Foundation of South Africa</a> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Dr Brain was also personally involved and supervised a 30-year-long excavation of the Swartkrans Cave in the <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a> Valley (now the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a>). This cave was the first to demonstrate the coexistence of robust ape men with early humans and produced more remains of robust ape men (<a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a>) than any other site in the world.<br /><br /> His objective was to obtain a large and meticulously documented sample of <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> and cultural objects from the complex <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> units in the cave and to do <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">taphonomic</a> interpretations on these, throwing light on how the animals (including the <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a>) lived and died. His excavation produced a sample of 240,000 fossils from a very diverse <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. These emphasise the importance of <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> to the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence#Human_intelligence" title="Intelligence">human intelligence</a> and provided evidence for the earliest controlled use of <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> by humans nearly one million years ago.<br /><br /> For nearly ten years Dr Brain has been looking for evidence of the oldest known predators among fossils of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> from 700 million year old <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. His finds show how the predatory process started in the animal <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a>." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Foundation of South Africa">National Research Foundation of South Africa</a>, Newsletter.<i><sup id="cite_ref-Lifetime_award_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lifetime_award-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>      </i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Brain was invited participant at over thirty international conferences and symposia worldwide. He and his wife had four children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He died on 8 June 2023, at the age of 92.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A species of legless lizard, <i><a href="/wiki/Typhlosaurus_braini" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhlosaurus braini">Typhlosaurus braini</a></i>, is named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School" title="Pretoria Boys High School">Pretoria Boys High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> — <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>, 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-cbrain_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbrain-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> — University of the Witwatersrand, 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-cbrain_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbrain-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">D.Sc.</a> — University of the Witwatersrand, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-cbrain_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbrain-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Four Honorary Doctorates:</li></ul> <dl><dd>1999: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a></dd> <dd>1999: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a></dd> <dd>1993: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a></dd> <dd>1991: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>2006: <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Foundation of South Africa">National Research Foundation of South Africa</a> (NRF) President's Lifetime Achiever award.<sup id="cite_ref-Lifetime_award_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lifetime_award-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997: South Africa Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science">Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science</a></li> <li>1992: Achievement Award of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonfoundation.co.za/">Claude Harris Leon Foundation</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John F. W. Herschel</a> Medal of the Royal Society of South Africa</li> <li>1987: Senior Captain Scott Memorial Medal of the South African Biological Society</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_scientific_societies">Scholarly scientific societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scholarly scientific societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to other active memberships, Brain was a founding member of four societies: </p> <ul><li>Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa</li> <li>South African Archaeological Society</li> <li>South African Society for <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> Research</li> <li>Zoological Society of Southern Africa <ul><li>1974–75: President</li> <li>1969–73: Vice President</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nearly two hundred, including several books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Swartkrans: A Cave’s Chronicle of Early Man." (ed.) 2nd Edition. Transvaal Museum Monograph No. 8, 1–295, 2005.</li> <li>"Fifty years of fun with fossils: some cave taphonomy-related ideas and concepts that emerged between 1953 and 2003." In <i>African Taphonomy: A Tribute to the Career of C.K. "Bob" Brain.</i> Edited by Travis Pickering, Katherine Schick, and Nicholas Toth, Center for Research into the Anthropological Foundations of Technology (CRAFT Center), <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_Institute" title="Stone Age Institute">Stone Age Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University Bloomington</a>, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/284158_brain.html">Raymond Dart and our African origins.</a> In <i>A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Garwin" title="Laura Garwin">Laura Garwin</a> and Tim Lincoln, editors. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 2003. Hardcover: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-28413-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-28413-1">0-226-28413-1</a>. Paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-28415-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-28415-8">0-226-28415-8</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_or_the_Hunted%3F:_An_Introduction_to_African_Cave_Taphonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy">The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy</a>.</i> C.K. Brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-07090-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-07090-5">0-226-07090-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07090-2">978-0-226-07090-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209122606/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/257.ctl">Press page.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_journals">Scientific journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(This list is very incomplete.) </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959Sci...129..957B">The Transvaal Ape-Man-Bearing Cave Deposits: An overview of the sites at Sterkfontein, Kromdraai, Swartkrans and Makapan.</a> <i>Transvaal Museum Memoir</i> No. 11, 1958. (Dr. Brain's PhD thesis.) <ul><li>Reviewed by F. Clark Howell in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, Volume 129, Issue 3354, p. 957. April 1959.</li> <li>Republished in book form by "Netherlands Repro" (?)</li></ul></li> <li>"The Narrative Concept in Museum Display." <i>South African Museums Association Bulletin</i> 1978.</li> <li>"Visitor Reaction to the Life's Genesis Display." <i>South African Museums Association Bulletin</i> 1979.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cbrain-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbrain_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbrain_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbrain_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbrain_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818023814/http://www.whoswho.co.za/charles-brain-2762">"Charles Brain"</a>. <i>whoswho.co.za</i>. Who's Who – Southern Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whoswho.co.za/charles-brain-2762">the original</a> on 18 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whoswho.co.za&rft.atitle=Charles+Brain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhoswho.co.za%2Fcharles-brain-2762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kimberlin+Brain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EasternCapeMuseums-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EasternCapeMuseums_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes_University" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110709160927/http://www.ru.ac.za/affiliates/am/annals/">"Consulting Editors"</a>. <i>Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.ac.za/affiliates/am/annals/">the original</a> on 9 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Eastern+Cape+Museums&rft.atitle=Consulting+Editors&rft.au=Rhodes+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.ac.za%2Faffiliates%2Fam%2Fannals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kimberlin+Brain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lifetime_award-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lifetime_award_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lifetime_award_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070617014054/http://www.nrf.ac.za/publications/news%40NRF/JunJul06.pdf">"Top award for lifetime achiever– google search for "Top award for lifetime achiever" will find html version"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Newsletter of the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Foundation of South Africa">National Research Foundation of South Africa</a> No 5, June/July 2006</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrf.ac.za/publications/news@nrf/JunJul06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsletter+of+the+National+Research+Foundation+of+South+Africa+No+5%2C+June%2FJuly+2006&rft.atitle=Top+award+for+lifetime+achiever%E2%80%93+google+search+for+%22Top+award+for+lifetime+achiever%22+will+find+html+version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrf.ac.za%2Fpublications%2Fnews%40nrf%2FJunJul06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kimberlin+Brain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmillie2023" class="citation web cs1">Smillie, Shaun (8 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-06-08-renowned-south-african-palaeontologist-bob-brain-dies-at-92/">"OBITUARY: Renowned South African palaeontologist Bob Brain dies at 92"</a>. <i>Daily Maverick</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=OBITUARY%3A+Renowned+South+African+palaeontologist+Bob+Brain+dies+at+92&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft.aulast=Smillie&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2023-06-08-renowned-south-african-palaeontologist-bob-brain-dies-at-92%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kimberlin+Brain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubidge" class="citation web cs1">Rubidge, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeosa.org/3/post/2023/06/charles-k-bob-brain.html">"In memory of Charles K. "Bob" Brain"</a>. <i>Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeontological+Society+of+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=In+memory+of+Charles+K.+%22Bob%22+Brain&rft.aulast=Rubidge&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeosa.org%2F3%2Fpost%2F2023%2F06%2Fcharles-k-bob-brain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kimberlin+Brain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). <i>The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5">978-1-4214-0135-5</a>. ("Brain", p. 37).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061229214916/http://www.stoneageinstitute.org/S.A.I.%20Taphonomy%20Conference.shtml">A Tribute to the Career of C.K. "Bob" Brain.</a> African Taphonomy Conference, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_Institute" title="Stone Age Institute">Stone Age Institute</a>, 28 April – 1 May 2004, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University Bloomington</a>. <ul><li>Sponsored in part by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wennergren.org/">Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research</a>, founded and endowed in 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Axel_Wenner-Gren" title="Axel Wenner-Gren">Axel Wenner-Gren</a> as the Viking Fund.</li> <li>"…scientists from around the world convened in Bloomington, Indiana to celebrate the life and career of Bob Brain, Curator Emeritus of the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria, South Africa. Dr. Brain is an African prehistorian with over 50 years of experience in the natural sciences. He is best known for his research at famous ape-man cave sites in southern Africa."</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050813021733/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/01/0102_020107maneater_2.html">"Killer Cats Hunted Human Ancestors:</a> Three South African scientists believe they have identified several predators that preyed upon human ancestors millions of years ago." Shaun Smillie, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_News" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic News">National Geographic News</a></i>, 20 May 2002</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kimberlin_Brain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journaltaphonomy.com/board.htm">Journal of Taphonomy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703044852/http://www.journaltaphonomy.com/board.htm">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051108034417/http://www.ru.ac.za/pssa/pssainfo.html">The Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926115453/http://www.sasqua.co.za/index.htm">The South African Society for Quaternary Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org.za/page2.html">The Southern African Archaeological Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zssa.co.za/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=27">The Zoological Society of Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1115765/">Bob Brain</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm" title="Bolt's Farm">Bolt's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Cave" title="Cooper's Cave">Cooper's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drimolen" title="Drimolen">Drimolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladysvale_Cave" title="Gladysvale Cave">Gladysvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondolin_Cave" title="Gondolin Cave">Gondolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haasgat" title="Haasgat">Haasgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromdraai_fossil_site" title="Kromdraai fossil site">Kromdraai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapansgat" title="Makapansgat">Makapan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapa_Fossil_Site,_Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Malapa Fossil Site, Cradle of Humankind">Malapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnaar%27s_Cave" title="Minnaar's Cave">Minnaar's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsetsi" title="Motsetsi">Motsetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plovers_Lake" title="Plovers Lake">Plovers Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_Cave" title="Rising Star Cave">Rising Star Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartkrans" title="Swartkrans">Swartkrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Cave_(Kromdraai,_Gauteng)" title="Wonder Cave (Kromdraai, Gauteng)">Wonder Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs_Ples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mrs_Ples.jpg/150px-Mrs_Ples.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mrs_Ples.jpg/225px-Mrs_Ples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mrs_Ples.jpg/300px-Mrs_Ples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3634" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fossils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taung_Child" title="Taung Child">Taung Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Ples" title="Mrs. Ples">Mrs. Ples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Foot" title="Little Foot">Little Foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">Paranthropus robustus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">Homo naledi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">Homo gautengensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anthropology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Rogers_Berger" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Rogers Berger">Lee Berger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. K. Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Basil_S._Cooke" title="H. Basil S. Cooke">H. B. S. Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Clarke" title="Ronald J. Clarke">Ronald J. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dart" title="Raymond Dart">Raymond Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Keyser" title="Andre Keyser">Andre Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot_Robinson" title="John Talbot Robinson">John T. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_V._Tobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip V. Tobias">Phillip V. Tobias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising Star Expedition">Rising Star Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Astronauts" title="Underground Astronauts">Underground Astronauts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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