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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Administrative law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="সার্টিওররি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্টিওররি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Certiorari" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari_(Vereinigte_Staaten)" title="Certiorari (Vereinigte Staaten) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Certiorari (Vereinigte Staaten)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Certiorari" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Certiorari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%A1_%EB%AA%85%EB%A0%B9" title="사건 이송 명령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사건 이송 명령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="उत्प्रेषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्प्रेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Certiorari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Certiorari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9" title="צו עיון מחדש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צו עיון מחדש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="സെർഷ്യോററി റിട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെർഷ്യോററി റിട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="उत्प्रेषण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्प्रेषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Certiorari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Certiorari" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valituslupa" title="Valituslupa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valituslupa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">Prerogative writs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Certiorari</i> / Review</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus"><i>Mandamus</i> / Mandate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peremptory_writ_of_mandamus" title="Peremptory writ of mandamus">peremptory</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procedendo" title="Procedendo">Procedendo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_prohibition" title="Writ of prohibition"><i>Prohibito</i> / Prohibition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">Quo warranto</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prerogative_writs" title="Template:Prerogative writs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prerogative_writs" title="Template talk:Prerogative writs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prerogative_writs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prerogative writs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1202158006"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General principles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">Administrative court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegated_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegated legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustion_of_remedies" title="Exhaustion of remedies">Exhaustion of remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_act" title="Ministerial act">Ministerial act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouster_clause" title="Ouster clause">Ouster clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">Prerogative writ</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Certiorari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">Mandamus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_prohibition" title="Writ of prohibition">Prohibition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">Quo warranto</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Grounds for <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fettering_of_discretion_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law">Fettering of discretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimate_expectation" title="Legitimate expectation">Legitimate expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_justice" title="Procedural justice">Procedural justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">Natural justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_justice" title="Fundamental justice">Fundamental justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreasonableness" class="mw-redirect" title="Unreasonableness">Unreasonableness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wednesbury_unreasonableness" class="mw-redirect" title="Wednesbury unreasonableness">Wednesbury</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patently_unreasonable" title="Patently unreasonable">Patent unreasonableness</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Administrative law in<br />common law jurisdictions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_administrative_law" title="Australian administrative law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_administrative_law" title="Canadian administrative law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_Singapore" title="Administrative law in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_administrative_law" title="South African administrative law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_administrative_law" title="United Kingdom administrative law">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_administrative_law" title="Scots administrative law">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law" title="United States administrative law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Administrative law in<br />civil law jurisdictions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_Mongolia" title="Administrative law in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_administrative_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian administrative law">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_law" title="Template:Administrative law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_law" title="Template talk:Administrative law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <i><b>certiorari</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_process" title="Legal process">court process</a> to seek <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> of a decision of a lower court or <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agency</a>. <i>Certiorari</i> comes from the name of an English <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">prerogative writ</a>, issued by a <a href="/wiki/Superior_court" title="Superior court">superior court</a> to direct that the record of the lower court be sent to the superior court for review. The term is Latin for "to be made more certain", and comes from the opening line of such writs, which traditionally began with the Latin words "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Certiorari volumus</i></span>..." ("We wish to be made more certain..."). </p><p>Derived from the <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a>, <i>certiorari</i> is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">countries using, or influenced by, the common law</a><i>.</i> It has evolved in the legal system of each nation, as court decisions and statutory amendments are made. In modern law, <i>certiorari</i> is recognized in many <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">England and Wales</a> (now called a "quashing order"), <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Judicial review in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">United States</a>. With the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> in the 19th and 20th centuries, the writ of <i>certiorari</i> has gained broader use in many countries, to review the decisions of administrative bodies as well as lower courts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>certiorari</i> (US English: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK English: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxfuk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfuk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes from the words used at the beginning of these writs when they were written in Latin: <i>certiorari [volumus]</i> "[we wish] to be made more certain". <i>Certiorari</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>certioro, certiorare</i> ("to inform, apprise, show").<sup id="cite_ref-oxf_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often abbreviated <i><b>cert.</b></i> in the United States, particularly in relation to <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Selection_of_cases" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">applications to the Supreme Court of the United States</a> for review of a lower court decision.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_prerogative_writ">English prerogative writ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English prerogative writ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, <i>certiorari</i> was a supervisory writ, serving to keep "all inferior jurisdictions within the bounds of their authority ... [protecting] the liberty of the subject, by speedy and summary interposition".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England and Wales, the Court of <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King's Bench</a> was tasked with the duty of supervising all lower courts, and had power to issue all writs necessary for the discharge of that duty; the justices of that Court appeared to have no discretion as to whether it was heard, as long as an application for a bill of <i>certiorari</i> met established criteria, as it arose from their duty of supervision. </p><p>As time went on, <i>certiorari</i> evolved into an important <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> remedy: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Certiorari is used to bring up into the High Court the decision of some inferior tribunal or authority in order that it may be investigated. If the decision does not pass the test, it is quashed – that is to say, it is declared completely invalid, so that no one need respect it. The underlying policy is that all inferior courts and authorities have only limited jurisdiction or powers and must be kept within their legal bounds. This is the concern of the Crown, for the sake of orderly administration of justice, but it is a private complaint which sets the Crown in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Australia, the power to issue <i>certiorari</i> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_jurisdiction" title="Inherent jurisdiction">inherent jurisdiction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_court" title="Superior court">superior courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, <i>certiorari</i> is a rarely-used power, part of the inherent jurisdiction of the superior courts. It is usually used to cancel a lower court's decision because of an obvious mistake. </p><p>In <i>R. v. Awashish,</i> 2018 SCC 45, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> restricted the use of <i>certiorari</i> in criminal matters. It ruled that <i>certiorari</i> can only be used to correct jurisdictional errors, i.e. when a court makes a decision that is out of its power to make; it cannot be used to correct legal errors, i.e. where a court makes a decision it is allowed to make, but decides incorrectly. The latter type of error can only be challenged through an appeal, once the court makes a final decision in the case. This is part of a general prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Interlocutory_appeal" title="Interlocutory appeal">interlocutory appeals</a> in criminal matters. <i>Certiorari</i> is also available if a decision affects the rights of a third party who would not have standing to appeal the decision. The Supreme Court declined to decide whether <i>certiorari</i> would be available to address a legal error that threatens irreparable harm to a party's rights that could not be cured on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the courts of England and Wales, the remedy of <i>certiorari</i> evolved into a general remedy for the correction of <a href="/wiki/Plain_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain error">plain error</a>, to bring decisions of an inferior court, tribunal, or public authority before the superior court for review so that the court can determine whether to quash such decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting this evolution in usage as a remedy after <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> nullifying a decision of a public body, in England and Wales, orders or writs of <i>certiorari</i> were renamed "<a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_English_law#Quashing_order" title="Judicial review in English law">quashing orders</a>" by the Civil Procedure (Modification of Supreme Court Act 1981) Order 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which amended the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_Act_1981" title="Senior Courts Act 1981">Senior Courts Act 1981</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> vests the power to issue <i>certiorari</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>, for the purpose of enforcing the fundamental rights guaranteed by <a href="/wiki/Part_III_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part III of the Constitution of India">Part III of the Constitution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> has the authority to give a similar <i>certiorari</i> power to any other court to enforce the fundamental rights, in addition to the <i>certiorari</i> power of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the power to issue <i>certiorari</i> to protect fundamental rights, the Supreme Court and the <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a> all have jurisdiction to issue <i>certiorari</i> for the protection of other legal rights.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court of New Zealand</a> was established a superior court in 1841, it had inherent jurisdiction to issue <i>certiorari</i> to control inferior courts and tribunals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common law jurisdiction to issue <i>certiorari</i> was modified by statute in 1972, when the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> passed the <i>Judicature Amendment Act</i>. This Act created a new procedural mechanism, known as an "application for review", which could be used in place of <i>certiorari</i> and the other prerogative writs. The <i>Judicature Amendment Act</i> did not abolish <i>certiorari</i> and the other writs, but it was expected that as the legal profession adapted to the use of the new application for review, the writs would cease to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philippines has adapted the extraordinary writ of <i>certiorari</i> in civil actions under its <a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">Rules of Court</a>, as the procedure to seek judicial review from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_courts">Federal courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Federal courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a> (1742–1798), the person primarily responsible for the drafting of <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article Three of the United States Constitution</a>, which describes the <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">judicial branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US federal government</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In every judicial department, well arranged and well organized, there should be a regular, progressive, gradation of jurisdiction; and one supreme tribunal should superintend and govern all the others. </p><p>An arrangement in this manner is proper for two reasons: </p> <ol><li>The supreme tribunal produces and preserves a uniformity of decision through the whole judicial system.</li> <li>It confines and supports every inferior court within the limits of its just jurisdiction.</li></ol><p> If no superintending tribunal of this nature were established, different courts might adopt different and even contradictory rules of decision; and the distractions, springing from these different and contradictory rules, would be without remedy and without end. Opposite determinations of the same question, in different courts, would be equally final and irreversible.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the United States, <i>certiorari</i> is most often seen as the <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> issues to a lower court to review the lower court's judgment for <a href="/wiki/Legal_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal error">legal error</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reversible_error" title="Reversible error">reversible error</a>) and review where no <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> is available as a matter of right. Before the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891" title="Judiciary Act of 1891">Judiciary Act of 1891</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cases that could reach the Supreme Court were heard as a matter of right, meaning that the Court was required to issue a decision in each of those cases.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, the Court had to review all properly presented appeals on the merits, hear oral argument, and issue decisions. As the United States expanded in the nineteenth century, the federal judicial system became increasingly strained, and the Supreme Court had a backlog of cases several years long.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act solved these problems by transferring most of the court's direct appeals to the newly created <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">circuit courts of appeals</a>, whose decisions in those cases would normally be final.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court did not completely give up its judiciary authority because it gained the ability to review the decisions of the courts of appeals at its discretion through writ of <i>certiorari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Case_Selections_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court Case Selections Act">Supreme Court Case Selections Act</a> of 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most cases cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States as a matter of right. A party who wants the Supreme Court to review a decision of a federal or state court files a "petition for writ of certiorari" in the Supreme Court. A "petition" is printed in booklet format and 40 copies are filed with the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the Court <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Selection_of_cases" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">grants</a> the petition, the case is scheduled for the filing of briefs and for oral argument. A minimum of four of the nine justices is required to grant a writ of <i>certiorari</i>, referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Rule_of_four" title="Rule of four">rule of four</a>". The court denies the vast majority of petitions and thus leaves the decision of the lower court to stand without review; it takes roughly 80 to 150 cases each term. In the term that concluded in June 2009, for example, 8,241 petitions were filed, with a grant rate of approximately 1.1 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases on the paid certiorari docket are substantially more likely to be granted than those on the <i><a href="/wiki/In_forma_pauperis" title="In forma pauperis">in forma pauperis</a></i> docket.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court is generally careful to choose only cases over which the Court has <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> and which the Court considers sufficiently important, such as cases involving deep constitutional questions, to merit the use of its limited resources, utilizing tools such as the <a href="/wiki/Cert_pool" title="Cert pool">cert pool</a>. While both appeals of right and cert petitions often present several alleged errors of the lower courts for appellate review, the court normally grants review of only one or two questions presented in a <i>certiorari</i> petition. </p><p>The Supreme Court sometimes grants a writ of <i>certiorari</i> to resolve a "<a href="/wiki/Circuit_split" title="Circuit split">circuit split</a>", when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">federal appeals courts</a> in two (or more) <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judicial_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal judicial circuit">federal judicial circuits</a> have ruled differently in similar situations. These are often called "percolating issues". </p><p><i>Certiorari</i> is sometimes informally referred to as <i>cert.</i>, and cases warranting the Supreme Court's attention as "<i>cert.</i> worthy".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The granting of a writ does not necessarily mean that the Supreme Court disagrees with the decision of the lower court. Granting a writ of <i>certiorari</i> means merely that at least four of the justices have determined that the circumstances described in the petition are sufficient to warrant review by the Court. </p><p>Conversely, the Supreme Court's denial of a petition for a writ of <i>certiorari</i> is sometimes misunderstood as implying that the Supreme Court approves the decision of the lower court. As the Court explained in <i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Jenkins" title="Missouri v. Jenkins">Missouri v. Jenkins</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such a denial "imports no expression of opinion upon the merits of the case". In particular, a denial of a writ of <i>certiorari</i> means that no <a href="/wiki/Binding_precedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding precedent">binding precedent</a> is created by the denial itself, and the lower court's decision is treated as mandatory authority only within the geographical (or in the case of the Federal Circuit, subject-specific) jurisdiction of that court. The reasons for why a denial of <i>certiorari</i> cannot be treated as implicit approval were set forth in <i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Baltimore_Radio_Show,_Inc." title="Maryland v. Baltimore Radio Show, Inc.">Maryland v. Baltimore Radio Show, Inc.</a></i> (1950), in which the Court explained the many rationales which could underlie the denial of a writ which have nothing to do with the merits of the case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_courts">State courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: State courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">United States state</a> court systems use the same terminology, but in others, <i>writ of review</i>, <i>leave to appeal</i>, or <i>certification for appeal</i> is used in place of <i>writ of certiorari</i> as the name for <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_review" title="Discretionary review">discretionary review</a> of a lower court's judgment. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a> uniquely uses the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Allocatur" title="Allocatur">allocatur</a></i> (informally) and "allowance of appeal" (formally) for the same process. A handful of states lack intermediate appellate courts; in most of these, their supreme courts operate under a mandatory review regime, in which the supreme court must take all appeals in order to preserve the loser's traditional right to one appeal (except in criminal cases where the defendant was acquitted). Virginia has an intermediate appeals court, but operates under discretionary review except in family law and administrative cases. Mandatory review remains in place in all states where the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> exists; in those states, a sentence of death is automatically appealed to the state's highest court. </p><p>In two states without an intermediate appeals court (New Hampshire and West Virginia), the Supreme Court used to operate under discretionary review in all cases, whether civil or criminal. This meant that there was no right of appeal in either state, with the only exception being death penalty cases in New Hampshire; West Virginia abolished its death penalty in 1965. New Hampshire transitioned to mandatory review for the vast majority of cases beginning in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while West Virginia transitioned to mandatory review for all cases beginning in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas is an unusual exception to the rule that denial of <i>certiorari</i> by the state supreme court normally does not imply approval or disapproval of the merits of the lower court's decision. In March 1927, the Texas Legislature enacted a law directing the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Supreme Court">Texas Supreme Court</a> to summarily <i>refuse</i> to hear applications for writs of error when it believed the Court of Appeals opinion correctly stated the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, since June 1927, over 4,100 decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Courts_of_Appeals" title="Texas Courts of Appeals">Texas Courts of Appeals</a> have become valid binding precedent of the Texas Supreme Court itself because the high court refused applications for writ of error rather than denying them and thereby signaled that it approved of their holdings as the law of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Texas' unique practice saved the state supreme court from having to hear relatively minor cases just to create uniform statewide precedents on those issues, it also makes for lengthy citations to the opinions of the Courts of Appeals, since the subsequent writ history of the case must always be noted (e.g., no writ, writ refused, writ denied, etc.) in order for the reader to determine at a glance whether the cited opinion is binding precedent only in the district of the Court of Appeals in which it was decided, or binding precedent for the entire state.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, California,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New York<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solved the problem of creating uniform precedent by simply holding that the first intermediate appellate court to reach a novel question of law always sets binding precedent for the entire state, unless and until another intermediate appellate court expressly disagrees with the first one. Meanwhile, some states, such as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, avoid the issue entirely by eschewing regionalized appellate courts; the intermediate appellate courts in these states may hear cases from all parts of the state within their subject-matter jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_law">Administrative law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administrative law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> context, the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common-law</a> writ of <i>certiorari</i> was historically used by lower courts in the United States for <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> of decisions made by an <a href="/wiki/Administrative_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative agency">administrative agency</a> after an adversarial hearing. Some states have retained this use of the writ of <i>certiorari</i> in state courts, while others have replaced it with statutory procedures. In the federal courts, this use of <i>certiorari</i> has been abolished and replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Civil_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil action">civil action</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Administrative Procedure Act</a> in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district court</a> or in some circumstances a petition for review in a United States court of appeals. </p><p>In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> held that this use of <i>certiorari</i> was unconstitutional under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a>, then in 1939 approved of its replacement with <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_mandate_(California)" title="Writ of mandate (California)">mandate</a> (California's version of <i><a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allocatur" title="Allocatur">Allocatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certiorari_before_judgment" title="Certiorari before judgment"><i>Certiorari</i> before judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_appendix" title="Joint appendix">Joint appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_for_review" title="Petition for review">Petition for review</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subpoena_ad_testificandum" title="Subpoena ad testificandum">Subpoena ad testificandum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subpoena_duces_tecum" title="Subpoena duces tecum">Subpoena duces tecum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 2014 survey of then current and former U.S. Supreme Court justices found six different variations in pronunciation among 11 justices.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/certiorari">"certiorari" in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/certiorari?r=66">"Define "certiorari" at Dictionary.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Define+%22certiorari%22+at+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcertiorari%3Fr%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxf_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxf_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204164739/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/certiorari">"Oxford Dictionary (US English), "certiorari"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/certiorari">the original</a> on February 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+%28US+English%29%2C+%22certiorari%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcertiorari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2014" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Debra Cassens (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/how_is_certiorari_pronounced_even_supreme_court_justices_disagree">"How is 'certiorari' pronounced? Even Supreme Court justices disagree"</a>. <i>ABA Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=How+is+%27certiorari%27+pronounced%3F+Even+Supreme+Court+justices+disagree&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Debra+Cassens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fhow_is_certiorari_pronounced_even_supreme_court_justices_disagree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/certiorari">"certiorari" in the Collins English Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfuk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxfuk_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930040607/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/certiorari">"Oxford Dictionary (UK English), "certiorari"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/certiorari">the original</a> on September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+%28UK+English%29%2C+%22certiorari%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcertiorari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcertioro">"Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary, "certiorari"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+and+Short+Latin+Dictionary%2C+%22certiorari%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253Dcertioro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/certiorari">Legal Information Institute, Wex Legal Dictionary: "Certiorari".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3 Wm. Blackstone, <i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i> 42 (1765).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.W.R. Wade & C.F. Forsyth, <i>Administrative Law</i>, Eighth Edition, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kirk v Industrial Relations Commission</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2010/1.html">[2010] HCA 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Klewer v Dutch</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/2000/509.html">[2000] FCA 509</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_Canada2018" class="citation web cs1">Supreme Court of Canada (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canlii.ca/t/hvqb5">"<i>R. v. Awashish</i>, 2018 SCC 45"</a>. <i>CanLII</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CanLII&rft.atitle=R.+v.+Awashish%2C+2018+SCC+45&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.au=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanlii.ca%2Ft%2Fhvqb5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/37207-eng.aspx">"Case in Brief: <i>R. v. Awashish</i>"</a>. <i>Supreme Court of Canada</i>. 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lawphil.net&rft.atitle=Rules+of+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawphil.net%2Fcourts%2Frules%2Frc_1-71_civil.html%23r45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/supremecourtcircular2-90.htm">"Philippine Supreme Court Circulars"</a>. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Andrews ed., 1896).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch. 517, 26 Stat. 826 (1891).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russel R. Wheeler & Cynthia Harrison, Fed. Judicial Ctr., Creating the Federal Judicial System 17–18 (3d ed. 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler & Harrison, <i>supra</i>, at 12, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judiciary Act of 1891 § 6., 26 Stat. at 828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">§ 6, 26 Stat. at 828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supreme Court Case Selections Act, Pub.L. 100-352, 102 Stat. 662 (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/ctrules/rulesofthecourt.pdf">United States Supreme Court Rule</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706190521/https://www.supremecourt.gov/ctrules/rulesofthecourt.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Caperton_v._A.T._Massey_Coal_Co." title="Caperton v. 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"Not Fade Away: The Continuing Relevance of 'Writ Refused' Opinions". <i>The Appellate Advocate</i>. <b>12</b>: 3–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Appellate+Advocate&rft.atitle=Not+Fade+Away%3A+The+Continuing+Relevance+of+%27Writ+Refused%27+Opinions&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=3-6&rft.date=1999-02&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sarti v. Salt Creek Ltd.</i>, 167 Cal. App. 4th 1187, 85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 506 (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pardo v. State</i>, 596 So. 2d 665, 666 (Fla. 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mountain View Coach Lines, Inc. v. Storms</i>, 102 A.D.2d 663, 476 N.Y.S.2d 918 (2d Dept. 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1990" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Sam (Spring 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/24/3/articles/DavisVol24No3_Walker.pdf">"Judicially Created Uncertainty: The Past, Present, and Future of the California Writ of Administrative Mandamus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UC Davis Law Review</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 783–839<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UC+Davis+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Judicially+Created+Uncertainty%3A+The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+the+California+Writ+of+Administrative+Mandamus&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=783-839&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawreview.law.ucdavis.edu%2Fissues%2F24%2F3%2Farticles%2FDavisVol24No3_Walker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/certiorari" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/certiorari">certiorari</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinzer1979" class="citation journal cs1">Linzer, Peter (1979). "The Meaning of Certiorari Denials". <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>79</b> (7). Columbia Law Review Association, Inc.: 1227–1305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1121841">10.2307/1121841</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1121841">1121841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Certiorari+Denials&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1227-1305&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1121841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1121841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Linzer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACertiorari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lane, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030525081957/http://sobek.colorado.edu/~mciverj/WP_Certiorari_120301.html">"It's Cert., to Be Sure. But How Do They Say It? Let's Count the Ways"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, December 3, 2001 (archived).</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&oldid=1257052876">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certiorari&oldid=1257052876</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writs" title="Category:Writs">Writs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prerogative_writs" title="Category:Prerogative writs">Prerogative writs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_legal_terminology" title="Category:Latin legal terminology">Latin legal terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appellate_review" title="Category:Appellate review">Appellate review</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judicial_review" title="Category:Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from October 2021">Articles to be expanded from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 00:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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