CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "pubs.geoscienceworld.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '926c850cb9aeafdd',cH: 'IAsuI9XRadZvRRFpJPaG.uUKOQ.g92dE7HviLKs3HtU-1743053677-1.2.1.1-Eu38CNH9eQSURtPol29m_uLxT1Kg5FME3E3JXNbvVbJiuWY9CXMvmqC0LgjLXfC6',cUPMDTk: "\/jgs\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/gsjgs.155.5.0843&__cf_chl_tk=reDsE2L2KHFS8bVr26DatA34iIMO9wdQyb88aiCepmc-1743053677-1.0.1.1-8RHABgYA5Wb.YsJgV8ioLsYyJ7szKeVcPX.QxiVkoYw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743053677',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/jgs\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/gsjgs.155.5.0843&__cf_chl_f_tk=reDsE2L2KHFS8bVr26DatA34iIMO9wdQyb88aiCepmc-1743053677-1.0.1.1-8RHABgYA5Wb.YsJgV8ioLsYyJ7szKeVcPX.QxiVkoYw",md: "Zq8VTqFqMpzZ_IWSXX0umIPSMoQJLwm37hVl8i0bJHo-1743053677-1.2.1.1-Qqnjbdiyczd.QVyTS2G62jx2fIfu6g.CF9uV4e4j_fhu6K7xSvjXe2Cztv6Hyfcn4BRASld6LcHOyq7Vi0_z569UdfO9D_fzaTO_wCUKeCqnMeZN7trgekXCaG7fIJNcvpVicN_aAw._Ubvv8t3zjEn6kTWacj.h.ish4U4.m0wGaqtK8uYwgJNZWus6zLNIptgFm4_j6joDLgIiMji92ovTczx9CFooBcfxbIUwUkEATTiut5CLA0qrCN_5OKfxgKeeGziX6Q6wBHUXki74Gm160A30fEJBRIMt07baxMces5LAMfGwp74L6F_Ys02oERBryH2g8Jzo4ieLbrZuAnvILugi0m7TGN9DhF.5BHrWJ.8dt1XVnNkDiaTybucBXyM.X93IpkQeEB6HhnxrUFPFvbWuexYJlTS4cfXYIWjSkTusINCfR2dQ2NT6epK3gjib78VgpVDlf3CN6EsF6aoBd4R8XUcEHGxUBtvY7DyorJgC4_z0bAg.lGoiJzhTUw6Qg89nhXRZvULZ9k.PW7NntBuaXf7nlrGv.X0nV5jP7HUBxbaZnMAx2uqnKznTQ4ts_hn.v2_AsQ9B4lUY0DY0FH6MLZkAq0sjsu2nF0.Q8X5Ch3YjmL_wfpCZj18hSBiS2yB0K4BYH.fgeUNvkn2aVECCEjQn38o30OOkDqmd51D_JdJ3iBjMpFeHpqKnkLoVlvTAUHeMYAckfwyCsyT7jiotvW1ucKunx_0Hf_IpGoBF96f25ndwo5Pd610SQ6PIE113L8sMLOYQg5Au34_ki.veZR7MN4xlL0qqMgLo8kxr5rww5sopEPotly8_ZFPz4gQlWbKUIlhlYR1oKwFSVz7Ij4rGuT3bQ7FKTsQhg4FeDcGzFlZY7IhrhqzDD1Nb3s3mkEuxoL5hcEtMOzOeSVx551ew.8t.NkcN.p6s.SPFrnkboOAEkAAYaG503qfy.DdJHovWX0MkGROQwN918qyTEQvin9Ge7FEybHKsFTlvOHd8_UFsxZU.G2_9OV_amJpaaavXE1Wls7_G027xFr4ZG8XUfp3.dBOLfXFrvMJfuu7eMKPUBNNKwWcPMSboKZowFKjlkLSyCUUG1oA3_ebRIFAbQKHacMtnSZg5y_khFBTzC_4SP..KV3EQZgtvxAlw1uqdb._T_NCYlwtdbUT8.aSPfBK2n8ec1.1.vJKJ5I6pXRbTTHiwTqxIRKSLyYF2v5nqEXE9.rEu7iUJkxWjv78WLG54z06ge7ibhC1I0ktD4KUpk0MmUW2VFQq0bhLrdwmxvUISCHfOajuZzuhEKpk24GfPpF_dEPL5svBIGpOzNxy1c0XfMLgkKQ.pZaiqpeJBC6C0YWHJ3A",mdrd: "TmjTqz3zNCPvzQ4Mi9_c3Z3zyrWGmOrI0cETv0uliZQ-1743053677-1.2.1.1-NeeLig4u57H3rPT.vVwEpa4XbsOKsmyeWEUw15vHGzrI0kavrMXqQ4JCNR_SJiNhDxtV58N87QnLFFLv7qk27XftSpMcLkbJ53calSk1HOAz9CGFPDZ_droQcBDGSpRYqo0scFsUn46hUBmD6XrwsLBc8BsDXX8RfcT638pM0jpKgKC77CBV1.6W6haC81T5nP_0Srnrq4JObVLRjfO8qg2lW5UyxL04jCcaVLZqQi4jwD_70Yi4t1Ffb5BtRbuJJWTu0KCi1bpK_th9PVHdf_vm.7Hx1haLECD5QXpqDlY9m4WpS0RDOzzzPvCNvK0TtbC_1lNQamH82wsO25uPpiz677lqVH1VYMKpJTtVrH_DooNx1_tNPeg7LL0DS3IJlU.MX5i0zTFEpTMeEQaA9RC_9a78.cRzDX2Ro34QDFS79bnfKkN8_bJgJJh._BOVHkGpPkX2fmI42ESC38jkl64x1jmHqHDVmRFrsC.gvESHxRbmunijMS_zcSJglXGlc0P0o6I8uy3ni3lohdl53WYXqDk9yM4FOrLhoL5TRyr_tCJSV7C78PUcHAH1NNr2ngIm5QrQPRjW.QMrcOLtDtP2sYymcZAK8JU_ZSkAchUdrdrtkZPQhgP7Dwc6s0IFYD3k8Z7n33oyHWurmkZwf2Rnd1VhJ4F8EN4WY.7xxVI6V7cbXl0l.2xZMmlPt1Lt44jdohJ7sSiljUF5QbotzJdtJ_QqlhLsXpbXt94x7SLDREp0z2I2jQSzBTKUGBCJWNWZpLqwHxRyp0hPxgl5aiA60sF3Z1prhcBoNNNH6rIvHq_LZ7pAHEY3buW1I5raxwEbrp3qyI8CqO0G2v8ECFFpGqcI282axqHDSqUhfgXL8e3AuWWQLdWObJRSfKezivWlptnotMBCAlt4SM5utstkXuj.VmNmGtm4tRe1ZoCIE8EDPMfTg2lEsU7D0kWNJO3LnOiKwkC1sx2uphI8_4D5tZeRd76a14LwViSkKceNaKFrmMURYpHWL.L_AnTzMzsugdcTrkEO2LnoBmplXRbocevtm4aVHSXsosc3JUgo1eb2HaHWkO3d1X0kDeDAV0RLgS9MSv.TXsLRiiZtghmafS7iENwDKi1XAWlxMUDeKysl_LRBCxvrDfOS6FQi6mAHUZfsjsgBM4l.mfJ3MmgDRb_rAC15LvAupPMQ4sxyHyQ..feg4fGh0VuoYcUxc78Mlt8pizq_jof7ymRUwCnab34SxGAr2eOf62UV5tXqLbnOCostehXtnd2dKH3ZUgx8x27uRLrJryS6baD_foSnXiYXFSE7r0lytHBPGWzLUdXFHUOE9x8nGUaT89DCPWDKuZR80I3azjbi9pJFHkqWV8GeGXWTzr29eVOcZDHGvLxBHPNWkVs_LDZX8_NIa.DYOXT3gjaB4KIiRGhNqZh.Ugcs5OHQLoY4Njn7oqyLqFDQH.TFv9fMuzQudCOaMbFyrXyDcC2cstP_G1NFzc3xHhurQKkLfLFf94UX70vLjzumb7lI_nMM6Ee2rIYvJGKQ9y6b8t8QCX5qBgh0zcEJ3VuGRuWdHwb6k.ZBoI.lcrXkY8m.FViVO.LlX2nj_AWBNn5ECOYzQF3.Wi8a6gN5VtDEZ70caL6uQ0fdynlCyo8QjsXnH9a5own9UtmTHXGiYY16r7e.1uD8S_0Z78rVu3SPj8fIr1osRAy7yTDI3OOaNeyoHN3oHuPpvya_FLyOhf8zvlacL.hXhM9SNk2p1lFS00Enw0hMTxzI4Xk.LbfjIHECoeCuXNPQ3E8WDugPc1PRJYGASBEP8znAAKMt5WetZOK7_sWMcKLTdyGUULpNyM7nTVFypiY.51kkHccKxkB7oqYBhDurKpNaIWjpcq8gPlb.fcHzPDwpTDGc3k.MlimIZRoNfegNpBeiGK7pxadJ5EzD6SslpSx02k3XNV437v.Yi9bMv3tGIgMhdSW9tJPJMGYZ7K5bcxv1Cbdph0SUC6Jm_XIUGPERaiO1GFUCPrZEGqRu.wcODr0WFcCJGXAJ061h0PAaN7.LV_y9qUfOY5GVpsQLayx6Fg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=926c850cb9aeafdd';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/jgs\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/gsjgs.155.5.0843&__cf_chl_rt_tk=reDsE2L2KHFS8bVr26DatA34iIMO9wdQyb88aiCepmc-1743053677-1.0.1.1-8RHABgYA5Wb.YsJgV8ioLsYyJ7szKeVcPX.QxiVkoYw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>