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Instrumente asemănătoare pentru execuția prin decapitare au existat anterior, așa cum au fost cele din insulele britanice, „[[Fecioara scoțiană]]” (în [[engleză]] ''Scottish Maiden'', [[1661]]) sau „[[Toporul din Halifax]]” (în engleză, ''The Halifax Gibbe''), sau cel din [[Italia]], „Mannaia” (în [[italiană]] ''mannaia'' înseamnă ''satâr''). Toate aceste instrumente de execuție au fost folosite în practică până către sfârșitul [[Secolul al XVIII-lea|secolului al XVIII-lea]], după care au fost abandonate, cu excepția ghilotinei, a cărei folosire ei în [[Franța]] a fost abolită la 9 octombrie 1981. == Ideea lui Guillotin == [[Joseph Ignace Guillotin|Doctorul Joseph Ignace Guillotin]] cere la [[10 octombrie]] [[1789]] introducerea utilizării ghilotinei, pentru a pune capăt execuțiilor crude anterioare, în care [[călău]]l nu reușea adeseori decapitarea la prima încercare. În cazul ghilotinării, prin despărțirea foarte rapidă a capului de trunchi, având ca efect imediat tăierii [[Măduva spinării|măduvei spinării]], se consideră că [[moartea]] se produce într-un timp extrem de scurt, de ordinul milisecundelor, scurtând astfel suferința condamnatului. Guillotin a fost sprijinit în cererea sa de [[călău]]l [[Paris]]ului timpului respectiv, [[Charles Henri Sanson]], care descria amănunțit dezavantajele decapitării cu sabia. Adunarea Națională franceză a însărcinat pe medicul regelui, [[Antoine Louis]], să cerceteze situația. Ca urmare, la [[17 martie]] [[1792]], acesta a prezentat Adunării o schiță a ghilotinei, care a fost aprobată imediat, la [[20 martie]] 1792. [[Joseph Ignace Guillotin|Guillotin]] a suferit sufletește din cauză că instrumentul de execuție purta și a continuat să poarte numele lui. Ideea și scopul declarat al creării mecanismului era de a ameliora suferințele osânditului la moarte, lucru care, din păcate, a fost interpretat altfel de către posteritate. == Realizarea instrumentului morții == [[Fișier:Marie Antoinette Execution.jpg|250px|thumb| Marie Antoinette pe [[eșafod]]]] Prima ghilotină a fost construită de către constructorul de piane german [[Tobias Schmidt]], prin mandatarea acestuia de către Sanson. Ghilotina inițială avea lama cuțitului în formă de [[semilună]], care s-a dovedit eficientă în cazul experimentării pe [[Oaie|oi]]. Când încercările au fost făcute pe cadavre, nu s-a reușit întotdeauna despărțirea [[cap]]ului de trunchi. Doar după mărirea greutății cuțitului mobil și schimbarea formei acestuia în cea oblică cunoscută, aceea de [[trapez dreptunghic]], instrumentul a început să funcționeze cum a fost imaginat. Ulterior au apărut mai multe modele de ghilotină, așa cum au fost cele cunoscute sub numele de [[Louison]] sau [[Louisette]]. În popor, ghilotina era numită fie "le rasoir national" (briciul național) sau "la raccourcisseuse" (cea ce scurtează). === Robespierre, executantul executat === [[Maximilien Robespierre]], unul din conducătorii Revoluției franceze, membru al [[Comitetul Salvării Publice|Comitetului Salvării Publice]], inspiratorul [[Teroarea Iacobină|perioadei terorii]], care a dus la ghilotină mulți reprezentanți de frunte ai revoluției, a murit el însuși prin această metodă, ca o ironie a sorții. == Vezi și == * [[Pedeapsă capitală]] * [[Decapitare]] * [[Lapidatio]] * [[Revoluția franceză]] ==Bibliografie== * Caryle, Thomas. ''The French Revolution In Three Volumes, Volume 3: The Guillotine''. Charles C. Little and James Brown ([[Little Brown]]). New York, NY, 1839. No ISBN. (First Edition. Many reprintings of this important history have been done during the last two centuries.) * {{cite book|last=Croker|first=John Wilson|authorlink=John Wilson Croker|title=[[s:History of the Guillotine|History of the Guillotine]]|year=1853|publisher=John Murray|location=London}} * {{cite book | author=Gerould, Daniel | title=Guillotine; Its Legend and Lore | publisher=Blast Books| year=1992 | isbn=0-922233-02-0}} == Referințe == <references /> ==Legături externe== {{commons}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.guillotine.dk/ The Guillotine Headquarters] with a gallery, history, name list, and quiz. * {{fr icon}} [http://site.voila.fr/guillotine/ L'art de bien couper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126015422/http://site.voila.fr/guillotine/ |date=2009-11-26 }} un web site în franceză cu o listă completă a criminalilor ghilotinați, imagini, istorie * {{en icon}} [http://boisdejustice.com/History/History.html Bois de justice] Istoria ghilotinei, detalii constructive, imagini rare * {{cite web | last =Fabricius | first =Jørn | title =The Guillotine Headquarters | url =http://www.guillotine.dk/}} * [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1172/does-the-head-remain-briefly-conscious-after-decapitation Does the head remain briefly conscious after decapitation (revisited)?] (from ''[[The Straight Dope]]'') * {{en icon}} [http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/ The Guillotine Headquarters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324091653/http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/ |date=2005-03-24 }} galerie, istorie, nume, liste * {{citat web | last = Fabricius | first = Jørn | title = The Guillotine Headquarters | date = | url = http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/Pages/Guillot.html | accessdate = | archive-date = 2006-12-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061208015538/http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/Pages/Guillot.html | dead-url = yes }} {{Control de autoritate}} [[Categorie:Istoria dreptului]] [[Categorie:Metode de execuție]] [[Categorie:Unelte 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