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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Universals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possibility_and_necessity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibility_and_necessity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Possibility and necessity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibility_and_necessity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space,_time,_and_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space,_time,_and_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Space, time, and change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space,_time,_and_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Causality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mind_and_free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mind_and_free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Mind and free will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mind_and_free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_other_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_other_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relation to other disciplines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_other_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metaphysics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8B%B2%E1%89%A0_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D" title="ሥነ ዲበ አካል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ዲበ አካል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="तत्त्वमीमांसा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तत्त्वमीमांसा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="ما وراء الطبيعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ما وراء الطبيعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="অধিবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অধিবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-j%C3%AE-si%C5%8Dng-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-jî-siōng-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафізіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метафізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэтафізыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтафізыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafyzika" title="Metafyzika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metafyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaffiseg" title="Metaffiseg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metaffiseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metafysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Metafüüsika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metafüüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μεταφυσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταφυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiziko" title="Metafiziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metafiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="متافیزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متافیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9taphysique" title="Métaphysique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métaphysique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysika" title="Metafysika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Metafysika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitifisic" title="Meitifisic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meitifisic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="形而上學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%ED%95%99" title="형이상학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형이상학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մետաֆիզիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="तत्त्वमीमांसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तत्त्वमीमांसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiziko" title="Metafiziko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metafiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysica" title="Metaphysica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metaphysica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhicamvelo" title="IPhicamvelo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPhicamvelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumspeki" title="Frumspeki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מטאפיזיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטאפיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tafisika" title="Métafisika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Métafisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiiziki_(m%C3%A9taphysique)" title="Metafiiziki (métaphysique) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Metafiiziki (métaphysique)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მეტაფიზიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტაფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizikia" title="Metafizikia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Metafizikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik" title="Metafizik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metafizik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tafizik" title="Métafizik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métafizik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiz%C3%AEk" title="Metafizîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Metafizîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysica" title="Metaphysica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metaphysica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafixica" title="Metafixica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Metafixica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="അതിഭൗതികം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിഭൗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميتافيزيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميتافيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik" title="Metafizik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metafizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Метафизик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Метафизик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%91%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ပရမတ္ထဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရမတ္ထဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysica" title="Metafysica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metafysica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मेताफिजिक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेताफिजिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="形而上学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="形而上学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysikk" title="Metafysikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metafysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysikk" title="Metafysikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metafysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metafisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinumamaa%27ol" title="Xinumamaa'ol – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xinumamaa'ol" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੱਤ-ਮੀਮਾਂਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੱਤ-ਮੀਮਾਂਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مابعد الطبيعيات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مابعد الطبيعيات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مېتافزیک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېتافزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizix" title="Metafizix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metafizix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="បរមត្ថវិជ្ជា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរមត្ថវិជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik" title="Metaphysik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Metaphysik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizyka_klasyczna" title="Metafizyka klasyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metafizyka klasyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metafísica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizic%C4%83" title="Metafizică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metafizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафізіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Метафізіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="तत्त्वमीमांसा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तत्त्वमीमांसा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitaf%C3%ACsica" title="Mitafìsica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitafìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metaphysics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مابعدالطبعيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مابعدالطبعيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafyzika" title="Metafyzika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metafyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مێتافیزیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێتافیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафизика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метафизика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizika" title="Metafizika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metafizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysiikka" title="Metafysiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metafysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metafysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapisika" title="Metapisika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metapisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மீவியற்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீவியற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadfersengamt" title="Tadfersengamt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadfersengamt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D)" title="అధిభౌతిక శాస్త్రం (మెటాఫిజిక్స్) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అధిభౌతిక శాస్త్రం (మెటాఫిజిక్స్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="อภิปรัชญา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อภิปรัชญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Метафизик – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Метафизик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafizik" title="Metafizik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metafizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метафізика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метафізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ما بعد الطبیعیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ما بعد الطبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%ACzega" title="Metafìzega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Metafìzega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_h%C3%ACnh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Siêu hình học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu hình học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%BCd" title="Metafüd – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Metafüd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaf%C3%BC%C3%BCsiga" title="Metafüüsiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metafüüsiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="形而上學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metafisika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="形而上学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="形而上学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מעטאפיזיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאפיזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="形而上學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="形上學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysician&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysician">Metaphysician</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of fundamental reality</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Metaphysics (disambiguation)">Metaphysics (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle,_Metaphysics,_Incunabulum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Incunabulum showing the beginning of Aristotle's Metaphysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg/220px-Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg/330px-Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg/440px-Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="3589" /></a><figcaption>The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Aristotle's <i>Metaphysics</i></a>, one of the foundational texts of the discipline</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Metaphysics</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> that examines the basic structure of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the fundamental categories of human understanding. Some philosophers, including <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, designate metaphysics as <b>first philosophy</b> to suggest that it is more fundamental than other forms of philosophical inquiry. </p><p>Metaphysics encompasses a wide range of general and abstract topics. It investigates the nature of <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, the features all entities have in common, and their division into <a href="/wiki/Categories_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Categories of being">categories of being</a>. An influential division is between <a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">particulars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a>. Particulars are individual unique entities, like a specific apple. Universals are general features that different particulars have in common, like the color <em>red</em>. <a href="/wiki/Modal_metaphysics" title="Modal metaphysics">Modal metaphysics</a> examines what it means for something to be possible or necessary. Metaphysicians also explore the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">concepts of space, time, and change</a>, and their connection to <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific laws">laws of nature</a>. Other topics include how <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind and matter are related</a>, whether everything in the world is <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">predetermined</a>, and whether there is <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. </p><p>Metaphysicians use <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_methodology" title="Philosophical methodology">various methods</a> to conduct their inquiry. Traditionally, they rely on rational <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstract</a> <a href="/wiki/Logical_reasoning" title="Logical reasoning">reasoning</a> but have more recently also included <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical</a> approaches associated with scientific theories. Due to the abstract nature of its topic, metaphysics has received criticisms questioning the reliability of its methods and the meaningfulness of its theories. Metaphysics is relevant to many fields of inquiry that often implicitly rely on metaphysical concepts and assumptions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_metaphysics" title="History of metaphysics">roots of metaphysics</a> lie in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient period">antiquity</a> with speculations about the nature and origin of the universe, like those found in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic philosophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a> in the West, discussions about the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">nature of universals</a> were influenced by the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and Aristotle. The <a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern period</a> saw the emergence of various comprehensive systems of metaphysics, many of which embraced <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>. In the 20th century, traditional metaphysics in general and idealism in particular faced various criticisms, which prompted new approaches to metaphysical inquiry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subject_and_object_(philosophy)" title="Subject and object (philosophy)">objects</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">properties</a>, possibility and necessity, <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, change, <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a>, and the relation between <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>. It is one of the oldest branches of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precise nature of metaphysics is disputed and its characterization has changed in the course of history. Some approaches see metaphysics as a unified field and give a wide-sweeping definition by understanding it as the study of "fundamental questions about the nature of reality" or as an inquiry into the <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essences</a> of things. Another approach doubts that the different areas of metaphysics share a set of underlying features and provides instead a fine-grained characterization by listing all the main topics investigated by metaphysicians.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some definitions are descriptive by providing an account of what metaphysicians do while others are normative and prescribe what metaphysicians ought to do.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two historically influential definitions in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval philosophy</a> understand metaphysics as the science of the <a href="/wiki/First_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="First cause">first causes</a> and as the study of being <em>qua</em> being, that is, the topic of what all beings have in common and to what fundamental categories they belong. In the modern period, the scope of metaphysics expanded to include topics such as the distinction between mind and body and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers follow <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in describing metaphysics as "first philosophy", suggesting that it is the most basic inquiry upon which all other branches of philosophy depend in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kant_gemaelde_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Immanuel Kant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kant_gemaelde_1.jpg/220px-Kant_gemaelde_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kant_gemaelde_1.jpg/330px-Kant_gemaelde_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kant_gemaelde_1.jpg/440px-Kant_gemaelde_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> conceived critical metaphysics as the study of the principles underlying all human thought and experience.</figcaption></figure> <p>Metaphysics is traditionally understood as a study of mind-independent features of reality. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Critical_philosophy" title="Critical philosophy">critical philosophy</a>, an alternative conception gained prominence that focuses on conceptual schemes rather than external reality. Kant distinguishes transcendent metaphysics, which aims to describe the objective features of reality beyond sense experience, from critical metaphysics, which outlines the aspects and principles underlying all human thought and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a> further explored the role of conceptual schemes, contrasting descriptive metaphysics, which articulates conceptual schemes commonly used to understand the world, with revisionary metaphysics, which aims to produce better conceptual schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metaphysics differs from the individual sciences by studying the most general and abstract aspects of reality. The individual sciences, by contrast, examine more specific and concrete features and restrict themselves to certain classes of entities, such as the focus on physical things in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, living entities in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and cultures in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is disputed to what extent this contrast is a strict dichotomy rather than a gradual continuum.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>metaphysics</i> has its origin in the ancient Greek words <i><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">metá</a></i> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:μετά">μετά</a></i>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">after</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">above</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">beyond'</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <i>phusiká</i> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:φυσικά">φυσικά</a></i>), as a short form of <i>ta metá ta phusiká</i>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">what comes after the physics</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. This is often interpreted to mean that metaphysics discusses topics that, due to their generality and comprehensiveness, lie beyond the realm of physics and its focus on empirical observation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaphysics may have received its name by a historical accident when <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Aristotle's book</a> on this subject was published.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle did not use the term <i>metaphysics</i> but his editor (likely <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Rhodes" title="Andronicus of Rhodes">Andronicus of Rhodes</a>) may have coined it for its title to indicate that this book should be studied after Aristotle's book published on <a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">physics</a>: literally <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">after physics</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. The term entered the English language through the Latin word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metaphysica" class="extiw" title="wikt:metaphysica">metaphysica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches">Branches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of metaphysics can also be characterized in relation to its main branches. An influential division from early <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">modern philosophy</a> distinguishes between general and special or specific metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General metaphysics, also called <i><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takes the widest perspective and studies the most fundamental aspects of being. It investigates the features that all entities share and how entities can be divided into different <a href="/wiki/Categories_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Categories of being">categories</a>. Categories are the most general kinds, such as substance, property, <a href="/wiki/Relation_(philosophy)" title="Relation (philosophy)">relation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">fact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontologists research which categories there are, how they depend on one another, and how they form a system of categories that provides a comprehensive classification of all entities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special metaphysics considers being from more narrow perspectives and is divided into subdisciplines based on the perspective they take. <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical cosmology">Metaphysical cosmology</a> examines changeable things and investigates how they are connected to form a <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> as a totality extending through space and time.<sup id="cite_ref-Loux_2017_3–5,_10_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loux_2017_3–5,_10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rational psychology focuses on metaphysical foundations and problems concerning the mind, such as its relation to matter and the freedom of the will. Natural theology studies the divine and its role as the first cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Loux_2017_3–5,_10_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loux_2017_3–5,_10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of special metaphysics overlaps with other philosophical disciplines, making it unclear whether a topic belongs to it or to areas like <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applied metaphysics is a relatively young subdiscipline. It belongs to <a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">applied philosophy</a> and studies the applications of metaphysics, both within philosophy and other fields of inquiry. In areas like <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a>, it addresses topics like the ontological foundations of moral claims and religious doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond philosophy, its applications include the use of ontologies in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> to classify entities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, it examines the metaphysical status of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Meta-metaphysics"></span> <b>Meta-metaphysics</b><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Metatheory" title="Metatheory">metatheory</a> of metaphysics and investigates the nature and methods of metaphysics. It examines how metaphysics differs from other philosophical and scientific disciplines and assesses its relevance to them. Even though discussions of these topics have a long history in metaphysics, meta-metaphysics has only recently developed into a systematic field of inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existence_and_categories_of_being">Existence and categories of being</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Existence and categories of being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_categories" title="Theory of categories">Theory of categories</a></div> <p>Metaphysicians often regard existence or being as one of the most basic and general concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To exist means to form part of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>, distinguishing real entities from imaginary ones.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the orthodox view, existence is a property of properties: if an entity exists then its properties are instantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different position states that existence is a property of individuals, meaning that it is similar to other properties, such as shape or size.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is controversial whether all entities have this property. According to <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/Nonexistent_objects" title="Nonexistent objects">nonexistent objects</a>, including merely possible objects like <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related question is whether existence is the same for all entities or whether there are different modes or degrees of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Plato held that <a href="/wiki/Platonic_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic forms">Platonic forms</a>, which are perfect and immutable ideas, have a higher degree of existence than matter, which can only imperfectly reflect Platonic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another key concern in metaphysics is the division of entities into distinct groups based on underlying features they share. Theories of categories provide a system of the most fundamental kinds or the highest genera of being by establishing a comprehensive inventory of everything.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest theories of categories was proposed by Aristotle, who outlined a <a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)#The_praedicamenta" title="Categories (Aristotle)">system of 10 categories</a>. He argued that <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substances</a> (e.g. man and horse), are the most important category since all other categories like <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantity</a> (e.g. four), <a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">quality</a> (e.g. white), and place (e.g. in Athens) are said of substances and depend on them.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kant understood categories as fundamental principles underlying human understanding and developed a <a href="/wiki/Category_(Kant)" title="Category (Kant)">system of 12 categories</a>, divided into the four classes: quantity, quality, relation, and modality.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent theories of categories were proposed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">C. S. Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alexander" title="Samuel Alexander">Samuel Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E._J._Lowe_(philosopher)" title="E. J. Lowe (philosopher)">E. J. Lowe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many philosophers rely on the contrast between <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">concrete and abstract objects</a>. According to a common view, concrete objects, like rocks, trees, and human beings, exist in space and time, undergo changes, and impact each other as cause and effect. They contrast with abstract objects, like <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a>, which do not exist in space and time, are immutable, and do not engage in causal relations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particulars">Particulars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Particulars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">Particulars</a> are individual entities and include both concrete objects, like Aristotle, the Eiffel Tower, or a specific apple, and abstract objects, like the number 2 or a specific set in mathematics. Also called <i>individuals</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are unique, non-repeatable entities and contrast with <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a>, like the color red, which can at the same time exist in several places and characterize several particulars.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A widely held view is that particulars instantiate universals but are not themselves instantiated by something else, meaning that they exist in themselves while universals exist in something else. Substratum theory analyzes each particular as a substratum, also called <i>bare particular</i>, together with various properties. The substratum confers individuality to the particular while the properties express its qualitative features or what it is like. This approach is rejected by <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">bundle theorists</a>, who state that particulars are only bundles of properties without an underlying substratum. Some bundle theorists include in the bundle an individual essence, called <i><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">haecceity</a></i>, to ensure that each bundle is unique. Another proposal for concrete particulars is that they are individuated by their space-time location.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concrete particulars encountered in everyday life, like rocks, tables, and organisms, are complex entities <a href="/wiki/Composition_(objects)" title="Composition (objects)">composed</a> of various parts. For example, a table is made up of a tabletop and legs, each of which is itself made up of countless particles. The relation between parts and wholes is studied by <a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">mereology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of the many is a philosophical question about the conditions under which several individual things compose a larger whole. For example, a cloud is made up of many droplets without a clear boundary, raising the question of which droplets form part of the cloud. According to mereological universalists, every collection of entities forms a whole. This means that what seems to be a single cloud is an overlay of countless clouds, one for each cloud-like collection of water droplets. Mereological moderatists hold that certain conditions must be met for a group of entities to compose a whole, for example, that the entities touch one another. <a href="/wiki/Mereological_nihilism" title="Mereological nihilism">Mereological nihilists</a> reject the idea of wholes altogether, claiming that there are no clouds or tables but only particles that are arranged cloud-wise or table-wise.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related mereological problem is whether there are simple entities that have no parts, as <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomists</a> claim, or whether everything can be endlessly subdivided into smaller parts, as continuum theorists contend.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universals">Universals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Universals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal (metaphysics)</a></div> <p>Universals are general entities, encompassing both <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">properties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">relations</a>, that express what particulars are like and how they resemble one another. They are repeatable, meaning that they are not limited to a unique existent but can be instantiated by different particulars at the same time. For example, the particulars <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> instantiate the universal <em>humanity</em>, similar to how a strawberry and a ruby instantiate the universal <em>red</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A topic discussed since ancient philosophy, the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">problem of universals</a> consists in the challenge of characterizing the ontological status of universals.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realists argue that universals are real, mind-independent entities that exist in addition to particulars. According to <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Platonic realists</a>, universals exist independently of particulars, which implies that the universal <em>red</em> would continue to exist even if there were no red things. A more <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Problem_of_universals" title="Aristotelianism">moderate form of realism</a>, inspired by Aristotle, states that universals depend on particulars, meaning that they are only real if they are instantiated. <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalists</a> reject the idea that universals exist in either form. For them, the world is composed exclusively of particulars. <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualists</a> offer an intermediate position, stating that universals exist, but only as <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> in the mind used to order experience by classifying entities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Natural_kind" title="Natural kind">Natural</a> and social kinds are often understood as special types of universals. Entities belonging to the same natural kind share certain fundamental features characteristic of the structure of the natural world. In this regard, natural kinds are not an artificially constructed classification but are discovered,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually by the natural sciences, and include kinds like <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a>, and tigers. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realists</a> and anti-realists disagree about whether natural kinds exist.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social kinds, like <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are studied by <a href="/wiki/Social_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Social metaphysics">social metaphysics</a> and characterized as useful social constructions that, while not purely fictional, do not reflect the fundamental structure of mind-independent reality.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possibility_and_necessity">Possibility and necessity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Possibility and necessity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concepts of possibility and necessity convey what can or must be the case, expressed in modal statements like "it is possible to find a cure for cancer" and "it is necessary that two plus two equals four". Modal metaphysics studies metaphysical problems surrounding possibility and necessity, for instance, why some modal statements are true while others are false.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some metaphysicians hold that modality is a fundamental aspect of reality, meaning that besides facts about what is the case, there are additional facts about what could or must be the case.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different view argues that modal truths are not about an independent aspect of reality but can be reduced to non-modal characteristics, for example, to facts about what properties or linguistic descriptions are compatible with each other or to <a href="/wiki/Fictionalism" title="Fictionalism">fictional statements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borrowing a term from German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>, many metaphysicians use the concept of <a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">possible worlds</a> to analyze the meaning and ontological ramifications of modal statements. A possible world is a complete and consistent way the totality of things could have been.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> were <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">wiped out</a> in the actual world but there are possible worlds in which they are still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to possible world semantics, a statement is possibly true if it is true in at least one possible world, whereas it is necessarily true if it is true in all possible worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Modal realists</a> argue that possible worlds exist as concrete entities in the same sense as the actual world, with the main difference being that the actual world is the world we live in while other possible worlds are inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Counterpart_theory" title="Counterpart theory">counterparts</a>. This view is controversial and various alternatives have been suggested, for example, that possible worlds only exist as abstract objects or are similar to stories told in works of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space,_time,_and_change"><span id="Space.2C_time.2C_and_change"></span>Space, time, and change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Space, time, and change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> are dimensions that entities occupy. Spacetime realists state that space and time are fundamental aspects of reality and exist independently of the human mind. Spacetime idealists, by contrast, hold that space and time are constructs of the human mind, created to organize and make sense of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacetime absolutism or substantivalism understands spacetime as a distinct object, with some metaphysicians conceptualizing it as a container that holds all other entities within it. <a href="/wiki/Relationalism#Relationalism_(theory_of_space_and_time)" title="Relationalism">Spacetime relationism</a> sees spacetime not as an object but as a network of relations between objects, such as the spatial relation of <em>being next to</em> and the temporal relation of <em>coming before</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the metaphysics of time, an important contrast is between the <a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A-series and the B-series</a>. According to the A-series theory, the <a href="/wiki/Flow_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow of time">flow of time</a> is real, meaning that events are categorized into the past, present, and future. The present continually moves forward in time and events that are in the present now will eventually change their status and lie in the past. From the perspective of the B-series theory, time is static, and events are ordered by the temporal relations earlier-than and later-than without any essential difference between past, present, and future.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a> holds that past, present, and future are equally real, whereas <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(philosophy_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentism (philosophy of time)">presentism</a> asserts that only entities in the present exist.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Material objects persist through time and change in the process, like a tree that grows or loses leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main ways of conceptualizing persistence through time are <a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">endurantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">perdurantism</a>. According to endurantism, material objects are three-dimensional entities that are wholly present at each moment. As they change, they gain or lose properties but otherwise remain the same. Perdurantists see material objects as four-dimensional entities that extend through time and are made up of different <a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">temporal parts</a>. At each moment, only one part of the object is present, not the object as a whole. Change means that an earlier part is qualitatively different from a later part. For example, when a banana ripens, there is an unripe part followed by a ripe part.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causality">Causality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Causality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></div> <p>Causality is the relation between cause and effect whereby one entity produces or affects another entity.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, if a person bumps a glass and spills its contents then the bump is the cause and the spill is the effect.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the single-case causation between particulars in this example, there is also general-case causation expressed in statements such as "smoking causes cancer".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Agent_causation" title="Agent causation">agent causation</a> is used when people and their actions cause something.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causation is usually interpreted deterministically, meaning that a cause always brings about its effect. This view is rejected by <a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_causation" title="Probabilistic causation">probabilistic theories</a>, which claim that the cause merely increases the probability that the effect occurs. This view can explain that smoking causes cancer even though this does not happen in every single case.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Humeanism#Causality_and_necessity" title="Humeanism">regularity theory of causation</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>'s philosophy, states that causation is nothing but a <a href="/wiki/Constant_conjunction" title="Constant conjunction">constant conjunction</a> in which the mind apprehends that one phenomenon, like putting one's hand in a fire, is always followed by another phenomenon, like a feeling of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to nomic regularity theories, regularities manifest as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">laws of nature</a> studied by science.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">Counterfactual</a> theories focus not on regularities but on how effects depend on their causes. They state that effects owe their existence to the cause and would not occur without them.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to primitivism, causation is a basic concept that cannot be analyzed in terms of non-causal concepts, such as regularities or dependence relations. One form of primitivism identifies causal powers inherent in entities as the underlying mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliminativists reject the above theories by holding that there is no causation.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mind_and_free_will">Mind and free will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mind and free will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of approaches to the mind–body problem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/290px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/435px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/580px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Different approaches toward resolving the mind–body problem</figcaption></figure> <p>Mind encompasses phenomena like <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perceiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceiving">perceiving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desiring" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiring">desiring</a> as well as the underlying faculties responsible for these phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a> is the challenge of clarifying the relation between physical and mental phenomena. According to <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian dualism</a>, minds and bodies are distinct substances. They causally interact with each other in various ways but can, at least in principle, exist on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is rejected by <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monists</a>, who argue that reality is made up of only one kind. According to <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>, everything is mental, including physical objects, which may be understood as ideas or perceptions of conscious minds. Materialists, by contrast, state that all reality is at its core material. Some deny that mind exists but the more common approach is to explain mind in terms of certain aspects of matter, such as brain states, behavioral <a href="/wiki/Disposition" title="Disposition">dispositions</a>, or functional roles.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monists</a> argue that reality is fundamentally neither material nor mental and suggest that matter and mind are both derivative phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key aspect of the mind–body problem is the <a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a> or how to explain that physical systems like brains can produce phenomenal consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of free will as the ability of a person to choose their <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">actions</a> is a central aspect of the mind–body problem.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaphysicians are interested in the relation between free will and <a href="/wiki/Causal_determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal determinism">causal determinism</a>—the view that everything in the universe, including human behavior, is determined by preceding events and laws of nature. It is controversial whether causal determinism is true, and, if so, whether this would imply that there is no free will. According to <a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">incompatibilism</a>, free will cannot exist in a deterministic world since there is no true choice or control if everything is determined.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hard_determinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard determinists">Hard determinists</a> infer from this that there is no free will, whereas <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">libertarians</a> conclude that determinism must be false. <a href="/wiki/Compatibilists" class="mw-redirect" title="Compatibilists">Compatibilists</a> offer a third perspective, arguing that determinism and free will do not exclude each other, for instance, because a person can still act in tune with their motivation and choices even if they are determined by other forces. Free will plays a key role in ethics regarding the <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">moral responsibility</a> people have for what they do.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a> is a relation that every entity has to itself as a form of sameness. It refers to numerical identity when the very same entity is involved, as in the statement "the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">morning star</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">evening star</a>" (both are the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>). In a slightly different sense, it encompasses qualitative identity, also called <i>exact similarity</i> and <i>indiscernibility</i>, which occurs when two distinct entities are exactly alike, such as perfect identical twins.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of the indiscernibility of identicals is widely accepted and holds that numerically identical entities exactly resemble one another. The converse principle, known as <a href="/wiki/Identity_of_indiscernibles" title="Identity of indiscernibles">identity of indiscernibles</a> or Leibniz's Law, is more controversial and states that two entities are numerically identical if they exactly resemble one another.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another distinction is between synchronic and diachronic identity. Synchronic identity relates an entity to itself at the same time, whereas diachronic identity is about the same entity at different times, as in statements like "the table I bought last year is the same as the table in my dining room now".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> is a related topic in metaphysics that uses the term <i>identity</i> in a slightly different sense and concerns questions like what <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a> is or what makes someone a person.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various contemporary metaphysicians rely on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">truth-bearer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">truthmaker</a> to conduct their inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truth is a property of being in accord with reality. Truth-bearers are entities that can be true or false, such as linguistic statements and mental representations. A truthmaker of a statement is the entity whose existence makes the statement true.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the fact that a tomato exists and that it is red acts as a truthmaker for the statement "a tomato is red".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this observation, it is possible to pursue metaphysical research by asking what the truthmakers of statements are, with different areas of metaphysics being dedicated to different types of statements. According to this view, modal metaphysics asks what makes statements about what is possible and necessary true while the metaphysics of time is interested in the truthmakers of temporal statements about the past, present, and future.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A closely related topic concerns the nature of truth. Theories of truth aim to determine this nature and include <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">correspondence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coherence_theory_of_truth" title="Coherence theory of truth">coherence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_theory_of_truth" title="Pragmatic theory of truth">pragmatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_theory_of_truth" title="Semantic theory of truth">semantic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deflationary_theory_of_truth" title="Deflationary theory of truth">deflationary theories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaphysicians employ a variety of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_methodology" title="Philosophical methodology">methods</a> to develop metaphysical theories and formulate arguments for and against them.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> methods have been the dominant approach. They rely on rational <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuition</a> and abstract reasoning from general principles rather than sensory <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>. <i>A posteriori</i> approaches, by contrast, ground metaphysical theories in <a href="/wiki/Empirical_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical observation">empirical observations</a> and scientific theories.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some metaphysicians incorporate perspectives from fields such as <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> into their inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two approaches are not mutually exclusive: it is possible to combine elements from both.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method a metaphysician chooses often depends on their understanding of the nature of metaphysics, for example, whether they see it as an inquiry into the mind-independent structure of reality, as <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical realism">metaphysical realists</a> claim, or the principles underlying thought and experience, as some <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_anti-realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical anti-realism">metaphysical anti-realists</a> contend.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>A priori</i> approaches often rely on intuitions—non-inferential impressions about the correctness of specific claims or general principles.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, arguments for the <a href="/wiki/A-theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="A-theory of time">A-theory of time</a>, which states that time flows from the past through the present and into the future, often rely on pre-theoretical intuitions associated with the sense of the passage of time.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some approaches use intuitions to establish a small set of <a href="/wiki/Self-evident" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-evident">self-evident</a> fundamental principles, known as <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axioms</a>, and employ <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a> to build complex metaphysical systems by drawing conclusions from these axioms.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intuition-based approaches can be combined with <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought experiments">thought experiments</a>, which help evoke and clarify intuitions by linking them to imagined situations. They use <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking" title="Counterfactual thinking">counterfactual thinking</a> to assess the possible consequences of these situations.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, to explore the relation between matter and consciousness, some theorists compare humans to <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombies" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical zombies">philosophical zombies</a>—hypothetical creatures identical to humans but without <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related method relies on commonly accepted beliefs instead of intuitions to formulate arguments and theories. The <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common-sense</a> approach is often used to criticize metaphysical theories that deviate significantly from how the average person thinks about an issue. For example, common-sense philosophers have argued that <a href="/wiki/Mereological_nihilism" title="Mereological nihilism">mereological nihilism</a> is false since it implies that commonly accepted things, like tables, do not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual analysis">Conceptual analysis</a>, a method particularly prominent in <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, aims to decompose metaphysical concepts into component parts to clarify their meaning and identify essential relations.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, the method of <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidetic variation">eidetic variation</a> is used to investigate essential structures underlying <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a>. This method involves imagining an object and varying its features to determine which ones are essential and cannot be changed.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_arguments" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental arguments">transcendental</a> method is a further approach and examines the metaphysical structure of reality by observing what entities there are and studying the <a href="/wiki/Condition_of_possibility" title="Condition of possibility">conditions of possibility</a> without which these entities could not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some approaches give less importance to <i>a priori</i> reasoning and view metaphysics as a practice continuous with the empirical sciences that generalizes their insights while making their underlying assumptions explicit. This approach is known as <i>naturalized metaphysics</i> and is closely associated with the work of <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He relies on the idea that true sentences from the sciences and other fields have <a href="/wiki/Ontological_commitments" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological commitments">ontological commitments</a>, that is, they imply that certain entities exist.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if the sentence "some electrons are bonded to protons" is true then it can be used to justify that electrons and protons exist.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quine used this insight to argue that one can learn about metaphysics by closely analyzing<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scientific claims to understand what kind of metaphysical picture of the world they presuppose.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to methods of conducting metaphysical inquiry, there are various methodological principles used to decide between competing theories by comparing their theoretical virtues. <a href="/wiki/Ockham%27s_Razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockham's Razor">Ockham's Razor</a> is a well-known principle that gives preference to simple theories, in particular, those that assume that few entities exist. Other principles consider <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">explanatory power</a>, theoretical usefulness, and proximity to established beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume,_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of David Hume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3365" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> criticized metaphysicians for trying to gain knowledge outside the field of sensory experience.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its status as one of the main branches of philosophy, metaphysics has received numerous criticisms questioning its legitimacy as a field of inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One criticism argues that metaphysical inquiry is impossible because humans lack the cognitive capacities needed to access the ultimate nature of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line of thought leads to <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> about the possibility of metaphysical knowledge. Empiricists often follow this idea, like Hume, who argued that there is no good <a href="/wiki/Knowledge#Sources" title="Knowledge">source of metaphysical knowledge</a> since metaphysics lies outside the field of <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical knowledge</a> and relies on dubious intuitions about the realm beyond sensory experience. A related argument favoring the unreliability of metaphysical theorizing points to the deep and lasting <a href="/wiki/Disagreements_(epistemology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disagreements (epistemology)">disagreements</a> about metaphysical issues, suggesting a lack of overall progress.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another criticism holds that the problem lies not with human cognitive abilities but with metaphysical statements themselves, which some claim are neither true nor false but <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy)" title="Meaning (philosophy)">meaningless</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivists</a>, for instance, the meaning of a statement is given by the procedure used to <a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">verify</a> it, usually through the <a href="/wiki/Observations" class="mw-redirect" title="Observations">observations</a> that would confirm it. Based on this controversial assumption, they argue that metaphysical statements are meaningless since they make no testable predictions about experience.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ontological_deflationism"></span> A slightly weaker position allows metaphysical statements to have meaning while holding that metaphysical disagreements are merely verbal disputes about different ways to describe the world. According to this view, the disagreement in the metaphysics of composition about whether there are tables or only particles arranged table-wise is a trivial debate about linguistic preferences without any substantive consequences for the nature of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position that metaphysical disputes have no meaning or no significant point is called <i><b>metaphysical</b></i> or <i><b>ontological deflationism</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is opposed by so-called <i>serious metaphysicians</i>, who contend that metaphysical disputes are about substantial features of the underlying structure of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A closely related debate between ontological <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realists</a> and anti-realists concerns the question of whether there are any objective facts that determine which metaphysical theories are true.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different criticism, formulated by <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatists</a>, sees the fault of metaphysics not in its cognitive ambitions or the meaninglessness of its statements, but in its practical irrelevance and lack of usefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> criticized traditional metaphysics, saying that it fails to distinguish between individual entities and being as their ontological ground. His attempt to reveal the underlying assumptions and limitations in the history of metaphysics to "overcome metaphysics" influenced <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>'s method of <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derrida employed this approach to criticize metaphysical texts for relying on opposing terms, like presence and absence, which he thought were inherently unstable and contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no consensus about the validity of these criticisms and whether they affect metaphysics as a whole or only certain issues or approaches in it. For example, it could be the case that certain metaphysical disputes are merely verbal while others are substantive.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_disciplines">Relation to other disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relation to other disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaphysics is related to many fields of inquiry by investigating their basic concepts and relation to the fundamental structure of reality. For example, the natural sciences rely on concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">law of nature</a>, causation, necessity, and spacetime to formulate their theories and predict or explain the outcomes of experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While scientists primarily focus on applying these concepts to specific situations, metaphysics examines their general nature and how they depend on each other. For instance, physicists formulate laws of nature, like <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">laws of gravitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, to describe how physical systems behave under various conditions. Metaphysicians, by contrast, examine what all laws of nature have in common, asking whether they merely describe contingent regularities or express necessary relations.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New scientific discoveries have also influenced existing metaphysical theories and inspired new ones. Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>, for instance, prompted various metaphysicians to conceive space and time as a unified dimension rather than as independent dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empirically focused metaphysicians often rely on scientific theories to ground their theories about the nature of reality in empirical observations.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar issues arise in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> where metaphysicians investigate their basic concepts and analyze their metaphysical implications. This includes questions like whether social facts emerge from non-social facts, whether social groups and institutions have mind-independent existence, and how they persist through time.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaphysical assumptions and topics in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> include the questions about the relation between body and mind, whether the nature of the human mind is historically fixed, and what the metaphysical status of diseases is.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metaphysics is similar to both <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> in its exploration of the first causes and the universe as a whole. Key differences are that metaphysics relies on rational inquiry while physical cosmology gives more weight to empirical observations and theology incorporates divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> and other faith-based doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, cosmology and theology were considered subfields of metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Suggested Upper Merged Ontology </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade 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table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap">Entity<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Physical<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Object</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Process</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Abstract<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Quantity</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Proposition</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Attribute</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Relation</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Set or Class</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Fundamental categories in the <a href="/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology" title="Suggested Upper Merged Ontology">Suggested Upper Merged Ontology</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Metaphysics in the form of ontology plays a central role in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> to classify objects and formally represent information about them. Unlike metaphysicians, computer scientists are usually not interested in providing a single all-encompassing characterization of reality as a whole. Instead, they employ many different ontologies, each one concerned only with a limited domain of entities.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, an organization may use an ontology with categories such as <i>person</i>, <i>company</i>, <i>address</i>, and <i>name</i> to represent information about clients and employees.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontologies provide standards or conceptualizations for encoding and storing information in a structured way, enabling computational processes to use and transform their information for a variety of purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge bases</a> integrate information from various domains, which brings with it the challenge of handling data that was formulated using diverse ontologies. They address this by providing an <a href="/wiki/Upper_ontology" title="Upper ontology">upper ontology</a> that defines concepts at a higher level of abstraction, applicable to all domains. Influential upper ontologies include <a href="/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology" title="Suggested Upper Merged Ontology">Suggested Upper Merged Ontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basic_Formal_Ontology" title="Basic Formal Ontology">Basic Formal Ontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a> as the study of <a href="/wiki/Logical_reasoning" title="Logical reasoning">correct reasoning</a><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often used by metaphysicians as a tool to engage in their inquiry and express insights through precise <a href="/wiki/Logical_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical formula">logical formulas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another relation between the two fields concerns the metaphysical assumptions associated with <a href="/wiki/Logical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical system">logical systems</a>. Many logical systems like <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a> rely on <a href="/wiki/Existential_quantifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential quantifier">existential quantifiers</a> to express existential statements. For instance, in the logical formula <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \exists x{\text{Horse}}(x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∃</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Horse</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exists x{\text{Horse}}(x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c7be4112f83da1be39b64751b598c22b08c7065d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.527ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \exists x{\text{Horse}}(x)}"></span> the existential quantifier <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \exists }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∃</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exists }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77ed842b6b90b2fdd825320cf8e5265fa937b583" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \exists }"></span> is applied to the <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate (logic)">predicate</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Horse}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Horse</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Horse}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf943f78a7753f95b2245668bc62ded612d22de6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Horse}}}"></span> to express that there are horses. Following Quine, various metaphysicians assume that existential quantifiers carry <a href="/wiki/Ontological_commitment" title="Ontological commitment">ontological commitments</a>, meaning that existential statements imply that the entities over which one quantifies are part of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_metaphysics" title="History of metaphysics">History of metaphysics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yin_yang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Symbol of yin and yang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/180px-Yin_yang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/270px-Yin_yang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/360px-Yin_yang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">taijitu</a> symbol shows <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a>, which are two correlated forces discussed in Chinese metaphysics to explore the nature and patterns of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Metaphysics originated in the ancient period from speculations about the nature and origin of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, starting in the 7th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> were written as religious and philosophical texts that examine how <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">ultimate reality</a> constitutes the ground of all being. They further explore the nature of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">self</a> and how it can reach <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a> by understanding ultimate reality.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period also saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in the 6th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which denies the existence of an independent self and understands the world as a <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">cyclic process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, the school of <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> was formed and explored the natural order of the universe, known as <a href="/wiki/Dao" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao">Dao</a>, and how it is characterized by the interplay of <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a> as two correlated forces.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, metaphysics emerged in the 6th century BCE with the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Socratic">pre-Socratic</a> philosophers, who gave rational explanations of the cosmos as a whole by examining the <a href="/wiki/First_principle" title="First principle">first principles</a> from which everything arises.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on their work, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (427–347 BCE) formulated his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">theory of forms</a>, which states that eternal forms or ideas possess the highest kind of reality while the material world is only an imperfect reflection of them.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE) accepted Plato's idea that there are universal forms but held that they cannot exist on their own but depend on matter. He also proposed a system of categories and developed a comprehensive framework of the natural world through his theory of the <a href="/wiki/Four_causes" title="Four causes">four causes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 4th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">rational order</a> underlying the cosmos and the idea that it is made up of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">indivisible atoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> emerged towards the end of the ancient period in the 3rd century CE and introduced the idea of "the One" as the transcendent and ineffable source of all creation.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka school</a> developed the idea that all phenomena are <a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">inherently empty</a> without a permanent essence. The consciousness-only doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra school</a> stated that experienced objects are mere transformations of consciousness and do not reflect external reality.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> philosophy<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced a metaphysical dualism with <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">pure consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">matter</a> as its fundamental categories.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, the school of <a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a> explored metaphysical problems such as the contrast between being and non-being.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boethius.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of Boethius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boethius.jpeg/220px-Boethius.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boethius.jpeg/330px-Boethius.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boethius.jpeg/440px-Boethius.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>'s theory of universals influenced many subsequent metaphysicians.</figcaption></figure> <p>Medieval Western philosophy was profoundly shaped by ancient Greek philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> (477–524 CE) sought to reconcile Plato's and Aristotle's theories of universals, proposing that universals can exist both in matter and mind. His theory inspired the development of nominalism and conceptualism, as in the thought of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> (1079–1142 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (1224–1274 CE) understood metaphysics as the discipline investigating different meanings of <i>being</i>, such as the contrast between substance and <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a>, and principles applying to all beings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of identity">principle of identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> (1285–1347 CE) proposed <a href="/wiki/Ockham%27s_razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockham's razor">Ockham's razor</a>, a methodological principles to choose between competing metaphysical theories.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic–Persian philosophy flourished from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">the early 9th century CE to the late 12th century CE</a>, integrating ancient Greek philosophies to interpret and clarify the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (980–1037 CE) developed a comprehensive philosophical system that examined the contrast between existence and essence and distinguished between contingent and necessary existence.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a> saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> in the 8th century CE, which holds that everything is one and that the idea of many entities existing independently is an <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">illusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> arose in the 9th century CE and explored the <a href="/wiki/Li_(neo-Confucianism)" title="Li (neo-Confucianism)">concept of li</a> as the rational principle that is the ground of being and reflects the order of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early modern period, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650) developed a substance dualism according to which body and mind exist as independent entities that causally interact.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> (1632–1677), who formulated a monist philosophy suggesting that there is only one substance with both physical and mental attributes that develop side-by-side without interacting.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> (1646–1716) introduced the concept of possible worlds and articulated a metaphysical system known as <a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">monadology</a>, which views the universe as a collection of <a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">simple substances</a> synchronized without causal interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a> (1679–1754), conceptualized the scope of metaphysics by distinguishing between general and special metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a> (1685–1753), everything is mental, including material objects, which are <a href="/wiki/Esse_est_percipi" class="mw-redirect" title="Esse est percipi">ideas perceived by the mind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776) made various contributions to metaphysics, including the <a href="/wiki/Humeanism#Causality_and_necessity" title="Humeanism">regularity theory of causation</a> and the idea that there are no necessary connections between distinct entities. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> (1561–1626) and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704), Hume criticized metaphysical theories that seek ultimate principles inaccessible to sensory experience.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This critical outlook was embraced by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804), who tried to reconceptualize metaphysics as an inquiry into the basic principles and categories of thought and understanding rather than seeing it as an attempt to comprehend mind-independent reality.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many developments in the later modern period were shaped by Kant's philosophy. <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealists</a> adopted his idealistic outlook in their attempt to find a unifying principle as the foundation of all reality.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> (1770–1831) developed a comprehensive system of philosophy that examines how absolute spirit manifests itself.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He inspired the <a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British idealism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Herbert_Bradley" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Herbert Bradley">Francis Herbert Bradley</a> (1846–1924), who interpreted absolute spirit as the all-inclusive totality of being.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> (1788–1860) was a strong critic of German idealism and articulated a different <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">metaphysical vision</a>, positing a <a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)#Metaphysical_voluntarism" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">blind and irrational will as the underlying principle of reality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pragmatists like <a href="/wiki/C._S._Peirce" class="mw-redirect" title="C. S. Peirce">C. S. Peirce</a> (1839–1914) and <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (1859–1952) conceived metaphysics as an observational science of the most general features of reality and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANWhitehead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Alfred North Whitehead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ANWhitehead.jpg/220px-ANWhitehead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ANWhitehead.jpg/330px-ANWhitehead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/ANWhitehead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> articulated the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a> in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Process_and_Reality" title="Process and Reality">Process and Reality</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the turn of the 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1872–1970) and <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a> (1873–1958) led a "revolt against idealism", arguing for the existence of a mind-independent world aligned with common sense and empirical science.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomists</a>, like Russell and the early <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> (1889–1951), conceived the world as a multitude of atomic facts, which later inspired metaphysicians such as <a href="/wiki/D._M._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="D. M. Armstrong">D. M. Armstrong</a> (1926–2014).<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> (1861–1947) developed <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process metaphysics</a> as an attempt to provide a holistic description of both the objective and the subjective realms.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a> (1891–1970) and other <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivists</a> formulated a wide-ranging criticism of metaphysical statements, arguing that they are meaningless because there is no way to <a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">verify them</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other criticisms of traditional metaphysics identified misunderstandings of <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">ordinary language</a> as the source of many traditional metaphysical problems or challenged complex metaphysical deductions by appealing to common sense.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline of logical positivism led to a revival of metaphysical theorizing.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a> (1908–2000) tried to naturalize metaphysics by connecting it to the empirical sciences. His student <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a> (1941–2001) employed the concept of possible worlds to formulate his <a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">modal realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a> (1940–2022) helped revive discussions of identity and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">essentialism</a>, distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">necessity</a> as a metaphysical notion from the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemic</a> notion of <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> (1859–1938) engaged in ontology through a phenomenological description of experience, while his student <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (1889–1976) developed <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_ontology" title="Fundamental ontology">fundamental ontology</a> to clarify the meaning of being.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidegger's philosophy inspired general criticisms of metaphysics by <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodern</a> thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> (1930–2004).<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a>'s (1925–1995) approach to metaphysics challenged traditionally influential concepts like substance, essence, and identity by reconceptualizing the field through alternative notions such as multiplicity, event, and difference.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational metaphysics">Computational metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Metaphysics" title="Doctor of Metaphysics">Doctor of Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berti#Thought" title="Enrico Berti">Enrico Berti's classification of metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_question_of_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental question of metaphysics">Fundamental question of metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">List of metaphysicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(metaphysics)" title="Grounding (metaphysics)">Metaphysical grounding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philosophers engaged in metaphysics are called <i>metaphysicians</i> or <i>metaphysicists</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the academic discourse, the term <i>metaphysics</i> is sometimes used in a different sense for the study of <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> phenomena, like metaphysical healing, <a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">auras</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_power" title="Pyramid power">power of pyramids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the metaphysical problem of causation is relevant both to <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, as a factor involved in perceptual knowledge, and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, in regard to moral responsibility for the consequences caused by one's <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">actions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a></i> is sometimes also used as a synonym of metaphysics as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some philosophers use the term <i><a href="/wiki/Metaontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaontology">metaontology</a></i> as a synonym while others characterize metaontology as a subfield of meta-metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Meinong, existence is not a synonym of being: all entities have being but not all entities have existence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some philosophers use the two terms in slightly different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The classified entities do not have to occur naturally and can encompass man-made products, such as synthetic chemical substances.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A further topic concerns different types of modality, such as the contrast between physical, metaphysical, and logical necessity based on whether the necessity has its source in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">laws of nature</a>, the essences of things, or the laws of logic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A slightly different critique of deterministic theories of causation is formulated by <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a>, who holds that effects are derived from causes but not necessitated by them.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/Consequence_argument" title="Consequence argument">consequence argument</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a> says that people have no power over the future if everything is determined by the past together with the laws of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>intuition</i> has a variety of other meanings in philosophy. It can refer to a simple opinion, a disposition to belief, what seems to be the case, or a relation between the mind and abstract objects.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept plays a central role in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, who understands intuitions as conscious, objective representations closely associated with the sense of space and time.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quine's method of analysis relies on <a href="/wiki/Logic_translation" title="Logic translation">logic translation</a> to <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a> in order to express claims as precisely as possible while relying <a href="/wiki/Existential_quantifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential quantifier">existential quantifiers</a> to identify their ontological commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The precise date is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to traditional accounts, <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> as the founder of Daoism lived in the 6th century BCE but other accounts state that he may have lived in the 4th or 3rd centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Influential Neoplatonists include <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ideas underlying Samkhya philosophy arose as early as the 7th and 6th centuries BCE but its classical and systematic formulation is dated 350 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 1–3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2020">McDaniel 2020</a>, § 0.3 An Overview of Metaphysics and Other Areas of Philosophy</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § What Is an Introduction?</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10 What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, p. 2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, p. 1</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTurner1911">Turner 1911</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Metaphysics" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Metaphysics">I. The Name</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 1–4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2020">McDaniel 2020</a>, § 0.3 An Overview of Metaphysics and Other Areas of Philosophy</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10 What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 9–10</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. The Word 'Metaphysics' and the Concept of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 1–4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. The Word 'Metaphysics' and the Concept of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 8–10</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 2–3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 8–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 1–2, 6</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBengtson2015">Bengtson 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUHvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">35</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i7PG-Vk824UC&pg=PA354">354</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHeyndelsBengtsonMesel2024">Heyndels, Bengtson & Mesel 2024</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wvjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjRG56XeyIcC&pg=PA18">18</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10 What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, p. xiii</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 206–207</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 203–205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoad1993">Hoad 1993</a>, pp. 291, 351</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCohenReeve2021">Cohen & Reeve 2021</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10. What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPolitis2004">Politis 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-GjOoZNnGsC&pg=PA1">1</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 590</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10. What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPols1993">Pols 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sv84Gi7C9jgC&pg=PA203">203</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2013">Lowe 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Las3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">127</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 3–5, 10</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 1. The Word 'Metaphysics' and the Concept of Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCraig1998">Craig 1998</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 1–2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawley2016">Hawley 2016</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 10–14</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 1. The Word 'Metaphysics' and the Concept of Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, The Categories Of Being</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHofweber2023">Hofweber 2023</a>, § 3. Ontology</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, The Categories Of Being</li><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loux_2017_3–5,_10-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loux_2017_3–5,_10_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loux_2017_3–5,_10_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 3–5, 10</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 1. The Word 'Metaphysics' and the Concept of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 10–11</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCraig1998">Craig 1998</a>, § 2. Specific Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHawley2016">Hawley 2016</a>, pp. 165–168</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrumbaugh1966">Brumbaugh 1966</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20124133">647–648</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawley2016">Hawley 2016</a>, pp. 168–169, 171–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawley2016">Hawley 2016</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTahko2018">Tahko 2018</a>, Lead Section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2020">McDaniel 2020</a>, § 7 Meta-metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTahko2018">Tahko 2018</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005">Lowe 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-828">277</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWhite2019">White 2019</a>, pp. 135, 200</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJubien2004">Jubien 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uoCh8mpbZO4C&pg=PA47">47–48</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005">Lowe 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-828">277</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAHD_staff2022">AHD staff 2022</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, Lead Section, §1. Existence as a Second-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBlackburn2008">Blackburn 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095804522;jsessionid=AEB41DBFF0B3EBCDCCB8A1E0DAFD4EB0">existence</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, Lead Section, §2. Existence as a First-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBlackburn2008">Blackburn 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095804522;jsessionid=AEB41DBFF0B3EBCDCCB8A1E0DAFD4EB0">existence</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Inwagen2023">Van Inwagen 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNelson2022">Nelson 2022</a>, Lead Section, §2. Meinongianism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJubien2004">Jubien 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uoCh8mpbZO4C&pg=PA49">49</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, Lead Section, §3. How Many Ways of Being Existent?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2017">McDaniel 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8F0vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89">77</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDaly2009">Daly 2009</a>, pp. 227–228</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Inwagen2023">Van Inwagen 2023</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 11–12</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWardy1998">Wardy 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, § 1.1 Aristotelian Realism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStudtmann2024">Studtmann 2024</a>, § 2. The Ten-Fold Division</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWardy1998">Wardy 1998</a>, § 1. Categories in Aristotle</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, § 1.2 Kantian Conceptualism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWardy1998">Wardy 1998</a>, § 1. Categories in Kant</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, § 1.3 Husserlian Descriptivism, § 1.4 Contemporary Category Systems</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrimRescher2023">Grim & Rescher 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgPPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39">39</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-VidalRosen2022">Falguera, Martínez-Vidal & Rosen 2022</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Introduction, § 3.5 The Ways of Negation</li><li><a href="#CITEREFErasmus2018">Erasmus 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ze5FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">93</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998">Bigelow 1998</a>, Lead Section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005">Lowe 2005</a>, p. 683</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein">MacLeod & Rubenstein</a>, Lead Section, § 1a. The Nature of Universals</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998">Bigelow 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, § Particularity and Individuality</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMaurin2019">Maurin 2019</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMaurin2019">Maurin 2019</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, § Particularity and Individuality</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998">Bigelow 1998</a>, Lead Section, § 3. Bundles of Properties</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 82–83</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 250–251</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVarzi2019">Varzi 2019</a>, Lead Section, § 1. 'Part' and Parthood</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCornell">Cornell</a>, Lead Section, § 2. The Special Composition Question</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 19–21</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeatherson2023">Weatherson 2023</a>, Lead section, § 3. Overpopulation</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 82–83</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCornell">Cornell</a>, Lead Section, § 2. The Special Composition Question</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrenner2015">Brenner 2015</a>, p. 1295</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 19–21, 23–24, 32–33</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBerryman2022">Berryman 2022</a>, § 2.6 Atomism and Particle Theories in Ancient Greek Sciences</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVarzi2019">Varzi 2019</a>, § 3.4 Atomism, Gunk, and Other Options</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein">MacLeod & Rubenstein</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998a">Bigelow 1998a</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCowling2019">Cowling 2019</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 17–19</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein">MacLeod & Rubenstein</a>, Lead Section, § 1c. The Problem of Universals</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRodriguez-Pereyra2000">Rodriguez-Pereyra 2000</a>, pp. 255–256</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 17–19</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein">MacLeod & Rubenstein</a>, Lead Section, § 2. Versions of Realism, § 3. Versions of Anti-Realism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998a">Bigelow 1998a</a>, § 4. Nominalism and Realism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 17–19, 45</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBrzović">Brzović</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBirdTobin2024">Bird & Tobin 2024</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBrzović">Brzović</a>, Lead Section, § 3. Metaphysics of Natural Kinds</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBirdTobin2024">Bird & Tobin 2024</a>, Lead Section, § 1.2 Natural Kind Realism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFListon">Liston</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFÁsta2017">Ásta 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315768571-27/social-kinds-%C3%A1sta">290–291</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBirdTobin2024">Bird & Tobin 2024</a>, § 2.4 Natural Kinds and Social Science</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 259–263</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 185–186</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFParent">Parent</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 149–150</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 154–155</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 8. What Is Possible?</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHanna2009">Hanna 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ka9BhOL1ev8C&pg=PA196">196</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHale2020">Hale 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSvsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">142</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGoswick2018">Goswick 2018</a>, pp. 97–98</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWilsch2017">Wilsch 2017</a>, pp. 428–429, 446</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGoswick2018">Goswick 2018</a>, pp. 97–98</li><li><a href="#CITEREFParent">Parent</a>, § 3. Ersatzism, § 4. Fictionalism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWilsch2017">Wilsch 2017</a>, pp. 428–429</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMenzel2023">Menzel 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Possible Worlds and Modal Logic</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoJago2023">Berto & Jago 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPavel1986">Pavel 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OF7ZA54UpYYC&pg=PA50">50</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, § Possible Worlds</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNuttall2013">Nuttall 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luc-Hf_bEOIC&pg=PT135">135</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMenzel2023">Menzel 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Possible Worlds and Modal Logic</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2010">Kuhn 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_eYe6NVaDMC&pg=PA13">13</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFParent">Parent</a>, Lead Section, § 2. Lewis' Realism, § 3. Ersatzism, § 4. Fictionalism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMenzel2023">Menzel 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 2. Three Philosophical Conceptions of Possible Worlds</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, § Modal Realism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDainton2010">Dainton 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/time-and-space/spatial-antirealism/CE284C8D3088AF598998951618D4867D">245–246</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaniak2022">Janiak 2022</a>, § 4.2 Absolute/Relational Vs. Real/Ideal</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPelczar2015">Pelczar 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkjTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115">115</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023">Hoefer, Huggett & Read 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBenovsky2016">Benovsky 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRomero2018">Romero 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">135</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDyke2002">Dyke 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxIlqbSWg4gC&pg=PA138">138</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 182–185</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 160–161</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 179–181</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 206, 214–215</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRomero2018">Romero 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">135</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2018">Miller 2018</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCosta">Costa</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSimons2013">Simons 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166">166</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2018">Miller 2018</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCosta">Costa</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Theories of Persistence</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSimons2013">Simons 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166">166</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHawley2023">Hawley 2023</a>, 3. Change and Temporal Parts</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 20–22</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 218–219</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 21–22</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson2012">Williamson 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWWEIvNgUQ4C&pg=PA186">186</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 219, 252–253</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 233–234</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 228–231</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson2012">Williamson 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWWEIvNgUQ4C&pg=PA185">185–186</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWilandDriver2022">Wiland & Driver 2022</a>, § 3. Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Miltenburg2022">Van Miltenburg 2022</a>, pp. 1, 6</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLorkowski">Lorkowski</a>, Lead Section, § 2. Necessary Connections and Hume’s Two Definitions, § 4. Causal Reductionism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 24–25</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 220–221</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 223–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, p. 26</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 221–222</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 224–225</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 231–232</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2009">Mumford 2009</a>, pp. 94–95</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumfordAnjum2013">Mumford & Anjum 2013</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 63–64</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 231–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton2005">Morton 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1608?rskey=jqUtkA&result=1601">603</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin1999">McLaughlin 1999</a>, pp. 684–685</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 608</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin1999">McLaughlin 1999</a>, pp. 685–691</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 608</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRamsey2022">Ramsey 2022</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2020">Pradhan 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSz7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFStubenbergWishon2023">Stubenberg & Wishon 2023</a>, Lead Section; § 1.3 Mind and Matter Revisited</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1998">Griffin 1998</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeisberg">Weisberg</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Stating the Problem</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTimpe">Timpe</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFOlson2001">Olson 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mind-body-problem">Mind–Body Problem</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2018">Armstrong 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uf7EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVihvelin2022">Vihvelin 2022</a>, § 5. Choice and the Consequence Argument</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKane2011">Kane 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOdoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFO’ConnorFranklin2022">O’Connor & Franklin 2022</a>, Lead Section, § 2. The Nature of Free Will</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTimpe">Timpe</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Free Will, Free Action and Moral Responsibility, § 3. Free Will and Determinism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2018">Armstrong 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uf7EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKirwan2005">Kirwan 2005</a>, pp. 417–418</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022">Noonan & Curtis 2022</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSleigh2005">Sleigh 2005</a>, p. 418</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKirwan2005">Kirwan 2005</a>, pp. 417–418</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022">Noonan & Curtis 2022</a>, § 2. The Logic of Identity</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGallois2016">Gallois 2016</a>, § 2.1 Diachronic and Synchronic Identity</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022">Noonan & Curtis 2022</a>, Lead Section, § 5. Identity Over Time</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022">Noonan & Curtis 2022</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFOlson2023">Olson 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. The Problems of Personal Identity</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKorfmacher">Korfmacher</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 1–4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 15–17</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005a">Lowe 2005a</a>, p. 926</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 1–4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 15–17</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAsay2020">Asay 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRXeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">11</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMacBride2022">MacBride 2022</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRodriguez-Pereyra2006">Rodriguez-Pereyra 2006</a>, pp. 191–192</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeebeeDodd2005">Beebee & Dodd 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l24TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2–3</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, p. 1</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 1–4, 163–165</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 15–17, 154</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMeinertsen2018">Meinertsen 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HiQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">21–22</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDowdenSwartz">Dowden & Swartz</a>, Lead section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEngel2014">Engel 2014</a>, pp. 12, 34–35, 47</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. xi, 2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 2–3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 2–3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10. What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 151–152</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaksland2023">Jaksland 2023</a>, pp. 198–199</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 151–152, 172–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10. What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 2–3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEffinghamBeebeeGoff2010">Effingham, Beebee & Goff 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBKsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">123</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKhlentzos2021">Khlentzos 2021</a>, Lead Section, § 3. 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The Geometrical Method</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 177–178</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrownFehige2019">Brown & Fehige 2019</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGoffiRoux2011">Goffi & Roux 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/GOFOTV">165, 168–169</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFEderLawlerVan_Riel2020">Eder, Lawler & Van Riel 2020</a>, pp. 915–916</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirk2023">Kirk 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 2. Zombies and Physicalism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLawson2020">Lawson 2020</a>, pp. 185–186</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaksland2023">Jaksland 2023</a>, pp. 198–199</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJackson1998">Jackson 1998</a>, pp. 28–30</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEderLawlerVan_Riel2020">Eder, Lawler & Van Riel 2020</a>, p. 915</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2015">Shaffer 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26602327">555–556</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAudi2006">Audi 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy">§ Philosophical Methods</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDrummond2022">Drummond 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ9hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">75</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLohmar2010">Lohmar 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsqdCfBCL1MC&pg=PA83">83</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPihlström2009">Pihlström 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srGLpb7pWdkC&pg=PA60">60–61</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSternCheng2023">Stern & Cheng 2023</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 30–31</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaksland2023">Jaksland 2023</a>, pp. 198–199</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 37–38, 40</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 40–43</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2020">McDaniel 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tDaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217">217–221</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 48–49</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 10. What Is Metaphysics?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 2–3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 5. Is Metaphysics Possible?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFManley2009">Manley 2009</a>, pp. 1–2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 5. Is Metaphysics Possible?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 210–212</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian 2010</a>, pp. 16–17</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 4–5</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 5. Is Metaphysics Possible?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFManley2009">Manley 2009</a>, p. 4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 212–215</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, p. 5</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFManley2009">Manley 2009</a>, pp. 1–4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 213–215</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 71–72</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFManley2009">Manley 2009</a>, pp. 4, 15, 32</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSider2009">Sider 2009</a>, pp. 386–387</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFManley2009">Manley 2009</a>, pp. 28, 36</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2016">Kriegel 2016</a>, pp. 272–273</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChalmers2009">Chalmers 2009</a>, pp. 77–78</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 304–305</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 65–66, 68</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, p. 5</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMacarthur2020">Macarthur 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra7QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166">166</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWheeler2020">Wheeler 2020</a>, § 1. Biographical Sketch, § 2.2.1 The Question, § 3.3 Technology</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGiljeSkirbekk2017">Gilje & Skirbekk 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_I00e3SQAwMC&pg=PA463">463–464</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHolland1999">Holland 1999</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieuKazarianSushytska2014">Beaulieu, Kazarian & Sushytska 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4PzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3–4</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2015">George 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym7vCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFReynolds">Reynolds</a>, Lead Section, § 2. Deconstructive Strategy</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGiljeSkirbekk2017">Gilje & Skirbekk 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_I00e3SQAwMC&pg=PA463">463–464</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHolland1999">Holland 1999</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 215–216, 223–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGöhnerSchrenk">Göhner & Schrenk</a>, Lead Section, § 1. What Is Metaphysics of Science?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumfordTugby2013">Mumford & Tugby 2013</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHawley2018">Hawley 2018</a>, pp. 187–188</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGöhnerSchrenk">Göhner & Schrenk</a>, § 3. Why Do We Need Metaphysics of Science?, § 4c. Laws of Nature</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2016">Roberts 2016</a>, pp. 337–338</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHealey2016">Healey 2016</a>, pp. 356–357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawley2018">Hawley 2018</a>, pp. 187–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawley2018">Hawley 2018</a>, pp. 188–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDafermos2021">Dafermos 2021</a>, pp. 1–2, 6–7</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHawley2016">Hawley 2016</a>, p. 174</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Inwagen2024">Van Inwagen 2024</a>, pp. 6–8</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, p. 10</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDryer2016">Dryer 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8weDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA490">490</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, p. 10</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeckmann2006">Heckmann 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5adLEi4gYgC&pg=PA42">42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGrütterBauer-Messmer2007">Grütter & Bauer-Messmer 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mv0098rs-oC&pg=PA350">350</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHawley2016">Hawley 2016</a>, pp. 168–170</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKozierkiewiczPietranik2019">Kozierkiewicz & Pietranik 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2uWPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHameedPreeceSleeman2013">Hameed, Preece & Sleeman 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTwDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">231–233</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFStuart2016">Stuart 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awYUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">14</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacFarlane2017">MacFarlane 2017</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCorkum2015">Corkum 2015</a>, pp. 753–767</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBlairJohnson2000">Blair & Johnson 2000</a>, pp. 93–95</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMagnus2005">Magnus 2005</a>, pp. 12–14, 1.6 Formal Languages</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 1–2, 18–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFShapiroKouri_Kissel2022">Shapiro & Kouri Kissel 2022</a>, §2.1 Building Blocks</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCook2009">Cook 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfaqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">111</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKind2018">Kind 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT236">236</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, Lead Section, §1. Existence as a Second-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPerkins2023">Perkins 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLittlejohn">Littlejohn</a>, § 5. Fundamental Concepts in the Daodejing</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, p. 183</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 590</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPerrett2016">Perrett 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Indian Philosophy</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAndreaOverfield2015">Andrea & Overfield 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">70–71</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVelez">Velez</a>, § 1a. Dates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPerrett2016">Perrett 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFVelez">Velez</a>, Lead Section, § 3. The Buddha's Cosmology and Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Indian Philosophy</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDynes2016">Dynes 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLittlejohn">Littlejohn</a>, § 2. Classical Sources for Our Understanding of Daoism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLittlejohn">Littlejohn</a>, § 5. Fundamental Concepts in the Daodejing</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDynes2016">Dynes 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60–61</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWangBaoGuan2020">Wang, Bao & Guan 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSfXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, p. 183</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 590</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKirk2004">Kirk 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC&pg=PA308">308–310</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, pp. 184–185</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 590</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 3b. Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, pp. 185–187</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 590</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 4a. Terminology, § 4f. Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 590</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 5a. Epicureanism, § 5c. The Stoics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, pp. 187–188</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, pp. 590–591</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 5. Post-Hellenistic Thought</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWildberg2021">Wildberg 2021</a>, § 1. 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Essence and Existence, § 4. Modality and Existence</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Indian Philosophy</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPerrett2016">Perrett 2016</a>, § The Medieval Period of Indian Philosophy</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDalal2021">Dalal 2021</a>, Lead Section, § 2.3 Two-Tiered Reality</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRangaswami2012">Rangaswami 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2snhxaaWDAYC&pg=PA114">114</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBerthrong">Berthrong</a>, Lead Section, § 4. Traits, Themes and Motifs</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWu2022">Wu 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">56</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmart2008">Smart 2008</a>, p. 99</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 591</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDehsen2013">Dehsen 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">51</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, p. 190</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 591</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, pp. 190–191</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 591</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLook2020">Look 2020</a>, § 4. 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Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, p. 192</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 591</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMorrisBrown2023">Morris & Brown 2023</a>, § 3. Philosophical Project, § 5. Causation, § 6. 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, p. 193</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 592</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCritchley2001">Critchley 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=syhsLJ1eMOEC&pg=PA31">31</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 592</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGreen2008">Green 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu6YVfL58OQC&pg=PA172">172</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFChen2023">Chen 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Re2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">75</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, p. 193</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 592</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Idealism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Schopenhauer</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJanaway1999">Janaway 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/2954/chapter-abstract/143638920?redirectedFrom=fulltext">248–249</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBarua2018">Barua 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqVFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2–3</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, p. 194</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMisak2008">Misak 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p30osmyc2xoC&pg=PA406">Scientific Realism, Anti-Realism, and Empiricism</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2013">Griffin 2013</a>, pp. 383, 396, 399–402</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPeters2021">Peters 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UakWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">31–32</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFProops2022">Proops 2022</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKlement2019">Klement 2019</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2003">Mumford 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGGmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">100</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDesmetIrvine2022">Desmet & Irvine 2022</a>, § 6. Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1998">Palmer 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2pI9IMiYUC&pg=PA175">175</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 592</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHart1998">Hart 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDharamsi2017">Dharamsi 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFbJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA368">368</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, pp. 194–195</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfElDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">15</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2010">Baldwin 2010</a>, § 2. The Refutation of Idealism, § 6. Common Sense and Certainty</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadbent2016">Broadbent 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">145</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHylton2007">Hylton 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5XX3CwWh2MC&pg=PT348">348</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFOddie2006">Oddie 2006</a>, p. 170</li><li><a href="#CITEREFParent">Parent</a>, § 2. Lewis' Realism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2010">Ahmed 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkkdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGutting2009">Gutting 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WuaB_0nu8wC&pg=PA31">31–32</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith2018">Smith 2018</a>, Lead Section, § 5. Phenomenology and Ontology, Epistemology, Logic, Ethics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcLean2003">McLean 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/metaphysics">550</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFTaminiaux1991">Taminiaux 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcJzeXpHctYC&pg=PA154">154</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGiljeSkirbekk2017">Gilje & Skirbekk 2017</a>, Derrida, Foucault, and Rorty – Deconstruction and Critique</li><li><a href="#CITEREFReynolds">Reynolds</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSmithProteviVoss2023">Smith, Protevi & Voss 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2016a">Roberts 2016a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKW5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">149</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdamsonTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFMiAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49469-5"><bdi>978-1-107-49469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Arabic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-107-49469-5&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFMiAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAHD_staff2022" class="citation web cs1">AHD staff (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=existence&submit.x=58&submit.y=14">"Existence"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i>. HarperCollins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811074250/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=existence&submit.x=58&submit.y=14">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Existence&rft.date=2022&rft.au=AHD+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dexistence%26submit.x%3D58%26submit.y%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2010" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Arif (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkkdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Saul Kripke</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9399-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9399-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-9399-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saul+Kripke&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9399-5&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkkdCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreaOverfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume I: To 1500</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-53746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-53746-0"><bdi>978-1-305-53746-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Record%3A+Sources+of+Global+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1500&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-305-53746-0&rft.aulast=Andrea&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rft.au=Overfield%2C+James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5-aBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2018" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96480-0"><bdi>978-0-429-96480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind-body+Problem%3A+An+Opinionated+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-96480-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duf7EDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsay2020" class="citation book cs1">Asay, Jamin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRXeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>A Theory of Truthmaking: Metaphysics, Ontology, and Reality</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-60404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-60404-8"><bdi>978-1-108-60404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Truthmaking%3A+Metaphysics%2C+Ontology%2C+and+Reality&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-60404-8&rft.aulast=Asay&rft.aufirst=Jamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRXeDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁsta2017" class="citation book cs1">Ásta (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315768571-27/social-kinds-%C3%A1sta">"Social Kinds"</a>. <i>The Routledge Handbook of Collective Intentionality</i>. Routledge. pp. 290–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315768571-27">10.4324/9781315768571-27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-76857-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-76857-1"><bdi>978-1-315-76857-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326130932/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315768571-27/social-kinds-%C3%A1sta">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott – Presupposition</i> (2. ed.). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865787-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865787-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214235128/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy.+7%3A+Oakeshott+%E2%80%93+Presupposition&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale%2C+Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865787-5&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fphilosophy%2Fphilosophy-terms-and-concepts%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2010" class="citation web cs1">Baldwin, Tom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moore/">"George Edward Moore"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928356-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928356-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truthmakers%3A+The+Contemporary+Debate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928356-9&rft.aulast=Beebee&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Dodd%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl24TDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtson2015" class="citation book cs1">Bengtson, Josef (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUHvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35"><i>Explorations in Post-Secular Metaphysics</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55336-2"><bdi>978-1-137-55336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+Post-Secular+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-55336-2&rft.aulast=Bengtson&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpUHvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenovsky2016" class="citation book cs1">Benovsky, Jiri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Meta-metaphysics: On Metaphysical Equivalence, Primitiveness, and Theory Choice</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25334-3"><bdi>978-3-319-25334-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meta-metaphysics%3A+On+Metaphysical+Equivalence%2C+Primitiveness%2C+and+Theory+Choice&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-25334-3&rft.aulast=Benovsky&rft.aufirst=Jiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4KHWCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryman2022" class="citation web cs1">Berryman, Sylvia (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/">"Ancient Atomism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502171318/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Ancient+Atomism&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Berryman&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatomism-ancient%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthrong" class="citation web cs1">Berthrong, John H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/">"Neo-Confucian Philosophy"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021859/https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Neo-Confucian+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Berthrong&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fneo-confucian-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertoJago2023" class="citation web cs1">Berto, Francesco; Jago, Mark (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impossible-worlds/">"Impossible Worlds"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210235859/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impossible-worlds/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Impossible+Worlds&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Berto&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Jago%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fimpossible-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelow1998" class="citation book cs1">Bigelow, John C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1">"Particulars"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N040-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N040-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325125017/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N065-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N065-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183852/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Universals&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N065-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Funiversals%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdTobin2024" class="citation web cs1">Bird, Alexander; Tobin, Emma (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-kinds/">"Natural Kinds"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Natural+Kinds&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Tobin%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnatural-kinds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2008" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095804522;jsessionid=AEB41DBFF0B3EBCDCCB8A1E0DAFD4EB0">"Existence"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954143-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954143-0"><bdi>978-0-19-954143-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810234507/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095804522;jsessionid=AEB41DBFF0B3EBCDCCB8A1E0DAFD4EB0">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BLAILA-3">"Informal Logic: An Overview"</a>. <i>Informal Logic</i>. <b>20</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22329%2Fil.v20i2.2262">10.22329/il.v20i2.2262</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195317/https://philpapers.org/rec/BLAILA-3">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Informal+Logic&rft.atitle=Informal+Logic%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22329%2Fil.v20i2.2262&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=J.+Anthony&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Ralph+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBLAILA-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/BREMNA">"Mereological Nihilism and the Special Arrangement Question"</a>. <i>Synthese</i>. <b>192</b> (5): 1295–1314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-014-0619-7">10.1007/s11229-014-0619-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Mereological+Nihilism+and+the+Special+Arrangement+Question&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1295-1314&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-014-0619-7&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FBREMNA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbent2016" class="citation book cs1">Broadbent, Alex (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>Philosophy for Graduate Students: Metaphysics and Epistemology</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39714-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39714-4"><bdi>978-1-317-39714-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+for+Graduate+Students%3A+Metaphysics+and+Epistemology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39714-4&rft.aulast=Broadbent&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GSFCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Christopher M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/thomas-aquinas/">"Thomas Aquinas"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313230317/https://iep.utm.edu/thomas-aquinas/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Thomas+Aquinas&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fthomas-aquinas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownFehige2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/">"Thought Experiments"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121022040/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thought+Experiments&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rft.au=Fehige%2C+Yiftach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fthought-experiment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumbaugh1966" class="citation journal cs1">Brumbaugh, Robert S. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20124133">"Applied Metaphysics: Truth and Passing Time"</a>. <i>The Review of Metaphysics</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 647–666. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6632">0034-6632</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20124133">20124133</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9970206403">9970206403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320095143/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20124133">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Metaphysics&rft.atitle=Applied+Metaphysics%3A+Truth+and+Passing+Time&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=647-666&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9970206403&rft.issn=0034-6632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20124133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brumbaugh&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20124133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzović" class="citation web cs1">Brzović, Zdenka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/nat-kind/">"Natural Kinds"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313231945/https://iep.utm.edu/nat-kind/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865787-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865787-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129034430/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82629-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82629-7"><bdi>978-0-521-82629-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Metaphysics&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82629-7&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Markosian%2C+Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasatiFujikawa" class="citation web cs1">Casati, Filippo; Fujikawa, Naoya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/">"Existence"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225105/https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Existence&rft.aulast=Casati&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft.au=Fujikawa%2C+Naoya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fexistenc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai2020" class="citation book cs1">Chai, David (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSAAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Dao Companion to Xuanxue 玄學 (Neo-Daoism)</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-49228-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-49228-1"><bdi>978-3-030-49228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dao+Companion+to+Xuanxue+%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8+%28Neo-Daoism%29&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-49228-1&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSAAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers2009" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers, David J. (2009). "3. Ontological Anti-Realism". <i>Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6"><bdi>978-0-19-954604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Ontological+Anti-Realism&rft.btitle=Metametaphysics%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Foundations+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954604-6&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2023" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Binggong (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Re2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>Principles of Subjective Anthropology: Concepts and the Knowledge System</i></a>. Springer Nature Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-8883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-8883-7"><bdi>978-981-19-8883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Subjective+Anthropology%3A+Concepts+and+the+Knowledge+System&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-981-19-8883-7&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Binggong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Re2EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenReeve2021" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, S. Marc; Reeve, C. D. C. 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3197-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-3197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Philosophical+Logic&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3197-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Roy+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfaqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorkum2015" class="citation journal cs1">Corkum, Philip (2015). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N065-2">10.4324/9780415249126-N065-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170813/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801213535/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/metaphysics/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157832-8"><bdi>978-0-19-157832-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continental+Philosophy%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157832-8&rft.aulast=Critchley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsyhsLJ1eMOEC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDafermos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dafermos, Manolis (2021). 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Acumen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-190-0"><bdi>978-1-84465-190-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184118/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/time-and-space/spatial-antirealism/CE284C8D3088AF598998951618D4867D">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fshankara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2015" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Christopher (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1">"Introduction and Historical Overview"</a>. <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137344557_1">10.1057/9781137344557_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34455-7"><bdi>978-1-137-34455-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501081115/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95102-3"><bdi>978-1-135-95102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophers+and+Religious+Leaders&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95102-3&rft.aulast=Dehsen&rft.aufirst=Christian+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcU7cAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeprazVarelaVermersch2003" class="citation book cs1">Depraz, Nathalie; Varela, Francisco J.; Vermersch, Pierre (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYJy_2909NAC&pg=PA212"><i>On Becoming Aware: A Pragmatics of Experiencing</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9683-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9683-2"><bdi>978-90-272-9683-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Becoming+Aware%3A+A+Pragmatics+of+Experiencing&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9683-2&rft.aulast=Depraz&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft.au=Varela%2C+Francisco+J.&rft.au=Vermersch%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYJy_2909NAC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmetIrvine2022" class="citation web cs1">Desmet, Ronald; Irvine, Andrew David (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehead/">"Alfred North Whitehead"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3345-3"><bdi>978-1-5381-3345-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Husserl%27s+Philosophy&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-3345-3&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQ9hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer2016" class="citation book cs1">Dryer, D. P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8weDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA490"><i>Kant's Solution for Verification in Metaphysics</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-53632-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-53632-3"><bdi>978-1-315-53632-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kant%27s+Solution+for+Verification+in+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-53632-3&rft.aulast=Dryer&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8weDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuignan2009" class="citation web cs1">Duignan, Brian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/intuitionism-ethics">"Intuitionism (Ethics)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307123948/https://www.britannica.com/topic/intuitionism-ethics">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52967-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52967-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=McTaggart+and+the+Truth+About+Time&rft.btitle=Time%2C+Reality+and+Experience&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52967-9&rft.aulast=Dyke&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxIlqbSWg4gC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDynes2016" class="citation book cs1">Dynes, Wayne R. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-85518-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-85518-4"><bdi>978-1-136-85518-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-85518-4&rft.aulast=Effingham&rft.aufirst=Nikk&rft.au=Beebee%2C+Helen&rft.au=Goff%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBKsAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2014" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Pascal (2014). <i>Truth</i>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73438-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73438-5"><bdi>978-3-319-73438-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kal%C4%81m+Cosmological+Argument%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-73438-5&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dze5FDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-VidalRosen2022" class="citation web cs1">Falguera, José L.; Martínez-Vidal, Concha; Rosen, Gideon (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/">"Abstract Objects"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Springer India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-2304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-2304-7"><bdi>978-81-322-2304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heidegger+and+Development+in+the+Global+South&rft.pub=Springer+India&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-81-322-2304-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Siby+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYm7vCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiljeSkirbekk2017" class="citation book cs1">Gilje, Nils; Skirbekk, Gunnar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_I00e3SQAwMC"><i>A History of Western Thought: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century</i></a>. 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Brill: 165–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004201767.i-233.35">10.1163/ej.9789004201767.i-233.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20177-4"><bdi>978-90-04-20177-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260640180">260640180</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030152653/https://philpapers.org/rec/GOFOTV">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875860-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875860-0"><bdi>978-0-19-875860-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322183105/https://academic.oup.com/book/7173/chapter-abstract/151764191">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N035-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N035-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327181407/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/neutral-monism/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199238842.013.0024">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238842.013.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-174978-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-174978-0"><bdi>978-0-19-174978-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russell+and+Moore%E2%80%99s+Revolt+against+British+Idealism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+The+History+of+Analytic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199238842.013.0024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-174978-0&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimRescher2023" class="citation book cs1">Grim, Patrick; Rescher, Nicholas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgPPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39"><i>Theory of Categories: Key Instruments of Human Understanding</i></a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83998-815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83998-815-8"><bdi>978-1-83998-815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Categories%3A+Key+Instruments+of+Human+Understanding&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-83998-815-8&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Rescher%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgPPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrütterBauer-Messmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Grütter, Rolf; Bauer-Messmer, Bettina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mv0098rs-oC&pg=PA350">"Towards Spatial Reasoning in the Semantic Web: A Hybrid Knowledge Representation System Architecture"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85621-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Philosophers+Know%3A+Case+Studies+in+Recent+Analytic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85621-8&rft.aulast=Gutting&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WuaB_0nu8wC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2020" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Bob (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSvsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142"><i>Essence and Existence</i></a>. 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MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26311-5"><bdi>978-0-262-26311-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationality+and+Logic&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-26311-5&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dka9BhOL1ev8C%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1998" class="citation book cs1">Hart, W. D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/meaning-and-verification/v-1/sections/logical-positivism-1">"Meaning and Verification"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-X025-1">10.4324/9780415249126-X025-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402120712/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/meaning-and-verification/v-1/sections/logical-positivism-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89838-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89838-297-7"><bdi>978-3-89838-297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ubiquitous+User+Modeling&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89838-297-7&rft.aulast=Heckmann&rft.aufirst=Dominikus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5adLEi4gYgC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHettcheDyck2019" class="citation web cs1">Hettche, Matt; Dyck, Corey (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wolff-christian/">"Christian Wolff"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808003129/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wolff-christian/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285847-4"><bdi>978-0-19-285847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=P.+F.+Strawson+and+His+Philosophical+Legacy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285847-4&rft.aulast=Heyndels&rft.aufirst=Sybren&rft.au=Bengtson%2C+Audun&rft.au=Mesel%2C+Benjamin+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wvjEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad1993" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, T. F. (1993). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283098-2"><bdi>978-0-19-283098-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283098-2&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023" class="citation web cs1">Hoefer, Carl; Huggett, Nick; Read, James (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-theories-classical/">"Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Classical Theories"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Absolute+and+Relational+Space+and+Motion%3A+Classical+Theories&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hoefer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Huggett%2C+Nick&rft.au=Read%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fspacetime-theories-classical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofweber2023" class="citation web cs1">Hofweber, Thomas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/">"Logic and Ontology"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207191450/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Logic+and+Ontology&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hofweber&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flogic-ontology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Holland, Nancy J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/deconstruction/">"Deconstruction"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis</i>. 80 ( Pt 1): 153–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1516%2F0020757991598486">10.1516/0020757991598486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10216822">10216822</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92270-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92270-3"><bdi>978-1-134-92270-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quine&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92270-3&rft.aulast=Hylton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5XX3CwWh2MC%26pg%3DPT348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Frank (1998). <i>From Metaphysics to Ethics: A Defence of Conceptual Analysis</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823618-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823618-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823618-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Metaphysics+to+Ethics%3A+A+Defence+of+Conceptual+Analysis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823618-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaksland2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jaksland, Rasmus (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-023-04207-1">"Naturalized Metaphysics or Displacing Metaphysicians to Save Metaphysics"</a>. <i>Synthese</i>. <b>201</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-023-04207-1">10.1007/s11229-023-04207-1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Naturalized+Metaphysics+or+Displacing+Metaphysicians+to+Save+Metaphysics&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-023-04207-1&rft.aulast=Jaksland&rft.aufirst=Rasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11229-023-04207-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanaway1999" class="citation book cs1">Janaway, Christopher (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/2954/chapter-abstract/143638920?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"10. The Primacy of Will"</a>. <i>Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825003-6"><bdi>978-0-19-825003-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402120715/https://academic.oup.com/book/2954/chapter-abstract/143638920?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58831-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58831-2"><bdi>978-1-134-58831-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysics&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58831-2&rft.aulast=Jubien&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuoCh8mpbZO4C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2011" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOdoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">"Introduction"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165434/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1608?rskey=jqUtkA&result=1601">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-01938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-01938-8"><bdi>978-0-429-01938-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Mind+in+the+Twentieth+and+Twenty-First+Centuries&rft.series=The+History+of+the+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-01938-8&rft.aulast=Kind&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDhjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2004" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, G. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC">"Presocratics"</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33177-2"><bdi>978-1-134-33177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Presocratics&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-33177-2&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuewoLyIw_DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2023" class="citation web cs1">Kirk, Robert (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/">"Zombies"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Zombies&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fzombies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirwan2005" class="citation book cs1">Kirwan, Christopher (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1171">"Identity"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165535/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1171">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165434/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-atomism/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Russell%27s+Logical+Atomism&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Klement&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flogical-atomism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015" class="citation book cs1">Koons, Robert C.; Pickavance, Timothy H. (2015). <i>Metaphysics: The Fundamentals</i> (1. ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9574-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-9574-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+The+Fundamentals&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9574-4&rft.aulast=Koons&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Pickavance%2C+Timothy+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorfmacher" class="citation web cs1">Korfmacher, Carsten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/person-i/">"Personal Identity"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209224244/https://iep.utm.edu/person-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh; Gaol, Ford Lumban; Hong, Tzung-Pei; Trawiński, Bogdan (eds.). <i>Intelligent Information and Database Systems: 11th Asian Conference, ACIIDS 2019, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, April 8–11, 2019, Proceedings, Part I</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-14799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-14799-0"><bdi>978-3-030-14799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Formal+Framework+for+the+Ontology+Evolution&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Information+and+Database+Systems%3A+11th+Asian+Conference%2C+ACIIDS+2019%2C+Yogyakarta%2C+Indonesia%2C+April+8%E2%80%9311%2C+2019%2C+Proceedings%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-14799-0&rft.aulast=Kozierkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Adrianna&rft.au=Pietranik%2C+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2uWPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriegel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kriegel, Uriah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/KRIPAT-4">"Philosophy as Total Axiomatics: Serious Metaphysics, Scrutability Bases, and Aesthetic Evaluation"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Philosophical Association</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 272–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fapa.2016.8">10.1017/apa.2016.8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129033108/https://philpapers.org/rec/KRIPAT-4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086685-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086685-8"><bdi>978-3-11-086685-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Possible+Worlds+in+History+of+Science&rft.btitle=Possible+Worlds+in+Humanities%2C+Arts+and+Sciences%3A+Proceedings+of+Nobel+Symposium+65&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-086685-8&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_eYe6NVaDMC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2005" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Alan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1255">"Intuition"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intuition&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2020" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Joanna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-commonsense-philosophy/common-sense-in-metaphysics/BC6C0E4F101ACE777151584408E2ED39">"Common Sense in Metaphysics"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Common-Sense Philosophy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47600-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47600-3"><bdi>978-1-108-47600-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318141121/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-commonsense-philosophy/common-sense-in-metaphysics/BC6C0E4F101ACE777151584408E2ED39">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3729-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3729-9"><bdi>978-90-481-3729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.+Intuition+in+Mathematics%3A+On+the+Function+of+Eidetic+Variation+in+Mathematical+Proofs&rft.btitle=Phenomenology+and+Mathematics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3729-9&rft.aulast=Lohmar&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsqdCfBCL1MC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLook2020" class="citation web cs1">Look, Brandon C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/">"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805133308/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hume%2C+David%3A+Causation&rft.aulast=Lorkowski&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fhume-causation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouxCrisp2017" class="citation book cs1">Loux, Michael J.; Crisp, Thomas M. (2017). <i>Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction</i> (4 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-63933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-63933-1"><bdi>978-1-138-63933-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+A+Contemporary+Introduction&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-63933-1&rft.aulast=Loux&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Crisp%2C+Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2005" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, E. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1857">"Particulars and Non-particulars"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165435/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1857">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Particulars+and+Non-particulars&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2005a" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, E. J. (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-2559">"Truth"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165437/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-2559">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Truth&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-2559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2013" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, E. J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Las3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">"Metaphysical Knowledge"</a>. In Haug, Matthew C. (ed.). <i>Philosophical Methodology: The Armchair or the Laboratory?</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10703-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10703-1"><bdi>978-1-135-10703-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysical+Knowledge&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Methodology%3A+The+Armchair+or+the+Laboratory%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-10703-1&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLas3AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacarthur2020" class="citation book cs1">Macarthur, David (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra7QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166">"Richard Rorty and (the End of) Metaphysics (?)"</a>. In Malachowski, Alan (ed.). <i>A Companion to Rorty</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97217-5"><bdi>978-1-118-97217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Rorty+and+%28the+End+of%29+Metaphysics+%28%3F%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Rorty&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97217-5&rft.aulast=Macarthur&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra7QDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacBride2022" class="citation web cs1">MacBride, Fraser (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truthmakers/">"Truthmakers"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Truthmakers&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=MacBride&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftruthmakers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2008" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Cynthia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjRG56XeyIcC&pg=PA21"><i>Varieties of Things: Foundations of Contemporary Metaphysics</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5444-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-5444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Things%3A+Foundations+of+Contemporary+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5444-4&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjRG56XeyIcC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlane2017" class="citation web cs1">MacFarlane, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/#SynTer">"Logical Constants"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317180221/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/#SynTer">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Logical+Constants&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flogical-constants%2F%23SynTer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein" class="citation web cs1">MacLeod, Mary C.; Rubenstein, Eric M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/universa/">"Universals"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193719/https://iep.utm.edu/universa/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Universals&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft.au=Rubenstein%2C+Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Funiversa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnus2005" class="citation book cs1">Magnus, P. D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MAGFXI"><i>Forall X: An Introduction to Formal Logic</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64176-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64176-026-3"><bdi>978-1-64176-026-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207200544/https://philpapers.org/rec/MAGFXI">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6"><bdi>978-0-19-954604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Introduction%3A+A+Guided+Tour+of+Metametaphysics&rft.btitle=Metametaphysics%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Foundations+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954604-6&rft.aulast=Manley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2009" class="citation book cs1">Marenbon, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYSVbvnDL8IC&pg=PA6">"Introduction: Reading Boethius Whole"</a>. In Marenbon, John (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Boethius</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82815-4"><bdi>978-1-139-82815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Reading+Boethius+Whole&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Boethius&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82815-4&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYSVbvnDL8IC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurin2019" class="citation book cs1">Maurin, Anna-Sofia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-2/sections/particulars-thick-or-thin">"Particulars"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N040-2">10.4324/9780415249126-N040-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325125022/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-2/sections/particulars-thick-or-thin">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103037-6"><bdi>978-0-19-103037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragmentation+of+Being&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103037-6&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8F0vDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2020" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Kris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tDaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217"><i>This Is Metaphysics: An Introduction</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-40077-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-40077-7"><bdi>978-1-118-40077-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+Metaphysics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-40077-7&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tDaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1999" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Brian P. (1999). "Philosophy of Mind". In Audi, Robert (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</i> (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63722-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63722-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63722-0&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2003" class="citation book cs1">McLean, G. F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/metaphysics">"Metaphysics"</a>. <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Gale and Catholic University of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4013-2"><bdi>978-0-7876-4013-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190421/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/metaphysics">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysics&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Gale+and+Catholic+University+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-4013-2&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fphilosophy%2Fphilosophy-terms-and-concepts%2Fmetaphysics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinertsen2018" class="citation book cs1">Meinertsen, Bo R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HiQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"><i>Metaphysics of States of Affairs: Truthmaking, Universals, and a Farewell to Bradley's Regress</i></a>. Springer Nature Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3068-1"><bdi>978-981-13-3068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics+of+States+of+Affairs%3A+Truthmaking%2C+Universals%2C+and+a+Farewell+to+Bradley%27s+Regress&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-981-13-3068-1&rft.aulast=Meinertsen&rft.aufirst=Bo+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HiQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzel2023" class="citation web cs1">Menzel, Christopher (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/possible-worlds/">"Possible Worlds"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Possible+Worlds&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Menzel&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpossible-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Kristie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/persistence/v-1/sections/1-four-accounts-of-persistence">"Persistence"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F0123456789-N126-1">10.4324/0123456789-N126-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184119/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/persistence/v-1/sections/1-four-accounts-of-persistence">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5311-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5311-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-5311-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scientific+Realism%2C+Anti-Realism%2C+and+Empiricism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Pragmatism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5311-9&rft.aulast=Misak&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp30osmyc2xoC%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2017" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfElDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">"Metaphysics, Philosophy, and the Philosophy of Language"</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97208-3"><bdi>978-1-118-97208-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysics%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+the+Philosophy+of+Language&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Philosophy+of+Language&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97208-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfElDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisBrown2023" class="citation web cs1">Morris, William Edward; Brown, Charlotte R. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mind&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1608%3Frskey%3DjqUtkA%26result%3D1601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2003" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Stephen, ed. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965712-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965712-4"><bdi>978-0-19-965712-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965712-4&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumfordAnjum2013" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Stephen; Anjum, Rani Lill (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYszAQAAQBAJ">"8. Primitivism: Is Causation the Most Basic Thing?"</a>. <i>Causation: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968443-4"><bdi>978-0-19-968443-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Primitivism%3A+Is+Causation+the+Most+Basic+Thing%3F&rft.btitle=Causation%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968443-4&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Anjum%2C+Rani+Lill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYszAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumfordTugby2013" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Stephen; Tugby, Matthew (2013). "1. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967452-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Introduction+What+Is+the+Metaphysics+of+Science%3F&rft.btitle=Metaphysics+and+Science&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967452-7&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Tugby%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2022" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Michael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/">"Existence"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903000135/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Existence&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fexistence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNey2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Ney" title="Alyssa Ney">Ney, Alyssa</a> (2014). <i>Metaphysics: An Introduction</i>. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-6807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-6807-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-6807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-6807-9&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dluc-Hf_bEOIC%26pg%3DPT135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOddie2006" class="citation book cs1">Oddie, Graham (2006). "Metaphysics". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 6: Masaryk – Nussbaum</i> (2 ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865786-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865786-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysics&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy.+6%3A+Masaryk+%E2%80%93+Nussbaum&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865786-8&rft.aulast=Oddie&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2001" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Eric T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mind-body-problem">"Mind–Body Problem"</a>. In Blakemore, Colin; Jennett, Sheila (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Body</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852403-8"><bdi>978-0-19-852403-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328094142/https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mind-body-problem">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mind%E2%80%93Body+Problem&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Body&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852403-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Eric+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fmedicine%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fmind-body-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2023" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Eric T. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/">"Personal Identity"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082120/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freewill/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Free+Will&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Connor&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffreewill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1998" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Clare (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2pI9IMiYUC&pg=PA175"><i>Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826952-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826952-6"><bdi>978-0-19-826952-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Ethics+and+Process+Thinking&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826952-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZT2pI9IMiYUC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParent" class="citation web cs1">Parent, Ted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/mod-meta/">"Modal Metaphysics"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212729/https://iep.utm.edu/mod-meta/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Modal+Metaphysics&rft.aulast=Parent&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmod-meta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel1986" class="citation book cs1">Pavel, Thomas G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OF7ZA54UpYYC&pg=PA50"><i>Fictional Worlds</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29966-5"><bdi>978-0-674-29966-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fictional+Worlds&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-674-29966-5&rft.aulast=Pavel&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOF7ZA54UpYYC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelczar2015" class="citation book cs1">Pelczar, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkjTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115"><i>Sensorama: A Phenomenalist Analysis of Spacetime and Its Contents</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104706-0"><bdi>978-0-19-104706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sensorama%3A+A+Phenomenalist+Analysis+of+Spacetime+and+Its+Contents&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-104706-0&rft.aulast=Pelczar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkjTBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2023" class="citation web cs1">Perkins, Franklin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-metaphysics/">"Metaphysics in Chinese Philosophy"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201125947/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-metaphysics/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Metaphysics+in+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fchinese-metaphysics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett2016" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Roy W. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UakWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">"2.c Wittgenstein and the Rise of Linguistic Philosophy"</a>. <i>Wittgenstein, Education and the Problem of Rationality</i>. Springer Nature Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-9972-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-9972-9"><bdi>978-981-15-9972-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.c+Wittgenstein+and+the+Rise+of+Linguistic+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Wittgenstein%2C+Education+and+the+Problem+of+Rationality&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-981-15-9972-9&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUakWEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPihlström2009" class="citation book cs1">Pihlström, Sami (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srGLpb7pWdkC&pg=PA60"><i>Pragmatist Metaphysics: An Essay on the Ethical Grounds of Ontology</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-593-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-593-3"><bdi>978-1-84706-593-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatist+Metaphysics%3A+An+Essay+on+the+Ethical+Grounds+of+Ontology&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84706-593-3&rft.aulast=Pihlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrGLpb7pWdkC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2009" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVh8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT290">"To Be"</a>. In Poidevin, Robin Le; Peter, Simons; Andrew, McGonigal; Cameron, Ross P. (eds.). <i>The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15585-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15585-9"><bdi>978-1-134-15585-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Be&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15585-9&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVh8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolitis2004" class="citation book cs1">Politis, Vasilis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-GjOoZNnGsC&pg=PA1"><i>Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Aristotle and the Metaphysics</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25147-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25147-1"><bdi>978-0-415-25147-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Philosophy+Guidebook+to+Aristotle+and+the+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25147-1&rft.aulast=Politis&rft.aufirst=Vasilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-GjOoZNnGsC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPols1993" class="citation book cs1">Pols, Edward (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sv84Gi7C9jgC&pg=PA203">"The Metaphor of a Foundation for Knowledge"</a>. 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Springer Nature Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-8064-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-8064-2"><bdi>978-981-15-8064-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics+of+Consciousness%3A+The+Indian+Vedantic+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-15-8064-2&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSz7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProops2022" class="citation web cs1">Proops, Ian (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wittgenstein-atomism/">"Wittgenstein's Logical Atomism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6"><bdi>978-0-19-954604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+Ontological+Realism&rft.btitle=Metametaphysics%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Foundations+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954604-6&rft.aulast=Sider&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2013" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166">"The Thread of Persistence"</a>. In Kanzian, Christian (ed.). <i>Persistence</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032705-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032705-2"><bdi>978-3-11-032705-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Thread+of+Persistence&rft.btitle=Persistence&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-032705-2&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql27m77IveQC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleigh2005" class="citation book cs1">Sleigh, R. C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1174">"Identity of Indiscernibles"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identity+of+Indiscernibles&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Sleigh&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2008" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Ninian (2008). <i>World Philosophies</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41188-2"><bdi>978-0-415-41188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Philosophies&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41188-2&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, David Woodruff (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/">"Phenomenology"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Phenomenology&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Woodruff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fphenomenology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithProteviVoss2023" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Daniel; Protevi, John; Voss, Daniela (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/deleuze/">"Gilles Deleuze"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Gilles+Deleuze&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Protevi%2C+John&rft.au=Voss%2C+Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdeleuze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternCheng2023" class="citation web cs1">Stern, Robert; Cheng, Tony (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendental-arguments/">"Transcendental Arguments"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Transcendental+Arguments&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftranscendental-arguments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2016" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awYUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Practical Ontologies for Information Professionals</i></a>. Facet Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-062-4"><bdi>978-1-78330-062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Ontologies+for+Information+Professionals&rft.pub=Facet+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78330-062-4&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawYUDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubenbergWishon2023" class="citation web cs1">Stubenberg, Leopold; Wishon, Donovan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neutral-monism/">"Neutral Monism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715152537/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neutral-monism/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Neutral+Monism&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Stubenberg&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rft.au=Wishon%2C+Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fneutral-monism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudtmann2024" class="citation web cs1">Studtmann, Paul (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-categories/">"Aristotle's Categories"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Aristotle%27s+Categories&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Studtmann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faristotle-categories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvare2006" class="citation book cs1">Svare, Helge (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60MsUE3K2ekC&pg=PA15"><i>Body and Practice in Kant</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4118-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-4118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+and+Practice+in+Kant&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4118-1&rft.aulast=Svare&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60MsUE3K2ekC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2016" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orIYDAAAQBAJ"><i>Logic, Theology and Poetry in Boethius, Anselm, Abelard, and Alan of Lille: Words in the Absence of Things</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-06373-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-06373-1"><bdi>978-1-137-06373-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic%2C+Theology+and+Poetry+in+Boethius%2C+Anselm%2C+Abelard%2C+and+Alan+of+Lille%3A+Words+in+the+Absence+of+Things&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-06373-1&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorIYDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahko2015" class="citation book cs1">Tahko, Tuomas E. (2015). <i>An Introduction to Metametaphysics</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07729-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07729-4"><bdi>978-1-107-07729-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Metametaphysics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-07729-4&rft.aulast=Tahko&rft.aufirst=Tuomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahko2018" class="citation book cs1">Tahko, Tuomas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/meta-metaphysics/v-1">"Meta-metaphysics"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N127-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N127-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F9dafefd5-5280-49b5-9085-de78b6ebb656">1983/9dafefd5-5280-49b5-9085-de78b6ebb656</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320180206/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/meta-metaphysics/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-0671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-0671-3"><bdi>978-1-3500-0671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-3500-0671-3&rft.aulast=Tallant&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaminiaux1991" class="citation book cs1">Taminiaux, Jacques (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcJzeXpHctYC&pg=PA154"><i>Heidegger and the Project of Fundamental Ontology</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2179-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-2179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heidegger+and+the+Project+of+Fundamental+Ontology&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2179-7&rft.aulast=Taminiaux&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcJzeXpHctYC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasson2022" class="citation web cs1">Thomasson, Amie (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/">"Categories"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154635/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Neoplatonism&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Wildberg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fneoplatonism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2012" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWWEIvNgUQ4C&pg=PA186">"Probabilistic Theories"</a>. In Beebee, Helen; Hitchcock, Christopher; Menzies, Peter (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Causation</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162946-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162946-4"><bdi>978-0-19-162946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Probabilistic+Theories&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Causation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162946-4&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWWEIvNgUQ4C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsch2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wilsch, Tobias (2017). "Sophisticated Modal Primitivism". <i>Philosophical Issues</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 428–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphis.12100">10.1111/phis.12100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Issues&rft.atitle=Sophisticated+Modal+Primitivism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=428-448&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fphis.12100&rft.aulast=Wilsch&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Allen W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i7PG-Vk824UC&pg=PA354">"Kantianism"</a>. In Kim, Jaekwon; Sosa, Ernest; Rosenkrantz, Gary S. (eds.). <i>A Companion to Metaphysics</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0853-2"><bdi>978-1-4443-0853-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kantianism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Metaphysics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0853-2&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Allen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di7PG-Vk824UC%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2022" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Guo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ"><i>An Anthropological Inquiry Into Confucianism: Ritual, Emotion, and Rational Principle</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-5432-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-5432-8"><bdi>978-1-7936-5432-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anthropological+Inquiry+Into+Confucianism%3A+Ritual%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Rational+Principle&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-5432-8&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Guo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRVmEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetaphysics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" 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title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-object">Meta-object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-optimization" title="Meta-optimization">Meta-optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-organization" title="Meta-organization">Meta-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphenomics" title="Metaphenomics">Metaphenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Metaethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalogic" title="Metalogic">Metalogic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ontology" title="Meta-ontology">Meta-ontology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metametaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Metametaphysics">Metametaphysics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapopulation" title="Metapopulation">Metapopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapsychiatry" title="Metapsychiatry">Metapsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapsychology" title="Metapsychology">Metapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapuzzle" title="Metapuzzle">Metapuzzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-reference" title="Meta-reference">Meta-reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-regulation" title="Meta-regulation">Meta-regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Metasociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-system" title="Meta-system">Meta-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatheorem" title="Metatheorem">Metatheorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatheory" title="Metatheory">Metatheory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_mind" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template talk:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_mind" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Tyler Burge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Cameron Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis (philosopher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_No%C3%AB" title="Alva Noë">Alva Noë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Representational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophy of mind">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities 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5.79% 186.688 14 Template:Navbox"," 4.80% 154.769 4 Template:Clade"," 4.13% 133.173 1 Template:Metaphysics"," 3.53% 113.716 1 Template:Subject_bar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.106","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9545291,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAHD_staff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsonTaylor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreaOverfield2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsay2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarua2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaulieuKazarianSushytska2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeebeeDodd2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBengtson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenovsky2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerryman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerthrong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertoJago2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigelow1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigelow1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirdTobin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlairJohnson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadbent2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownFehige2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrumbaugh1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrzović\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasatiFujikawa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalmers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenReeve2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorkum2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowling2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCritchley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDafermos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDainton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeprazVarelaVermersch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmetIrvine2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDharamsi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowdenSwartz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrummond2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDryer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuignan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDynes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEderLawlerVan_Riel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEffinghamBeebeeGoff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErasmus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-VidalRosen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallois2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiljeSkirbekk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffiRoux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenbaum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoswick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayling2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimRescher2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrütterBauer-Messmer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutting2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöhnerSchrenk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHameedPreeceSleeman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamlyn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanna2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeckmann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHettcheDyck2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyndelsBengtsonMesel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofweber2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHylton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaksland2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanaway1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaniak2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJubien2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhlentzos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKind2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirwan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlement2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorfmacher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozierkiewiczPietranik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKriegel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlejohn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLizzini2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohmar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLook2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorkowski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouxCrisp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacBride2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarlane2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacarthur2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarenbon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinertsen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenzel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisBrown2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumfordAnjum2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumfordTugby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuttall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOddie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’ConnorFranklin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParent\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavel1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelczar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPihlström2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolitis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPols1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProops2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPust2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRangaswami2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRea2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez-Pereyra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez-Pereyra2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuzsa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiroKouri_Kissel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShun\u0026#039;ei2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSider2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleigh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithProteviVoss2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternCheng2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubenbergWishon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudtmann2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvare2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahko2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTallant2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaminiaux1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimpe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Inwagen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Inwagen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Miltenburg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarzi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVihvelin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangBaoGuan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaxman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilandDriver2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildberg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁsta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"Meta-metaphysics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ontological_deflationism\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 138,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 69,\n [\"Clade\"] = 4,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 16,\n [\"Em\"] = 7,\n [\"Em dash\"] = 3,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 5,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 461,\n [\"Humanities\"] = 1,\n [\"Idealism\"] = 1,\n [\"InPho\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Meta-prefix\"] = 1,\n [\"Metaphysics\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 156,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 37,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PhilPapers\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of mind\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","16.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","11.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","9.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","9.0"],["(for generator)","120","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","5.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.5"],["type","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.6"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","80","3.6"],["[others]","600","27.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-44cqd","timestamp":"20241125033204","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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