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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt-shift" title="Tilt-shift – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tilt-shift" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_kemiringan-pergeseran" title="Fotografi kemiringan-pergeseran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotografi kemiringan-pergeseran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%B7%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1" title="ティルトシフト撮影 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティルトシフト撮影" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt-shift" title="Tilt-shift – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tilt-shift" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt-shift" title="Tilt-shift – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tilt-shift" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சாய்வு மாற்ற ஒளிப்படவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாய்வு மாற்ற ஒளிப்படவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt-shift" title="Tilt-shift – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tilt-shift" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_Tilt-Shift" title="Світлини Tilt-Shift – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Camera technique</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Peak_Tilt_Shift_Lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hong_Kong_Peak_Tilt_Shift_Lens.jpg/310px-Hong_Kong_Peak_Tilt_Shift_Lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hong_Kong_Peak_Tilt_Shift_Lens.jpg/465px-Hong_Kong_Peak_Tilt_Shift_Lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hong_Kong_Peak_Tilt_Shift_Lens.jpg/620px-Hong_Kong_Peak_Tilt_Shift_Lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Example of a photograph taken with a tilt–shift lens. The lens was shifted downwards to avoid <a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective distortion (photography)">perspective distortion</a>: all vertical lines of the skyscrapers run parallel to the edges of the image. Tilting around the vertical axis resulted in a very small region in which objects appear sharp. (The <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> is actually not reduced but tilted in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Image_plane" title="Image plane">image plane</a>.) The picture shows <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> viewed from <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Peak" title="Victoria Peak">Victoria Peak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilt-lens_photo_of_model_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tilt-lens_photo_of_model_train.jpg/310px-Tilt-lens_photo_of_model_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tilt-lens_photo_of_model_train.jpg/465px-Tilt-lens_photo_of_model_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tilt-lens_photo_of_model_train.jpg/620px-Tilt-lens_photo_of_model_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Tilt-lens photo of a model train. Note how the focus plane is along the train, and how the blurring of the background proceeds from left to right.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tilt–shift photography</b> is the use of <a href="/wiki/View_camera#Movements" title="View camera">camera movements</a> that change the orientation or position of the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic lens">lens</a> with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>. </p><p>Sometimes the term is used when a shallow depth of field is simulated with digital post-processing; the name may derive from a perspective control lens (or tilt–shift lens) normally required when the effect is produced optically. </p><p>"Tilt–shift" encompasses two different types of movements: rotation of the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a> plane relative to the <a href="/wiki/Film_plane" title="Film plane">image plane</a>, called <i>tilt</i>, and movement of the lens parallel to the image plane, called <i>shift</i>. </p><p>Tilt is used to control the orientation of the plane of focus (PoF), and hence the part of an image that appears sharp; it makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle" title="Scheimpflug principle">Scheimpflug principle</a>. Shift is used to adjust the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; this is often helpful in avoiding the convergence of parallel lines, as when photographing tall buildings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_use">History and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Movements have been available on <a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view cameras</a> since the early days of photography; they have been available on smaller-format cameras since the early 1960s, usually by means of special lenses or adapters. <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> introduced a lens providing shift movements for their 35 mm <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a> cameras in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> introduced a lens that provided both tilt and shift movements in 1973;<sup id="cite_ref-canon_ts35mm_f2.8_ssc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon_ts35mm_f2.8_ssc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many other manufacturers soon followed suit. <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> and Nikon currently offer four lenses that provide both movements.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such lenses are frequently used in architectural photography to control perspective, and in landscape photography to get an entire scene sharp. </p><p>Some photographers have popularized the use of tilt for <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field#Limited_DOF:_selective_focus" title="Depth of field">selective focus</a> in applications such as portrait photography. The selective focus that can be achieved by tilting the plane of focus is often compelling because the effect is different from that to which many viewers have become accustomed. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Thomas_(photographer)" title="Ben Thomas (photographer)">Ben Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Iooss" title="Walter Iooss">Walter Iooss</a> Jr. of <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Laforet" title="Vincent Laforet">Vincent Laforet</a> and many other photographers have used this technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspective-control_lenses">Perspective-control lenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Perspective-control lenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pc-lens-demo-levelcamera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pc-lens-demo-levelcamera.svg/250px-Pc-lens-demo-levelcamera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pc-lens-demo-levelcamera.svg/375px-Pc-lens-demo-levelcamera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pc-lens-demo-levelcamera.svg/500px-Pc-lens-demo-levelcamera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Keeping the camera level, with an ordinary lens, captures only the bottom portion of the building.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pc-lens-demo-tiltedcamera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pc-lens-demo-tiltedcamera.svg/250px-Pc-lens-demo-tiltedcamera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pc-lens-demo-tiltedcamera.svg/375px-Pc-lens-demo-tiltedcamera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pc-lens-demo-tiltedcamera.svg/500px-Pc-lens-demo-tiltedcamera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tilting the camera upwards results in perspective distortion.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pc-lens-demo-lensshifted.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pc-lens-demo-lensshifted.svg/250px-Pc-lens-demo-lensshifted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pc-lens-demo-lensshifted.svg/375px-Pc-lens-demo-lensshifted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pc-lens-demo-lensshifted.svg/500px-Pc-lens-demo-lensshifted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Shifting the lens upwards results in a picture of the entire subject without perspective distortion.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:35mmPC500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/35mmPC500.jpg/220px-35mmPC500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/35mmPC500.jpg/330px-35mmPC500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/35mmPC500.jpg/440px-35mmPC500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>The 1961 35 mm <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5 <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F_mount##Perspective_control_(PC)_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon F mount">PC-Nikkor lens</a>—the first perspective-control lens for a 35 mm camera</figcaption></figure><p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, a <b>perspective-control lens</b> allows the photographer to control the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">perspective</a> in the image; the lens can be moved parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">sensor</a>, providing the equivalent of corresponding <a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view camera</a> movements. This movement of the lens allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; it is often used to avoid convergence of parallel lines, such as when photographing a tall building. A lens that provides only <a href="/wiki/View_camera#Shift" title="View camera">shift</a> is called a <b>shift lens</b>, while those that can also <a href="/wiki/View_camera#Tilt" title="View camera">tilt</a> are called <b>tilt–shift lenses</b>. The terms <i>PC</i> and <i>TS</i> are also used by some manufacturers to refer to this type of lens. </p><p>Short-focus perspective-control (PC) <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic lens">lenses</a> (i.e., 17 mm through 35 mm) are used mostly in architectural photography; longer focal lengths may also be used in other applications such as landscape, product, and closeup photography. PC lenses are generally designed for <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-lens reflex">single-lens reflex</a> (SLR) cameras, as <a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinder cameras">rangefinder cameras</a> do not allow the photographer to directly view the effect of the lens, and view cameras allow for <a href="/wiki/Perspective_control" title="Perspective control">perspective control</a> using camera <a href="/wiki/View_camera#Movements" title="View camera">movements</a>. </p><p>A PC lens has a larger <a href="/wiki/Image_circle" title="Image circle">image circle</a> than is required to cover the image area (film or sensor size). Typically, the image circle is large enough, and the mechanics of the lens sufficiently limited, that the image area cannot be shifted outside of the image circle. However, many PC lenses require a small <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> setting to prevent <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a> when significant shifts are employed. PC lenses for 35 mm cameras typically offer a maximum shift of 11 mm; some newer models offer a maximum shift of 12 mm. </p><p>The mathematics involved in tilt lenses are described as the <a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle" title="Scheimpflug principle">Scheimpflug principle</a>, after an Austrian military officer who developed the technique for correcting distortion in aerial photographs. </p><p>The first PC lens manufactured for an SLR camera in any format was <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F_mount#Perspective_control_(PC)_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon F mount">Nikon's 1961 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5 35 mm PC-Nikkor</a>; it was followed by an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8 35 mm PC-Nikkor (1968), an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>4 28 mm PC-Nikkor (1975), and an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5 28 mm PC-Nikkor (1981).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> introduced a lens, the TS 35 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8 SSC,<sup id="cite_ref-canon_ts35mm_f2.8_ssc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon_ts35mm_f2.8_ssc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with tilt as well as shift functions. </p><p>Other manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Venus_Optics" title="Venus Optics">Venus Optics</a> <a href="/wiki/Laowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Laowa">Laowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Kreuznach" title="Schneider Kreuznach">Schneider Kreuznach</a> (produced as well for <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a>, made their own versions of PC lenses. Olympus produced 35 mm and 24 mm shift lenses. Canon currently offers 17 mm, 24 mm, 50 mm, 90 mm and 135 mm tilt/shift lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikon currently offers 19 mm, 24 mm, 45 mm, and 85 mm PC lenses with tilt and shift capability. <a href="/wiki/Venus_Optics" title="Venus Optics">Venus Optics</a> <a href="/wiki/Laowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Laowa">Laowa</a> offers the world's widest 15mm shift lens with an extremely good optical distortion control.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> announced the 30 mm and 110 mm <a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium format</a> tilt/shift lenses on Sept. 12 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-DPReview--T-S_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPReview--T-S-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape_control">Shape control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shape control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the camera back is parallel to a planar subject (such as the front of a building), all points in the subject are at the same distance from the camera, and are recorded at the same magnification. The shape of the subject is recorded without distortion. When the image plane is not parallel to the subject, as when pointing the camera up at a tall building, parts of the subject are at varying distances from the camera; the more distant parts are recorded at lesser magnification, causing the convergence of parallel lines.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the subject is at an angle to the camera, it is also <a href="/wiki/Foreshortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshortening">foreshortened</a>. </p><p>When the camera back is not parallel to a planar subject, it is not possible to have the entire subject in focus without the use of tilt or swing; consequently, the image must rely on the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> to have the entire subject rendered acceptably sharp. </p><p>With a PC lens, the camera back can be kept parallel to the subject while the lens is moved to achieve the desired positioning of the subject in the image area. All points in the subject remain at the same distance from the camera, and the subject shape is preserved. If desired, the camera back can be rotated away from parallel to the subject, to allow some convergence of parallel lines or even to increase the convergence. Again, the position of the subject in the image area is adjusted by moving the lens.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_lenses">Available lenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Available lenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_TS-E_24mm_f3.5L_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canon_TS-E_24mm_f3.5L_II.jpg/170px-Canon_TS-E_24mm_f3.5L_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canon_TS-E_24mm_f3.5L_II.jpg/255px-Canon_TS-E_24mm_f3.5L_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canon_TS-E_24mm_f3.5L_II.jpg/340px-Canon_TS-E_24mm_f3.5L_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_24mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 24mm lens">Canon TS-E 24mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5L II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest perspective control and tilt–shift lenses for 35 mm format were 35 mm focal length, which is now considered too long for many architectural photography applications. With advances in optical design, lenses of 28 mm and then 24 mm became available and were quickly adopted by photographers working in close proximity to their subjects, such as in urban settings. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a> motion-picture camera company offers a shift and tilt bellows system that provides movements for PL-mount lenses on motion-picture cameras. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> currently offers five lenses with tilt and shift functions: the <a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_17mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 17mm lens">TS-E 17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>4</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_24mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 24mm lens">TS-E 24 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5L II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_50mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 50mm lens">TS-E 50mm f/2.8L MACRO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_90mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 90mm lens">TS-E 90 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8L MACRO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_135mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 135mm lens">TS-E 135 mm f/4L MACRO</a>. The lenses are supplied with the tilt and shift movements at right angles to each other; they can be modified so that the movements operate in the same direction. Canon filed a patent in 2016 for an autofocus system for use in a tilt-shift lens, but has not yet released such a lens as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pack_Fa%C3%B1ch_-_Canon_TS-E_17_mm_f-4_-_D%C3%A9centr%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pack_Fa%C3%B1ch_-_Canon_TS-E_17_mm_f-4_-_D%C3%A9centr%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Pack_Fa%C3%B1ch_-_Canon_TS-E_17_mm_f-4_-_D%C3%A9centr%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pack_Fa%C3%B1ch_-_Canon_TS-E_17_mm_f-4_-_D%C3%A9centr%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Pack_Fa%C3%B1ch_-_Canon_TS-E_17_mm_f-4_-_D%C3%A9centr%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pack_Fa%C3%B1ch_-_Canon_TS-E_17_mm_f-4_-_D%C3%A9centr%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Pack_Fa%C3%B1ch_-_Canon_TS-E_17_mm_f-4_-_D%C3%A9centr%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3485" data-file-height="3485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_17mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 17mm lens">Canon TS-E 17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>4L</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 17 mm and the 24 mm version II lenses allow independent rotation of the tilt and shift movements. The 50 mm, the 90 mm and the 135 mm providing <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro</a> capability of 0.5×, some with extension tube up to 1.0×. All five lenses provide automatic aperture control. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_(HiRes_focus_stack).jpg" title="c:File:2023-11-29 - Fujinon GF 30mm F5.6 T-S - tilt-shift lens - vertical position - (HiRes focus stack).jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_(HiRes_focus_stack).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_%28HiRes_focus_stack%29.jpg/200px-2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_%28HiRes_focus_stack%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_%28HiRes_focus_stack%29.jpg/300px-2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_%28HiRes_focus_stack%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_%28HiRes_focus_stack%29.jpg/400px-2023-11-29_-_Fujinon_GF_30mm_F5.6_T-S_-_tilt-shift_lens_-_vertical_position_-_%28HiRes_focus_stack%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8736" data-file-height="11648" /></a><figcaption>Fujinon GF 30 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>5.6 T-S; click on image to view page with overlain annotations that explain integrated tilt and shift features</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> provides two <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fujinon_GF_T/S_lenses" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Fujinon GF T/S lenses"> medium format tilt/shift lenses</a>: a 30 mm (24 mm full format equivalent), and a 110 mm (85 mm full format equivalent). Both lenses allow automatic aperture control, but must be focussed manually. The tilt mechanism (nearer to the front lens) allows up to ±8.5° for the 30 mm lens and up to ±10° for the 110 mm lens; the shift mechanism allows a sideway movement for both of up to ±15 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-DPReview--T-S_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPReview--T-S-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />Both lenses allow not only independent rotation of the tilt component by up to 90° in relation to the shift component, but also enable rotating the whole lens by up to ±90° versus the default landscape position. The 110 mm lens sports a macro capability of max. 0.5× magnification.<sup id="cite_ref-DPReview--T-S_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPReview--T-S-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laowa released the 15mm f/4.5 Shift-only lens in 2020. With the +/-11mm shift movement, it is currently the widest shift lens ever made for full frame cameras and mounts for all major camera brands are available. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hartblei" title="Hartblei">Hartblei</a> makes tilt-and-shift lenses to fit various manufacturers’ camera bodies. It currently offers four Super-Rotator Tilt/Shift lenses for 35 mm bodies: the TS-PC Hartblei 35 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8, the TS-PC Hartblei 65 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5, the TS-PC Hartblei 80 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8, and the TS-PC Hartblei 120 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8. It also offers the TS-PC Hartblei 45 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5 to fit several medium-format camera bodies. The tilt and shift movements can be independently rotated in any direction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> offers a tilt-and-shift adapter, the HTS 1.5, for use with the HCD 28 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>4, HC 35 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5, HC 50 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5, HC 80 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8 and HC 100 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.2 lenses on <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad#H_System" title="Hasselblad">H-System</a> cameras. To allow infinity focus, the adapter includes optics that multiply the lens focal lengths by 1.5. Autofocus and focus confirmation are disabled when using the adapter. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> is currently providing the TS-APO-ELMAR-S 1:5,6/120 mm ASPH lens for its new S-System of digital SLRs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a> offered the 35mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8 Shift CA lens for its manual focus <a href="/wiki/SR-mount" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-mount">SR-mount</a> cameras in the 1970s and 1980s. The lens was unique among perspective-control lenses in that, rather than offering a combination of tilt-and-shift, Minolta designed the lens with variable field curvature, which could make the field of focus either convex or concave (essentially a three-dimensional, spherical form of tilt).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nikon_19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_lens.jpg/220px-Nikon_19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nikon_19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_lens.jpg/330px-Nikon_19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nikon_19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_lens.jpg/440px-Nikon_19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Nikon 19mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>4 Nikkor PC-E ED tilt–shift lens, introduced October 2016, and mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D810" title="Nikon D810">Nikon D810</a> camera</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_f-4_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_f-4_lens.jpg/220px-19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_f-4_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_f-4_lens.jpg/330px-19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_f-4_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_f-4_lens.jpg/440px-19mm_Nikkor_PC-E_ED_f-4_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Nikon 19mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>4 Nikkor PC-E ED tilt–shift lens, shown shifted 12mm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikkor-PC-E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nikkor-PC-E.jpg/220px-Nikkor-PC-E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nikkor-PC-E.jpg/330px-Nikkor-PC-E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nikkor-PC-E.jpg/440px-Nikkor-PC-E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>24mm Nikkor PC-E lens shifted</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> offers several <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F-mount#Perspective_control_.28PC.29_lenses" title="Nikon F-mount">PC</a> lenses, all of which feature tilt and shift functions: a new (Oct. 2016) PC-E Nikkor 19mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>4.0 ED lens, a <a href="/wiki/PC-E_Nikkor_24mm_f/3.5D_ED_Lens" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-E Nikkor 24mm f/3.5D ED Lens">PC-E Nikkor 24 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>3.5D ED</a> lens, PC-E Micro-Nikkor 45 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8D ED, and PC-E Micro Nikkor 85 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8D ED. The 45 mm and 85 mm "Micro" lenses offer close focus (0.5 magnification) for <a href="/wiki/Macrophotography" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophotography">macrophotography</a>. In 2016, Nikon added the PC NIKKOR 19mm f/4E ED extra wide angle view lens with a magnification factor of 0.18 and 25 cm focus distance. The PC-<a href="/wiki/Nikon_F-mount#Electromechanical" title="Nikon F-mount">E</a> lenses offer automatic aperture control with the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3" title="Nikon D3">Nikon D3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300" title="Nikon D300">D300</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D700" title="Nikon D700">D700</a> cameras. With some earlier camera models, a PC-E lens operates like a regular Nikon PC (non-E) lens, with preset aperture control by means of a pushbutton; with other earlier models, no aperture control is provided, and the lens is not usable.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mechanisms providing the tilt and shift functions can be rotated 90° to the left or right so that they operate horizontally, vertically, or at intermediate orientations. The lenses are supplied with the tilt and shift movements at right angles to each other; they can be modified by Nikon so that the movements operate in the same direction. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> high-end DSLRs (<a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-7" title="Pentax K-7">K-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-5" title="Pentax K-5">K-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-5_II" title="Pentax K-5 II">K-5 II</a>, K-5 IIs and <a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-30" title="Pentax K-30">K-30</a>) the shake reduction hardware unit can be manually adjusted in the X/Y direction to achieve a shift effect with any lens using the Composition Adjust function in the menu system.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although available for any lens that fits the camera body, this adjustment can not fully replace regular shift lenses as those may provide a larger shift movement. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Schneider-Kreuznach" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneider-Kreuznach">Schneider-Kreuznach</a> offers the PC-Super Angulon 28 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.8 lens that provides shift movements, with preset aperture control. The lens is available with mounts to fit cameras by various manufacturers, and also with 42 mm screw mount. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinar" title="Sinar">Sinar</a> arTec camera offers tilt and shift with the full range of Sinaron digital lenses. </p><p>All perspective-control and tilt–shift lenses are <a href="/wiki/Manual_focus" title="Manual focus">manual-focus</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime lenses</a>, but are quite expensive compared to regular prime lenses. Some <a href="/wiki/Medium_format_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium format (film)">medium format</a> camera makers, such as <a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a>, have addressed this problem by offering shift adapters that work with the maker's other prime lenses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_A77_%2B_Samyang_T-S_24_mm_f3.5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sony_A77_%2B_Samyang_T-S_24_mm_f3.5.jpg/170px-Sony_A77_%2B_Samyang_T-S_24_mm_f3.5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sony_A77_%2B_Samyang_T-S_24_mm_f3.5.jpg/255px-Sony_A77_%2B_Samyang_T-S_24_mm_f3.5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sony_A77_%2B_Samyang_T-S_24_mm_f3.5.jpg/340px-Sony_A77_%2B_Samyang_T-S_24_mm_f3.5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Samyang_T-S_24mm_f/3.5_ED_AS_UMC" title="Samyang T-S 24mm f/3.5 ED AS UMC">Samyang T-S 24 mm f3.5</a> mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Sony_Alpha_77" title="Sony Alpha 77">Sony A77</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Samyang_Optics" title="Samyang Optics">Samyang Optics</a> introduced one of the cheapest today tilt–shift lenses, the Samyang T-S 24mm f/3.5 ED AS UMC, which can tilt up to 8.5 degrees and shift up to 12mm of axis.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ARAX introduced a 35 mm f/2.8 and an 80 mm f/2.8 tilt–shift lens, which are available for several camera mounts. Both lenses retail for less than the Samyang T-S 24mm. ARAX also produces a 50 mm f/2.8 tilt–shift lens for Micro 4/3 and Sony NEX mounts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aperture_control">Aperture control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aperture control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aperture#Aperture_control" title="Aperture">Aperture control</a></div> <p>Most SLR cameras provide <i>automatic aperture control</i>, which allows viewing and metering at the lens's maximum aperture, stops the lens down to the working aperture during exposure, and returns the lens to maximum aperture after exposure. For perspective-control and tilt–shift lenses, the mechanical linkage is impractical, and automatic aperture control was not offered on the first such lenses. Many PC and TS lenses incorporated a feature known as a "preset" aperture, which lets the photographer set the lens to working aperture, and then quickly switch between working aperture and full aperture without looking at the aperture control. Though slightly easier than stopped-down metering, operation is less convenient than automatic operation. </p><p>When Canon introduced its <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS" title="Canon EOS">EOS</a> line of cameras in 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EF mount">EF</a> lenses incorporated electromagnetic diaphragms, eliminating the need for a mechanical linkage between the camera and the diaphragm. Because of this, the Canon TS-E tilt–shift lenses include automatic aperture control. </p><p>In 2008, Nikon introduced its PC-E perspective-control lenses with electromagnetic diaphragms. Automatic aperture control is provided with the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300" title="Nikon D300">D300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D500" title="Nikon D500">D500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D610" title="Nikon D610">D600/610</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D700" title="Nikon D700">D700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D750" title="Nikon D750">D750</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D800" title="Nikon D800">D800/810</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3" title="Nikon D3">D3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D4" title="Nikon D4">D4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5" title="Nikon D5">D5</a> cameras. With some earlier cameras, the lenses offer preset aperture control by means of a pushbutton that controls the electromagnetic diaphragm; with other earlier cameras, no aperture control is provided, and the lenses are not usable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camera_movements">Camera movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Camera movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/View_camera#Movements" title="View camera">Camera movements</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tilt">Tilt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tilt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24mm-tilt-lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/24mm-tilt-lens.jpg/220px-24mm-tilt-lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/24mm-tilt-lens.jpg/330px-24mm-tilt-lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/24mm-tilt-lens.jpg/440px-24mm-tilt-lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Nikon 24 mm lens, which tilts (as seen here) and also shifts</figcaption></figure> <p>A camera lens can provide sharp focus on only a single plane. Without tilt, the image plane (containing the film or <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>), the lens plane, and the plane of focus are parallel, and are perpendicular to the lens axis; objects in sharp focus are all at the same distance from the camera. When the lens plane is tilted relative to the image plane, the plane of focus (PoF) is at an angle to the image plane, and objects at different distances from the camera can all be sharply focused if they lie in the same plane. With the lens tilted, the image plane, lens plane, and PoF intersect at a common line;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this behavior has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle" title="Scheimpflug principle">Scheimpflug principle</a>. When focus is adjusted with a tilted lens, the PoF rotates about an axis at the intersection of the lens's front <a href="/wiki/Focal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal plane">focal plane</a> and a plane through the center of the lens parallel to the image plane; the tilt determines the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of the lens, and the focus determines the angle of the PoF with the image plane. In combination, the tilt and focus determine the position of the PoF. </p><p>The PoF can also be oriented so that only a small part of it passes through the subject, producing a very shallow region of sharpness, and the effect is quite different from that obtained simply by using a large <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> with a regular camera. </p><p>Using tilt changes the shape of the depth of field (DoF). When the lens and image planes are parallel, the DoF extends between parallel planes on either side of the PoF. With tilt or swing, the DoF is wedge shaped, with the apex of the wedge near the camera, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle#Depth_of_field" title="Scheimpflug principle">Figure 5</a> in the Scheimpflug principle article. The DoF is zero at the apex, remains shallow at the edge of the lens's field of view, and increases with distance from the camera. For a given position of the PoF, the angle between the planes that define the near and far limits of DoF (i.e., the angular DoF) increases with lens <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number"><i>f</i>-number</a>; for a given <i>f</i>-number and angle of the PoF, the angular DoF decreases with increasing tilt. When it is desired to have an entire scene sharp, as in landscape photography, the best results are often achieved with a relatively small amount of tilt. When the objective is <a href="#Selective_focus">selective focus</a>, a large amount of tilt can be used to give a very small angular DoF; however, the tilt fixes the position of the PoF rotation axis, so if tilt is used to control the DoF, it may not be possible to also have the PoF pass through all desired points. </p><p>View camera users usually distinguish between rotating the lens about a horizontal axis (tilt), and rotation about a vertical axis (<i>swing</i>); small- and medium-format camera users often refer to either rotation as "tilt". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon-35mm-left.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nikon-35mm-left.jpg/220px-Nikon-35mm-left.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nikon-35mm-left.jpg/330px-Nikon-35mm-left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Nikon-35mm-left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>1980 <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F_mount#Perspective_control_.28PC.29_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon F mount">Nikkor 35 mm lens</a> that shifts</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shift">Shift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Xavier_del_Bac_Tucson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/San_Xavier_del_Bac_Tucson.jpg/170px-San_Xavier_del_Bac_Tucson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/San_Xavier_del_Bac_Tucson.jpg/255px-San_Xavier_del_Bac_Tucson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/San_Xavier_del_Bac_Tucson.jpg/340px-San_Xavier_del_Bac_Tucson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona</figcaption></figure> <p>If a subject plane is parallel to the image plane, parallel lines in the subject remain parallel in the image. If the image plane is not parallel to the subject, as when pointing a camera up to photograph a tall building, parallel lines converge, and the result sometimes appears unnatural, such as a building that appears to be leaning backwards. </p><p>Shift is a displacement of the lens parallel to the image plane that allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without changing the camera angle; in effect the camera can be aimed with the shift movement.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shift can be used to keep the image plane (and thus focus) parallel to the subject; it can be used to photograph a tall building while keeping the sides of the building parallel. The lens can also be shifted in the opposite direction and the camera tilted up to accentuate the convergence for artistic effect. </p><p>Shifting a lens allows different portions of the <a href="/wiki/Image_circle" title="Image circle">image circle</a> to be cast onto the image plane, similar to cropping an area along the edge of an image. </p><p>Again, view camera users usually distinguish between vertical movements (<i>rise</i> and <i>fall</i>) and lateral movements (shift or <i>cross</i>), while small- and medium-format users often refer to both types of movements as "shift". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lens_image_circle">Lens image circle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lens image circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas the image circle of a standard lens usually just covers the image frame, a lens that provides tilt or shift must allow for displacement of the lens axis from the center of the image frame, and consequently requires a larger image circle than a standard lens of the same focal length. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applying_camera_movements">Applying camera movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applying camera movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a view camera, the tilt and shift movements are inherent in the camera, and many view cameras allow a considerable range of adjustment of both the lens and the camera back. Applying movements on a small- or medium-format camera usually requires a <a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilt–shift lens">tilt–shift lens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perspective_control_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective control lens">perspective control lens</a>. The former allows tilt, shift, or both; the latter allows only shift. With a tilt–shift lens, adjustments are available only for the lens, and the range is usually more limited. </p><p>Tilt–shift and perspective-control lenses are available for many SLR cameras, but most are far more expensive than comparable lenses without movements. The <a href="/wiki/Lensbaby" title="Lensbaby">Lensbaby</a> SLR lens is a low-cost alternative for providing tilt and swing for many SLR cameras, although the effect is somewhat different from that of the lenses just described. Because of the simple optical design, there is significant <a href="/wiki/Optical_aberration#Curvature_of_the_field_of_the_image" title="Optical aberration">curvature of field</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sharp focus is limited to a region near the lens axis. Consequently, the Lensbaby's primary application is selective focus and toy camera–style photography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selective_focus">Selective focus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selective focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o_-_Tilt_Shift_(6902992816)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o_-_Tilt_Shift_%286902992816%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o_-_Tilt_Shift_%286902992816%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o_-_Tilt_Shift_%286902992816%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o_-_Tilt_Shift_%286902992816%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o_-_Tilt_Shift_%286902992816%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o_-_Tilt_Shift_%286902992816%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Bird's eye view of <a href="/wiki/Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o" title="Campos do Jordão">Campos do Jordão</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field#Limited_DOF:_selective_focus" title="Depth of field">Selective focus</a> can be used to direct the viewer's attention to a small part of the image while de-emphasizing other parts. </p><p>With tilt, the effect is different from that obtained by using a large <i>f</i>-number without tilt. With a regular camera, the PoF and the DoF are perpendicular to the line of sight; with tilt, the PoF can be almost parallel to the line of sight, and the DoF can be very narrow but extend to infinity. Thus parts of a scene at greatly different distances from the camera can be rendered sharp, and selective focus can be given to different parts of a scene at the same distance from the camera.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With tilt, the depth of field is <a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle#Depth_of_field" title="Scheimpflug principle">wedge shaped</a>. As noted <a href="#Tilt">above</a>, using a large amount of tilt and a small <i>f</i>-number gives a small angular DoF. This can be useful if the objective is to provide selective focus to different objects at essentially the same distance from the camera. But in many cases, effective use of tilt for selective focus requires a careful choice of what is sharp as well as what is unsharp, as Vincent Laforet has noted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the tilt also affects the position of the PoF, it may not be possible to use a large amount of tilt and have the PoF pass through all desired points. This may not be a problem if only one point is to be sharp; for example, if it is desired to emphasize one building in a row of buildings, the tilt and <i>f</i>-number can be used to control the width of the sharp area, and the focus used to determine which building is sharp. But if it is desired to have two or more points sharp (for example, two people at different distances from the camera), the PoF must include both points, and it usually is not possible to achieve this while also using the tilt to control DoF. </p><p>Selective focus using tilt appears in motion pictures such as <a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)"><i>Minority Report</i></a>, (2002). Director of photography <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Janusz Kamiński">Janusz Kamiński</a> says he prefers using tilt–shift lenses to digital post-production as too much digital can detract and "It doesn’t look organic."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miniature_faking">Miniature faking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Miniature faking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oregon_State_Beavers_Tilt-Shift_Miniature_Greg_Keene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oregon_State_Beavers_Tilt-Shift_Miniature_Greg_Keene.jpg/220px-Oregon_State_Beavers_Tilt-Shift_Miniature_Greg_Keene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oregon_State_Beavers_Tilt-Shift_Miniature_Greg_Keene.jpg/330px-Oregon_State_Beavers_Tilt-Shift_Miniature_Greg_Keene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oregon_State_Beavers_Tilt-Shift_Miniature_Greg_Keene.jpg/440px-Oregon_State_Beavers_Tilt-Shift_Miniature_Greg_Keene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Miniature simulation using digital post processing</figcaption></figure> <p>Selective focus via tilt is often used to simulate a miniature scene,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so much that "tilt-and-shift effect" has been used as a general term for some miniature faking techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basic <a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking#Digital_post_processing" title="Miniature faking">digital post-processing</a> techniques can give results similar to those achieved with tilt, and afford greater flexibility and control, such as choosing the region that is sharp and the amount of blur for the unsharp regions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, these choices can be made after the photograph is taken. One advanced technique, Smallgantics, is used for motion-pictures; it was first seen in the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Thom_Yorke" title="Thom Yorke">Thom Yorke</a> music video "<a href="/wiki/Harrowdown_Hill#Music_video" title="Harrowdown Hill">Harrowdown Hill</a>", directed by <a href="/wiki/Chel_White" title="Chel White">Chel White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist <a href="/wiki/Olivo_Barbieri" title="Olivo Barbieri">Olivo Barbieri</a> is well known for his miniature-faking skills in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Thomas_(photographer)" title="Ben Thomas (photographer)">Ben Thomas</a>'s series Cityshrinker extended this concept to miniature faking major cities around the world, his book <i>Tiny Tokyo: The Big City Made Mini</i> (Chronicle Books, 2014),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicts Tokyo in miniature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bashford_views_-_perspective_control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bashford_views_-_perspective_control.jpg/310px-Bashford_views_-_perspective_control.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bashford_views_-_perspective_control.jpg/465px-Bashford_views_-_perspective_control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Bashford_views_-_perspective_control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption> <div><ul><li>In the left photo, the camera has been leveled but no shift lens used. The top of the house is not in shot.</li><li>In the center photo, the same camera is tilted up to take in the whole house. The building appears to lean backwards.</li><li>In the right photo, a shift (or PC) lens gives the results wanted.</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>When making photographs of a building or other large structure from the ground, perspective can be eliminated by keeping the film plane parallel to the building. With ordinary lenses, this results in capturing only the bottom part of the subject. </p><p>Tilting the camera upwards results in a perspective effect that causes the top of the building to appear smaller than its base, which is often considered undesirable. The perspective effect is proportional to the lens's angle of view. </p><p>With a perspective control lens, however, the lens may be shifted upwards in relation to the image area, placing more of the subject within the frame. The ground level, the camera's point of perspective, is shifted towards the bottom of the frame. </p><p>Another use of shifting is in taking pictures of a mirror. By moving the camera off to one side of the mirror, and shifting the lens in the opposite direction, an image of the mirror can be captured without the reflection of the camera or photographer. Shifting can similarly be used to photograph “around” an object, such as a building support in a gallery, without producing an obviously oblique view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspective-control_in_software">Perspective-control in software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Perspective-control in software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perspective_control" title="Perspective control">Perspective control</a></div> <p>Computer software (such as <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a>'s <i>perspective</i> and <i>distort</i> functions) can be used to control perspective effects in <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>. However, this technique does not allow the recovery of lost resolution in the more distant areas of the subject, or the recovery of lost <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> due to the angle of the film/sensor plane to the subject. Areas of the image enlarged by these digital techniques may suffer from the visual effects of pixel <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a>, depending on the original image resolution, degree of manipulation, print/display size, and viewing distance. </p><p>The effect of using tilt or swing movements is less easily accomplished in post-production. If every part of the image is within the depth of field, it is fairly easy to simulate the effect of shallow depth of field that could be achieved by using tilt or swing;<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, if the image has a finite depth of field, post-production cannot simulate the sharpness that could be achieved by using tilt or swing to maximize the region of sharpness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenizer Method">Brenizer Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_TS-E_24mm_lens" title="Canon TS-E 24mm lens">Canon TS-E 24mm lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lensbaby" title="Lensbaby">Lensbaby</a>, another type of movable lens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_PC-E_Nikkor_24mm_f/3.5D_ED" title="Nikon PC-E Nikkor 24mm f/3.5D ED">Nikon PC-E Nikkor 24mm f/3.5D ED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilted_plane_focus" title="Tilted plane focus">Tilted plane focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">View camera</a>, a camera type that allows tilt and shift control</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiny+Tokyo%3B+The+Big+City+Made+Mini&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclebooks.com%2Ftitles%2Ftiny-tokyo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilt%E2%80%93shift+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ray, Sidney F. 2000. The geometry of image formation. In <i>The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging</i>, 9th ed. Ed. Ralph E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray, Geoffrey G. Atteridge, and Norman R. Axford. Oxford: Focal Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9">0-240-51574-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift photography</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://benthomas.net.au/cityshrinker/">Major Cities of the World in tilt–shift by Ben Thomas, project Cityshrinker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulkeet.com/?page_id=80">About Canon's Tilt–Shift Lens</a> – Utilizing the shift feature on a Canon wide-angle tilt–shift lens</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiltshift.info/tilt-shift-software/">Tilt–Shift Software Photoscape Tutorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130218165654/http://tiltshift.info/tilt-shift-software/">Archived</a> 2013-02-18 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> – Simple Photoscape tutorial to stimulate fake tilt–shift effects</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/11/16/beautiful-examples-of-tilt-shift-photography/">Examples of Tilt–Shift Photography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.f-stop.com/p-c.htm">What is perspective correction?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photo.net/equipment/canon/tilt-shift">How Shift Lenses Change your Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828044405/http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/n17_e.htm">History of the PC-Nikkor lens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaging.nikon.com/products/imaging/technology/nikkor/n17_1_e.htm">Instruction manual for 35 mm PC-Nikkor lens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photostuff.co.uk/shftlns.htm"><i>Perspective Control (Shift Lenses) in Architectural Photography</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.image2output.com/Product.aspx?id=2154&cat=1649"><i>Perspective Control (Tilt/Shift range) Architectural View Camera</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscoles.com/pclens.htm">Using the 35 mm Perspective Control Lens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photonotes.org/cgi-bin/entry.pl?id=Perspectivecontrollens">Dictionary of Film and Photography: <i>Perspective control (PC) lens</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panoramafactory.com/shiftlens/shiftlens.html">Using a perspective control lens (shift lens)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danheller.com/tech-persp.html">Tutorial: Perspective Control Lenses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiltshift.info/tilt-shift-lens">Tilt–shift lens selection and difference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photosig.com/articles/1207/article;jsessionid=aNNvR4tqj3o-iTjaJI">Perspective Correction Using Software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hame.ca/tiltshift.htm">Page of Links to Galleries and Information on Tilt–Shift Photography and Lenses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.image2output.com//products/photographic/cameras/sinar-artec-camera/sinar-lantec-incl-tripod-adaptation.html">Sinar arTec camera with tilt and shift</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpreview.com/news/2013/03/13/rokinon-gives-may-2013-release-for-ts-24mm-f3-5-lens">Rokinon 24 mm shift lens</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span 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