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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval Egyptian alchemist, chemist, doctor and writer (d. 1342)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Jildakī</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: <span lang="arz" dir="rtl">عز الدين الجلدكي</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">Ⲉⲍ ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ ⲉⲗϫⲗⲇⲕⲓ</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jildaki,_Demonstration_of_secrets_of_the_balance._Wellcome_L0013849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Al-Jildaki%2C_Demonstration_of_secrets_of_the_balance._Wellcome_L0013849.jpg/220px-Al-Jildaki%2C_Demonstration_of_secrets_of_the_balance._Wellcome_L0013849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Al-Jildaki%2C_Demonstration_of_secrets_of_the_balance._Wellcome_L0013849.jpg/330px-Al-Jildaki%2C_Demonstration_of_secrets_of_the_balance._Wellcome_L0013849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Al-Jildaki%2C_Demonstration_of_secrets_of_the_balance._Wellcome_L0013849.jpg/440px-Al-Jildaki%2C_Demonstration_of_secrets_of_the_balance._Wellcome_L0013849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">al-Jildaki, <i>Demonstration of secrets of the balance</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Likely <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate</a><br />(present-day <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1342<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1343</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a> (743 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Mamluk_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate">Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate</a><br />(present-day <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">laying the basic building block for the creation of the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions" title="Law of definite proportions">Law of definite proportions</a>" in chemical union, and explaining it in detail</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah</li> <li>al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ali bin Mahammad Aydamir</b> or <b>ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Jildakī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>: عز الدين الجلدكي; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: Ⲉⲍ ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ ⲉⲗϫⲗⲇⲕⲓ), also written al-Jaldakī (d. 1342 CE / 743 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) was an <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">alchemist</a> from the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> of Egypt. A scientist and author who specialized in chemistry and lived in the eighth century AH. He copied entire paragraphs from the works of <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir bin Hayyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfa` Ras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">Abu al-Qasim al-Iraqi</a>, and others, thus serving the <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">history of chemistry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, as he recorded in his works much of what had disappeared from the books of his predecessors. <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Haji Khalifa</a>, the author of "<a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Zunun" title="Kashf al-Zunun">Kashf al-Zunun</a>", stated that al-Jildakī has 26 books.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jildaki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being one of the most important Islamic scholars of the 14th century, almost nothing is known about his early life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Jildaki was probably born in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his writings he reveals that he spent seventeen years traveling through <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Historical scholars almost unanimously agree that he belongs to Egypt, so they called him al-Masry (the Egyptian).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on a speculative vocalization of his <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">Nisba</a> as "al-Jaldaki ", some 20th century writers like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a> suggested that he was originally from <a href="/wiki/Jaldak" title="Jaldak">Jaldak</a>, a town in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> before emigrating to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas G. Harris has criticized this theory noting that it was never mentioned in any pre-modern source before.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he notes that all the biographical information known about him –like his <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> name "Aydamir", places of residence and native language – would make sense only when set against a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> background.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris further notes that the name "Jildak" and its derivative <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">Nisba</a> "Al-Jildaki" are attested <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> names, especially among <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> amirs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Jildaki was one of the last and one of the greatest of medieval Islamic alchemists, he was the author of scientific works such as the <i>al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المصباح فی علم المفتاح</span></span>, <i>Key of the Sciences of Lights</i>) and alchemical treatise <i>Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">کتاب البرهان فی اسرار علم المیزان</span></span>, <i>The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of the Balance</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a prolific author of alchemical writings, of which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> has three. His treatises, which reflect interests much broader than simply alchemy, preserve extensive quotations from earlier authors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jildaki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Jaldaki grew up loving science, and devoted himself to reading all the chemistry books he could find, and read them critically. He was fascinated by Jabir ibn Hayyan, to the point that he called him "the Imam". He collected 42 works from his books that he studied and discussed. He also read Al-Razi and other scientists, and made many comments and many explanations of some theories and mysterious issues in chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is famous for his concern for the authenticity of transmission, so his works are considered of high value to historians of science. In addition, his collection of the works of the predecessors in chemistry, his preservation of them, and his analysis of their content preserved much of the heritage that was lost from them. He was also fond of the natural sciences and plants, and was keen to delve into their topics and read the most important books on these sciences. He did not leave a book on chemistry without reading and commenting on it. He was known for his generosity, piety, spreading knowledge, and caring for seekers of knowledge. He would open his home to students of knowledge, and would open his heart to anyone who asked him for questions or clarification on issues of chemistry or other branches of knowledge. Al-Jaldaki was distinguished by his writing in a style that was difficult to understand. Some people sometimes accuse him of being a style that is closer to <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a> for the average reader, but this does not fault him because he was writing for specialists in the field of chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Taslimi" title="Manouchehr Taslimi">Manouchehr Taslimi</a> mentioned in his doctoral thesis from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> in 1954 that Al-Jaldaki spent seventeen years on his scientific travels. He laid the basic building block for the creation of the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions" title="Law of definite proportions">Law of definite Proportions</a>" in chemical union, and explained it in detail, which <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> later relied on in their studies. It is the law that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proust" title="Joseph Proust">Joseph Proust</a>, who was born five centuries after Al-Jaldaki, falsely claimed for himself. Al-Jaldaki developed a chemical method for separating <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> from <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, a method still used today. He gave a detailed description of the method of prevention and necessary precautions against the danger of inhaling gases resulting from chemical reactions, and thus he was the first to think of inventing and using <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirators</a> in chemistry laboratories. His contributions extended to the in-depth study of <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, which enabled him to make some improvements to the method of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> making that was known at the time. He explained the currently used <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> method, such as filter papers, distillation under a water bath, and double distillation. He was the first to say that the substance gives its own color when burned. He also researched various fields, in addition to chemistry and botany, such as mechanics, acoustics, and air and water waves. He made comments, explanations, and corrections to many chemistry books written by his predecessors, Western scientists. Al-Jaldaki was aware of the electronic structure of the atom, as he compared it to the solar system in his famous poetry and wrote many scientific books that were circulated in many libraries around the world, but most of them are still in manuscript form.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Umar_Rida_Kahhala" title="Umar Rida Kahhala">Omar Rida Kahhala</a> says in his book "العلوم البحتة في العصور الإسلامية <i>Pure Sciences in Islamic Ages</i>":</p><blockquote><p>"...However, Al-Jaldaki is considered one of the greatest scholars knowledgeable about the history of chemistry and what was written about it before him. He was fond of collecting chemical works and interpreting them, and it was his habit to quote entire paragraphs from famous people who preceded him, such as Jabir bin Hayyan and Abu Bakr Al-Razi. Thus, he performed a great service for the history of chemistry in Islam, as he recorded in his relatively recent books what had disappeared and been lost from the books of his predecessors. His works were the best source for knowledge of chemistry and chemists in Islam.</p></blockquote><p>Al-Jaldaki was one of the scientists who believed that base metals could be transformed into precious metals, by making elixirs. Therefore, he collected the most famous Arabic works on this science that appeared in the East and West of the Islamic world, and studied and explained them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shawkat Al-Shatti says about him in his book "مجموعة أبحاث عن تاريخ العلوم الطبيعة في الحضارة الإسلامية <i>A Collection of Research on the History of the Natural Sciences in Islamic Civilization</i>":</p><blockquote><p>"Al-Jaldaki is one of the famous scientists in chemistry, not only among Western and Muslim scientists, but also among chemists in general."</p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Eric John Holmyard</a> says about him in his book Makers of Chemistry:</p><blockquote><p>"Al-Jaldaki is truly considered one of the scientists who have a great role in the science of chemistry. Al-Jaldaki was very interested in reading what was written about the science of chemistry, so he took from his readings and analysis a way to build a scientific path in the science of chemistry. This is what is called the literature of Egyptian and Islamic chemistry. Al-Jaldaki carried out experiments in the field of chemistry, and although most of his work is analytical, he is one of the scientists to whom modern scientists owe a great deal."</p></blockquote><p>Al-Jaldaki has important opinions in chemistry, including: that chemical substances do not interact with each other except in certain proportions, and this was the basis for the law of definite proportions in chemical reactions. He also reached the possibility of separating gold from silver by nitric acid, which dissolves the silver, leaving pure gold. He was interested in studying the properties of mercury, because he believed that all stones had their origin in mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric John Holmyard mentions in his book "Chemistry to the Time of Dalton":</p><blockquote><p>"Al-Jaldaki concluded with complete aplomb that substances do not interact with each other except in fixed proportions and weights."</p></blockquote><p>Abdul Razzaq Nofal adds in his book "المسلمون والعلم الحديث <i>Muslims and Modern Science</i>":</p><blockquote><p>"Five centuries after Al-Jaladaki's death, the scientist Joseph Proust announced the law of definite proportions in the chemical union, and its meaning is the same as Al-Jaldaki's theory."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jildaki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He has a book entitled <i>natayij al-fikr fi 'ahwal al-hajar</i> (نتائج الفكر في الكشف عن أحوال الحجر, <i>The Results of Thought in Revealing the Conditions of Stone</i>), which he wrote in Cairo in the year 742 AH/1341 AD. The <a href="/wiki/Zahiriyya_Library" title="Zahiriyya Library">Zahiriyya Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> contains several rare manuscripts containing some of his works: </p> <ul><li><i>al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan</i> (کتاب البرهان فی اسرار علم المیزان, <i>The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of the Balance</i>). This manuscript contains eight articles and 224 pages. In this book, Al-Jaldaki sought to achieve the following matters:</li></ul> <ol><li>Explanation of the book of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> called "The Secret of Creation and the Work of Nature in the Seven Bodies," known as the "Book of Causes".</li> <li>Explanation of Jabir ibn Hayyan's book on bodies, and most of Jabir's books of scales were also mentioned in it.</li> <li>Mentioning some theories related to the science of mechanics, the science of sounds and waves that travel in water and air, relying on the works of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a>, al-Tusi, and al-Shirazi.</li></ol> <p>It contained many laws from nature regarding the chemistry industry. This book was detailed and classified, indicating Al-Jaldaki's depth in the method of scientific research. The book contains eight articles on divine wisdom and hidden secrets. The first article includes the introduction, the second on the origins of the four elements and what relates to the scales of each one of them, and the third on humans, animals, plants, and minerals and their features. The fourth examines the seven bodies, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury, and the moon and their features. The fifth deals with salts. The sixth deals with adornments. The seventh deals with certainty about the balances of the mineral bodies and the wisdom of their manufacture and in explaining metals. The eighth deals with the implications of the science of balance and work to arrive at the preparation of the elixir and its benefits, followed by the conclusion. </p> <ul><li><i>Nihayat al-Talb fi Sharh Kitab al-Muqtasab fi Ziraeat al-Dhahb</i> (نهاية الطلب في شرح كتاب المكتسب في زراعة الذهب, <i>The end of the request in explaining the book acquired in the cultivation of gold</i>). There are three manuscripts of it in the Zahiriyya Library, one of which is complete and two of which contain text. Al-Jaldaki mentioned in the introduction to the book the reasons that prompted him to classify it. He mentioned that he was able to solve the problems of the science of the ancients, and what was transmitted from the virtuous masters of wisdom... after taking the path of request and diligence, and spending a fortune of life and money, and migrating to the sheikhs and notables, within the borders of Iraq and the outskirts of the Romans, to the borders of Morocco, the lands of Egypt, and the outskirts of Yemen, the Hejaz, and the Levant, for a period of more than seventeen years, he studied the Jabriya methods in business, and looked into the secrets of nature and impossibilities. <a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">George Sarton</a> said about it in his book "Introduction to the History of Science": "It is considered one of the most important books produced by the Egyptian mind. Because of the accurate information it contains, it is based on the production of giants of Islamic scholars such as: Jabir bin Hayyan and Al-Razi."</li> <li><i>al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah</i> (المصباح فی علم المفتاح, <i>Key of the Sciences of Lights</i>). Al-Jaldaki divided this book into four sections, and each section has ninety keys. This book includes many topics, including: the manufacture of chemistry and metallurgy, medicine and anatomy, animal generation, elixirs, the cultivation of gold and silver, the science of divine craftsmanship, the science of sacred stones, drugs and medicines, human natures, zodiac signs, and talisman.</li> <li><i>Matalie Al-Badur fi Sharh Diwan al-Shadhur</i> (مطالع البدور في شرح ديوان الشذور) and <i>Al-Badr al-Munir fi Marefat al-Elixir</i> (البدر المنير في معرفة الإكسير): two small treatises written by al-Jaldaki, in the first of which he explains three verses from the beginning of the Diwan al-Shadhur by Sheikh Burhan al-Din Ali bin Musa al-Andalusi, known as Ibn Arfa' Ras (515-593 AH/ 1121-1196 AD). As for the Al-Badr Al-Munir, Al-Jaldaki explained the ninth verse of the Diwan Al-Shadhur in it.</li> <li>"The Luminaries of Luminous Thoughts in Explanation of the Paper Water and the Astral Earth": It is a manuscript in the Explanation of the Five Books of Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Amil Al-Tamimi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jildaki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical sources differed on the date of his death. Some references stated that he died in 743 AH / 1342 AD, and the German orientalist "<a href="/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann" title="Carl Brockelmann">Karl Brockelmann</a>" stated that he died in 762 AH / 1361 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jildaki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris2017" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Nicholas G. (13 September 2017). "In Search of ʿIzz al-Dīn Aydamir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist". <i>Arabica</i>. <b>64</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">531–</span>556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700585-12341460">10.1163/15700585-12341460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+%CA%BFIzz+al-D%C4%ABn+Aydamir+al-%C7%A6ildak%C4%AB%2C+Maml%C5%ABk+Alchemist&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E556&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700585-12341460&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/50280/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86/">Alukah</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213052011/http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/50280/">Archived copy</a> 17 February 2024 on <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1937" class="citation journal cs1">Holmyard, Eric John (1937). "Aidamir al-Jildakī". <i>Iraq</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4241604">10.2307/4241604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0889">0021-0889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241604">4241604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163725755">163725755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Aidamir+al-Jildak%C4%AB&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1937&rft.issn=0021-0889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163725755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4241604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4241604&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=Eric+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsterMüller2019" class="citation web cs1">Forster, Regula; Müller, Juliane (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-jildaki-COM_32828">"al-Jildakī"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&rft.atitle=al-Jildak%C4%AB&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Regula&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Juliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fal-jildaki-COM_32828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Itihad newspaper (7 Oct 2017). "عز <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221110758/https://www.alittihad.ae/article/65471/2010/%D8%B9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA">الدين الجلدكي.. رائد علم الكيمياء والنبات."</a> <i>Al-Itihad newspaper.</i> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aletihad.ae/article/65471/2010/%D8%B9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA">the original</a> on 2020-12-21. Retrieved 2024-02-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9bgAwAAQBAJ&q=al-jaldaki+persian+alchemist&pg=PA331"><i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135198893" title="Special:BookSources/9781135198893"><bdi>9781135198893</bdi></a>. <q>Aydamur al-Jaldaki (the correct vocalization is not Jildaki) was an Iranian from Jaldak, a town about eighteen kilometres away from Mashhad in Khurāsān.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135198893&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9bgAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dal-jaldaki%2Bpersian%2Balchemist%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28008145">"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"</a>. <i>Arabica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+%27Izz+al-D%C4%ABn+Aydemir+al-%C7%A6ildak%C4%AB%2C+Maml%C5%ABk+Alchemist&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28008145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span> "Lastly, answering the third question requires us to revisit the position of Henry Corbin who pegged al-Jildaki as an Iranian emigre to the Mamluk domains."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28008145">"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"</a>. <i>Arabica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+%27Izz+al-D%C4%ABn+Aydemir+al-%C7%A6ildak%C4%AB%2C+Maml%C5%ABk+Alchemist&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28008145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span> "Otherwise, apart from this one putative instance, "al-Jaldaki as a name element denoting an origin from the village of Jaldak does not exist in any pre-modern source."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28008145">"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"</a>. <i>Arabica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+%27Izz+al-D%C4%ABn+Aydemir+al-%C7%A6ildak%C4%AB%2C+Maml%C5%ABk+Alchemist&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28008145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span> "If al-Jildaki had been a native of a town outside of Mashad, born shortly after the turn of the 14th century, we would expect him to be a Persian speaker, born and raised in a village inside Ilkhanid controlled territory. Nowhere in his many works is there so much as a hint that al-Jildaki read or understood Persian (or Turkish, for that matter); his works are all in Arabic, and the works on which he commented were all in Arabic. His first name, Aydemir, is also a problem. Aydemir is an archly Turkic name."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28008145">"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"</a>. <i>Arabica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+%27Izz+al-D%C4%ABn+Aydemir+al-%C7%A6ildak%C4%AB%2C+Maml%C5%ABk+Alchemist&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28008145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span> "Thus, the nisba al-Jildaki for a Mamluk means that he was purchased and/or manumitted by a master whose name was Jildak. Jildak is an uncommon but attested Turkic name, especially among Mamluk amirs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalim_T_S_Al-HassaniMohammed_Abattouy" class="citation web cs1">Salim T S Al-Hassani; Mohammed Abattouy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127114116/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1004">"The Advent of Scientific Chemistry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=1004">the original</a> on 2010-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Advent+of+Scientific+Chemistry&rft.au=Salim+T+S+Al-Hassani&rft.au=Mohammed+Abattouy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimheritage.com%2Ftopics%2Fdefault.cfm%3FarticleID%3D1004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jildaki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioJ.html#jaldaki">[1]</a>), which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i> </p> <ul><li>C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 1st edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1889–1936). Second edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1943–49). Page references will be to those of the first edition, with the 2nd edition page numbers given in parentheses, vol. 2, p. 138-9 (173-5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9bgAwAAQBAJ&q=al-jaldaki+persian+alchemist&pg=PA331"><i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">331–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135198893" title="Special:BookSources/9781135198893"><bdi>9781135198893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135198893&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9bgAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dal-jaldaki%2Bpersian%2Balchemist%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Jildaki" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template talk:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemists_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_al-Khati" title="Al-Khwarizmi al-Khati">al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Imad_al-Din" title="Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din">Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Simāwī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Rammah" title="Hasan al-Rammah">Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rassam" title="Ibn Rassam">Ibn al-Rassām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ashba_ibn_Tammam" title="Abul Ashba ibn Tammam">Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">al-iksīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hundred Books">Five Hundred Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi"><i>al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifthah_al-hikma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mifthah al-hikma"><i>Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma</i> (<i>Clavis sapientiae</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture"><i>Nabataean Agriculture</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Twelve_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and Twelve Books">One Hundred and Twelve Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba Philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Abdallah_al-Shayzari" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Shayzari"><i>Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba</i> (al-Nabarawi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_(general)226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alchemy" title="Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alchemy" title="Template talk:Alchemy"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkahest" title="Alkahest">Alkahest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion_(alchemy)" title="Digestion (alchemy)">Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">Spagyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/102535736">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/102535736.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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