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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Altai Mountains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaigebergte" title="Altaigebergte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Altaigebergte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="جبال ألتاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبال ألتاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monts_de_l%27Altai" title="Monts de l'Altai – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Monts de l'Altai" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Alt%C3%A1i" title="Montes Altái – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Montes Altái" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Altay dağları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Altay dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آلتای داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلتای داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আলতাই পর্বতমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলতাই পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Алтай тауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алтай тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Алтай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алтай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Алтай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алтай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Алтай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алтай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Altaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay" title="Altay – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Altay" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%C3%ADs_de_l%27Altai" title="Massís de l'Altai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massís de l'Altai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Алтай тăвĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алтай тăвĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_(kabukiran)" title="Altay (kabukiran) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Altay (kabukiran)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Altaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynyddoedd_Altai" title="Mynyddoedd Altai – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynyddoedd Altai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj_(bjergk%C3%A6de)" title="Altaj (bjergkæde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Altaj (bjergkæde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai" title="Altai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai" title="Altai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Altai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Οροσειρά Αλτάι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οροσειρά Αλτάι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macizo_de_Alt%C3%A1i" title="Macizo de Altái – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macizo de Altái" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altajo" title="Altajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_(mendiak)" title="Altai (mendiak) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Altai (mendiak)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="رشته‌کوه آلتای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رشته‌کوه آلتای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta%C3%AF" title="Altaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Altaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai-berchtme" title="Altai-berchtme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Altai-berchtme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1as_Altai" title="Montañas Altai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montañas Altai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="알타이산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알타이산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्ताई पर्वत शृंखला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्ताई पर्वत शृंखला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Altaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaro_Altai" title="Montaro Altai – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Montaro Altai" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Altai" title="Pegunungan Altai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Altai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_Altaj" title="Monti Altaj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monti Altaj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99" title="הרי אלטאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי אלטאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagunungan_Altai" title="Pagunungan Altai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pagunungan Altai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಟಾಯ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಟಾಯ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ალთაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალთაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Алтай таулары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алтай таулары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milima_ya_Altai" title="Milima ya Altai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milima ya Altai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai" title="Altai – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Altai" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai" title="Altai – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Altai" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altajs" title="Altajs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Altajs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altajaus_kalnai" title="Altajaus kalnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Altajaus kalnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Altai" title="Montes Altai – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Montes Altai" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Altaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алтајски Планини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алтајски Планини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അൽത്തായ് മലകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽത്തായ് മലകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="आल्ताय पर्वतरांग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्ताय पर्वतरांग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergunungan_Altai" title="Pergunungan Altai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pergunungan Altai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Алтайн нуруу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алтайн нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj_(gebergte)" title="Altaj (gebergte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Altaj (gebergte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="アルタイ山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルタイ山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Алтайн лаьмнаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Алтайн лаьмнаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_(Bergem)" title="Altai (Bergem) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Altai (Bergem)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj_(fjellkjede)" title="Altaj (fjellkjede) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Altaj (fjellkjede)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altajfjella" title="Altajfjella – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Altajfjella" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai" title="Altai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Altai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltoy_tog%CA%BBlari" title="Oltoy togʻlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oltoy togʻlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="الطائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الطائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82taj" title="Ałtaj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ałtaj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanhas_Altai" title="Montanhas Altai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montanhas Altai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Altai" title="Munții Altai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munții Altai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Алтайские горы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алтайские горы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munti_Altaj" title="Munti Altaj – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Munti Altaj" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Altai Mountains" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Altaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Altaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زنجیرەچیای ئەڵتای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەچیای ئەڵتای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Алтајске планине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алтајске планине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altajske_planine" title="Altajske planine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Altajske planine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_(vuoristo)" title="Altai (vuoristo) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Altai (vuoristo)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Altaj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்த்தாய் மலைத்தொடர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்த்தாய் மலைத்தொடர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Алтай таулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алтай таулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="เทือกเขาอัลไต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาอัลไต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D2%B3%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Кӯҳҳои Олтой – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯҳҳои Олтой" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_Da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Altay Dağları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altay Dağları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B)" title="Алдай (даглары) – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Алдай (даглары)" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Алтайські гори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алтайські гори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="التائی پہاڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="التائی پہاڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئالتاي تاغ تىزمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالتاي تاغ تىزمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3y_n%C3%BAi_Altai" title="Dãy núi Altai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dãy núi Altai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabubkiran_Altai" title="Kabubkiran Altai – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabubkiran Altai" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="阿尔泰山脉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔泰山脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="阿爾泰山脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾泰山脈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="阿尔泰山脉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔泰山脉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5955#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Altai_Mountains&params=49_N_89_E_type:mountain_dim:800km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°N</span> <span class="longitude">89°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49°N 89°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49; 89</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in Central–East Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Altai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Altai (disambiguation)">Altai</a>.</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Altai_Mountains&params=49_N_89_E_type:mountain_dim:800km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°N</span> <span class="longitude">89°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49°N 89°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49; 89</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altai_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Altai_Mountains.jpg/300px-Altai_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Altai_Mountains.jpg/450px-Altai_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Altai_Mountains.jpg/600px-Altai_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Altai mountain range</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Altai Mountains</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also spelled <b>Altay Mountains</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> converge, and where the rivers <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob</a> have their headwaters. The <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a> merges with the <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan Mountains</a> in the northeast, and gradually becomes lower in the southeast, where it merges into the high plateau of the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>. It spans from about 45° to 52° N and from about 84° to 99° E. </p><p>The region is inhabited by a sparse but ethnically diverse population, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh people">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvan people">Tuvans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol people">Mongols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a>, though predominantly represented by indigenous ethnic minorities of semi-nomadic people.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local economy is based on <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">husbandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic language family</a> takes its name from this mountain range. </p> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ‍ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ <br />ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ</span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Name in<br /><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian<br />language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">script</a>,<br /><i>altai-yin niruɣu</i></div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_modern_names">Etymology and modern names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and modern names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Altai</i> is derived from underlying form *<i>altañ</i> "gold, golden" (compare <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 <i>altun</i> "gold, golden") with coda <i>-ñ</i> underlying the <i>-n</i> & <i>-y</i> correspondence among cognates in different Turkic languages & dialects (e.g. <i>qōñ</i> ~ <i>qoy</i> "sheep", <i>Qitan</i> ~ <i>Qitay</i> "Khitans", etc.), as well as in Mongolian. </p><p>The mountains are called <i>Altain nuruu</i> (<span title="Halh Mongolian-language text"><span lang="khk-Cyrl">Алтайн нуруу</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha Mongolian</a>, <i>altai-yin niruɣu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Chakhar_Mongolian" title="Chakhar Mongolian">Chakhar Mongolian</a>, and <i>Altay tuular</i> (<span title="Altay-language text"><span lang="alt">Алтай туулар</span></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Altay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay language">Altay language</a>. They are also called <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">Алтай таулары</span></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">التاي تاۋلارى</span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>; <i>Altajskije gory</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Алтайские горы</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>; <i>Altay Taghliri</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1074196468">.mw-parser-output .font-uig{font-family:"UKIJ Tuz","UKIJ Nasq","UKIJ Basma","UKIJ_Mac Basma","UKIJ Zilwa","UKIJ Esliye","UKIJ Tuz Basma","UKIJ Tuz Kitab","UKIJ Tuz Gezit","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Tor","UKIJ Kesme","UKIJ Kesme Tuz","UKIJ Qara","UKIJ Basma Aq","UKIJ Basma Qara","UKIJ Basma Tuz","UKIJ Putuk","UKIJ Tuz Xet","UKIJ Tom Xet","UKIJ Tuz Jurnal","UKIJ Arabic","UKIJ CJK","UKIJ Ekran","UKIJ_Mac Ekran","UKIJ Teng","UKIJ Tor","UKIJ Tuz Tom","UKIJ Mono Keng","UKIJ Mono Tar","UKIJ Nokia","UKIJ SimSun","UKIJ Yanfon","UKIJ Qolyazma","UKIJ Saet","UKIJ Nasq Zilwa","UKIJ Sulus","UKIJ Sulus Tom","UKIJ 3D","UKIJ Diwani","UKIJ Diwani Yantu","UKIJ Diwani Tom","UKIJ Esliye Tom","UKIJ Esliye Qara","UKIJ Jelliy","UKIJ Kufi","UKIJ Kufi Tar","UKIJ Kufi Uz","UKIJ Kufi Yay","UKIJ Merdane","UKIJ Ruqi","UKIJ Mejnuntal","UKIJ Junun","UKIJ Moy Qelem","UKIJ Chiwer Kesme","UKIJ Orxun-Yensey","UKIJ Elipbe","UKIJ Qolyazma Tez","UKIJ Qolyazma Tuz","UKIJ Qolyazma Yantu","UKIJ Ruqi Tuz",FZWWBBOT_Unicode,FZWWHQHTOT_Unicode,"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,"Microsoft Uighur","Noto Naskh Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Microsoft Sans Serif";font-feature-settings:"cv50"1}</style><span lang="ug" class="font-uig" style="font-size:125%;">ىالتاي تاغلىرى</span>‎ or <span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug-Cyrl">Алтай Тағлири</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>; <i>ā'ěrtài shānmài</i> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阿尔泰山脉</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阿爾泰山脈</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional</a>, or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">اَعَرتَىْ شًامَىْ</span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a>); and <i>Arteː shanmeː</i> (<span title="Dungan-language text"><span lang="dng">Артэ Шанмэ</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the area north of the Altai, see <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South-Central_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South-Central Siberia">Geography of South-Central Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Siberian_Mountains" title="South Siberian Mountains">South Siberian Mountains</a>.</div><p>The Altai Mountains are a system of remote mountains in central Asia that cover an area of 845,000 km<sup>2</sup> (326,000 sq mi). The mountains stretch for 2,525 km (1,569 mi) from northwest to southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-McColl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_at_Kucherla_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_at_Kucherla_lake.jpg/220px-Sunset_at_Kucherla_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_at_Kucherla_lake.jpg/330px-Sunset_at_Kucherla_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_at_Kucherla_lake.jpg/440px-Sunset_at_Kucherla_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kucherla" title="Lake Kucherla">Lake Kucherla</a> in the Altai Mountains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/220px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/330px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/440px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Belukha">Belukha</a> mountain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoraBeluha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GoraBeluha.jpg/220px-GoraBeluha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GoraBeluha.jpg/330px-GoraBeluha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GoraBeluha.jpg/440px-GoraBeluha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Belukha">Belukha</a>, the highest mountain in Altay</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_Altay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kazakhstan_Altay.jpg/220px-Kazakhstan_Altay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kazakhstan_Altay.jpg/330px-Kazakhstan_Altay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kazakhstan_Altay.jpg/440px-Kazakhstan_Altay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Altay Mountains, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="2951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavlo_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shavlo Lake (page does not exist)">Shavlo Lake</a> in Northern Chuysky Range.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the north of the region is the <a href="/wiki/Sailughem_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailughem Mountains">Sailughem Mountains</a>, also known as <i>Kolyvan Altai</i>, which stretch northeast from 49° N and 86° E towards the western extremity of the <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan Mountains</a> in 51° 60' N and 89° E. Their mean elevation is 1,500–1,750 m (4,920–5,740 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Snow-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow-line">snow-line</a> runs at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) on the northern side and at 2,400 m (7,900 ft) on the southern, and above it the rugged peaks tower some 1,000 m (3,300 ft) higher. <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">Mountain passes</a> across the range are few and difficult, the chief being the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulan-daban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulan-daban (page does not exist)">Ulan-daban</a> at 2,827 m (9,275 ft) (or 2,879 m (9,446 ft) according to Kozlov), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapchan-daban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapchan-daban (page does not exist)">Chapchan-daban</a>, at 3,217 m (10,554 ft), in the south and north respectively. On the east and southeast this range is flanked by the great <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> of Mongolia, the transition being affected gradually by means of several minor plateaus, such as <a href="/wiki/Ukok_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukok plateau">Ukok</a> (2,380 m (7,810 ft)) with Pazyryk Valley, <a href="/wiki/Chuya_Steppe" title="Chuya Steppe">Chuya</a> (1,830 m (6,000 ft)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendykty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendykty (page does not exist)">Kendykty</a> (2,500 m (8,200 ft)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kak_plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kak plateau (page does not exist)">Kak</a> (2,520 m (8,270 ft)), (2,590 m (8,500 ft)), and (2,410 m (7,910 ft)).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This region is studded with large lakes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Uvs_Lake" title="Uvs Lake">Uvs</a> 720 m (2,360 ft) above sea level, <a href="/wiki/Khyargas_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Khyargas Lake">Khyargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorgon_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorgon Lake">Dorgon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khar_Lake_(Khovd)" title="Khar Lake (Khovd)">Khar</a> 1,170 m (3,840 ft), and traversed by various <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>, of which the principal are the <a href="/wiki/Tannu-Ola_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannu-Ola Mountains">Tannu-Ola Mountains</a>, running roughly parallel with the Sayan Mountains as far east as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosso-gol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosso-gol (page does not exist)">Kosso-gol</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Kh%C3%B6khii" title="Khan Khökhii">Khan Khökhii</a> mountains, also stretching west and east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north western and northern slopes of the Sailughem Mountains are extremely steep and difficult to access. On this side lies the highest summit of the range, the double-headed <a href="/wiki/Belukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Belukha">Belukha</a>, whose summits reach 4,506 m (14,783 ft) and 4,400 m (14,400 ft) respectively, and give origin to several <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaciokarst" title="Glaciokarst">glaciokarst</a> formations (30 km<sup>2</sup> (12 sq mi) in aggregate area, as of 1911<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altaians call it Kadyn Bazhy, but is also called Uch-Sumer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second highest peak of the range is in Mongolian part named <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCiten_Peak" title="Khüiten Peak">Khüiten Peak</a>. This massive peak reaches 4,374 m (14,350 ft). Numerous spurs, striking in all directions from the Sailughem mountains, fill up the space between that range and the lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>. Such are the <a href="/wiki/Chuya_Belki" title="Chuya Belki">Chuya Belki</a>, having an average elevation of 2,700 m (8,900 ft), with summits from 3,500–4,177 m (11,483–13,704 ft) and several glaciers on their northern slope; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katun_Belki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katun Belki (page does not exist)">Katun Belki</a>, which have a mean elevation of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and are mostly snow-clad; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholzun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholzun (page does not exist)">Kholzun</a> range; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korgon_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korgon Range (page does not exist)">Korgon</a>, highest point <a href="/wiki/Mayak_Shangina" title="Mayak Shangina">Mayak Shangina</a>, the Talitsk and Selitsk ranges; as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigeretsk_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigeretsk Range (page does not exist)">Tigeretsk Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several secondary plateaus of lower elevations are also distinguished by geographers. The Valley of the <a href="/wiki/Katun_(river)" title="Katun (river)">Katun river</a> begins as a wild gorge on the south-west slope of Belukha; then, after a big bend, the river (600 km (370 mi) long) pierces the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katun_Belki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katun Belki (page does not exist)">Katun Belki</a>, and enters a wider valley, lying at an elevation of 600–1,100 m (2,000–3,600 ft), which it follows until it emerges from the Altai highlands to join the <a href="/wiki/Biya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Biya River">Biya River</a>. Here, the two rivers merge together to form the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next valley is that of the <a href="/wiki/Charysh" title="Charysh">Charysh</a>, which has the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korgon_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korgon Range (page does not exist)">Korgon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigeretsk_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigeretsk Range (page does not exist)">Tigeretsk Range</a> on one side and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talitsk_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talitsk Range (page does not exist)">Talitsk</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baschelaksk_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baschelaksk Range (page does not exist)">Baschelaksk Range</a> (Бащелакский хребет) on the other. This, too, is very fertile. The Altai, seen from this valley, presents the most romantic scenes, including the small but deep <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolyvan_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolyvan Lake (page does not exist)">Kolyvan Lake</a> at an altitude of 360 m (1,180 ft), which is surrounded by fantastic <a href="/wiki/Granite_dome" title="Granite dome">granite domes</a> and towers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farther west the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Uba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Uba River">Uba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulba" title="Ulba">Ulba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bukhtarma" title="Bukhtarma">Bukhtarma</a> open south-westwards towards the Irtysh. The lower part of the first, like the lower valley of the Charysh, is thickly populated; in the valley of the Ulba is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riddersk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riddersk (page does not exist)">Riddersk</a> mine, at the foot of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivanovsk_Peak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivanovsk Peak (page does not exist)">Ivanovsk Peak</a> (2,060 m (6,760 ft)), clothed with alpine meadows. The valley of the Bukhtarma, which has a length of 320 km (200 mi), also has its origin at the foot of the Belukha and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katun_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katun Mountains (page does not exist)">Kuitun</a> peaks, and as it falls some 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in about 3,000 km (1,900 mi), from an alpine plateau at an elevation of 1,900 m (6,200 ft) to the Bukhtarma fortress (345 m (1,132 ft)), it offers the most striking contrasts of landscape and vegetation. Its upper parts abound in glaciers, the best known of which is the <a href="/wiki/Belukha_Mountain" title="Belukha Mountain">Berel</a>, which descends from the <a href="/wiki/Belukha_Mountain" title="Belukha Mountain">Belukha</a>. On the northern side of the range which separates the upper Bukhtarma from the upper <a href="/wiki/Katun_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Katun River">Katun</a> is the Katun glacier, which after two ice-falls widen out to 700–900 m (2,300–3,000 ft). From a grotto in this glacier bursts tumultuously the Katun river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The middle and lower parts of the Bukhtarma valley have been colonized since the 18th century by runaway Russian peasants, serfs, and religious <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schismatics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raskolnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Raskolnik">Raskolniks</a>), who created a free republic there on <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese territory</a>; and after this part of the valley was annexed to Russia in 1869, it was rapidly colonized. The high valleys farther north, on the same western face of the Sailughem range, are but little known, their only visitors being Kyrgyz shepherds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those of <a href="/wiki/Bashkaus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashkaus River">Bashkaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chulyshman" title="Chulyshman">Chulyshman</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chulcha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chulcha (page does not exist)">Chulcha</a>, all three leading to the alpine lake of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Teletskoye" title="Lake Teletskoye">Teletskoye</a> (length, 80 km (50 mi); maximum width, 5 km (3.1 mi); elevation, 520 m (1,710 ft); area, 230.8 km<sup>2</sup> (89.1 sq mi); maximum depth, 310 m (1,020 ft); mean depth, 200 m (660 ft)), are inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Telengit" class="mw-redirect" title="Telengit">Telengit</a> people. The shores of the lake rise almost sheer to over 1,800 m (5,900 ft). From this lake issues the Biya, which joins the Katun at <a href="/wiki/Biysk" title="Biysk">Biysk</a>, and then meanders through the prairies of the north-west of the Altai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farther north the Altai highlands are continued in the Kuznetsk district, which has a slightly different geological aspect, but belongs to the Altai system. But the <a href="/wiki/Abakan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Abakan River">Abakan River</a>, which rises on the western shoulder of the Sayan mountains, belongs to the system of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei">Yenisei</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsk_Ala-tau" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuznetsk Ala-tau">Kuznetsk Ala-tau</a> range, on the left bank of the Abakan, runs north-east into the government of <a href="/wiki/Yeniseisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniseisk">Yeniseisk</a>, while a complexus of mountains (Chukchut, Salair, Abakan) fills up the country northwards towards the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> and westwards towards the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ek-tagh or Mongolian Altai, which separates the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khovd_Gol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khovd Gol (page does not exist)">Khovd</a> basin on the north from the Irtysh basin on the south, is a true border-range, in that it rises in a steep and lofty <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungarian</a> depression (470–900 m (1,540–2,950 ft)), but descends on the north by a relatively short slope to the plateau (1,150–1,680 m (3,770–5,510 ft)) of north-western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. East of 94° E the range is continued by a double series of mountain chains, all of which exhibit less sharply marked <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orographical</a> features and are at considerably lower elevations. The slopes of the constituent chains of the system are inhabited principally by nomadic <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkin1911758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five <a href="/wiki/List_of_Altai_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Altai mountains">highest mountains of the Altai</a> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belukha_Mountain" title="Belukha Mountain">Belukha Mountain</a> (Russia), 4,506 m (14,783 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCiten_Peak" title="Khüiten Peak">Khüiten Peak</a> (Mongolia), 4,374 m (14,350 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nkhkhairkhan_Mountain" title="Mönkhkhairkhan Mountain">Mönkhkhairkhan Mountain</a> (Mongolia), 4,204 m (13,793 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutai_Mountain" title="Sutai Mountain">Sutai Mountain</a> (Mongolia), 4,220 m (13,850 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsambagarav" title="Tsambagarav">Tsambagarav Mountain</a> (Mongolia), 4,195 m (13,763 ft)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinbock_Schaedel_Bild3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Steinbock_Schaedel_Bild3.png/220px-Steinbock_Schaedel_Bild3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Steinbock_Schaedel_Bild3.png/330px-Steinbock_Schaedel_Bild3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Steinbock_Schaedel_Bild3.png/440px-Steinbock_Schaedel_Bild3.png 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a Siberian ibex, found near the Belukha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C110.jpg/220px-C110.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C110.jpg/330px-C110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C110.jpg/440px-C110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">Wisent</a> herd at a nursery of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> in the Russian Altai (<a href="/wiki/Shebalinsky_District" title="Shebalinsky District">Shebalinsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Altai-Sayan ecoregion is located at the intersection of the Central Asian and Siberian faunal provinces. </p><p>The Altai mountains are home to a diverse fauna, because of its different habitats, like steppes, northern <a href="/wiki/Taigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Taigas">taigas</a> and alpine vegetation. Steep slopes are home to the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a> (<i>Capra sibirica</i>), whereas the rare <a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">argali</a> (<i>Ovis ammon</i>) is found on more gentle slopes. Deer are represented by five species: <a href="/wiki/Altai_wapiti" title="Altai wapiti">Altai wapiti</a> (<i>Cervus elaphus sibiricus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> (<i>Alces alces</i>), forest <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> (<i>Rangifer tarandus valentinae</i>), <a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer</a> (<i>Moschus moschiferus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer</a> (<i>Capreolus pygargus</i>). Moose and reindeer however, are restricted to the northern parts of the mountain range. The <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) is found in the lower foothills and surrounding lowlands. Until recently, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle</a> (<i>Procapra gutturosa</i>) was found in the Russian Altai mountains, more specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Chuya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuya">Chuya</a> River steppe close to the Mongolian border. Large predators are represented by <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopards</a> (<i>Panthera uncia</i>, syn. <i>Uncia uncia</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> (<i>Canis lupus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a> (<i>Lynx lynx</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), in the northern parts also by the <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverine</a> (<i>Gulo gulo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_dhole" title="Tien Shan dhole">Tien Shan dhole</a> (<i>Cuon alpinus hesperius</i>) (a northwestern subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_wild_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic wild dog">Asiatic wild dog</a>) also lives there. Most species of the region are of Mongolian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">western Siberian eagle-owl</a> can be found in the western part of the mountains. </p><p>Until the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris tigris</i>) was found in the southern parts of the Altai mountains, where it reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zaisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Zaisan">Lake Zaisan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Black Irtysh</a>. Single individuals were also shot further north, for example close to <a href="/wiki/Barnaul" title="Barnaul">Barnaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closely related to the Caspian tiger is the extant <a href="/wiki/Amur_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur tiger">Amur tiger</a>, which has the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> name <i>Panthera tigris altaica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowell1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowell1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a> was present in the Altai mountains until the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, perhaps even until the 18th century. Today, there is a small herd in a nursery in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moor_frog" title="Moor frog">Moor frogs</a> are near bodies of water as high up as 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the Altai mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Altai mountains have retained a remarkably stable climate, changing little since the last ice age.<sup id="cite_ref-barras_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barras-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the mix of mammals has remained largely the same, with a few exceptions such as extinct mammoths, making it one of the few places on earth to retain an ice age fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-barras_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barras-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Altai mountains were home to the <a href="/wiki/Denisova_hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisova hominin">Denisovan</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a> who were contemporaries of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> and of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> (modern humans), descended from Hominids who reached Asia earlier than modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-barras_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barras-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Denisova_hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisova hominin">Denisova hominin</a>, dated to 40,000 years ago, was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Denisova_Cave" title="Denisova Cave">Denisova Cave</a> of the Altai mountains in southern Siberia in 2008. Knowledge of the Denisovan humans derives primarily from DNA evidence and artifacts, as no complete skeletons have yet been recovered. DNA evidence has been unusually well preserved because of the low average temperature in the Denisova caves. Neanderthal bones and tools made by <i>Homo sapiens</i> have also been found in the Denisova Cave, making it the only place in the world where all three hominids are known to have lived.<sup id="cite_ref-barras_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barras-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A dog-like <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canid</a> from 33,000 years ago was found in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Razboinichya_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razboinichya Cave (page does not exist)">Razboinichya Cave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc110803_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc110803-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plos110728_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plos110728-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis published in 2013 affirmed that it was more closely related to modern dogs than to wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone130306_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone130306-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Altai Mountains have been identified as being the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino Phenomenon">Seima-Turbino Phenomenon</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbc0901_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc0901-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which arose during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> around the start of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> and led to a rapid and massive migration of peoples from the region into distant parts of Europe and Asia. </p><p>Some historians believe that the Altai mountain region may have been the location where <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> was born, however this remains disputed. Evidence to support the claims includes several cave <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> within the Altai Mountains in modern China that depict human figures on skis that are chasing after an <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>. According to a study published by the Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA) in 2016, this rock art was estimated to be from between 4,000 and 5,250 years ago, which consequently meant it may be just as old or possibly older than ancient skiing rock art and artefacts located in Scandinavia. However, dating petroglyphs accurately with current technology is very difficult. The oldest known text that describes skiing is from a Chinese text that dates to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han Dynasty</a> (206 BC to 24 AD) and refers to skiers in the Altai Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Heritage_Site">World Heritage Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World Heritage Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Mountains_of_Altai" title="Golden Mountains of Altai">Golden Mountains of Altai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Teletskoe_(10423932746).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lake_Teletskoe_%2810423932746%29.jpg/220px-Lake_Teletskoe_%2810423932746%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lake_Teletskoe_%2810423932746%29.jpg/330px-Lake_Teletskoe_%2810423932746%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lake_Teletskoe_%2810423932746%29.jpg/440px-Lake_Teletskoe_%2810423932746%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Teletskoye" title="Lake Teletskoye">Lake Teletskoye</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80,_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%2C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%2C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%2C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%2C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%2C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%2C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Natural Park of Belukha</figcaption></figure> <p>A vast area of 16,178 km<sup>2</sup> (6,246 sq mi)<sup>2</sup>, which incorporates the Altai and Katun Natural Reserves, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Teletskoye" title="Lake Teletskoye">Lake Teletskoye</a>, Mount <a href="/wiki/Belukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Belukha">Belukha</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a>, this area is designated as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> (UNESCO), entitled the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Mountains_of_Altai" title="Golden Mountains of Altai">Golden Mountains of Altai</a>. As stated in the UNESCO description of the site, "the region represents the most complete sequence of altitudinal vegetation zones in central Siberia, from steppe, forest-steppe, mixed forest, subalpine vegetation to alpine vegetation". While making its decision, UNESCO also cited Russian Altai's importance for preservation of the globally endangered mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_argali" title="Altai argali">Altai argali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a> that live in these mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Uvs_Nuur_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvs Nuur basin">Uvs Nuur basin</a> is also a protected site. </p><p>Violations of the protection status of Argali sheep and other species have been alleged, together with accusations of corruption, in the <a href="/wiki/Altaigate_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaigate Scandal">Altaigate Scandal</a>. The incident arose from the death of several Russian VIPs in a helicopter crash early in 2009, purportedly on a poaching excursion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Siberian Altai represents the northernmost region affected by the tectonic collision of India into Asia. Extensive fault systems run through the area, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurai_fault_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurai fault zone (page does not exist)">Kurai fault zone</a> and the recently identified <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashanta_fault_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashanta fault zone (page does not exist)">Tashanta fault zone</a>. These fault systems are typically thrusts or right lateral <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip faults</a>, some of which are tectonically active. Rock types in the mountains are typically <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and metamorphic <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a>, and some are highly sheared near to fault zones. </p><p>Geologist Victor R. Baker "has discovered past cataclysmic floods in the Altai Mountains of Siberia" from "an even larger glacial lake" than Lake Missoula, which was once thought to have been "the largest ice-dammed lake in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_activity">Seismic activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seismic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> are generally rare occurrences, on 27 September 2003 a <a href="/wiki/2003_Altai_earthquake" title="2003 Altai earthquake">very large earthquake</a> measuring <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">M<sub>W</sub></a> 7.3 occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Chuya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuya">Chuya</a> Basin area to the south of the Altai region. This earthquake and its <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">aftershocks</a> devastated much of the region, causing $10.6 million in damage (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>) and wiping out the village of <a href="/wiki/Beltir_(village)" title="Beltir (village)">Beltir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govi-Altai_Province" title="Govi-Altai Province">Govi-Altai Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay language">Altay language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region" title="Altai-Sayan region">Altai-Sayan region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Altai_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Altai mountains">List of Altai mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraeme2010" class="citation book cs1">Graeme, Worboys (2010). <i>Connectivity Conservation Management: A Global Guide</i>. Earthscan. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844076031" title="Special:BookSources/9781844076031"><bdi>9781844076031</bdi></a>. <q>The population of the Altai frontier regions is mostly represented by indigenous ethnic minorities of semi nomadic stockbreeders: Kazakhs, Altais (Telenghets), Tuvins, Dyurbets, and Ugyurs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connectivity+Conservation+Management%3A+A+Global+Guide&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781844076031&rft.aulast=Graeme&rft.aufirst=Worboys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltai+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart (1994). <i>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313274978" title="Special:BookSources/9780313274978"><bdi>9780313274978</bdi></a>. <q>The traditional Altai economy revolved around breeding cattle and hunting. They also bred deer and harvested the animals for their antlers, which were exported to China for use in the manufacture of folk medicines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780313274978&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltai+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McColl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McColl_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcColl2014" class="citation book cs1">McColl, R.W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA19"><i>Encyclopedia of World Geography: Volume 1</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Environment&rft.atitle=Greater+Altai+%E2%80%93+Altai+Krai%2C+Republic+of+Altai%2C+Tyva+%28Tuva%29%2C+and+Novosibirsk+%E2%80%93+Crossroads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificenvironment.org%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltai+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Eliot Allen, Marjorie Burns, and Scott Burns, <i>Cataclysms on the Columbia: The Great Missoula Floods</i>, revised 2nd edition (Portland, OR: Ooligan Press/Portland State University, 2009), pp. 78, 108.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Altai" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Altai">Altai</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 758–759.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Altai&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=758-759&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAltai+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Authorities cited: </p> <ul><li>P. Semenov and G. N. Potanin, in supplementary vol. of Russian ed. of Ritter's <i>Asien</i> (1877)</li> <li>Ledebour, <i>Reise durch das Altaigebirge</i> (1829–1830)</li> <li>P. Chikhatchev, <i>Voyage scientifique dans l'Altai oriental</i> (1845)</li> <li>Gebler, <i>Übersicht des katunischen Gebirges</i> (1837)</li> <li>G. von Helmersen, <i>Reise nach dem Altai</i> (St Petersburg, 1848)</li> <li>T. W. Atkinson, <i>Oriental and Western Siberia</i> (1858)</li> <li>Cotta, <i>Der Altai</i> (1871)</li> <li>Adrianov, "Journey to the Altai", in <i>Zapiski Russ. Geogr. Soc.</i> xi.</li> <li>Yadrintsev, "Journey in West Siberia", in <i>Zapiski West Sib. Geogr. Soc.</i> ii.</li> <li>Golubev, <i>Altai</i> (1890, Russian)</li> <li>Schmurlo, "Passes in S. Altai" (Sailughem), in <i>Izvestia Russ. Geogr. Soc.</i> (1898); xxxiv. 5</li> <li>V. Saposhnikov, various articles in same periodical (1897), xxxiii. and (1899) xxxv., and, by the same, <i>Katun i yeya Istoki</i> (Tomsk, 1901)</li> <li>S. Turner, <i>Siberia</i> (1905)</li> <li>Deniker, on Kozlov's explorations, in <i>La Géographie</i> (1901, pp. 41, &c.)</li> <li>P. Ignatov, in <i>Izvestia Russ. Geog. Soc.</i> (1902, No. 2).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_Mountains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Template:Mountain ranges of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Template talk:Mountain ranges of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain ranges of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountain_ranges_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">Mountain ranges of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Altai Mountains</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungarian_Alatau" title="Dzungarian Alatau">Dzungarian Alatau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borohoro_Mountains" title="Borohoro Mountains">Borohoro Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbagatai_Mountains" title="Tarbagatai Mountains">Tarbagatai Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altyn-Tagh" title="Altyn-Tagh">Altyn-Tagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helan_Mountains" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Liupan" title="Mount Liupan">Liupan Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet Plateau">Qinghai-Tibet</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhimalaya" title="Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argu_Tagh" title="Argu Tagh">Argu Tagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yengisogat" title="Yengisogat">Yengisogat</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Xil" title="Hoh Xil">Hoh Xil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Har_Mountains" title="Bayan Har Mountains">Bayan Har Mountains</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amne_Machin" title="Amne Machin">Amne Machin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula Mountains</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyenchen_Tanglha_Mountains" title="Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains">Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaoligong_Mountains" title="Gaoligong Mountains">Gaoligong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunling Mountains">Yunling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailao_Mountains" title="Ailao Mountains">Ailao Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionglai_Mountains" title="Qionglai Mountains">Qionglai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxue_Mountains" title="Daxue Mountains">Daxue Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Mountains" title="Min Mountains">Min Mountains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Khingan" title="Lesser Khingan">Lesser Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains" title="Changbai Mountains">Changbai Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Mountains" title="Wanda Mountains">Wanda Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Mountains" title="Qian Mountains">Qian Mountains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Mountains" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lang_Mountains" title="Lang Mountains">Lang Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang_Mountains" title="Lüliang Mountains">Lüliang Mountains</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taihang_Mountains" title="Taihang Mountains">Taihang Mountains</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongtiao_Mountains" title="Zhongtiao Mountains">Zhongtiao Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianmu_Mountain" title="Tianmu Mountain">Tianmu Mountain</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yandang_Mountains" title="Yandang Mountains">Yandang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qinling" title="Qinling">Qinling</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_Mountains" title="Daba Mountains">Daba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountains" title="Dabie Mountains">Dabie Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingshan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingshan Mountains">Jingshan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoxiao_Mountains" title="Luoxiao Mountains">Luoxiao Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuling_Mountains" title="Jiuling Mountains">Jiuling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufu_Mountains" title="Mufu Mountains">Mufu Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugong_Mountains" title="Wugong Mountains">Wugong Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuling_Mountains" title="Wuling Mountains">Wuling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Mountains" title="Xuefeng Mountains">Xuefeng Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cang_Mountain" title="Cang Mountain">Cang Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daliang_Mountains" title="Daliang Mountains">Daliang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalou_Mountains" title="Dalou Mountains">Dalou Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuyi_Mountains" title="Jiuyi Mountains">Jiuyi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuecheng_Mountains" title="Yuecheng Mountains">Yuecheng Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_Mountains" title="Longmen Mountains">Longmen Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mountains" title="Western Mountains">Western Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_China" title="Category:Landforms of China">Landforms of China</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Culture" title="Xinjiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings" title="1992 Ürümqi bombings">1992 Ürümqi bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid" title="2007 Xinjiang raid">2007 Xinjiang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest" title="2008 Uyghur unrest">2008 Uyghur unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">Shaoguan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">September 2009 Xinjiang unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing" title="2010 Aksu bombing">2010 Aksu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis" title="Pishan hostage crisis">Pishan hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack" title="2012 Yecheng attack">2012 Yecheng attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest" title="April 2013 Bachu unrest">April 2013 Bachu unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots" title="June 2013 Shanshan riots">June 2013 Shanshan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout" title="2014 China–Vietnam border shootout">2014 China–Vietnam border shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir" title="Assassination of Juma Tayir">Assassination of Juma Tayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrui" title="Mingrui">Mingrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(politician)" title="Li Zhi (politician)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hudayar" title="Salih Hudayar">Salih Hudayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Osman_Yaghma" title="Ghulam Osman Yaghma">Ghulam Osman Yaghma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Rahile Dawut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" title="Category:Xinjiang">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5955#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5955#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315124939">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/111165569456037430371">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1239724/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001377-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003866">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14517625g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14517625g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Altaj (pohoří)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134013&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575423">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294885705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078616182">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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