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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soda straw</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a type of <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> formation. For the <a href="/wiki/Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage">beverage</a>-consumption tool, see <a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">Drinking straw</a>.</div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardeners_Guts_Speleothem_Straws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gardeners_Guts_Speleothem_Straws.jpg/220px-Gardeners_Guts_Speleothem_Straws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gardeners_Guts_Speleothem_Straws.jpg/330px-Gardeners_Guts_Speleothem_Straws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gardeners_Guts_Speleothem_Straws.jpg/440px-Gardeners_Guts_Speleothem_Straws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Straws (stalactite precursors) in <a href="/wiki/Gardner%27s_Gut" title="Gardner's Gut">Gardner's Gut</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rats-Nest-straw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rats-Nest-straw.jpg/200px-Rats-Nest-straw.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="617" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Rats-Nest-straw.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Soda straw.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>soda straw</b> (or simply <b>straw</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">speleothem</a> in the form of a hollow <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> tube. They are also known as <b>tubular stalactites</b>. Soda straws grow in places where water leaches slowly through cracks in rock, such as on the roofs of <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>. Soda straws in caves rarely grow more than a few millimetres per year and may average one tenth of a millimetre per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill&Forti1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill&Forti1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A soda straw can turn into a <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactite</a> if the hole at the bottom is blocked, or if the water begins flowing on the outside surface of the hollow tube. Soda straws can also form outside the cave environment on exposed <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> surfaces as a type of <a href="/wiki/Calthemite" title="Calthemite">calthemite</a>, growing significantly faster than those formed on rock. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soda_straw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These tubes form when <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> dissolved in the water comes out of solution and is deposited. In soda straws, as each drop hovers at the tip, it deposits a ring of mineral at its edge. It then falls and a new drop takes its place. Each successive drop of water deposits a little more mineral before falling, and eventually a tube is built up. <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">Stalagmites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flowstone" title="Flowstone">flowstone</a> may form where the water drops hit the cave floor. </p><p>Soda straws are some of the most fragile of speleothems. Like <a href="/wiki/Helictite" title="Helictite">helictites</a>, they can be easily crushed or broken by the slightest touch. Because of this, soda straws are rarely seen within arm's reach in <a href="/wiki/Show_cave" title="Show cave">show caves</a> or others with unrestricted access. <a href="/wiki/Kartchner_Caverns" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartchner Caverns">Kartchner Caverns</a> in southern Arizona has well-preserved soda straws because of its recent discovery in 1974 and highly regulated traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_the_cave_environment">Outside the cave environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soda_straw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outside the cave environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Straws can also form beneath man-made structures and grow significantly faster than in the natural <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill&Forti_Speleothem_growth_rate_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill&Forti_Speleothem_growth_rate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithGK2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithGK2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms are classified as <a href="/wiki/Calthemite" title="Calthemite">calthemites</a> as opposed to the speleothems growing in natural environments.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithGK2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithGK2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their chemistry differs from those found in caves because they are derived from <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, lime, mortar or other calcareous material.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill&Forti1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill&Forti1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calthemite soda straws have been recorded as growing up to 2 mm (0.079 in) per day in length, which is hundreds of times faster than speleothem soda straw growth rates typically averaging 2 mm or less per year.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithGK2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithGK2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calthemite straws are on average just 40% the mass per unit length of speleothem straws of equivalent external diameter. This is because calthemite straws have a thinner wall thickness and less-dense calcium carbonate structure compared to speleothem straws.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithGK2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithGK2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A calthemite straw can vary in outside diameter as it grows in length. Changes in diameter can take a matter of days or weeks and are due to changes in drip rate over time. Slow dripping calthemite straws tend to be slightly larger in diameter than fast-dripping straws. As a comparison, because of the much "slower growth rate of speleothem (cave) straws, there is more chance that fluctuation in drip rate may be averaged out and the straw external diameter remains reasonably constant."<sup id="cite_ref-SmithGK2021_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithGK2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calthemite_soda_straw_stalactite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Calthemite_soda_straw_stalactite.jpg/220px-Calthemite_soda_straw_stalactite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Calthemite_soda_straw_stalactite.jpg/330px-Calthemite_soda_straw_stalactite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Calthemite_soda_straw_stalactite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Calthemite soda straw growing from underside of concrete structure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calthemite_straws_with_varying_external_diameter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Calthemite_straws_with_varying_external_diameter.jpg/220px-Calthemite_straws_with_varying_external_diameter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Calthemite_straws_with_varying_external_diameter.jpg/330px-Calthemite_straws_with_varying_external_diameter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Calthemite_straws_with_varying_external_diameter.jpg/440px-Calthemite_straws_with_varying_external_diameter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>Calthemite straw with varying external diameter, influenced by changes in drip rate over time, during its growth.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soda_straw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hill&Forti1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill&Forti1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill&Forti1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, C A, and Forti, P, (1997). "Speleothem Growth Rates", Cave Minerals of the World, (2nd edition). [Huntsville, Alabama: National Speleological Society Inc.] pp 285 - 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRivenburg1999" class="citation news cs1">Rivenburg, Roy (November 14, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-nov-14-tr-33279-story.html">"Arizona's Deep, Dark Secret"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arizona%27s+Deep%2C+Dark+Secret&rft.date=1999-11-14&rft.aulast=Rivenburg&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-nov-14-tr-33279-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoda+straw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill&Forti_Speleothem_growth_rate-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill&Forti_Speleothem_growth_rate_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, C A, and Forti, P, (1997). Cave Minerals of the World, (2nd edition). [Huntsville, Alabama: National Speleological Society Inc.] pp 217 and 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithGK2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithGK2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithGK2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithGK2016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, G.K., (2016). “Calcite Straw Stalactites Growing From Concrete Structures”, Cave and Karst Science, Vol.43, No.1, P.4-10, (April 2016), British Cave Research Association, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1356-191X">1356-191X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, G K., (2015). “Calcite Straw Stalactites Growing From Concrete Structures”. Proceedings of the 30th 'Australian Speleological Federation' conference, Exmouth, Western Australia, edited by Moulds, T. pp 93 -108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macleod, G, Hall, A J and Fallick, A E, (1990). "An applied mineralogical investigation of concrete degradation in a major concrete road bridge". Mineralogical Magazine, Vol.54, 637–644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithGK2021-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithGK2021_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithGK2021_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, G.K., (2021). "Comparison of calthemite and speleothem straw stalactites, and environmental conditions influencing straw diameter", Cave and Karst Science, Transactions of the British Cave Research Association, Vol.48(1), 3–11</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soda_straw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.showcaves.com/english/explain/Speleothem/Straw.html">Showcaves.com definition and explanation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtcave/sodastw/sodastw.html">The Virtual Cave soda straw photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/newbluecat/2137632362/">A photo of some amazing soda straws in south eastern France</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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of caving and speleology">Glossary of caving and speleology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biospeleology" title="Biospeleology">Biospeleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_conservation" title="Cave conservation">Cave conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_survey" title="Cave survey">Cave survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fauna" title="Subterranean fauna">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stygofauna" title="Stygofauna">Stygofauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglofauna" title="Troglofauna">Troglofauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleogenesis" title="Speleogenesis">Speleogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">Speleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_by_country" title="Category:Caves by country">Caves by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and formation<br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchihaline cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_cave" title="Breathing cave">Breathing cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave-in" title="Cave-in">Cave-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foiba" title="Foiba">Foiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Ice cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_cave" title="Lava cave">Lava cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ley_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley tunnel">Ley tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_cave" title="Pit cave">Pit cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_cave" title="Salt cave">Salt cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_cave" title="Show cave">Show cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffosion" title="Suffosion">Suffosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_(cave)" title="Sump (cave)">Sump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talus_cave" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a></li> <li>Underground <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall" title="Subterranean waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">Speleothems</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Speleogen" title="Speleogen">Speleogens</a><br />(Cave formations)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthodite" title="Anthodite">Anthodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxwork" title="Boxwork">Boxwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_rafts" title="Calcite rafts">Calcite rafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_pearl" title="Cave pearl">Cave pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_popcorn" title="Cave popcorn">Cave popcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_spar" title="Dogtooth spar">Dogtooth spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowstone" title="Flowstone">Flowstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostwork" title="Frostwork">Frostwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helictite" title="Helictite">Helictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonmilk" title="Moonmilk">Moonmilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimstone" title="Rimstone">Rimstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelfstone" title="Shelfstone">Shelfstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soda straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleoseismite" title="Speleoseismite">Speleoseismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">Stalactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">Stalagmite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalagnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalagnate">Stalagnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vug" title="Vug">Vug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave-dwelling_Jews" title="Cave-dwelling Jews">Cave-dwelling Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cave_monasteries" title="List of cave monasteries">Cave monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kome_Caves" title="Kome Caves">Kome Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nok_and_Mamproug_Cave_Dwellings" title="Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings">Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">Yaodong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diving_into_the_Unknown" title="Diving into the Unknown">Diving into the Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Forgotten_Dreams" title="Cave of Forgotten Dreams">Cave of Forgotten Dreams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Eiger" title="The Underground Eiger">The Underground Eiger</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_caving_fatalities" title="List of UK caving fatalities">List of UK caving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesending_cave_rescue" title="Riesending cave rescue">Riesending cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves" title="Category:Caves">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soda_straw&oldid=1240177522">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soda_straw&oldid=1240177522</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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