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<li id="toc-Before_the_People's_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_People's_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before the People's Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_People's_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Institutional history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding,_abolition,_and_reestablishment_(1949–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding,_abolition,_and_reestablishment_(1949–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Founding, abolition, and reestablishment (1949–1980)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding,_abolition,_and_reestablishment_(1949–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Dual-leadership"_system_(1980–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Dual-leadership"_system_(1980–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>"Dual-leadership" system (1980–2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Dual-leadership"_system_(1980–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institution-building_(2002–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institution-building_(2002–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Institution-building (2002–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institution-building_(2002–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Central level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_levels_and_inspection_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_levels_and_inspection_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lower levels and inspection teams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_levels_and_inspection_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_with_other_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_with_other_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Work with other institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work_with_other_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work with other institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work_with_other_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Military_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Military_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central Military Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Military_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Supervisory_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Supervisory_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>National Supervisory Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Supervisory_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_and_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Duties and responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Duties and responsibilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inner-party_supervision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner-party_supervision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inner-party supervision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner-party_supervision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petition_system,_investigative_procedures,_and_Shuanggui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petition_system,_investigative_procedures,_and_Shuanggui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Petition system, investigative procedures, and <i>Shuanggui</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petition_system,_investigative_procedures,_and_Shuanggui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="اللجنة المركزية لفحص الانضباط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللجنة المركزية لفحص الانضباط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%9A%D0%9F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Централна комисия на ККП по проверка на дисциплината – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Централна комисия на ККП по проверка на дисциплината" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comissi%C3%B3_Central_d%27Inspecci%C3%B3_de_la_Disciplina" title="Comissió Central d'Inspecció de la Disciplina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comissió Central d'Inspecció de la Disciplina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_komise_pro_kontrolu_discipl%C3%ADny_Komunistick%C3%A9_strany_%C4%8C%C3%ADny" title="Ústřední komise pro kontrolu disciplíny Komunistické strany Číny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ústřední komise pro kontrolu disciplíny Komunistické strany Číny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrale_Disziplinarkommission_der_Kommunistischen_Partei_Chinas" title="Zentrale Disziplinarkommission der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zentrale Disziplinarkommission der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="کمیسیون مرکزی بازرسی انضباطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیسیون مرکزی بازرسی انضباطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_central_pour_l%27inspection_disciplinaire_du_Parti_communiste_chinois" title="Comité central pour l'inspection disciplinaire du Parti communiste chinois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comité central pour l'inspection disciplinaire du Parti communiste chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="중국공산당 중앙기율검사위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국공산당 중앙기율검사위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisi_Pusat_Inspeksi_Disiplin" title="Komisi Pusat Inspeksi Disiplin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komisi Pusat Inspeksi Disiplin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8B%E6%A4%9C%E6%9F%BB%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共産党中央紀律検査委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国共産党中央紀律検査委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentralkommisjonen_for_disiplininspeksjon" title="Sentralkommisjonen for disiplininspeksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sentralkommisjonen for disiplininspeksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%9A_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Центральная комиссия КПК по проверке дисциплины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральная комиссия КПК по проверке дисциплины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrala_kommissionen_f%C3%B6r_disciplininspektion" title="Centrala kommissionen för disciplininspektion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Centrala kommissionen för disciplininspektion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99)" title="คณะกรรมาธิการสอบวินัยส่วนกลาง (ประเทศจีน) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะกรรมาธิการสอบวินัยส่วนกลาง (ประเทศจีน)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A6y_ban_Ki%E1%BB%83m_tra_K%E1%BB%B7_lu%E1%BA%ADt_Trung_%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Ủy ban Kiểm tra Kỷ luật Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ủy ban Kiểm tra Kỷ luật Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8B%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="中國共產黨中央紀律檢查委員會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國共產黨中央紀律檢查委員會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest supervisory body of the Chinese Communist Party</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DD0000; border-bottom:2px solid #DD0000; line-height: 1;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn org">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</div><br /><div style="font-size: 0.8em;" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会</span></span></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint"></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (2022–2027)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/120px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/180px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/240px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700"></span><span style="color:#FFF700">Overview</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Supervisory organ<br /><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Levels_and_ranking_system" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Deputy national level agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Responsible to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Subordinated to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Elected by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">National Congress</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Length of term</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Five years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Term limits</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">History</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">by <a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th National Congress</a> on 9 May 1927<span class="noprint">; 97 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1927-05-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">First convocation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9 May 1927</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Latest convocation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9–11 January 2023</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">Leadership</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Leader office</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Deputy Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Pei" title="Xiao Pei">Xiao Pei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Hongqiu" title="Yu Hongqiu">Yu Hongqiu</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Kui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu Kui (page does not exist)">Fu Kui</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Xinyang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Xinyang (page does not exist)">Sun Xinyang</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Xuexin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Xuexin (page does not exist)">Liu Xuexin</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fuhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fuhai (page does not exist)">Zhang Fuhai</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Secretary-General</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xinran" title="Li Xinran">Li Xinran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Standing Committee</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">19 members (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">Members</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Total</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">133 members</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newcomers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">88 members (20th)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Old</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">45 members (<a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700"></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">Elections</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Last election</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">The <a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th National Congress</a> on 22 October 2022</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Next election</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">21st National Congress</a> in 2027</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">Meeting place</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:41_Ping%27anli_West_St_(20151231140630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/41_Ping%27anli_West_St_%2820151231140630%29.jpg/240px-41_Ping%27anli_West_St_%2820151231140630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/41_Ping%27anli_West_St_%2820151231140630%29.jpg/360px-41_Ping%27anli_West_St_%2820151231140630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/41_Ping%27anli_West_St_%2820151231140630%29.jpg/480px-41_Ping%27anli_West_St_%2820151231140630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">CCDI Headquarters<br />41 Ping An Lixi Street,<br />Xicheng District, Beijing</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">Constitution</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party</a>"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">Rules</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulation_on_the_Work_of_the_Discipline_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulation on the Work of the Discipline Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of China (page does not exist)">Regulation on the Work of the Discipline Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of China</a>"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CE1126;"><span style="color:#FFF700">Website</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/">www<wbr />.ccdi<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192996#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國共產黨中央紀律檢查委員會</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">China Communist Party Central Inspection Discipline Commission</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Jìlǜ Jiǎnchá Wěiyuánhuì</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Commonly abbreviated as</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中央紀委</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中央纪委</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Central Discipline-Commission</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngyāng Jìwěi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Further abbreviated as</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中紀委</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中纪委</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Central-Discipline-Commission</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngjìwěi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Administration</a> (since 2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Legislation Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>General Principles of the Civil Law</i></a> (to 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China"><i>Civil Code</i></a> (From 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law"><i>Marriage Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Contract Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Property Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Administrative Procedure Law</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Safeguards" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Establishes and Two Safeguards">Two Establishes and Two Safeguards</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></span></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Provincial committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons" title="Council of Chairpersons">Council of Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the President of the People's Republic of China">Presidential Office</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>) <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Members: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Departments: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd> <dd>National armed forces: <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/23px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/35px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/46px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Coast Guard"><img alt="Emblem of the Coast Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">Military reform since 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission" title="Director of the National Supervisory Commission">Director</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)">Public Prosecutions Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Services</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)">Judiciary Police</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法警察局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)">Bureau of Prison Administration</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法部监狱管理局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management <i>(chengguan)</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="International communication centers">International communication centers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd> <dd>Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China" title="Template talk:Politics of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</b> (<b>CCDI</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the highest supervisory organ of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). The CCDI is elected and supervised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP National Congress</a>. It is tasked with defending the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">party constitution</a>, enforcing inner-party regulations, coordinating anti-corruption work, and safeguarding the core position of the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and the party as a whole. Safeguarding the political position of Xi and the Central Committee is, officially, the CCDI's highest responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the vast majority of officials at all levels of government are also CCP members, the commission is, in practice, the top anti-corruption body in China. </p><p>At its first plenary session after being elected by a <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP National Congress</a>, the CCDI elect its <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">deputy secretaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">secretary general</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> members. The CCDI then reports the election results to the Central Committee, which can either approve or disapprove of the results. The CCDI Standing Committee is responsible for convening and presiding over plenary sessions of the CCDI. When the CCDI is not in session, its powers and responsibilities are delegated to the CCDI Standing Committee, which has to implement the decisions of the CCP Central Committee and the CCDI plenary sessions. It is held accountable to the CCDI plenary sessions. The secretary convenes, presides over the work and sets the agenda of the CCDI Standing Committee meetings. The current secretary is <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a>, who was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> and approved by the <a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Central Committee</a> on 23 October 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern commission was established at the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Plenary_Session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenary Session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th Central Committee</a> in December 1978. Control systems had existed previously under the name "Central Control Commission" for a brief period in 1927 and again between 1955 and 1968, and under its present name from 1949 to 1955. It was disbanded during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in 1969. In 1993, the internal operations of the agency and the government's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supervision" title="Ministry of Supervision">Ministry of Supervision</a> (MOS) were merged. However, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>'s term as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in November 2002, and especially following Xi Jinping's assumption of the party leadership in November 2012, the CCDI has undergone significant reforms to increase its autonomy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_People's_Republic"><span id="Before_the_People.27s_Republic"></span>Before the People's Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the People's Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a control system was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i>. Lenin argued that every <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">communist vanguard party</a>, at all levels, needed a system to supervise party-official elections, dismissals, and performance. His writings led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Central Control Commission</a>. The control system and the party structure were imported to China. The importance of discipline and supervision was emphasized since the CCP's founding. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd National Congress</a> amended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">party constitution</a>, devoting a chapter to party discipline. However, no institution was established to safeguard party norms or supervise cadre behavior. Until the establishment of the Central Control Commission (CCC) at the <a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th National Congress</a> in 1927, local party committees were responsible for supervising members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008141_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008141-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 5th National Congress again amended the party constitution, adding a chapter on control commissions and their aims, but devoting little attention to their operations. Partly because of this, the control commissions actively participated in several party rectification campaigns during the late 1920s and early 1930s. At that time, the commissions tended to participate in political struggles, most notably the purges of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008141–142_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008141–142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The control system was reorganized as the Central Review Committee (1928–1933), the Central Party Affairs Committee (1933–1945), and the Central Control Commission (1945–1949). Despite these changes, the duties and responsibilities of the control bodies remained vague until the amendments to the party constitution at the <a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">7th National Congress</a> in 1945. Although it may be argued that the 1945 amendments did little to clarify the role of a control body, the party leadership expanded on the theoretical reasons for its existence. It was argued in the party constitution that the control system "was born to serve the needs of a Leninist party for its ideological and organizational consolidation. Such a role was reinforced in the Party's frequent campaigns against its real or perceived enemies in and out of the party organization."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008142_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the Central Committee established the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It differed from its predecessors in several respects. It was responsible to the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>, and its local organizations were responsible for their corresponding party committees, despite the committees' authority to restrict their behavior. In reality, the CCDI was established to check all party organizations except the central leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014599_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014599-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history">Political history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During its early years, the CCDI was not a powerful institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it focused on abuses by party veterans and senior officials, the CCDI rarely appeared on record at that time as investigating (or solving) those problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600–601_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600–601-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few mentions of CCDI inspectors in the press highlighted their failures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the support of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and the central party leadership, it was often unable to fulfill its mandate in the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> editorial, party inspectors "gave up the struggle and proved themselves unable to persist in ... upholding the dignity of Party discipline when they encountered great obstacles."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware of <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a> successes and CCDI failures, the party leadership used mass mobilization and ideological campaigns to tackle party corruption during the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a>–<a href="/wiki/Rao_Shushi" title="Rao Shushi">Rao Shushi</a> affair, the CCDI was replaced by the CCC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601–602_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601–602-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the CCC became a powerful political force in the following years, at the <a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th National Congress</a> in 1956, its inspectors were warned about abusing their power and becoming independent of their local party committees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602–603_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602–603-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its power waned during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, but the CCC, the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> became the chief weapons in the aftermath of the Great Leap to combat corruption and reverse verdicts on rightists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCC played its new role until the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, a socio-political movement which lasted from 1966 until 1976, when it was affected by purges (partly due to its close ties to <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>, one of the first highly ranked officials purged during the Cultural Revolution).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th National Congress</a> in 1969, the CCC was abolished, removed from the party constitution, and replaced by special-case organizations (such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a>) formed under Mao and <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its abolition at the congress, little criticism was directed at the CCC during the Cultural Revolution;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although CCC Deputy Secretary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Yifan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Min Yifan (page does not exist)">Min Yifan</a> was criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guards</a>, a revolutionary youth movement independent of the party (but inspired by Mao) during the Cultural Revolution. Most of their disapproval focused on his career on local committees, rather than the CCC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talk of an internal party-control system would not resurface until the death of Mao and the arrest of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CCDI was reestablished at the <a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">11th National Congress</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had three goals: removing the social influence of the Gang of Four, implementing the leadership's cadre policy, and removing "despotic" local party secretaries, and reversing poor verdicts handed down during the Cultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the power struggle between <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a>, the control system was not implemented in 1977–1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604–605_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604–605-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/3rd_Plenary_Session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenary Session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th Central Committee</a> in December 1978 formed a new control system under its 1949–1955 name, with responsibilities identical to those of the CCC before its abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 3rd Plenary Session, the CCDI convened its 1st Plenary Session and elected <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> as First Secretary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a> as Second Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> as Third Secretary, and <a href="/wiki/Huang_Kecheng" title="Huang Kecheng">Huang Kecheng</a> as Permanent Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198430_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198430-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the election of these people (and others) was purely symbolic; the new CCDI consisted generally of people who had never been involved in control affairs, and overwhelmingly of members considered too young to be taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613–614_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613–614-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 1st Plenary Session, the CCDI stated three overarching goals: to "protect party members' rights", to enforce and safeguard the system of <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> "with the division of labor by the individual", and to generally oppose the over-concentration of power in one individual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would combat corrupt tendencies in the party and handle individual complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Qishan_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wang_Qishan_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/220px-Wang_Qishan_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wang_Qishan_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/330px-Wang_Qishan_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Wang_Qishan_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> headed the organization through the office of CCDI Secretary in the period 2012–17</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the press and the CCDI highlighted its fight against corruption, the commission was powerless against many "local despots": leaders who ruled largely by fiat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984608_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984608-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1980s, the 11th Central Committee was forced to enact emergency measures to combat corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984607_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984607-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of fighting corrupt officials, the CCDI's local branches focused on the rank and file.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984608–609_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984608–609-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an organizational weapon against the "leftists" (who advanced during the Cultural Revolution or supported it) and the "rightists" (supporters of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois democracy">bourgeois democracy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984610_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984610-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After weakening under <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, CCDI power increased in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a> under the tutelage of Deng and <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the commission's position as the party's – and China's – leading <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">anti-corruption</a> agency, its leaders have admitted serious deficiencies in its work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa2008158–159_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa2008158–159-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CCDI Secretary <a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a> allegedly tendered his resignation "on the eve" of the 5th Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th Central Committee</a> in 2000 to protest the commission's impotence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa2008159_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa2008159-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor <a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a> found himself in a similar situation, allegedly tendering his resignation in August 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa2008159_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa2008159-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although neither resigned before the end of his term, they were unable to increase CCDI independence from the committees or end the Central Secretariat's interference in its activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa2008159_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa2008159-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2013, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a>, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a> (PSC) and head of China's security agencies, was placed under investigation by the CCDI for <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">corruption</a>, a decision state media announced in July 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhou was the first PSC member – and the most senior-ranked official – since the founding of the People's Republic of China to be tried and convicted of corruption-related charges.<sup id="cite_ref-cary_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cary-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his investigation, Zhou was expelled from the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 June 2015, Zhou was convicted of bribery, abuse of power, and the intentional disclosure of state secrets by the Intermediate Court in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_20150403_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua_20150403-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhou and his family members were said to have taken 129 million yuan (over $20 million) in bribes.<sup id="cite_ref-ZHouyongkantg_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZHouyongkantg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-ZHouyongkantg_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZHouyongkantg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to scholar Xuezhi Guo, "From 1992 to 2009, China brought disciplinary sanctions against approximately two million personnel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCDI cited similar numbers: "[B]etween July 2003 and December 2008, the CCDI had tried and closed 852,000 cases, resulting in 881,000 officials receiving disciplinary sanctions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the CCDI imposed disciplinary sanctions on 106,626 party members and officials; 146,517 in 2010; 142,893 in 2011; 160,718 in 2012, and 182,000 in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2012 to October 2017, disciplinary action started against 1.4 million communist party members.<sup id="cite_ref-veconomist_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veconomist-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, five of the 31 CDI secretaries were women: <a href="/wiki/Huang_Xiaowei_(politician)" title="Huang Xiaowei (politician)">Huang Xiaowei</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Qiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Qiang (page does not exist)">Hong Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiaolan" title="Zhang Xiaolan">Zhang Xiaolan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yongxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Yongxia (page does not exist)">Ma Yongxia</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Airong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Airong (page does not exist)">Song Airong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-womenCDI_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenCDI-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these Zhang, at age 50, was currently the youngest serving CDI provincial secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-womenCDI_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenCDI-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_history">Institutional history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institutional history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding,_abolition,_and_reestablishment_(1949–1980)"><span id="Founding.2C_abolition.2C_and_reestablishment_.281949.E2.80.931980.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Founding,_abolishment_and_reestablishment_(1949–1980)"></span>Founding, abolition, and reestablishment (1949–1980)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Founding, abolition, and reestablishment (1949–1980)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese control system was inspired by Soviet control institutions, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Party Control Committee</a> (PCC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, according to Lenin, the Soviet PCC was established to cure the party's bureaucratic ills, it evolved into a tool wielded by party secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984599_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984599-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCDI system was not empowered to the same extent as its Soviet counterpart, since Mao favored mass mobilization and ideological campaigns over party disciplinary measures to curb bad behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984597–598_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984597–598-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even those who shared the Soviet fascination with organizational self-correction, like <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a>, did not share their obsession with "scientific administration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The most important question for realising fundamental improvement in Party style is to uphold the Party's political discipline, adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a>, work hard to build socialist spiritual civilisation with communist ideology as the core, and guarantee that the whole Party maintains political unanimity with the Central Committee. DICs at all levels must take this as the focus of their work. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Report of the CCDI to the 12th National Congress in 1982, which endorsed the commission's position as an organisational weapon of the Central Committee.</cite></div> </div><p>The CCDI was cumbersome; twenty-seven separate procedures had to be completed before an official could be placed under investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other problems were institutional; for example, the commission had no organization below the provincial level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the CCDI's failures,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198425_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198425-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party established the CCC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delegates noted that the CCDI's problems were its lack of independence from party committees and the lack of meaningful collaboration between a control commission at one level and those at higher levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutional balance favoring party committees led some (such as Gao Gang and Rao Shushi) to pack local commissions for discipline inspection (CDI) with loyalists who had no interest in carrying out their responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The control commissions had the power to appeal committee decisions, and were required to report their work to the higher-level control commission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the CCDI, the CCC had an organization below the provincial level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was empowered to "examine, approve, and change decisions by lower control committees", was required to verify the composition of control committees at the provincial level and below,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had the power to investigate unreliable elements at will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonds were forged with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supervision" title="Ministry of Supervision">Ministry of Supervision</a> (MOS) and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> to strengthen the anti-corruption agencies' control of "the rapidly expanding party organization and an increasingly elaborate state bureaucracy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main goals of these reforms were to strengthen the autonomy of the control commissions from the local ruling committees<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and safeguard the powers of the center, which were threatened during the Gao Gang–Rao Shushi affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, CCP leadership backtracked; at the 8th National Congress, the autonomy of the CCC and the control commissions was reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426–27_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426–27-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The congress was held in a conservative atmosphere, with the leadership calling for collective leadership of all institutions; the concept of the CCC and the local control commissions having "special rights" to carry out their duties was antithetical to collegial decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198427_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198427-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCC was abolished at the 9th Congress (during the Cultural Revolution), and was reestablished at the 11th National Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th National Congress amended the party constitution to state that the "Central Committee of the Party, local Party committees at the county level and above and Party committees in the army units at the regimental level and above should set up commissions for inspecting discipline".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was in place by December 1978, and a corresponding control system in the military was established in 1981 as the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198430_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198430-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCDI's importance was institutionalized by a party regulation that its head must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014600_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014600-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Dual-leadership"_system_(1980–2002)"><span id=".22Dual-leadership.22_system_.281980.E2.80.932002.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="The"></span>"Dual-leadership" system (1980–2002)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Dual-leadership" system (1980–2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Lawrence Sullivan, during the 1980s some cadres saw the CCDI's lack of independence as problematic;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984609_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984609-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they argued that it should be independent from the Central Committee, not involving itself in the committee's power struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984609_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984609-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was opposed by the CCDI leadership, with Huang saying that loyalty to the Central Committee was "more important" than fighting corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984609_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984609-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief problem during the early 1980s was CCDI links to local party committees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local committees elected the commission for discipline inspection (CDI) at their level, but the higher-level CDI could endorse – or reject – the proposed committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the local CDI responsible to its party committee, rather than to the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the organizers of the system were aware of the danger, they believed that the CDIs (through their connection with the central leadership) would be able to carry out their assigned task despite their election by the committee they were supposed to inspect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611–612_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984611–612-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This institutional anomaly secured the position of corrupt (or "despotic") committee members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612–613_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612–613-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There are times when we [i.e., discipline inspection committees] want to file a case for investigation, but leaders consider various aspects of the situation and decide provisionally against investigation.... From one perspective, investigation may make sense, but in the larger scheme of things it may make sense to put the issue aside for a while. Indeed, it may produce even better results. We should have confidence that party committees ... view problems from a more comprehensive perspective than we do. We cannot be overly confident, thinking that whatever case we want to investigate must be investigated, that not to do so reflects a failure to assign high priority [to the anticorruption effort] or suppression of an investigation. We cannot be so simplistic in our inferences. The same goes for decisions on disciplinary actions. In some cases, we think there should be expulsion from the Party, but the party committee discusses it and decides on probation within the Party. They do not follow our recommendation. We cannot then say that this is the party committee not assigning high priority [to the anticorruption effort] or being overly lenient in meting out punishment. We must recognise that, after all, our discipline inspection committees have their own biases. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a>, CCDI Secretary from 1992 to 2002, insisting that "dual leadership" meant party-committee supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004138_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004138-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Because of this institutional structure, it was nearly impossible for the CCDI to carry out its mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the few occasions when it attempted to investigate leading officials, it often experienced retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These problems were widespread, leading the Third Secretary to say that "considerable and, in some cases, shocking obstructions in the [CCDI's] work [occurred often]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984612-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party leadership tried to solve these problems at the <a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th National Congress</a>, in 1982, by expanding CCDI jurisdiction and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198431_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198431-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amended party constitution stated that the CCDI's responsibility was "to safeguard the Party's Constitution and other important rules and regulations, to assist Party committees in rectifying Party style, to inspect implementation of the Party's line, principles, policies, and resolutions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198431_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198431-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission became the defender of party orthodoxy, party organization, rules and regulations, the Central Committee, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> (defined as obeying the Central Committee).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198438_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198438-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment allowed local CDIs to "take their case to the next-higher party committee" if they considered the committee decision at their level faulty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984615_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984615-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12th National Congress introduced "dual leadership" in local CDIs; they were responsible to the party committees at their (and the higher) level and to the higher-level CDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004123_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although each CDI elects a Standing Committee, the 12th National Congress retained a regulation that the Standing Committee must obtain the endorsement of its party committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004123_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was why the CCDI, elected by the National Congress (not the Central Committee, as it was previously), remained subordinate to the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198450_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198450-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a Central Committee member was suspected, the CCDI would have to inform (and obtain a ruling from) the Central Committee to begin an investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198450_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198450-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the 12th National Congress, the <a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th National Congress</a> in 1987 reduced the CCDI's power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reformist general secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> wanted to end CCDI meddling in China's legal system and reduce its scope to party-discipline issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty-nine CCDI discipline-inspection groups in central ministries and party organizations were abolished at the congress (75 percent of all inspection groups), and the CCDI's chief lost his seat on the Politburo Standing Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>, Zhao Ziyang's reforms were rescinded, and the former CCDI inspection groups were reestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commission power was increased, and the CCDI issued the "five forbiddens"; party members could not "(1) operate a business, (2) work in an economic entity, (3) trade in stocks, (4) accept gifts, or (5) use public funds for lavish entertainment."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014602-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th National Congress</a>, in 1992, strengthened CCDI and local CDI investigative powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004123_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the amended party constitution, local CDIs could initiate preliminary investigations against members of the local party committee at the CDI's level before a formal investigation began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004123_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a full investigation was warranted, the local CDI had to obtain approval from its higher-level CDI and the corresponding party committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004123_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, its powers were increased further, with each CDI given the responsibility to vet officials before their appointment to a post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004123_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui"><i>shuanggui</i> system</a> (<a href="#Petition_system,_investigative_procedures,_and_Shuanggui">see below</a>) was established in 1994 by order of the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008148_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008148-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first officially mentioned in Article 28 of the Regulation on Dealing with Cases of Party Discipline Violations, which came into effect on 1 May 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008148_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008148-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institution-building_(2002–present)"><span id="Institution-building_.282002.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Institution-building (2002–present)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Institution-building (2002–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CCDI was further reformed at the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th National Congress</a> in 2002. The CCDI Secretary was now the chief coordinator of all anti-corruption efforts on the mainland, a position later known as Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008147_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008147-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was further codified in 2004 and 2005 with the "<a href="/wiki/Internal_Supervision_Regulation" title="Internal Supervision Regulation">Internal Supervision Regulation</a>" (ISR), institutionalizing the inner-party supervision system and the Interim Provisions on DICs' Role in Assisting the party Committees with the Organization and Coordination of Anti-Corruption Work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008147_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008147-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminology used in the battle against corruption was changed at the congress; "fighting corruption" became "fighting <i>and preventing</i> corruption".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008147_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008147-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>-led leadership, which lasted from the 16th–<a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th National Congress</a>, saw growth in CCDI power and influence, demonstrated most clearly by the increased attendance of PSC members at CCDI plenary sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008147_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008147-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Secretary Wu Guanzheng, the CCDI established its first central inspection teams in August 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008145_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008145-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These teams, led by retired ministerial-level officials and reporting to the CCDI rather than local party committees,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008145_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008145-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were empowered to initiate investigations, conduct interviews, and review relevant documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008145_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008145-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opinion of a central inspection team was an important factor in determining whether or not an official was disciplined,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008145_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008145-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the teams played an important role in the expulsion of Shanghai party chief (and Politburo member) <a href="/wiki/Chen_Liangyu" title="Chen Liangyu">Chen Liangyu</a> from the party because of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008145_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008145-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dual-leadership system was reformed during Hu Jintao's term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_pension_scandal" title="Shanghai pension scandal">Shanghai pension scandal</a>, the central party leadership appointed the CDI leaders of the four <a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-controlled municipalities">direct-controlled municipalities</a> (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) and suggested a preference for outsiders as CDI leaders in the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008145–146_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008145–146-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 2009, localities below the prefecture level began to abolish the practice of a control body in every party-controlled organization.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the reforms, every organization (civil, party, or government) with an embedded party committee or party group had a corresponding CDI-style department.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms consolidated control and supervision resources (including finances and personnel) under the auspices of the prefecture- or county-level CDI, which became an "umbrella supervision organ" of all party-controlled bodies in its area of jurisdiction and those below it.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The umbrella organization gave the CDI control of the staffing of party organizations it was tasked with overseeing,<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing more efficient use of CDI resources and reducing potential conflicts of interest arising from CDI staff involvement in the operations of a party committee it was supposed to regulate.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CCDI underwent another round of reforms under general secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, elected in the immediate aftermath of the 18th National Congress in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xi and CCDI Secretary Wang Qishan further institutionalized CCDI independence from the day-to-day operations of the party, improving its ability to function as a <i>bona fide</i> control body.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 3rd Plenum of the 18th Central Committee in the fall of 2013, the party declared that it would "strengthen the 'dual leadership' system [over the CCDI] by making it more defined, procedure-oriented, and institutionalised."<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this signaled the intention of the leadership that CDIs across the country operate separate from the party apparatus, with local CDIs responsible to higher-level CDIs in nearly all substantive respects.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 2014, CDI chiefs across the country began to shed concurrent executive positions which could create conflicts of interest (for example, a CDI chief also serving as a vice-mayor or department head); CDI personnel also began removing themselves from "leading groups" and similar policy-coordination and consultation groups.<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes were intended to free CDI resources to "solely focus on the work of enforcing discipline".<sup id="cite_ref-xinj_64-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinj-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 18th National Congress, the CCDI has established several new organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-willylamCCDI_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willylamCCDI-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including four new discipline and inspection offices.<sup id="cite_ref-willylamCCDI_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willylamCCDI-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 March 2013, the Central Committee ordered the establishment of Propaganda and Organization Departments in the CCDI, the first such departments in a central-level institution other than the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-willylamCCDI_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willylamCCDI-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to China scholar <a href="/wiki/Willy_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Willy Lam">Willy Lam</a>, the establishment of a CCDI Organization Department means "that the CCDI leadership can recruit cadres outside the established channels of the CCP Organisation Department, which has, since 1949, been responsible for the Party's human resources-related operations."<sup id="cite_ref-willylamCCDI_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willylamCCDI-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the CCDI established an internal Office for the Supervision of Disciplinary System Officials.<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office, an internal check on CCDI officials, ensures that officials charged with enforcing discipline operate within the rules themselves<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has jurisdiction over CDI officials at all administrative levels.<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCDI intends "zero tolerance" towards CDI officials breaching discipline themselves, and they will be "exposed by name in the media" if they break the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, the CCDI set up offices in bodies directly reporting to the central committee (such as the Organization and Propaganda Departments) and <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMPXi_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMPXi-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These offices, known as "Commissioned Bodies", report directly to the CCDI and are not responsible to the institutions in which they are located.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMPXi_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMPXi-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the CCDI disciplined 94,000 officials for "irresponsibility", "inaction," and "pretending to work".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_level"><span class="anchor" id="Central-level"></span>Central level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: mistyrose;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="center"><b>Leadership structure of the CCDI</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a></b> (1)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Deputy Secretary</a></b> (numerous)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary-General</a></b> (1)<br /><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (~20 members)<br />Full commission (~130 members)</div> </blockquote> </div> <p>The secretary, known as the First Secretary during Chen Yun's term (1978–1987), is head of the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014600_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014600-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections of its secretary, deputy secretary, and secretary-general are held at its 1st Plenary Session, held immediately after a national congress.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCDI proposes an elected secretary to the 1st Plenary Session of a <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">central committee</a>, which can approve or reject them.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCDI Secretary has a number of elected deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, there are eight deputy secretaries. Each CCDI Secretary since 2003 has concurrently headed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1978, all CCDI heads have been members of the PSC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004231_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004231-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Wei Jianxing was a member from 1997 to 2002, but not from 1992 to 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004231_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004231-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12th National Congress required that the CCDI head serve concurrently on the PSC, but this was rescinded by Zhao Ziyang at the 13th National Congress in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014601-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of Zhao Ziyang's reforms were later themselves rescinded, concurrent PSC membership was not reintroduced until the <a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">15th National Congress</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004231_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004231-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Standing Committee is the highest body when the CCDI is not convened for a plenary session.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the CCDI, it requires approval from the 1st plenary session of the Central Committee to take office.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Standing Committee presents a report to the CCDI at every plenary session;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter is the only national-level organization, with the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> and the Central Committee, which holds at least one plenary session a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008147_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008147-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CCDI plenary sessions, which discuss its past and future work, are usually held in January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008147_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008147-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/18th_Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th Standing Committee</a> has 19 members, one of whom (Huang Xiaowei) is a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CCDI employs about 1,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1993 merger of its internal functions with the MOS, it has grown to <a href="/wiki/Internal_organization_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Internal organization of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">27 bureaus and offices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the Office for Discipline Inspection and Supervision, the Case Hearing Office, and the Office for Circuit Inspection Work are the most important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ODIS and its ten divisions are responsible for investigating breaches of party discipline and unlawful acts by party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the ten divisions, four investigate cases at the vice-ministerial level and above; the remaining six investigate "officials at the level of provincial governor, vice-governor, chair and vice-chair of provincial standing committees of the National People's Congress, chair and vice-chair of provincial Political Consultative Conferences, city mayors, and deputies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603–604_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603–604-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are twelve institutions which are <a href="/wiki/Institutions_directly_under_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Institutions directly under the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">directly subordinate to the CCDI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_levels_and_inspection_teams"><span class="anchor" id="Lower-levels_and_inspection_teams"></span>Lower levels and inspection teams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lower levels and inspection teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below the central level, there are several commissions for discipline inspection (CDI).<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDI's composition is decided by the CDI a level above it, and endorsed by its party committee and the committee superior to it.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of discipline commissions at the local level is decided by the upper-level party committee.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main duties and responsibilities of local CDIs are to educate party members on their duties and rights, preserve party discipline, uphold party decisions, see that party members exercise their duties in accordance with the party constitution, examine cases, and investigate corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected to report its findings regularly to its corresponding-level party committee.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a member of the local party committee is involved in corruption, the local CDI should ask the party committee at the corresponding level and the CDI at the level above to approve a full investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-CPCconstitution_69-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCconstitution-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the 2014 reforms, it was difficult for the CDIs to carry out their responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they no longer needed approval from the secretary of the corresponding-level party committee, CDI officials were often appointed to positions of power within the institutions they were tasked to supervise (<a href="#Institution-building_(2002–present)">see above</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2004 reforms increased CDI independence from the party committee. They were previously elected by the corresponding-level party committee but beginning in 2004, CDI membership was selected by the upper-level CDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611–612_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611–612-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3rd Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th Central Committee</a> in 2013 again reformed the CCDI's structure, with each CDI directly responsible to the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Office for Circuit Inspection Work sends inspection teams throughout the country to help the local CDIs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, there were five inspection teams, and by 2013 the number had grown to twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the CCDI was authorized to send inspection teams to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, there are several weaknesses to its institutional design in the sense that certain informal aspects of CCP rule compete with formal procedures (that the CCDI and its lower-level organs are tasked with supervising) for hegemony. Examples are, as outlined by Xuezhi Guo, "vague institutional positions, incrementally declining effects as time goes by, vulnerability to patron-clientelism or <i>guanxi</i> network at the grassroots level, and the dilemma of 'open' or 'undercover' investigation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCDI and its inspection teams initiate ordinary and intensive inspection of party organizations at all levels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the eyes of many in the provinces, are a "tribunal of justice": handing down verdicts to the guilty and exonerating the innocent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014613-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspection teams are not empowered to initiate formal investigations, make arrests, or mete out punishments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an inspection team gathers on wrongdoing and corruption in general, the information is passed on to either the Organization Department or the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an investigation is completed, they need to submit a report to the Central Leading Group for Inspection Work, to the region it inspected, and the individuals who were the targets of the investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report is then uploaded on the CCDI's website and made public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulations which govern inspection team conduct states that they must: "Learn from the reports from local party committees; Participate in party disciplinary meetings; Manage whistleblower letters, phone calls, and visits; Regarding issues of party members or officials; Organize forums to understand public opinions of local leaders; Communicate with individuals; Review relevant documents and records; Conduct surveys and evaluate the opinions of the public; Visit the local bureau or individual department; and Consult with other government departments to gain better understand[ing] of the issues."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaff_writer20159-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_with_other_institutions">Work with other institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Work with other institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Military_Commission">Central Military Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central Military Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (China)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a></div> <p>The military has its own discipline-enforcement body, known as the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> (CDICMC) and is modelled on the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDICMC has "dual responsibility" to the CCDI and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its membership is selected by the Central Military Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first military disciplinary organization was established in 1955 and was dissolved during the Cultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern incarnation of the CDICMC was formed in January 1980 under the direction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1990, the CDICMC's work has largely been carried out by the PLA's <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Political_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army General Political Department">General Political Department</a>, the military's highest political body.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the CDICMC is customarily also deputy chief of the General Political Department, and (since the 16th Party Congress in 2002) a concurrent Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, the CCDI has directly intervened in cases involving high-ranking officers of the PLA.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct CCDI involvement has only been cited in high-profile cases, such as Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shouye" title="Wang Shouye">Wang Shouye</a> in 2005 and Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Gu_Junshan" title="Gu Junshan">Gu Junshan</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the CDICMC completes such an investigation, the case is usually given to military prosecution authorities for <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike CCDI cases (whose conclusions are generally announced in press releases), details of CDICMC cases are rarely publicly recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDICMC will occasionally conduct an "initial investigation" of alleged wrongdoing by a military officer, then hand the case over to the CCDI for "further investigation".<sup id="cite_ref-sohu_80-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Supervisory_Commission">National Supervisory Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National Supervisory Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supervision" title="Ministry of Supervision">Ministry of Supervision</a></div> <p>The Ministry of Supervision (MOS) was established by the State Council in 1987 to supervise in "government departments, state organs and public officials, and maintaining administrative discipline."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its inception, the MOS' jurisdiction was unclear. Most government personnel, as party officials, were under the purview of the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1987, the CCDI was responsible for issuing administrative sanctions to public officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it enforced party discipline and the MOS enforced state law, in theory "the two agencies operated in separate spheres".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reality was less clear-cut. Most public servants were party members, and the MOS and CCDI customarily began separate investigations of the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these dual investigations, the CDIs (and sometimes the CCDI) claimed primary jurisdiction over cases involving important party figures and tried to prevent the MOS from doing its work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To solve this problem, the MOS and the CCDI were effectively merged in 1993–1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004901_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004901-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their organisational identities remained separate, the internal offices of the MOS merged with the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004901_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004901-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the CCDI has conducted the work of the MOS. The Minister of Supervision customarily held the concurrent post of Deputy Secretary of the CCDI,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYong20122_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYong20122-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the organizations shared a website.<sup id="cite_ref-official_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 March 2018, as part of a broader reorganization of party and state bodies, the MOS was abolished and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (NSC); unlike the MOS, which was under the State Council, NSC is directly responsible to the National People's Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202393_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong202393-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSC is co-located with the CCDI, and has effectively functioned as the state arm of the CCDI, with its first director <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiaodu" title="Yang Xiaodu">Yang Xiaodu</a> serving as the Deputy Secretary of the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202393_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong202393-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties_and_responsibilities">Duties and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Duties and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner-party_supervision">Inner-party supervision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inner-party supervision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CCDI (and its local affiliates) enforces the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inner-party_supervision_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inner-party supervision system (page does not exist)">inner-party supervision system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200956_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200956-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the system's history dates back to the 1970s and 1980s, it was not formalized until the 2004 "Internal Supervision Regulation" (ISR).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200958–59_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200958–59-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISR reaffirmed the powers of the CCDI, institutionalized the central inspection teams, and clearly separated the party's decision-making institutions from its supervisory ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200957_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200957-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ISR, the CCP issued a list of member responsibilities subject to oversight by the CCDI and its local affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200953-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Member supervision was not new. However, information on what was supervised (and explanations for why things were under supervision) was novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200953-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every party member is subject to supervision, but the ISR emphasizes that leaders would be its focus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200953-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was probably in reaction to the fact that no institutions, except the central party leadership (including the local CDIs), had the <i>de facto</i> ability to supervise lower-level party institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200953-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ISR defines three forms of inner-party supervision: top-to-bottom, bottom-to-top, and peer-to-peer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200954–55_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200954–55-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three, bottom-to-top is the least institutionalized<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was presented as the moral – but not institutional – responsibility of ordinary party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism for lodging complaints against higher-level party officials or proposing their dismissal was unspecified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ting Gong, the main problem is that if an ordinary party member lodges a complaint or accuses an official of corruption, "there is no guarantee that personal petitions will be accommodated or even processed as they are subject to further investigation and the approval of higher-level authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The top-to-bottom system requires party committees at higher levels to supervise lower-level committees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200954_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200954-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ISR, the central party leadership should regularly send central inspection teams to regions, state organizations, and state-owned enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200954–55_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200954–55-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central inspection teams' structure was reformed by the ISR. Before it, they were <i>ad hoc</i> institutions in the fight against corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISR introduced formal criteria for joining a central inspection team and empowered its investigative authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peer-to-peer supervision is defined as regular "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_life_meeting" title="Democratic life meeting">democratic life meetings</a>" and the duty of <a href="/wiki/Party_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Standing Committee">standing committees</a> to report their work to the party committee to whom they are responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955–56_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955–56-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary goal of peer-to-peer supervision is to strengthen party members' subjective responsibility by making them feel collectively responsible for the party as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200956_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200956-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system is supervised by the party committee and the CDI at the next higher level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200956_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200956-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The jurisdiction of the party discipline inspection system mirrors that of the MOS, with the CCDI responsible for cases involving breaches of party discipline and state law by party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the MOS, the CCDI lacks judicial authority<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is limited to investigating allegations of corruption and breaches of party discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the CCDI does not have the power to prosecute, it is supposed to transfer cases (after investigation) to the Supreme People's Procuratorate or the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, its formal jurisdiction is loosely defined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDI's ability to begin investigations and administer party sanctions has often led to the slow transfer (or sometimes no transfer) of cases to the Supreme People's Procuratorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2008293_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2008293-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Graham Young, the CCDI's "responsibilities deal with four types of offences: [w]ork mistakes, [p]olitical mistakes, [l]ine mistakes, [and] [c]ounter-revolutionary actions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Wederman wrote that by looking at the "offences based on annual reports by provincial DICs contained in provincial yearbooks", its responsibility includes 20 types of offences; "[a]rbitrary and dictatorial exercise of power, [a]narchism, [f]actionalism, [f]avouritism, [i]nsubordination, [h]eterodoxy (such as bourgeois spiritual pollution, leftism), [p]rivilege seeking, <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">[n]epotism</a> and use of Party authority to advance their families, friends and relatives, [b]ureaucratism, [a]dministrative inefficiency, [c]ommandism, [h]oarding, [p]etty corruption, [f]raud, [e]mbezzlement, [t]heft, [s]muggling, [b]ribery, [i]llegal acquisition of and dealing in foreign exchange, [and] [w]asting and squandering public funds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jeffrey Becker, "CDIC handbooks and regulations typically list six general types of mistakes (<i>cuowu</i>); political, economic, organisational, dereliction of one's duty, opposition to the party's socialist morals, and violations of integrity laws and regulations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2008289_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2008289-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the CCDI overlaps the MOS, it has more responsibilities since it is obligated to prevent breaches of party rules, norms, and other non-criminal behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party constitution vaguely defines the CCDI's jurisdiction:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905–906_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905–906-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Resolutely implement the Party's basic line, principles, and policies ... correctly exercise the powers entrusted to them by the people, be honest and upright, work hard for the people, make themselves an example, carry forward the style of hard work and plain living, forge closer ties with the masses, uphold the Party's mass line, accept criticism and supervision by the masses, oppose bureaucratism, and oppose the unhealthy trend of abusing one's power for personal gain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905–906_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905–906-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petition_system,_investigative_procedures,_and_Shuanggui"><span id="Petition_system.2C_investigative_procedures.2C_and_Shuanggui"></span>Petition system, investigative procedures, and <i>Shuanggui</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Petition system, investigative procedures, and Shuanggui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a case to be investigated, a person needs to petition the CCDI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the main petition office is the Complaints Office, petitions are usually sent to other offices and institutions (such as the Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate, the National People's Congress, and party leadership as high as the PSC) as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petitions may also be filed on the CCDI website,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the commission receives cases through the Office for Circuit Inspection Work (which sends inspection teams throughout the country).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a case handled by former ODIS Third Division director and Case Hearing Office director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Huiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Huiran (page does not exist)">Li Huiran</a>, a petition was sent to all department heads in the ministry employing the petitioner, several offices of the CCDI and PSC members Jiang Zemin, <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>, and Wei Jianxing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An investigation has eight steps: "preliminary evidence and complaint management, preliminary confirmation of disciplinary violations, approval for opening the case, investigation and evidence collection, case hearing, implementation of disciplinary sanctions, appeal by the disciplined official, and continued supervision and management of the case".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first step begins with the receipt of a petition, which is formally accepted when the CCDI has proof (or suspicion) of wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process depends on the position of the accused; if the person has a vice-ministerial or deputy-gubernatorial rank, the investigation must first be approved by the CCDI Standing Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If approved, the CCDI Standing Committee will request permission from the PSC for a full investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An investigation of a provincial party leader must be accepted by the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To investigate a member of the Politburo or the PSC, the full backing of the PSC and retired high-level leaders is required.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a case is approved, the subject enters <i>Shuanggui</i> ("double designation") and must appear at a "designated location at a designated time." During <i>Shuanggui</i>, the subject is questioned about specific disciplinary violations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of <i>Shuanggui</i> is unspecified, and the subject is not protected by the state legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system gives the CCDI precedence over the legal system in the investigation of party leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chinese media, <i>Shuanggui</i> was instituted to prevent a subject's protection by his patron or a network (<i><a href="/wiki/Guanxi" title="Guanxi">guanxi</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholars such as Ting Gong and Connie Meaney agree that <i>guanxi</i> is a genuine threat to CCDI investigative teams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605–606_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605–606-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suspect is then subject to "off-site detention" "to prevent interference from 'local protectionism' and 'factionalism<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (<i>guanxi</i>), preserving the investigation's integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subject is detained in an unspecified location under a 24-hour suicide watch by a team of six to nine "accompanying protectors" (as they are officially called), working eight-hour shifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shuanggui</i> does not condone <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> and the accused is, in theory, respectfully treated until proven guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this proscription of force, according to Flora Sapio it "can easily occur because all basic procedural guarantees are removed as soon as <i>shuanggui</i> begins".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems with <i>Shuanggui</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">forced confessions</a>, have occurred with inadequately-trained officials<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in areas controlled by local CDIs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014607–608_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014607–608-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Party regulations and Party discipline are stricter than State laws; all levels' Party organisations and the broad Party members and cadres must not only be models of abiding by State laws, they must also put strict demands on themselves according to the even higher standards of Party regulations and Party discipline, they must strengthen their ideals and convictions, put the purpose of the Party into practice, and firmly struggle with acts violating law and discipline. Acts violating Party regulations and Party discipline must be dealt with severely, symptomatic and tendentious problems must be grasped early, when they are small, in order to prevent that small mistakes ferment into big mistakes, and violation of discipline becomes violation of the law. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—The <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th CCP Central Committee's</a> "Decision Concerning Major Questions in Comprehensively Moving Governing the Country Forward According to the Law", published in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div> </div> <p>CDIs at every level have, as one of their most important duties, the authority to issue and interpret regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008146_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008146-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the CCDI has issued several regulations on behalf of the central committee, including "Internal Supervision Regulation" in 2004; "Regulations on Inner-Party Supervision", "Provisions on the CCP's Disciplinary Penalties" and "Provisions About Establishing the Responsibility System for Party Construction and Clean Government" in 2005, and "Interim Stipulations: Leading Cadres' Integrity Report" in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008146–147_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008146–147-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of law in the struggle against corruption has been emphasized since the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200883_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200883-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng pointed out in 1980 that the anti-corruption effort was a political struggle which, to be successful, must be fought in an institutional environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200883_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200883-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 4th Plenary Session of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">15th CCDI</a> in 2000, Jiang drew a similar conclusion: "The most important thing is to uphold and improve a system of institutions which can guarantee the Party's strong leadership and socialist prosperity, and make sure that the system is functioning by means of laws, regulations, policies, and education."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200884-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, until the 16th National Congress, the CCP's anti-corruption system was based on campaign-style events rather than formal procedures (partially due to the 1940s Yan'an Rectification Movement and its legacy).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200884-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that campaigns – not institutions – were the best weapon against corruption predominated under Deng,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200884-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is best seen in the establishment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Party_Rectification_Steering_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Party Rectification Steering Committee (page does not exist)">Central Party Rectification Steering Committee</a> during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200884-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the CCP central leadership's preferred way to combat corruption, since its enforcement depended largely on the leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200884-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the sharp increase in corrupt activities during the 1990s led the party to change course.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200884-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Wei Jianxing, the 15th CCDI reviewed an estimated 1,600 corruption-related party regulations and documents in the run-up to the 16th National Congress. Of these, an estimated 1,100 were still considered viable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200885-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, it published "Plan for Building Honest Morals and Controlling Corruption from 2004 to 2007" and the six-volume "Complete Regulations on Building Honest Morals and Controlling Corruption Within the Party" in an effort to institutionalize the party's anti-corruption system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200885-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To formalize its procedures, the <a href="/wiki/16th_Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th CCDI Standing Committee</a> passed regulations requiring all local CDIs to combat corruption with lawful methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200885-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signaling their serious intent, the CCDI, the CCP's Organization Department, the MOS, and the <a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a> issued joint "Regulations on Honestly Conducting Business by Leaders of the State-Run Enterprises" in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200885-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to CCP analyst Shao Daosheng, "The pace of institutional anti-corruption [development] by the CCP has been unprecedented."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200886_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200886-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Party_Control_Commission_of_the_Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Central Party Control Commission of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Central Party Control Commission of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supervision" title="Ministry of Supervision">Ministry of Supervision of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervision_Commission_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervision Commission of the People's Republic of China">Supervision Commission of the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In English, the name of the body is sometimes translated as "Central Discipline Inspection Commission" (CDIC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Afanasyev_(politician)" title="Viktor Afanasyev (politician)">Viktor Afanasyev</a>, a leading official in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, scientific administration means "The systematically exercised, conscious and purposeful influence by man on the social system as a whole or on its separate aspects ... on the basis of knowledge and use of the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism (Marxism)">objective laws of socialism</a> and its progressive trends, in order to ensure its effective functioning and development."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandle1998258_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1998258-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.12371.cn/2022/01/04/ARTI1641298281485357.shtml">"中国共产党纪律检查委员会工作条例"</a> [Regulations on the Work of the Discipline Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of China] (in Chinese). Communist Party Membership Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031142107/https://www.12371.cn/2022/01/04/ARTI1641298281485357.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B&rft.pub=Communist+Party+Membership+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.12371.cn%2F2022%2F01%2F04%2FARTI1641298281485357.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202210/24/content_WS6355cfccc6d0a757729e19b4.html">"Communique of the first plenary session of the 20th CPC Central Committee"</a>. <i>english.www.gov.cn</i>. 24 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240910190904/https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202210/24/content_WS6355cfccc6d0a757729e19b4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Communique+of+the+first+plenary+session+of+the+20th+CPC+Central+Committee&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.www.gov.cn%2Fnews%2Ftopnews%2F202210%2F24%2Fcontent_WS6355cfccc6d0a757729e19b4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008141-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008141_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2008">Gong 2008</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008141–142-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008141–142_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2008">Gong 2008</a>, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008142-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008142_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2008">Gong 2008</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0904/c75234-22804679.html">"中央纪律检查委员会历史沿革"</a> [History of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection]. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050410/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0904/c75234-22804679.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%8B%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2013%2F0904%2Fc75234-22804679.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014599-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014599_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, p. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 600.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600–601-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984600–601_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 600–601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601–602-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984601–602_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 601–602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602–603-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984602–603_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, pp. 602–603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198426-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198426_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung1984">Young 1984</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984603–604_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, pp. 603–604.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 604.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604–605-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984604–605_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 604–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984606_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984598_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, p. 613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198430-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198430_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198430_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung1984">Young 1984</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613–614-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984613–614_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, pp. 613–614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984608-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984608_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, pp. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1984607-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1984607_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan1984">Sullivan 1984</a>, pp. 607.</span> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CPC+graft+watchdog+stronger+and+cleaner&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fchina%2F2014-03%2F19%2Fc_133198413.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCMPXi-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCMPXi_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMPXi_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinghui,_Zhuang2014" class="citation web cs1">Pinghui, Zhuang (12 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1661370/chinas-anti-corruption-watchdogs-inspectors-sent-central-committee">"Anti-corruption watchdog to penetrate Communist Party core"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/SCMP_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="SCMP Group">SCMP Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213053838/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1661370/chinas-anti-corruption-watchdogs-inspectors-sent-central-committee">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/18cpcnc/2012-11/18/c_131982575_13.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China%3A+Chapter+VIII+%E2%80%93+Party+Organs+for+Discipline+Inspection&rft.pub=Chinese+Communist+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fspecial%2F18cpcnc%2F2012-11%2F18%2Fc_131982575_13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226172113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/2013-11/05/c_118018650.htm">"中央巡视工作领导小组向中央负责"</a> [Central Leading Group for Inspection Work is responsible to the Party Centre]. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. 5 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/2013-11/05/c_118018650.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%B7%A1%E8%A7%86%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84%E5%90%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%B4%9F%E8%B4%A3&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2F2013-11%2F05%2Fc_118018650.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManion2004231-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004231_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004231_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManion2004231_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManion2004">Manion 2004</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/events/2013/201406/t20140617_2932.html">"Xi Jinping vows 'power within cage of regulations'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Liaison_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. 22 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714222450/http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/events/2013/201406/t20140617_2932.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/18cpcnc/2012-11/15/c_131976530.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+secretary%2C+deputy+secretaries%2C+Standing+Committee+members+of+CPC+discipline+commission&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fspecial%2F18cpcnc%2F2012-11%2F15%2Fc_131976530.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, p. 603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603–604-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014603–604_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, pp. 603–604.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611–612-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014611–612_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, pp. 611–612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi,_Eric2014" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Eric (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140645/eric-x-li/party-of-the-century">"Party of the Century: How China is Reorganizing for the Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221151510/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140645/eric-x-li/party-of-the-century">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%8F%AD%E7%A7%98%22%E5%86%9B%E5%A7%94%E7%BA%AA%E5%A7%94%22&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20140630%2Fn401580524.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004900_81-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWederman2004">Wederman 2004</a>, p. 900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004901-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004901_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004901_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWederman2004">Wederman 2004</a>, p. 901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYong20122-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYong20122_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYong2012">Yong 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/">"Official Website of the CCDI and MOS"</a>. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supervision" title="Ministry of Supervision">Ministry of Supervision</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208005433/http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Official+Website+of+the+CCDI+and+MOS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccdi.gov.cn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong202393-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202393_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong202393_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2023">Wong 2023</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200956-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200956_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200956_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200956_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200958–59-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200958–59_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200957-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200957_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200953-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200953_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200954–55-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200954–55_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200954–55_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955_91-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200954-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200954_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong200955–56-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong200955–56_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2009">Gong 2009</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWederman2004">Wederman 2004</a>, p. 905.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2008293-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2008293_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2008">Becker 2008</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004906_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWederman2004">Wederman 2004</a>, p. 906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2008289-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2008289_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2008">Becker 2008</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905–906-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905–906_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWederman2004905–906_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWederman2004">Wederman 2004</a>, pp. 905–906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014604_99-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, p. 604.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605_100-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, p. 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605–606-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014605–606_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, pp. 605–606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014606_102-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2014607–608-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2014607–608_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2014">Guo 2014</a>, pp. 607–608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/ccp-central-committee-decision-concerning-some-major-questions-in-comprehensively-moving-governing-the-country-according-to-the-law-forward/">"CCP Central Committee Decision concerning Some Major Questions in Comprehensively Moving Governing the Country According to the law Forward"</a>. China Copyright and Media. 28 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101083417/http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/ccp-central-committee-decision-concerning-some-major-questions-in-comprehensively-moving-governing-the-country-according-to-the-law-forward/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCP+Central+Committee+Decision+concerning+Some+Major+Questions+in+Comprehensively+Moving+Governing+the+Country+According+to+the+law+Forward&rft.pub=China+Copyright+and+Media&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2F28%2Fccp-central-committee-decision-concerning-some-major-questions-in-comprehensively-moving-governing-the-country-according-to-the-law-forward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008146-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008146_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2008">Gong 2008</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGong2008146–147-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGong2008146–147_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGong2008">Gong 2008</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200883-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200883_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200883_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhu2008">Zhu 2008</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200884-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200884_108-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhu2008">Zhu 2008</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200885-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200885_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhu2008">Zhu 2008</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu200886-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu200886_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhu2008">Zhu 2008</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Articles and journal entries</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Jeffrey (December 2008). "Tackling Corruption at its Source: The National Corruption Prevention Bureau". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chinese_Political_Science" title="Journal of Chinese Political Science">Journal of Chinese Political Science</a></i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11366-008-9028-4">10.1007/s11366-008-9028-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154952172">154952172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Tackling+Corruption+at+its+Source%3A+The+National+Corruption+Prevention+Bureau&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11366-008-9028-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154952172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabestan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (1988). "Communist Party Discipline and the Law in the People's Republic of China". <i>Cina</i>. <b>21</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40855629">40855629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cina&rft.atitle=Communist+Party+Discipline+and+the+Law+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40855629%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cabestan&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGong2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gong, Ting (March 2008). "The party discipline inspection in China: Its evolving trajectory and embedded dilemmas". <i><a href="/wiki/Crime,_Law_and_Social_Change" title="Crime, Law and Social Change">Crime, Law and Social Change</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-007-9097-x">10.1007/s10611-007-9097-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145337863">145337863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Law+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=The+party+discipline+inspection+in+China%3A+Its+evolving+trajectory+and+embedded+dilemmas&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10611-007-9097-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145337863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gong&rft.aufirst=Ting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Guo, Xuezhi (September 2014). "Controlling Corruption in the Party: China's Central Discipline Inspection Commission". <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>219</b>: <span class="nowrap">597–</span>624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0305741014000770">10.1017/s0305741014000770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153792522">153792522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Controlling+Corruption+in+the+Party%3A+China%27s+Central+Discipline+Inspection+Commission&rft.volume=219&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E597-%3C%2Fspan%3E624&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0305741014000770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153792522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Xuezhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Stephen K. (March 2008). "The dual nature of anti-corruption agencies in China". <i><a href="/wiki/Crime,_Law_and_Social_Change" title="Crime, Law and Social Change">Crime, Law and Social Change</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-007-9092-2">10.1007/s10611-007-9092-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154737426">154737426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Law+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=The+dual+nature+of+anti-corruption+agencies+in+China&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10611-007-9092-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154737426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Stephen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Staff writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlapiper.com/~/media/Files/Insights/Publications/2015/08/China_Regulatory_Enforcement_Quarterly_August_2015.pdf">"Central Inspection Teams: What You Should Know Today"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Regulatory Enforcement Quarterly</i> (2015Q2): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Regulatory+Enforcement+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Central+Inspection+Teams%3A+What+You+Should+Know+Today&rft.issue=2015Q2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlapiper.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FInsights%2FPublications%2F2015%2F08%2FChina_Regulatory_Enforcement_Quarterly_August_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1984" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Lawrence (June 1984). "The Role of the Control Organs in the Chinese Communist Party, 1977–83". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a></i>. <b>24</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">597–</span>617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644394">10.2307/2644394</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644394">2644394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Control+Organs+in+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%2C+1977%E2%80%9383&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E597-%3C%2Fspan%3E617&rft.date=1984-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWederman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wederman, Andrew (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103922/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/wedeman_intensification_corruption_china.pdf">"The Intensification of Corruption in China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>180</b>: <span class="nowrap">895–</span>921. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741004000670">10.1017/S0305741004000670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2920856">2920856</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/wedeman_intensification_corruption_china.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Intensification+of+Corruption+in+China&rft.volume=180&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E895-%3C%2Fspan%3E921&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741004000670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2920856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wederman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.iq.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fgov2126%2Ffiles%2Fwedeman_intensification_corruption_china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yong, Guo (Spring 2012). "The Evolvement of the Chinese Communist Party Discipline Inspection Commission in the Reform Era". <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Review" title="The China Review">China Review</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23462315">23462315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Review&rft.atitle=The+Evolvement+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party+Discipline+Inspection+Commission+in+the+Reform+Era&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23462315%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Guo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1984" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Graham (March 1984). "Control and Style: Discipline Inspection Commissions Since the 11th Congress". <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>97</b>: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0305741000008481">10.1017/s0305741000008481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154885520">154885520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Control+and+Style%3A+Discipline+Inspection+Commissions+Since+the+11th+Congress&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1984-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0305741000008481&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154885520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Nam Cho (2004). "Political Reform Without Substantial Change: An Assessment of the Hu–Wen Leadership in China". <i>Asian Perspective</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fapr.2004.0013">10.1353/apr.2004.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704467">42704467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspective&rft.atitle=Political+Reform+Without+Substantial+Change%3A+An+Assessment+of+the+Hu%E2%80%93Wen+Leadership+in+China&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fapr.2004.0013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42704467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Nam+Cho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Qianwei (March 2008). "Reorientation and prospect of China's combat against corruption". <i><a href="/wiki/Crime,_Law_and_Social_Change" title="Crime, Law and Social Change">Crime, Law and Social Change</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-007-9099-8">10.1007/s10611-007-9099-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154574866">154574866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Law+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Reorientation+and+prospect+of+China%27s+combat+against+corruption&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10611-007-9099-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154574866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Qianwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Central+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Central+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGong2009" class="citation book cs1">Gong, Ting (2009). "Chapter 3: Dual dimensions of responsibility: The internal disciplinary regulations of the Chinese Communist Party". In Li, Linda Chelan (ed.). <i>Towards Responsible Government in East Asia: Trajectories, Intentions and Meanings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415453165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415453165"><bdi>978-0415453165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Dual+dimensions+of+responsibility%3A+The+internal+disciplinary+regulations+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.btitle=Towards+Responsible+Government+in+East+Asia%3A+Trajectories%2C+Intentions+and+Meanings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415453165&rft.aulast=Gong&rft.aufirst=Ting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManion2004" class="citation book cs1">Manion, Melanie (2004). <i>Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674014862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674014862"><bdi>978-0674014862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+by+Design%3A+Building+Clean+Government+in+Mainland+China+and+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0674014862&rft.aulast=Manion&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandle1998" class="citation book cs1">Sandle, Mark (1998). <i>A Short History of Soviet Socialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857283556" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857283556"><bdi>978-1857283556</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1857283554">1857283554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Soviet+Socialism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1857283556&rft.aulast=Sandle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2023" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Chun Han (2023). <i>Party of One: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China's Superpower Future</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982185732" title="Special:BookSources/9781982185732"><bdi>9781982185732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+of+One%3A+The+Rise+of+Xi+Jinping+and+China%27s+Superpower+Future&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781982185732&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Chun+Han&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Commission+for+Discipline+Inspection" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192996#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Template:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Template talk:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hebo" title="Wang Hebo">Wang Hebo</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (1928–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a> (1934–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (1955–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1978–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Incumbent<br />deputies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Pei" title="Xiao Pei">Xiao Pei</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Hongqiu" title="Yu Hongqiu">Yu Hongqiu</a> (2021–)</li> <li>Fu Kui (2021–)</li> <li>Sun Xinyang (2022–)</li> <li>Liu Xuexin (2022–)</li> <li>Zhang Fuhai (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary<br />General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kecheng" title="Huang Kecheng">Huang Kecheng</a> (1978–82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a> (1982–87)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Deying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Deying (page does not exist)">Wang Deying</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Guang">Wang Guang</a> (1992–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Chunqing" title="Yuan Chunqing">Yuan Chunqing</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Dingfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Dingfu (page does not exist)">Wu Dingfu</a> (2001–02)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gan_Yisheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gan Yisheng (page does not exist)">Gan Yisheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(politician)" title="Zhang Yi (politician)">Zhang Yi</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yuliang" title="Wu Yuliang">Wu Yuliang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Shaopeng" title="Cui Shaopeng">Cui Shaopeng</a> (2012–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiaochao" title="Yang Xiaochao">Yang Xiaochao</a> (2015–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xinran" title="Li Xinran">Li Xinran</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SC sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_7th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 7th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th</a> (1949–56)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_8th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 8th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th</a> (1956–69)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th</a> (1978–82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th</a> (1982–87)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th</a> (1992–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">15th</a> (1997–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">17th</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CCDI sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">7th</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th</a> (1955–56)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Control Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th</a> (1956–69)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th</a> (1978–82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th</a> (1982–87)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th</a> (1992–97)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">15th</a> (1997–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">17th</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_organization_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Internal organization of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Internal organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_directly_under_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Institutions directly under the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Institutions directly under the CCDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organizational structure of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><br /> <div align="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Commission for<br />Discipline Inspection</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">deputy secretaries</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary General</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary Office</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a>)</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Departments:<br /><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Work_Department" title="Social Work Department">Social Work</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Legal Affairs</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Research institutions:<br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature" title="Institute of Party History and Literature">Institute of<br />Party History and<br />Literature</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office" title="Central Policy Research Office">Central Policy Research Office</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing<br />Committee</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leading_Small_Groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading Small Groups">Leading Small Groups</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Local Party branches</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Other commissions:<br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Spiritual Civilization</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Cyberspace Affairs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Foreign Affairs</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission" title="Central Institutional Organization Commission">Institutional Organization</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Party organizations within the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">CMC Political Work Department</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party">Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party430" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party430" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/20px-Danghui_golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/30px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/40px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Chinese Communist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Leader</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> (1921–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa" title="Xiang Zhongfa">Xiang Zhongfa</a> (1928–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> (1931–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> (1935–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (1943–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (1976–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (1989–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Decision-making bodies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Departments</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Work_Department" title="Social Work Department">Social Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Directly administered</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">Secrecy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration" title="State Cryptography Administration">Cryptography Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Administration_of_China" title="National Archives Administration of China">Central Archives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office" title="Central Policy Research Office">Policy Research Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Commissions<br />for co-ordination</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensive_Law-based_Governance_Commission" title="Central Comprehensive Law-based Governance Commission">Comprehensive Law-based Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Commission" title="Central Financial Commission">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Cyberspace Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military-Civil_Fusion_Development_Committee" title="Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee">Integrated Military and Civilian Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Science_and_Technology_Commission" title="Central Science and Technology Commission">Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Spiritual Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission" title="Central Institutional Organization Commission">Institutional Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Public_Sector_Reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Public Sector Reform (page does not exist)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Secrecy_Commission" title="Central Secrecy Commission">Secrecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Dispatched institutions<br />for co-ordination</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_Committee_of_Central_and_State_Organs" title="Working Committee of Central and State Organs">Working Committee of Central and State Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission" title="Central Financial Work Commission">Central Financial Work Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a> in Hong Kong</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leading_small_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading small group"><span style="color: white">Leading groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Leading_Group_for_Cryptography_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Leading Group for Cryptography Work (page does not exist)">Cryptography Work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration" title="State Cryptography Administration">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Education_Work_Leading_Group" title="Central Education Work Leading Group">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rural_Work_Leading_Group" title="Central Rural Work Leading Group">Rural Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Inspection Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">Military Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_United_Front_Work" title="Central Leading Group for United Front Work">United Front Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Hong Kong and Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School" title="Central Party School">Central Party School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Academy of Governance">Chinese Academy of Governance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature" title="Institute of Party History and Literature">Institute of Party History and Literature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiushi" title="Qiushi">Qiushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily" title="Guangming Daily">Guangming Daily</a></i></li> <li>Executive Leadership Academies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Pudong" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong">Pudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Yan%27an" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Jinggangshan" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan">Jinggangshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">National Congress</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">4th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">6th (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">7th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">11th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">17th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Elected by the<br />Central Committee</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Politburo Standing Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Politburo</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Leading_Organisation_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Leading Organisation of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)"><span style="color: white">Military Commission</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Revolutionary_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Approved by the<br />Central Committee</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Secretariat</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1980–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">CCDI Standing Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">7th 1949–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">CCDI Secretary</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (1955–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1978–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Elected by<br />National Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">1st: 1921–1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd: 1922–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white">Discipline Inspection</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li>6th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Review_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Review Committee (page does not exist)">1928–1933</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Party_Affairs_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Party Affairs Commission (page does not exist)">1933–1945</a></li> <li>7th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">1949–1955</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">1955–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wider_organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wider organisation (page does not exist)"><span style="color: white">Wider organisation</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front (China)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color:white">Groupings</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanpai" title="Tuanpai">Tuanpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_clique" title="Tsinghua clique">Tsinghua clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princelings" title="Princelings">Crown Prince Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_clique" title="Fujian clique">Fujian clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zhijiang_Army" title="New Zhijiang Army">New Zhijiang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan_Society" title="Xishan Society">Xishan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">28 Bolsheviks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party">Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><div><b><span class="noviewer" 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