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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Atomic Energy Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_Energy_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._State_Department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._State_Department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>U.S. State Department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._State_Department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Washington_(1977–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Washington_(1977–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governor of Washington (1977–1981)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_Washington_(1977–1981)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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id="toc-State_of_emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>State of emergency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_politics" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dixy Lee Ray</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دیکسی لی رای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیکسی لی رای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="דיקסי לי ריי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיקסי לי ריי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89" title="ديكسى لى راى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديكسى لى راى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B1%DB%90" title="ډیکسي لي رې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډیکسي لي رې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dixy Lee Ray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1914–1994)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Dixy Lee Ray</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixy_Lee_Ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dixy_Lee_Ray.jpg/220px-Dixy_Lee_Ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dixy_Lee_Ray.jpg/330px-Dixy_Lee_Ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dixy_Lee_Ray.jpg/440px-Dixy_Lee_Ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Washington" title="List of governors of Washington">Governor of Washington</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 12, 1977 – January 14, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Cherberg" title="John Cherberg">John Cherberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans" title="Daniel J. Evans">Daniel J. Evans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Spellman" title="John Spellman">John Spellman</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Oceans_and_International_Environmental_and_Scientific_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 19, 1975 – June 20, 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Irving" title="Frederick Irving">Frederick Irving</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 6, 1973 – January 18, 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James Schlesinger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Marguerite Ray</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1914-09-03</span>)</span>September 3, 1914<br /><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 2, 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-01-02)</span> (aged 79)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fox_Island,_Washington" title="Fox Island, Washington">Fox Island, Washington</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mills_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mills College">Mills College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixy_Lee_Ray_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dixy Lee Ray's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Dixy_Lee_Ray_signature.png/128px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Dixy_Lee_Ray_signature.png/192px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Dixy_Lee_Ray_signature.png/256px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="123" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dixy Lee Ray</b> (September 3, 1914 – January 2, 1994) was an American academic, scientist, and politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Washington" title="List of governors of Washington">17th governor of Washington</a> from 1977 to 1981. Variously described as idiosyncratic and "ridiculously smart," she was the state's first female governor and was in office during the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>. She was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_energy" title="Atomic energy">atomic energy</a>. </p><p>A graduate of <a href="/wiki/Mills_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mills College">Mills College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, where she earned a doctorate in biology, Ray became an associate professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in 1957. She was chief scientist aboard the schooner <a href="/wiki/Schooner_Te_Vega" title="Schooner Te Vega">SS <i>Te Vega</i></a> during the <a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Ocean_Expedition" title="International Indian Ocean Expedition">International Indian Ocean Expedition</a>. Under her guidance, the nearly bankrupt <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Science_Center" title="Pacific Science Center">Pacific Science Center</a> was transformed from a traditional, exhibit-oriented museum to an interactive learning center, and returned to solvency. </p><p>In 1973, Ray was appointed chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. Under her leadership, research and development were separated from safety programs, and Milton Shaw, the head of the powerful reactor development division, was removed. She was appointed <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Oceans_and_International_Environmental_and_Scientific_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in 1975, but resigned six months later, complaining about lack of input into department decision making. </p><p>Ray ran for election as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Washington">Governor of Washington</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Democrat</a> in <a href="/wiki/1976_Washington_gubernatorial_election" title="1976 Washington gubernatorial election">1976</a>. She won the election despite her blunt, sometimes confrontational, style. As governor, she approved allowing <a href="/wiki/Supertankers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertankers">supertankers</a> to dock in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, championed support for unrestrained growth and development, and continued to express enthusiasm for atomic energy. On April 3, 1980, she declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>. She retired after losing her re-election bid for the Democratic nomination <a href="/wiki/1980_Washington_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Washington gubernatorial election">later that year</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ray was born <b>Marguerite Ray </b> in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>, to Frances Adams Ray and Alvis Marion Ray, the second in a family of five girls. She joined the <a href="/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA" title="Girl Scouts of the USA">Girl Scouts</a> and, at the age of 12, became the youngest girl, up to that time, to summit <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aauw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aauw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-people_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, at age 16, she legally changed her name to "Dixy Lee"; as a child she had been referred to by family members as "little Dickens" (an idiom for "devil") and Dixy was a shortened form of the nickname.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She chose "Lee" because of a family connection to <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG/220px-Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG/330px-Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG/440px-Mount_Rainier_5917s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="4163" /></a><figcaption>At the age of 12, Ray became the youngest girl to summit Mount Rainier.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ray attended Tacoma's <a href="/wiki/Stadium_High_School" title="Stadium High School">Stadium High School</a> and graduated as valedictorian from <a href="/wiki/Mills_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mills College">Mills College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, in 1937, working her way through school as a waitress and janitor.<sup id="cite_ref-people_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went on to earn a master's degree in 1938. Her thesis was titled <i>A Comparative Study of the Life Habits of Some Species of Burrowing <a href="/wiki/Eumalacostraca" title="Eumalacostraca">Eumalacostraca</a>.</i> Ray spent the next four years teaching science in the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Unified_School_District" title="Oakland Unified School District">Oakland Unified School District</a>. In 1942, a John Switzer Fellowship allowed her to enter a doctoral program in biology at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray's dissertation was <i>The peripheral nervous system of <a href="/wiki/Lampanyctus" title="Lampanyctus">Lampanyctus leucopsarus</a></i>, a lanternfish.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She completed the research for her dissertation in 1945 at the <a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Marine_Station" title="Hopkins Marine Station">Hopkins Marine Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Grove,_California" title="Pacific Grove, California">Pacific Grove</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_career">Scientific career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Washington">University of Washington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: University of Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, Ray returned to Washington to accept a position as an instructor in the <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1947 and, five years later, received a prestigious <a href="/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation" title="John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation">John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation</a> fellowship grant, which she used to undertake six months of <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral">postdoctoral</a> research at <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, she was made an associate professor at the University of Washington. During her time there, she also served as chief scientist aboard the schooner <a href="/wiki/Schooner_Te_Vega" title="Schooner Te Vega">SS <i>Te Vega</i></a> during the International Indian Ocean Expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her reputation in the classroom swung between wild extremes; students either "loved her or loathed her", as did faculty members. One fellow professor reportedly described her as "an intemperate, feeble-minded old bitch".<sup id="cite_ref-women_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-women-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KCTS-TV_and_Pacific_Science_Center">KCTS-TV and Pacific Science Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: KCTS-TV and Pacific Science Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_to_right_Dixy_Lee_Ray_(1914-1994)_and_Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg_(1912-1999)_(6891627661).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Left_to_right_Dixy_Lee_Ray_%281914-1994%29_and_Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg_%281912-1999%29_%286891627661%29.jpg/225px-Left_to_right_Dixy_Lee_Ray_%281914-1994%29_and_Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg_%281912-1999%29_%286891627661%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Left_to_right_Dixy_Lee_Ray_%281914-1994%29_and_Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg_%281912-1999%29_%286891627661%29.jpg/338px-Left_to_right_Dixy_Lee_Ray_%281914-1994%29_and_Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg_%281912-1999%29_%286891627661%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Left_to_right_Dixy_Lee_Ray_%281914-1994%29_and_Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg_%281912-1999%29_%286891627661%29.jpg/450px-Left_to_right_Dixy_Lee_Ray_%281914-1994%29_and_Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg_%281912-1999%29_%286891627661%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>Dixy Lee Ray presents the Pacific Science Center's "Arches of Science" award to Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a> in 1968. At the time Seaborg was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission#AEC_Chair" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Chair</a> of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, a position Ray would hold several years later.</figcaption></figure> <p>Intrigued by her reputation as a person who could "make science interesting," producers at <a href="/wiki/KCTS-TV" title="KCTS-TV">KCTS-TV</a>, Seattle's <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station, approached Ray about hosting a weekly television program on marine biology. The show, <i>Animals of the Seashore</i>, was a hit and helped propel her into the public eye beyond campus. Her growing popularity led the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Science_Center" title="Pacific Science Center">Pacific Science Center</a> to invite Ray to take over the nearly-bankrupt science museum for an annual salary of $20,000. Ray jumped at the opportunity and immediately began a top-to-bottom overhaul of the center, declaring "I'll be damned if I'm going to become a landlady to a hoary old museum." Under Ray's guidance, the Pacific Science Center was converted from a traditional, exhibit-oriented museum to an interactive learning center.<sup id="cite_ref-women_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-women-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ray's hands-on approach to running the Pacific Science Center reflected at every level. She kept a police whistle in her desk that she would use to run off loitering <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jim Anderson, who would eventually teach fisheries science at the University of Washington, recalled a typical encounter with Ray, for whom he worked at the Pacific Science Center in 1968:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Her driving was infamous and my one ride with her, in a three-quarter-ton flatbed truck, was wholly memorable. Admittedly, it was an early Sunday morning, but sliding through stop signs, a few crosswise, was disconcerting at best. The ride went over the top when we reached the Science Center. The lot was full of cars without permits. Trying to fit in a very small space with a large flatbed truck, she dented two cars, broke the taillight off a third, and finally vaporized the rear window of a fourth.</p></blockquote> <p>Ray led the Pacific Science Center back into financial solvency. Her aggressive fundraising for the center also helped introduce her to many of the city's most influential citizens, including Senator <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Warren Magnuson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_Energy_Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Atomic Energy Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An advocate of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, in 1973 Ray was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> to chair the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) on the recommendation of Senator <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Warren Magnuson</a>. The offer of appointment came via a telephone call after she was paged in an airport. After being told she would have to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, Ray declined the offer, saying "I'm living where I like to live." Nonetheless, she ultimately relented after being persuaded by her longtime friend <a href="/wiki/Lou_Guzzo" title="Lou Guzzo">Lou Guzzo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cspan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_at_Hanford.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ray_at_Hanford.png/220px-Ray_at_Hanford.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ray_at_Hanford.png/330px-Ray_at_Hanford.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Ray_at_Hanford.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Ray and her dogs Ghillie and Jacques inspect the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford nuclear reservation</a>. With them is Thomas Nemzek, at the time Director of Reactor R&D.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following her appointment to the commission, news of her personal eccentricities began to emerge after reporters discovered she was living out of a 28-foot <a href="/wiki/Motor_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor home">motor home</a>, which was parked on a lot in rural <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each morning she was chauffeured from her RV to the AEC offices in <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Maryland" title="Germantown, Maryland">Germantown, Maryland</a>, accompanied by her 100-pound (45 kg) <a href="/wiki/Scottish_deerhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish deerhound">Scottish deerhound</a> Ghillie and a <a href="/wiki/Miniature_poodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniature poodle">miniature poodle</a> named Jacques.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media reports commented on her unusual hosiery (white knee socks).<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her personal quirks were widely perceived as a weakness by tenured bureaucrats. A profile by Graham Chedd in <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i> explained that, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Almost everyone found the eccentricities delightful, and preserved their <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">macho</a> with speculations of the mincemeat that would be made of her by such AEC "heavies" as Milton Shaw, head of the powerful division of reactor development, and <a href="/wiki/Chester_E._Holifield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester E. Holifield">Chet Holifield</a>, the iron man of the congressional <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Atomic_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on Atomic Energy">joint committee on atomic energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lady_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lady-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixy_Lee_Ray_and_Robert_Sachs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dixy_Lee_Ray_and_Robert_Sachs.jpg/220px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_and_Robert_Sachs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dixy_Lee_Ray_and_Robert_Sachs.jpg/330px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_and_Robert_Sachs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Dixy_Lee_Ray_and_Robert_Sachs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Ray speaking with <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Sachs" title="Robert G. Sachs">Robert Sachs</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1974</span></figcaption></figure> <p>However, less than a year after taking over, Ray had forced Shaw out, ordering that research and development be separated from safety programs as some environmental groups had demanded.<sup id="cite_ref-lady_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lady-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its research responsibilities, the AEC was charged with the manufacture of nuclear weapons for the U.S. military. Ray would later fondly recall the first time she saw a nuclear warhead, describing it "like a piece of beautiful sculpture, a work of the highest level of technological skill."<sup id="cite_ref-people_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her time as commission chair, which lasted until the AEC was abolished in 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray presented a 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a> with first place in the <a href="/wiki/Regeneron_Science_Talent_Search" title="Regeneron Science Talent Search">Westinghouse Science Talent Search</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._State_Department">U.S. State Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. State Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Ray was appointed <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Oceans_and_International_Environmental_and_Scientific_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, but resigned five months later, complaining about lack of input into department decision making. She subsequently told a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> committee that she "saw Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> only once – the day she was sworn in as an assistant secretary of state."<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a parting shot as she left D.C., Ray declared that "anything the private sector can do, the government can do it worse."<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Washington_(1977–1981)"><span id="Governor_of_Washington_.281977.E2.80.931981.29"></span>Governor of Washington (1977–1981)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governor of Washington (1977–1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_and_election">Campaign and election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Campaign and election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the surprise of many, Ray announced in 1975 she would seek election as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Washington">Governor of Washington</a>. Later asked why she decided to make her first run for public office the highest office in the state, she would reason, "I was much too old to start at the bottom, so I decided to start at the top."<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though previously politically unaffiliated, she declared herself a <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Democrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixy_Lee_Ray_at_Washington_State_Employees%27_Credit_Union_open_house.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dixy_Lee_Ray_at_Washington_State_Employees%27_Credit_Union_open_house.png/350px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_at_Washington_State_Employees%27_Credit_Union_open_house.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dixy_Lee_Ray_at_Washington_State_Employees%27_Credit_Union_open_house.png/525px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_at_Washington_State_Employees%27_Credit_Union_open_house.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dixy_Lee_Ray_at_Washington_State_Employees%27_Credit_Union_open_house.png/700px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_at_Washington_State_Employees%27_Credit_Union_open_house.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Governor Ray at <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Employees_Credit_Union" title="Washington State Employees Credit Union">Washington State Employees Credit Union</a> open house in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>Ray displayed a blunt, sometimes confrontational, style on the campaign trail, for which she would later become known. During a visit with the Dorian Society, a Seattle <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> group, she was asked by one member if she had met any gay federal employees and if they ever felt under pressure. Ray responded, "I don't know any – you can't tell by looking at them," drawing applause from attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another instance, she declared <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i> reporter Shelby Scates, who had deluged her with tough questions on the campaign trail, would "learn what the words <i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a></i> really mean" after her election.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ray narrowly won the Democratic nomination over <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Seattle" title="Mayor of Seattle">Seattle mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Wes_Uhlman" class="mw-redirect" title="Wes Uhlman">Wes Uhlman</a>, having spent almost no money on her campaign, having no experience in running for elected office, and having little support from the state's political class.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite opposition from all major newspapers and predictions from pundits that the state was not ready "for an unmarried woman who gave herself a chainsaw for Christmas," Ray went on to win <a href="/wiki/Washington_gubernatorial_election,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington gubernatorial election, 1976">the general election</a> with a victory over <a href="/wiki/King_County_Executive" title="King County Executive">King County Executive</a> <a href="/wiki/John_D._Spellman" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Spellman">John D. Spellman</a>, 53%–44%.<sup id="cite_ref-book_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On election night, asked by a reporter to explain her surprise victory, she offered, "it can't be because I'm so pretty?"<sup id="cite_ref-aauw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aauw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""the_best_governor_..._or_the_worst""><span id=".22the_best_governor_..._or_the_worst.22"></span>"the best governor ... or the worst"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "the best governor ... or the worst""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After assuming office, Ray tightened Washington state spending and began an audit of state salaries and programs. She balanced the state budget and during her tenure as Governor oversaw the state's first full funding for basic public education. As the first resident of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Governor%27s_Mansion" title="Washington Governor's Mansion">Governor's Mansion</a> without a <a href="/wiki/First_lady" title="First lady">First Lady</a>, Ray hired her elder sister Marion R. Reid to serve as her official hostess.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixy_Lee_Ray_signing_bill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dixy_Lee_Ray_signing_bill.jpg/350px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_signing_bill.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dixy_Lee_Ray_signing_bill.jpg/525px-Dixy_Lee_Ray_signing_bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Dixy_Lee_Ray_signing_bill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Dixy Lee Ray signing a bill into law in the rotunda of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Capitol#Legislative_Building" title="Washington State Capitol">Legislative Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nonetheless, she quickly alienated fellow Democrats with her conservative views on energy and the environment. She approved allowing <a href="/wiki/Supertankers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertankers">supertankers</a> to dock in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, championed support for unrestrained growth and development, and continued to express enthusiasm for atomic power.<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She likewise alienated the state's Republican establishment after she fired 124 appointees of her predecessor, three-term governor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans" title="Daniel J. Evans">Daniel J. Evans</a>, offering to send them "a box of <a href="/wiki/Kleenex" title="Kleenex">kleenex</a> with their pink slips."<sup id="cite_ref-book_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She filled their places with old colleagues, described by some as "<a href="/wiki/Sycophant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycophant">yes men</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-duncan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duncan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her treatment of the media was similarly dismissive. Local television reporter Paul Boyd once interviewed the governor while she was dressed in "a ratty <a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-lon</a> sports shirt, <a href="/wiki/Sweatpants" title="Sweatpants">sweat pants</a> covered with dog hair, red socks, and tennis shoes."<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ray's uncompromising belief in the correctness of her views occasionally spilled over state lines. During what was supposed to be a routine joint press conference in <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>, by the governors of Washington, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> in which the three touted the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a>, Ray reacted with barely concealed disdain to Oregon governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Straub" title="Robert W. Straub">Robert W. Straub</a>'s call for legislation to encourage the installation of <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">home insulation</a>. "I don't believe our citizens are lax, or lazy, or indifferent," Ray fired. "In Washington we have a strong voluntary energy conservation program. We don't need legislative incentives."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in Washington, Ray sometimes engaged in elaborate ceremony; on her inauguration she hosted not just one but nine inaugural balls.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promulgate House Bill 491, a relatively minor $13 million appropriations measure, she had nearly 1,000 people assembled in the rotunda of the Legislative Building (the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> noted, at the time, that it was ordinarily "unusual for more than a dozen people to show up" to bill signings, which would customarily be held in the governor's office).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Press and political opposition solidified in the face of her unyielding style of governance. In a critical 1977 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Mungo" title="Ray Mungo">Ray Mungo</a> labeled Ray as a "slightly wacky <a href="/wiki/Miss_Marple" title="Miss Marple">Miss Marple</a>" and described the increasingly madcap atmosphere in Washington: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the first time in the four years that I've lived in Seattle, the political climate is volatile, exciting, terrifying. Each day's newspapers bring fresh atrocities from Olympia, the state capital. The opposition is mounting with volcanic pressure, and the press is almost universally merciless with Dixy. But she plows forward with a stamina that could belong only to someone who, when not living in the governor's mansion, lives on an island, in a mobile home, with five dogs.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_State_Governor%27s_Mansion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Washington_State_Governor%27s_Mansion.jpg/220px-Washington_State_Governor%27s_Mansion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Washington_State_Governor%27s_Mansion.jpg/330px-Washington_State_Governor%27s_Mansion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Washington_State_Governor%27s_Mansion.jpg/440px-Washington_State_Governor%27s_Mansion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>While Washington's chief executive, Ray split her time between the Governor's Mansion (pictured) and a trailer on rural <a href="/wiki/Fox_Island,_Washington" title="Fox Island, Washington">Fox Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, during a visit to the state, called Ray's administration "gubernatorial lunacy."<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ray's own campaign manager, Blair Butterworth, vaguely quipped, "we thought she would be the best governor Washington ever had, or the worst, and we were right."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support from her fellow scientists, however, was often positive; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> called Ray "a very wonderful lady" and said he would support her if she ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the 1980 election.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_emergency">State of emergency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State of emergency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 3, 1980, Ray declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> as a result of the worsening threat of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> posed by <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>. Warning that "the possibility of a major eruption or mudflow is real," she urged a sometimes skeptical public to stay away from the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WA-504_St._Helens_Bridge_after_1980_eruption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/WA-504_St._Helens_Bridge_after_1980_eruption.jpg/300px-WA-504_St._Helens_Bridge_after_1980_eruption.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/WA-504_St._Helens_Bridge_after_1980_eruption.jpg/450px-WA-504_St._Helens_Bridge_after_1980_eruption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/WA-504_St._Helens_Bridge_after_1980_eruption.jpg/600px-WA-504_St._Helens_Bridge_after_1980_eruption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5643" data-file-height="3714" /></a><figcaption>A bridge carrying <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Route_504" title="Washington State Route 504">State Route 504</a> lies in ruins after being carried by a <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahar</a> generated by the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The emergency decree was followed, on April 30, by the declaration of a "red zone" in southwestern Washington where public access would be banned and relocation of the population would be compelled by state troops, if necessary. Ray ordered the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Guard" title="Washington National Guard">Washington National Guard</a> mobilized and the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol" title="Washington State Patrol">Washington State Patrol</a> to reinforce the sheriffs of <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_County,_Washington" title="Cowlitz County, Washington">Cowlitz County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skamania_County,_Washington" title="Skamania County, Washington">Skamania County</a> in carrying out her declaration, with violation punishable by six months imprisonment. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> later credited the red zone restrictions with saving 5,000 to 30,000 people from certain death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, however, Ray was criticized for establishing a parallel "blue zone" where the public was generally banned, but <a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser" title="Weyerhaeuser">Weyerhaeuser</a> loggers were permitted. (When the mountain finally erupted, 11 of those killed were loggers operating in the blue zone. A subsequent <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> by families of the deceased, alleging negligence against the state, would be summarily dismissed in court for lack of evidence.)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the eruption, Ray would falsely claim that all killed were near the mountain illegally while it was found all but one individual was allowed to be there. On the day of the eruption a request to expand the blue zone sat on Ray's desk unsigned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a scientist, Ray was fascinated by the possibility of an eruption. In the weeks leading up to the fateful event, Ray flew to the mountain in the governor's plane, circling the peak and remarking, "I've always said I wanted to live long enough to see one of our volcanoes erupt."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cataclysmic <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">eruption of the mountain</a>, which occurred on May 18, 1980, killed 57 people. The level of devastation caused by the ensuing ash cloud, earthquakes, electrical storms, and flooding was unprecedented and, the following day, Ray invoked her emergency powers to postpone local elections, which had been scheduled for May 20.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ray ran for reelection in 1980, enlisting <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Republican</a> consultant <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Johnson" title="Montgomery Johnson">Montgomery Johnson</a> to head her campaign after her former manager, Butterworth, had defected to her rival, then-State Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_McDermott" title="Jim McDermott">Jim McDermott</a>. She lost to McDermott in a contentious Democratic <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a>, 56%–41%, during which bumper stickers emblazoned with "Nixy on Dixy" and "Ditch the Bitch" became popular campaign <a href="/wiki/Tchotchke" title="Tchotchke">tchotchkes</a>. McDermott himself went on to lose in the general election to Republican <a href="/wiki/John_D._Spellman" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Spellman">John D. Spellman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duncan_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duncan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_politics">After politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?18418-1/trashing-planet"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Ray on <i>Trashing the Planet</i>, June 16, 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After leaving office, Ray retired to her farm on <a href="/wiki/Fox_Island,_Washington" title="Fox Island, Washington">Fox Island</a>. She was frequently in the news giving her opinion of current events. The <i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i> quoted her as saying she favored "abolishing political parties and taking away voting rights from anyone who fails to vote in two consecutive elections."<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her retirement she co-authored two books with <a href="/wiki/Lou_Guzzo" title="Lou Guzzo">Lou Guzzo</a> critical of the <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalist</a> movement. In one of those books, <i><a href="/wiki/Trashing_the_Planet" title="Trashing the Planet">Trashing the Planet</a></i>, she described environmentalists as "mostly white, middle to upper income and predominantly college educated ... they are distinguished by a vocal do-good mentality that sometimes cloaks a strong streak of <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a> that is often coupled with a belief that the end justifies the means." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dixy Lee Ray died on January 2, 1994, at her home. Shortly before her death, it was reported that she had had a bronchial infection, which led to <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, as the cause of her death.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, controversy erupted after it emerged that employees of the <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County</a> medical examiner's office had kept autopsy photos of Ray as souvenirs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ray's death was met with opinionated reflections on her life by her many friends and enemies. She was eulogized by her successor as governor, <a href="/wiki/John_Spellman" title="John Spellman">John Spellman</a>, as "one of a kind." "She had a brilliant mind," Spellman said. "Her strength was as a teacher and a lecturer. She had this really bubbling personality. People weren't quite used to anybody that outspoken. But whatever she said, people still loved her."<sup id="cite_ref-duncan_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duncan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former state senator <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Walgren" title="Gordon Walgren">Gordon Walgren</a>, who had been indicted on federal <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a> charges based on evidence collected by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol" title="Washington State Patrol">State Patrol</a> during Ray's term, recalled her in different tones. "I'm sure she made valuable contributions as an educator," Walgren noted. "I can't remember any as governor."<sup id="cite_ref-duncan_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duncan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ray's friend and a co-author in two of her books, Lou Guzzo, concluded that "she should have never gone into politics." "We thought it was time for someone in politics who tells the truth all the time," Guzzo recalled. "It didn't work."<sup id="cite_ref-duncan_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duncan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, veteran Seattle journalist <a href="/wiki/Knute_Berger" title="Knute Berger">Knute Berger</a> opined that Ray was ahead of her time. "It's interesting to note that many of her views are either mainstream or are creeping back into acceptability," Berger wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After her death, the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> (ASME) established an award in Dixy Lee Ray's honor for engineering contributions to the field of environmental protection. The award, which consists of a bronze medal with the governor's likeness and a cash grant, was first given to Clyde W. Frank in 1999 and has been made annually since.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ray's papers, totaling 190 boxes of records and memorabilia spanning her career, are in deposit at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archives" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archives">Hoover Institution Library and Archives</a> at Stanford University. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1958: Clapp Award in Marine Biology<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Frances_K._Hutchinson_Medal" title="Frances K. Hutchinson Medal">Frances K. Hutchinson Medal</a> for Service in Conservation<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973: United Nations Peace Medal<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1974: Francis Boyer Science Award<sup id="cite_ref-hl_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979: Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> presented by Awards Council member <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement#Achievement_Summit" title="Academy of Achievement">Achievement Summit</a> in Salt Lake City, Utah<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ray was the recipient of twenty honorary doctorates from U.S. and foreign universities.<sup id="cite_ref-aauw_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aauw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_orientation">Sexual orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sexual orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject of Dixy Lee Ray's sexual orientation was carefully avoided in public discussion both during, and after, her life. While there were many rumors regarding her sexuality, the specific word "<a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>" was never used to describe her and many people have dismissed those rumors as speculation born of Ray's <a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">tomboy</a> characteristics and unmarried status, rather than informed assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-book_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Governor of Washington Democratic primary – 1976 <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Dixy Lee Ray</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>205,232</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">35.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Wes Uhlman </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>198,336</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">33.9 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Marvin Durning </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>136,290</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">23.3 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Duke Stockton </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>5,588</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Governor of Washington general – 1976<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Dixy Lee Ray</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>821,797</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">53.14 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">John Spellman </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>689,039</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">44.43 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#CC66FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American</a> </td> <td class="fn">Art Manning </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>12,406</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.80 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:yellow;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/OWL_Party" title="OWL Party">OWL</a> </td> <td class="fn">Red Kelly </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>12,400</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.80 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#DD051D;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td class="fn">Henry Killman </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>4,137</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.27 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FED105;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Maurice W. Willey </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>4,133</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.27 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Governor of Washington Democratic primary – 1980 <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Jim McDermott</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>321,256</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">56.37 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Dixy Lee Ray (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>234,252</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">41.10 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Caroline (Hope) Diamond </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>4,184</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.73 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Robert L. Baldwin </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>3,578</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.63 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Lloyd G. Isley </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>2,723</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.48 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Douglas P. Bestle </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>2,481</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.44 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Jef Jaisun </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,476</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.26 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_governors_in_the_United_States" title="List of female governors in the United States">List of female governors in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aauw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aauw_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aauw_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aauw_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023033940/https://www.aauw.org/2013/10/31/dixy-lee-ray/">"From Mt. Rainier to the Governorship of Washington, Dixy Lee Ray Was a Climber"</a>. <i>aauw.org</i>. American Association of University Women. 21 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aauw.org/2013/10/31/dixy-lee-ray/">the original</a> on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aauw.org&rft.atitle=From+Mt.+Rainier+to+the+Governorship+of+Washington%2C+Dixy+Lee+Ray+Was+a+Climber&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aauw.org%2F2013%2F10%2F31%2Fdixy-lee-ray%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-people-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-people_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-people_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-people_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20064545,00.html">"Dixy Lee Ray: Tough-minded Woman Who Calls Herself 'Chairman' of the AEC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Dixy+Lee+Ray%3A+Tough-minded+Woman+Who+Calls+Herself+%27Chairman%27+of+the+AEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20064545%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2004" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Paula (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=601">"Ray, Dixy Lee (1914–1994)"</a>. <i>historylink.org</i>. HistoryInk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historylink.org&rft.atitle=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee+%281914%E2%80%931994%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2Findex.cfm%3FDisplayPage%3Doutput.cfm%26File_Id%3D601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AZ_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AZ_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHightower-Langston2002" class="citation book cs1">Hightower-Langston, Donna (2002). <i>A to Z of American Women Leaders and Activists</i>. Facts on File. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0792-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0792-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+American+Women+Leaders+and+Activists&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0792-9&rft.aulast=Hightower-Langston&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixy_Lee_Ray1945" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dixy Lee Ray</a> (1945), <i>The peripheral nervous system of L̲a̲m̲p̲a̲n̲y̲c̲t̲u̲s̲ l̲e̲u̲c̲o̲p̲s̲a̲r̲u̲s̲ : with comparative notes on other Iniomi</i> (Doctoral thesis), <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113392958" class="extiw" title="d:Q113392958">Q113392958</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+peripheral+nervous+system+of+L%CC%B2a%CC%B2m%CC%B2p%CC%B2a%CC%B2n%CC%B2y%CC%B2c%CC%B2t%CC%B2u%CC%B2s%CC%B2+l%CC%B2e%CC%B2u%CC%B2c%CC%B2o%CC%B2p%CC%B2s%CC%B2a%CC%B2r%CC%B2u%CC%B2s%CC%B2+%3A+with+comparative+notes+on+other+Iniomi&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Dixy+Lee+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdkUAAAAIAAJ">reference</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017141316/http://www.gf.org/fellows/12020-dixy-lee-ray">"Dixy Lee Ray"</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation" title="John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation">John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gf.org/fellows/12020-dixy-lee-ray">the original</a> on October 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Heritage House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926613-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926613-28-4"><bdi>978-1-926613-28-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Women+of+the+West+Coast%3A+Their+Triumphs%2C+Tragedies+and+Lasting+Legacies&rft.pub=Heritage+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-926613-28-4&rft.aulast=Mole&rft.aufirst=Rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungo1977" class="citation news cs1">Mungo, Raymond (May 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-YDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29">"Dixy Lee Ray – How Madame Nuke Took Over Washington"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Dixy+Lee+Ray+%E2%80%93+How+Madame+Nuke+Took+Over+Washington&rft.date=1977-05&rft.aulast=Mungo&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-YDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington.edu/news/2006/05/18/35-year-club-2/">"35 Year Club"</a>. <i>washington.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. 18 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SUNY Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873959155" title="Special:BookSources/9780873959155"><bdi>9780873959155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warning+and+response+to+the+Mount+St.+Helens+eruption&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780873959155&rft.aulast=Saarinen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Frederick&rft.au=Sell%2C+James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVT6BAVlPUUAC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19870208&id=Aa1QAAAAIBAJ&pg=5535,1730405">"Court approves St. Helens settlement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Register-Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Register-Guard">Eugene Register-Guard</a></i>. 8 February 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Court+approves+St.+Helens+settlement&rft.date=1987-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1310%26dat%3D19870208%26id%3DAa1QAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5535%2C1730405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/explosive-truths">"Explosive Truths"</a>. 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explosive+Truths&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Fexplosive-truths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dick (2002). <i>Volcano Cowboys: The Rocky Evolution of a Dangerous Science</i>. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28668-2"><bdi>978-0-312-28668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcano+Cowboys%3A+The+Rocky+Evolution+of+a+Dangerous+Science&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28668-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063304/http://www.governor.wa.gov/office/execorders/eoarchive/eo80-07.htm">"EXECUTIVE ORDER 80-07"</a>. <i>governor.wa.gov</i>. State of Washington, Office of the Governor. 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.governor.wa.gov/office/execorders/eoarchive/eo80-07.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=governor.wa.gov&rft.atitle=EXECUTIVE+ORDER+80-07&rft.date=1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.governor.wa.gov%2Foffice%2Fexecorders%2Feoarchive%2Feo80-07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/872f61241ade47f389a88311adefffea">"Former Gov. Dixy Lee Ray Dead at 79"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Former+Gov.+Dixy+Lee+Ray+Dead+at+79&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F872f61241ade47f389a88311adefffea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029181919/http://m.spokesman.com/stories/1996/jun/04/rays-family-autopsy-photos-denigrating-polaroids/">"Ray's Family: Autopsy Photos 'Denigrating' Polaroids Of Corpses Discovered In Desk Of Ex-County Employee"</a>. <i>Spokesman Review</i>. 4 June 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.spokesman.com/stories/1996/jun/04/rays-family-autopsy-photos-denigrating-polaroids/">the original</a> on 29 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman+Review&rft.atitle=Ray%27s+Family%3A+Autopsy+Photos+%27Denigrating%27+Polaroids+Of+Corpses+Discovered+In+Desk+Of+Ex-County+Employee&rft.date=1996-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F1996%2Fjun%2F04%2Frays-family-autopsy-photos-denigrating-polaroids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2014" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Knute (5 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808180319/https://crosscut.com/2014/08/05/history/121332/water-taxi-names-ray-good-judgment/">"A water taxi named 'Dixy'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crosscut.com" title="Crosscut.com">Crosscut</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crosscut.com/2014/08/05/history/121332/water-taxi-names-ray-good-judgment/?page=2">the original</a> on 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crosscut&rft.atitle=A+water+taxi+named+%27Dixy%27%3F&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Knute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrosscut.com%2F2014%2F08%2F05%2Fhistory%2F121332%2Fwater-taxi-names-ray-good-judgment%2F%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044534/https://www.asme.org/about-asme/get-involved/honors-awards/achievement-awards/dixy-lee-ray-award">"Dixy Lee Ray Award"</a>. <i>asme.org</i>. ASME. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/about-asme/get-involved/honors-awards/achievement-awards/dixy-lee-ray-award">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asme.org&rft.atitle=Dixy+Lee+Ray+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asme.org%2Fabout-asme%2Fget-involved%2Fhonors-awards%2Fachievement-awards%2Fdixy-lee-ray-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23public-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Salt-Lake-Tribune-June-24-1979.pdf">"Awards Banquet Draws 'Giants of Endeavor'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Salt Lake Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+Banquet+Draws+%27Giants+of+Endeavor%27&rft.pub=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F04%2FSalt-Lake-Tribune-June-24-1979.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Ellis, Erik (2006). <i>Dixy Lee Ray. Marine Biology, and the Public Understanding of Science in the United States (1930–1970)</i> (Ph.D. Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Dixy+Lee+Ray.+Marine+Biology%2C+and+the+Public+Understanding+of+Science+in+the+United+States+%281930%E2%80%931970%29&rft.inst=Oregon+State+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wei.sos.wa.gov/agency/osos/en/press_and_research/PreviousElections/Pre2004/Documents/1950.to.1979/pdfs%20of%20election%20results/1976%20Primary%20Abstract.pdf">"Election Abstract"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington Secretary of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Abstract&rft.pub=Washington+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwei.sos.wa.gov%2Fagency%2Fosos%2Fen%2Fpress_and_research%2FPreviousElections%2FPre2004%2FDocuments%2F1950.to.1979%2Fpdfs%2520of%2520election%2520results%2F1976%2520Primary%2520Abstract.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sos.wa.gov/elections/results_report.aspx?e=38&c=&c2=&t=264&t2=&p=&p2=&y=">"Elections Search Results: November 1976 General"</a>. Washington Secretary of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+Search+Results%3A+November+1976+General&rft.pub=Washington+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.wa.gov%2Felections%2Fresults_report.aspx%3Fe%3D38%26c%3D%26c2%3D%26t%3D264%26t2%3D%26p%3D%26p2%3D%26y%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=53&year=1980&f=0&off=5&elect=1">"1980 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results – Washington"</a>. uselectionatlas.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1980+Gubernatorial+Democratic+Primary+Election+Results+%E2%80%93+Washington&rft.pub=uselectionatlas.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fstate.php%3Ffips%3D53%26year%3D1980%26f%3D0%26off%3D5%26elect%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWareBraukmanBraukman2004" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Susan; Braukman, Lorraine; Braukman, Stacy (2004). <i>Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century</i>. Cambridge, MA: Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University Press. pp. 538–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01488-6"><bdi>978-0-674-01488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+American+Women%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+Completing+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=538-539&rft.pub=Radcliffe+Institute+for+Advanced+Study%2C+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01488-6&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Braukman%2C+Lorraine&rft.au=Braukman%2C+Stacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinsteinBiermannRose1997" class="citation book cs1">Grinstein, Louise S; Biermann, Carol A.; Rose, Rose K. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninbiologica00grin/page/424"><i>Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninbiologica00grin/page/424">424–432</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29180-7"><bdi>978-0-313-29180-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Biological+Sciences%3A+A+Biobibliographic+Sourcebook&rft.pages=424-432&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29180-7&rft.aulast=Grinstein&rft.aufirst=Louise+S&rft.au=Biermann%2C+Carol+A.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Rose+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninbiologica00grin%2Fpage%2F424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayGuzzo1994" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Dixy Lee; Guzzo, Louis R. (1994). <i>Environmental Overkill</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097598-2"><bdi>978-0-06-097598-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Overkill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-097598-2&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.au=Guzzo%2C+Louis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayGuzzo1992" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Dixy Lee; Guzzo, Louis R. (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/Trashing_the_Planet:_How_Science_Can_Help_Us_Deal_With_Acid_Rain,_Depletion_of_the_Ozone,_and_Nuclear_Waste_(Among_Other_Things)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trashing the Planet: How Science Can Help Us Deal With Acid Rain, Depletion of the Ozone, and Nuclear Waste (Among Other Things)">Trashing the Planet: How Science Can Help Us Deal With Acid Rain, Depletion of the Ozone, and Nuclear Waste (Among Other Things)</a></i>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097490-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097490-9"><bdi>978-0-06-097490-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trashing+the+Planet%3A+How+Science+Can+Help+Us+Deal+With+Acid+Rain%2C+Depletion+of+the+Ozone%2C+and+Nuclear+Waste+%28Among+Other+Things%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-06-097490-9&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.au=Guzzo%2C+Louis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1973" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Dixy Lee (1973). <i>The Nation's Energy Future: A Report to Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States</i>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation%27s+Energy+Future%3A+A+Report+to+Richard+M.+Nixon%2C+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Atomic+Energy+Commission+%28for+sale+by+the+Supt.+of+Docs.%2C+U.S.+Govt.+Print.+Off.%29&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1959" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Dixy Lee (1959). <i>Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms</i>. Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Boring+and+Fouling+Organisms&rft.place=Seattle+WA&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1950" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Dixy Lee (1950). <i>The peripheral nervous system of lampanyctus leucopsarus</i>. Vol. 87. Wiley Interscience. pp. 61–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1050870104">10.1002/jmor.1050870104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24538129">24538129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41779856">41779856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+peripheral+nervous+system+of+lampanyctus+leucopsarus&rft.pages=61-178&rft.pub=Wiley+Interscience&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41779856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24538129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.1050870104&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1945" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Dixy Lee (1945). <i>The peripheral nervous system of lampanyctus leucopsarus</i>. Vol. 87. Pacific Grove, CA: Hopkins Marine Station. pp. 61–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1050870104">10.1002/jmor.1050870104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24538129">24538129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41779856">41779856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+peripheral+nervous+system+of+lampanyctus+leucopsarus&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA&rft.pages=61-178&rft.pub=Hopkins+Marine+Station&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41779856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24538129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.1050870104&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1938" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Dixy Lee (1938). <i>A Comparative Study of the Life Habits of Some Species of Burrowing Eumalacostraca</i>. Oakland, CA: Mills College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Life+Habits+of+Some+Species+of+Burrowing+Eumalacostraca&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pub=Mills+College&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dixy_Lee_Ray" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dixy Lee Ray">Dixy Lee Ray</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dixy_Lee_Ray" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Dixy Lee Ray">Dixy Lee Ray</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylink.org/file/601">Ray, Dixy Lee</a> at HistoryLink</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf3199n5v9/?&query=Dixy%20Lee%20Ray&brand=oac&hit.rank=2">Register of the Dixy Lee Ray Papers, 1937–1982</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?18716">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James Schlesinger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> </b><br />1973–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Oceans_and_International_Environmental_and_Scientific_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs</a> </b><br />1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Irving" title="Frederick Irving">Frederick Irving</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rosellini" title="Albert Rosellini">Albert Rosellini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Washington">Governor of Washington</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1976_Washington_gubernatorial_election" title="1976 Washington gubernatorial election">1976</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_McDermott" title="Jim McDermott">Jim McDermott</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans" title="Daniel J. Evans">Daniel Evans</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Washington">Governor of Washington</a> </b><br />1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Spellman" title="John Spellman">John Spellman</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Dean_(lawyer)" title="Gordon Dean (lawyer)">Gordon Dean</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Strauss" title="Lewis Strauss">Lewis Strauss</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1971)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dixy Lee Ray</a> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Washington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Washington" title="Template:Governors of Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Washington" title="Template talk:Governors of Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Washington" title="List of governors of Washington">Governors of Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Territorial <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1853–1889)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stevens" title="Isaac Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_McMullen" title="Fayette McMullen">McMullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Gholson" title="Richard D. Gholson">Gholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Wallace" title="William H. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pickering_(governor)" title="William Pickering (governor)">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Cole" title="George Edward Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_F._Moore" title="Marshall F. Moore">M. F. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_Flanders" title="Alvan Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_P._Ferry" title="Elisha P. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Newell" title="William A. Newell">Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_C._Squire" title="Watson C. Squire">Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Semple" title="Eugene Semple">Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Conway_Moore" title="Miles Conway Moore">M. C. Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seal_of_Washington.svg/65px-Seal_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seal_of_Washington.svg/98px-Seal_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seal_of_Washington.svg/130px-Seal_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1097" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">State <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(since 1889)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_P._Ferry" title="Elisha P. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McGraw_(governor)" title="John McGraw (governor)">McGraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_Rogers" title="John Rankin Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McBride_(politician)" title="Henry McBride (politician)">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Mead" title="Albert E. Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_G._Cosgrove" title="Samuel G. Cosgrove">Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_E._Hay" title="Marion E. Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lister" title="Ernest Lister">Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Hart" title="Louis F. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_H._Hartley" title="Roland H. Hartley">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Martin" title="Clarence D. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Langlie" title="Arthur B. Langlie">Langlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrad_Wallgren" title="Monrad Wallgren">Wallgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Langlie" title="Arthur B. Langlie">Langlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rosellini" title="Albert Rosellini">Rosellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans" title="Daniel J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spellman" title="John Spellman">Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_Gardner" title="Booth Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lowry" title="Mike Lowry">Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Gregoire" title="Christine Gregoire">Gregoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee" title="Jay Inslee">Inslee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Bob Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a> (elect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/954809">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117721123.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033332940">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583025">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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