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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Salvation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sacraments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Sources of teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer,_worship,_and_liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer,_worship,_and_liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Prayer, worship, and liturgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer,_worship,_and_liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Methodist_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Methodist_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Contemporary Methodist denominations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Methodist_denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary Methodist denominations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Methodist_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Great Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_and_Baltic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_and_Baltic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Nordic and Baltic countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_and_Baltic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.7 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.8 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antigua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Antigua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Bart's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Bart's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 St. Bart's </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Bart's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Jamaica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Barbados </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Ghana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia_and_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia_and_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.4 Malaysia and Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia_and_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.5 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.6 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.7 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Fiji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoan_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoan_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.4 Samoan Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoan_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.5 Tonga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ecumenical relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Great Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 African Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Methodism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ميثودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميثودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8todismo" title="Mètodismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mètodismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismu" title="Metodismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metodismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodizm" title="Metodizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metodizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Методизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Методизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodisme" title="Metodisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metodisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismus" title="Metodismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metodismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodistiaeth" title="Methodistiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Methodistiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodisme" title="Metodisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metodisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodistische_und_Wesleyanische_Kirchen" title="Methodistische und Wesleyanische Kirchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Methodistische und Wesleyanische Kirchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodism" title="Metodism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metodism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μεθοδισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεθοδισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismo" title="Metodismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metodismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismo" title="Metodismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metodismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismo" title="Metodismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metodismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="متدیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متدیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thodisme" title="Méthodisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthodisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhachas" title="Modhachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Modhachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismo" title="Metodismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metodismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9n-tho-ch%C3%BBng" title="Sùn-tho-chûng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sùn-tho-chûng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A6%AC%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="감리교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감리교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Մեթոդիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեթոդիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="मेथोडिज़्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेथोडिज़्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Metodis" title="Gereja Metodis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Metodis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodismo" title="Methodismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Methodismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%BE%C3%B3dismi" title="Meþódismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Meþódismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismo" title="Metodismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metodismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מתודיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתודיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%94l%C9%A9y%C9%9B_yaa_la%C9%A3s%C9%A9_t%C9%A9naa_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B" title="Cɔlɩyɛ yaa laɣsɩ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cɔlɩyɛ yaa laɣsɩ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეთოდიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეთოდიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Методизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Методизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamethodisti" title="Wamethodisti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wamethodisti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodis" title="Metodis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metodis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiae_Methodistae" title="Ecclesiae Methodistae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesiae Methodistae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodisms" title="Metodisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metodisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodistai" title="Metodistai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metodistai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodizmus" title="Metodizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metodizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Методизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Методизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%B4disma" title="Metôdisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Metôdisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეთოდიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეთოდიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه الميثوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الميثوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodisme" title="Metodisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metodisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodisme" title="Methodisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Methodisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="メソジスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メソジスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodisme" title="Metodisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metodisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodisme" title="Metodisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metodisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thodisme" title="Méthodisme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Méthodisme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodistlar" title="Metodistlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metodistlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="میتودیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="میتودیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodyzm" title="Metodyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metodyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismo" title="Metodismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metodismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodism" title="Metodism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metodism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodista_Inlisya" title="Methodista Inlisya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Methodista Inlisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Методизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Методизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodizmi" title="Metodizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metodizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Methodism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libandla_lemaWeseli" title="Libandla lemaWeseli – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Libandla lemaWeseli" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodizmus" title="Metodizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metodizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Методизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Методизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodisti" title="Metodisti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metodisti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodismi" title="Metodismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metodismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodism" title="Metodism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metodism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மெதடிசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெதடிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodizm" title="Metodizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metodizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Методизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Методизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%88%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="میتھوڈسٹ مسیحیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میتھوڈسٹ مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_Gi%C3%A1m_l%C3%BD" title="Phong trào Giám lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào Giám lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E9%81%93%E5%AE%97" title="循道宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="循道宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E9%81%93%E8%A1%9B%E7%90%86%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83" title="循道衛理公會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="循道衛理公會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E9%81%93%E5%AE%97" title="循道宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="循道宗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodis" title="Metodis – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Metodis" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Methodism" title="Category:Methodism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;font-size:160%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methodism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_clipped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wesley"><img alt="John Wesley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/125px-John_Wesley_clipped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/188px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/250px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="349" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Origins">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a>)</div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Doctrinal standards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Distinctive beliefs and practices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Ashbel Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Churches</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Methodist_Church" title="Global Methodist Church">Global Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Other Methodist denominations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Other relevant topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">Methodist views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">Itinerant preacher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism" title="Homosexuality and Methodism">Homosexuality and Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Bishops in Methodism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell">Stone-Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Augsburg Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_Movement" title="Convergence Movement">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Growth" title="Church Growth">Church Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestantism" title="Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestantism" title="Template talk:Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">tradition</a> whose origins, <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> and practice derive from the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a> and John's brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a> were also significant early leaders in the movement. They were named Methodists for "the methodical way in which they carried out their Christian faith".<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garrison1908-3">[3]</a> Methodism originated as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revival</a> movement within <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in the 18th century and became a separate denomination after Wesley's death. The movement spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and beyond because of vigorous <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missionary work</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Missionary_Work-4">[4]</a> and today has about 80 million adherents worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-5">[nb 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-adherents-6">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a>, which is upheld by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Methodist denominations</a>, focuses on <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a> and the transforming effect of faith on the character of a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. Distinguishing doctrines include the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">new birth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AbrahamKirby-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">imparted righteousness</a>, and obedience to God manifested in performing <a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">works of piety</a>. John Wesley held that <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> was "the grand depositum," or foundational doctrine, of the Methodist faith, and its propagation was the reason God brought Methodists into existence.<a href="#cite_note-DaviesGeorge2017-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a> is considered the <a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura#Methodism" title="Prima scriptura">primary authority</a>, but Methodists also look to <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a>, including the historic <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a>. Most Methodists teach that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">died for all of humanity</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> is achievable for all.<a href="#cite_note-StanglinMcCall2012-12">[11]</a> This is the <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> doctrine,<a href="#cite_note-Arminianism-13">[nb 2]</a> as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinist</a> position that God has <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">pre-ordained</a> the salvation of a <a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">select group</a> of people. However, Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodists">Calvinistic Methodists</a> and held to the Calvinist position. The movement has a wide variety of forms of <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> to <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical</a> usage, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">tent revivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a> held at certain times of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Iovino2018-14">[12]</a> Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, while worship in American Methodism varies depending on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations#North_America" title="List of Methodist denominations">Methodist denomination</a> and congregation.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Methodist worship distinctiveness includes the observance of the quarterly <a href="/wiki/Lovefeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovefeast">lovefeast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">watchnight service</a> on New Year's Eve, as well as <a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">altar calls</a> in which people are invited to experience the new birth and entire sanctification.<a href="#cite_note-Tovey2016-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eckett-17">[15]</a> Its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">growing in grace</a> after the new birth (and after being entirely sanctified) led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">class meetings</a> for encouragement in the Christian life.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas2018-18">[16]</a> Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition, and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymnody</a> of Methodism.<a href="#cite_note-Methodist_Hymnbody-19">[17]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>, Methodism is known for its <a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">charity</a>, as well as support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a> that "flow from the love of God and neighbor" evidenced in the entirely sanctified believer.<a href="#cite_note-Heitzenrater2002-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2005-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_holiness-22">[20]</a> These ideals, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a>, are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens, and schools to follow Christ's command to spread <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a> and serve all people.<a href="#cite_note-2009AbrahamKirby-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Establishments-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2005-21">[19]</a> Methodists are historically known for their adherence to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">nonconformity to the world</a>, reflected by their traditional standards of a commitment to sobriety, prohibition of gambling, regular attendance at class meetings, and weekly observance of the <a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">Friday fast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKnight2010-26">[24]</a> Early Methodists were drawn from all levels of society, including the aristocracy,<a href="#cite_note-class-28">[nb 3]</a> but the Methodist preachers took the message to labourers and criminals who tended to be left outside organized religion at that time. In Britain, the Methodist Church had a major effect in the early decades of the developing <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">working class</a> (1760–1820).<a href="#cite_note-Swatos1998-29">[26]</a> In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves, who later formed <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black churches</a> in the Methodist tradition.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a detailed history of Methodism in Britain, see <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain#History" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain § History</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">History of Methodism in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley#Persecutions_and_lay_preaching" title="John Wesley">John Wesley § Persecutions and lay preaching</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_by_George_Romney_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_Wesley_by_George_Romney_crop.jpg/156px-John_Wesley_by_George_Romney_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_Wesley_by_George_Romney_crop.jpg/234px-John_Wesley_by_George_Romney_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_Wesley_by_George_Romney_crop.jpg/312px-John_Wesley_by_George_Romney_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1687" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">John Wesley</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Wesley_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_Wesley_crop.jpg/158px-Charles_Wesley_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Charles_Wesley_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="284" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Charles Wesley</div></div></div></div></div> The Methodist revival began in England with a group of men, including <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (1703–1791) and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles</a> (1707–1788), as a movement within the Church of England in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-UMCofWB-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Methodism-John_Wesley-32">[29]</a> The Wesley brothers founded the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Club" title="Holy Club">Holy Club</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_Wesley,_Fellow,_Lincoln_College-33">[30]</a> The club met weekly and they systematically set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury, and frequently visiting the sick and the poor and prisoners. The fellowship were branded as "Methodist" by their fellow students because of the way they used "rule" and "method" to go about their religious affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Fairchild-34">[31]</a> John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery and <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">turned it into a title of honour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fairchild-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-holy_club-35">[32]</a> In 1735, at the invitation of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Colony">Georgia Colony</a>, General <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a>, both John and Charles Wesley set out for America to be <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">ministers</a> to the colonists and missionaries to the Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help from <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boehler" title="Peter Boehler">Peter Boehler</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>. At a Moravian <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aldersgate" title="Aldersgate">Aldersgate</a> on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> conversion, when he felt his "heart strangely warmed".<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> He records in his journal: "I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone, for salvation; and an assurance was given me that He had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death."<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Charles had reported a similar experience a few days previously. Considering this a pivotal moment, Daniel L. Burnett writes: "The significance of [John] Wesley's Aldersgate Experience is monumental ... Without it the names of Wesley and Methodism would likely be nothing more than obscure footnotes in the pages of church history."<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The Wesley brothers immediately began to preach salvation by faith to individuals and groups, in houses, in religious <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">societies</a>, and in the few churches which had not closed their doors to evangelical preachers.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> (1560–1609). Arminius had rejected the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> teaching that God had <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">pre-ordained</a> an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a> (1714–1770), <a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a> (1714–1773),<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon</a> (1707–1791)<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> were notable for being <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales#History" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Calvinistic Methodists</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Whitefield_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/George_Whitefield_%28head%29.jpg/170px-George_Whitefield_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/George_Whitefield_%28head%29.jpg/255px-George_Whitefield_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/George_Whitefield_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>George Whitefield</figcaption></figure> Returning from his mission in Georgia, George Whitefield joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly becoming a national crusade.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> Whitefield, who had been a fellow student of the Wesleys and prominent member of the Holy Club at Oxford, became well known for his unorthodox, <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">itinerant</a> ministry, in which he was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">open-air preaching</a> – reaching crowds of thousands.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> A key step in the development of John Wesley's ministry was, like Whitefield, to preach in fields, collieries, and churchyards to those who did not regularly attend <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> Accordingly, many Methodist converts were those disconnected from the Church of England; Wesley remained a cleric of the Established Church and insisted that Methodists attend their local parish church as well as Methodist meetings because only an ordained minister could perform the sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2">[2]</a> Faced with growing evangelistic and <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral</a> responsibilities, Wesley and Whitefield appointed <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> preachers and leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> Methodist preachers focused particularly on evangelising people who had been "neglected" by the established Church of England. Wesley and his assistant preachers organized the new converts into Methodist societies.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> These societies were divided into groups called <a href="/wiki/Cell_group" title="Cell group">classes</a> – intimate meetings where individuals were encouraged to confess their sins to one another and to build up each other. They also took part in <a href="/wiki/Love_feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Love feast">love feasts</a> which allowed for the sharing of <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">testimony</a>, a key feature of early Methodism.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Growth in numbers and increasing hostility impressed upon the revival converts a deep sense of their corporate identity.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> Three teachings that Methodists saw as the foundation of Christian faith were: <ol><li>People are all, by nature, "<a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">dead in sin</a>".</li> <li>They are <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justified by faith alone</a>.</li> <li>Faith produces inward and <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a></li></ol> Wesley's organisational skills soon established him as the primary leader of the movement. Whitefield was a Calvinist, whereas Wesley was an outspoken opponent of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">predestination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CT-45">[42]</a> Wesley argued (against Calvinist doctrine) that Christians could enjoy a <a href="/wiki/Second_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Second blessing">second blessing</a> – entire sanctification (<a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a>) in this life: loving God and their neighbours, meekness and lowliness of heart and abstaining from all appearance of evil.<a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> These differences put strains on the alliance between Whitefield and Wesley,<a href="#cite_note-CT-45">[42]</a> with Wesley becoming hostile toward Whitefield in what had been previously close relations. Whitefield consistently begged Wesley not to let theological differences sever their friendship, and, in time, their friendship was restored, though this was seen by many of Whitefield's followers to be a doctrinal compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Dallimore._George_Whitefield-47">[44]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> in the established church feared that new doctrines promulgated by the Methodists, such as the necessity of a <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">new birth</a> for salvation – the first work of grace, of <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a> and of the constant and sustained action of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> upon the believer's soul, would produce ill effects upon weak minds.<a href="#cite_note-Glen-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Evans" title="Theophilus Evans">Theophilus Evans</a>, an early critic of the movement, even wrote that it was "the natural Tendency of their Behaviour, in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions, to make People mad". In one of his prints, <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> likewise attacked Methodists as "enthusiasts" full of "<a href="/wiki/Credulity,_Superstition,_and_Fanaticism" title="Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism">Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Glen-48">[45]</a> Other attacks against the Methodists were physically violent – Wesley was nearly murdered by a mob at <a href="/wiki/Wednesbury" title="Wednesbury">Wednesbury</a> in 1743.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The Methodists responded vigorously to their critics and thrived despite the attacks against them.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Methodist_chapel_called_%22The_Foundry%22_-_Capel_Cyntaf_y_Methodistiaid_Wesleyaidd_a_Adnabyddid_Wrth_%22Y_Foundry%22.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_First_Methodist_chapel_called_%22The_Foundry%22_-_Capel_Cyntaf_y_Methodistiaid_Wesleyaidd_a_Adnabyddid_Wrth_%22Y_Foundry%22.jpeg/220px-The_First_Methodist_chapel_called_%22The_Foundry%22_-_Capel_Cyntaf_y_Methodistiaid_Wesleyaidd_a_Adnabyddid_Wrth_%22Y_Foundry%22.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_First_Methodist_chapel_called_%22The_Foundry%22_-_Capel_Cyntaf_y_Methodistiaid_Wesleyaidd_a_Adnabyddid_Wrth_%22Y_Foundry%22.jpeg/330px-The_First_Methodist_chapel_called_%22The_Foundry%22_-_Capel_Cyntaf_y_Methodistiaid_Wesleyaidd_a_Adnabyddid_Wrth_%22Y_Foundry%22.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_First_Methodist_chapel_called_%22The_Foundry%22_-_Capel_Cyntaf_y_Methodistiaid_Wesleyaidd_a_Adnabyddid_Wrth_%22Y_Foundry%22.jpeg/440px-The_First_Methodist_chapel_called_%22The_Foundry%22_-_Capel_Cyntaf_y_Methodistiaid_Wesleyaidd_a_Adnabyddid_Wrth_%22Y_Foundry%22.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>The first Methodist chapel, "<a href="/wiki/The_Foundery" title="The Foundery">The Foundery</a>", London. </figcaption></figure> Initially, the Methodists merely sought reform within the Church of England (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>), but the movement gradually <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">departed from that Church</a>. George Whitefield's preference for extemporaneous prayer rather than the fixed forms of prayer in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, in addition to his insistence on the necessity of the new birth, set him at odds with Anglican clergy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> As Methodist societies multiplied, and elements of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">ecclesiastical system</a> were, one after another, adopted, the breach between John Wesley and the Church of England gradually widened. In 1784, Wesley responded to the shortage of priests in the American colonies due to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ordaining" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordaining">ordaining</a> preachers for America with the power to administer the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Wesley's actions precipitated the split between American Methodists and the Church of England (which held that only bishops could ordain people to ministry).<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> With regard to the position of Methodism within <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, "John Wesley once noted that what God had achieved in the development of Methodism was no mere human endeavor but the work of God. As such it would be preserved by God so long as history remained."<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Calling it "the grand depositum" of the Methodist faith, Wesley specifically taught that the propagation of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> was the reason that God raised up the Methodists in the world.<a href="#cite_note-DaviesGeorge2017-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-11">[10]</a> In light of this, Methodists traditionally promote the motto "Holiness unto the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-Garrison1908-3">[3]</a> The influence of Whitefield and Lady Huntingdon on the Church of England was a factor in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a> in 1844. At the time of Wesley's death, there were over 500 Methodist preachers in British colonies and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">[37]</a> Total membership of the Methodist societies in Britain was recorded as 56,000 in 1791, rising to 360,000 in 1836 and 1,463,000 by the national census of 1851.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Early Methodism experienced a radical and spiritual phase that allowed <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">women authority in church leadership</a>. The role of the woman preacher emerged from the sense that the home should be a place of community care and should foster personal growth. Methodist women formed a community that cared for the vulnerable, extending the role of mothering beyond physical care. Women were encouraged to <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">testify</a> their faith. However, the centrality of women's role sharply diminished after 1790 as Methodist churches became more structured and more male-dominated.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The Wesleyan Education Committee, which existed from 1838 to 1902, has documented the Methodist Church's involvement in the education of children. At first, most effort was placed in creating Sunday Schools. Still, in 1836 the British Methodist Conference gave its blessing to the creation of "Weekday schools".<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Methodism spread throughout the British Empire and, mostly through Whitefield's preaching during what historians call the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, in colonial America. However, after Whitefield's death in 1770, American Methodism entered a more lasting <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan">Wesleyan</a> and Arminian development phase.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Revival services and camp meetings were used "for spreading the Methodist message", with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> stating that they were "our harvest seasons".<a href="#cite_note-Black2003-60">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Boehm" title="Henry Boehm">Henry Boehm</a> reported that at a camp meeting in <a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a> in 1805, 1100 persons received the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">New Birth</a> and 600 believers were <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Wesleyan_teaching" title="Christian perfection">entirely sanctified</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Black2003-60">[57]</a> Around the time of <a href="/wiki/John_Swanel_Inskip" title="John Swanel Inskip">John Swanel Inskip</a>'s leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Holiness_Partnership" title="Christian Holiness Partnership">National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Christian Holiness</a> in the mid to latter 1800s, 80 percent of the membership of the North Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South professed being entirely sanctified.<a href="#cite_note-Black2003-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">A traditional summary of Methodist teaching</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> All need to be <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">saved</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">All may be saved</a>. All may <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">know themselves saved</a>. All may be <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">saved to the uttermost</a>. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists.<a href="#cite_note-Catechism-61">[58]</a>: 40 </cite> </div> Many Methodist bodies, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, base their doctrinal standards on the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vickers2016-62">[59]</a> John Wesley's abridgment of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> of the Church of England that excised its Calvinist features.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2005-63">[60]</a> Some Methodist denominations also publish <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechisms</a>, which concisely summarise Christian <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catechism-61">[58]</a> Methodists generally accept the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> as declarations of shared Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-Catechism-61">[58]</a>: 30–33 <a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Methodism affirms the traditional Christian belief in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">triune Godhead</a> (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian orthodoxy">orthodox</a> understanding of the person of Jesus Christ as <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">God incarnate</a> who is both <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">fully divine and fully human</a>.<a href="#cite_note-articles-65">[62]</a> Methodism also emphasizes doctrines that indicate the power of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> to strengthen the faith of believers and to transform their personal lives.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Methodism is broadly <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> in doctrine and is characterized by Wesleyan theology;<a href="#cite_note-Tillett1907-67">[64]</a> John Wesley is studied by Methodists for his interpretation of church practice and doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Catechism-61">[58]</a>: 38  At its heart, the theology of John Wesley stressed the life of <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Christian holiness</a>: to love God with all one's heart, mind, soul and strength and to <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">love one's neighbour as oneself</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> One popular expression of Methodist doctrine is in the <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> of Charles Wesley.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Since enthusiastic <a href="/wiki/Congregational_singing" title="Congregational singing">congregational singing</a> was a part of the early evangelical movement, Wesleyan theology took root and spread through this channel.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Martin V. Clarke, who documented the history of Methodist hymnody, states: <blockquote>Theologically and doctrinally, the content of the hymns has traditionally been a primary vehicle for expressing Methodism's emphasis on salvation for all, social holiness, and personal commitment, while particular hymns and the communal act of participating in hymn singing have been key elements in the spiritual lives of Methodists.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Salvation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg/220px-Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg/330px-Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg/440px-Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="4712" /></a><figcaption>Methodists believe Jesus Christ died for all humanity, not a limited few: the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">unlimited atonement</a>.</figcaption></figure> Wesleyan Methodists identify with the <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> conception of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">theological determinism</a> of absolute <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arminianism-13">[nb 2]</a> Methodism teaches that <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Arminianism" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> is initiated when one chooses to respond to God, who draws the individual near to him (the Wesleyan doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a>), thus teaching <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olson2002-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-2002Olson-79">[76]</a> Methodists interpret Scripture as teaching that the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">saving work</a> of Jesus Christ is for all people (<a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">unlimited atonement</a>) but effective only to those who respond and believe, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> principles of <a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">sola gratia</a> (grace alone) and <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a> (faith alone).<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> John Wesley taught four key points fundamental to Methodism: <ol><li>A person is free not only to reject salvation but also to accept it by an act of free will.</li> <li>All people who are obedient to <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a> according to the measure of knowledge given them will be saved.</li> <li>The Holy Spirit assures a Christian that they are <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justified</a> by faith in Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance of faith</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AbrahamKirby-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yates2015-81">[78]</a></li> <li>Christians in this life are capable of <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Wesleyan_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a> and are commanded by God to pursue it.<a href="#cite_note-Harper-82">[79]</a></li></ol> After the <a href="/wiki/First_work_of_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="First work of grace">first work of grace</a> (the new birth),<a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-7">[6]</a> Methodist <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a> emphasizes the importance of the pursuit of holiness in salvation,<a href="#cite_note-Joyner2007-83">[80]</a> a concept best summarized in a quote by Methodist evangelist <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a> who stated that "justification would have ended with me had I refused to be holy."<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2016-84">[81]</a> Thus, for Methodists, "true faith ... cannot subsist without works."<a href="#cite_note-Knight2013-85">[82]</a> Methodism, inclusive of the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>, thus teaches that "justification [is made] conditional on obedience and progress in <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2016-84">[81]</a> emphasizing "a deep reliance upon Christ not only in coming to faith, but in remaining in the faith."<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> John Wesley taught that the keeping of the moral law contained in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2011-87">[84]</a> as well as engaging in the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">works of piety</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>, were "indispensable for our sanctification".<a href="#cite_note-Knight2013-85">[82]</a> In its categorization of sin, Methodist doctrine distinguishes between (1) "sin, properly so called" and (2) "involuntary transgression of a divine law, known or unknown"; the former category includes voluntary transgression against God, while the second category includes infirmities (such as "immaturity, ignorance, physical handicaps, forgetfulness, lack of discernment, and poor communication skills").<a href="#cite_note-Newman2024-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olson2022-89">[86]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Wesley explains that those born of God do not sin habitually since to do so means that sin still reigns, which is a mark of an unbeliever. Neither does the Christian sin willfully since the believer's will is now set on living for Christ. He further claims that believers do not sin by desire because the heart has been thoroughly transformed to desire only God's perfect will. Wesley then addresses “sin by infirmities.” Since infirmities involve no “concurrence of (the) will,” such deviations, whether in thought, word, or deed, are not “properly” sin. He therefore concludes that those born of God do not commit sin, having been saved from “all their sins” (II.2, 7).<a href="#cite_note-Olson2022-89">[86]</a></blockquote> This is reflected in the Articles of Religion of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> (emphasis added in italics), which uses the wording of John Wesley:<a href="#cite_note-McClintockStrong2024-90">[87]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Justified persons, while they do not outwardly commit sin, are nevertheless conscious of sin still remaining in the heart. They feel a natural tendency to evil, a proneness to depart from God, and cleave to the things of earth. Those that are sanctified wholly are saved from all inward sin-from evil thoughts and evil tempers. No wrong temper, none contrary to love remains in the soul. All their thoughts, words, and actions are governed by pure love. Entire sanctification takes place subsequently to justification, and is the work of God wrought instantaneously upon the consecrated, believing soul. After a soul is cleansed from all sin, it is then fully prepared to grow in grace" (Discipline, "Articles of Religion," ch. i, § 1, p. 23).<a href="#cite_note-McClintockStrong2024-90">[87]</a></blockquote> Methodists also believe in the <a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">second work of grace</a> – Christian perfection, also known as entire sanctification, which removes <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, makes the believer holy and empowers him/her with power to wholly serve God.<a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buschart2009-91">[88]</a> John Wesley explained, "entire sanctification, or Christian perfection, is neither more nor less than pure love; love expelling sin, and governing both the heart and life of a child of God. The Refiner's fire purges out all that is contrary to love."<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-93">[90]</a> Methodist churches teach that <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">apostasy</a> can occur through a loss of faith or through <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">sinning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pinson2002-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2016-95">[92]</a> If a person <a href="/wiki/Backsliding" title="Backsliding">backslides</a> but later decides to return to God, he or she must <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">repent</a> for sins and be entirely sanctified again (the Arminian doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Conditional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional security">conditional security</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-CaugheyAllen1850-97">[94]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sacraments">edit</a>]</div> Methodists hold that <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> are sacred acts of divine institution. Methodism has inherited its liturgy from <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, although Wesleyan theology tends to have a stronger "sacramental emphasis" than that held by <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism" title="Evangelical Anglicanism">evangelical Anglicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy2016-98">[95]</a> In common with most Protestants, Methodists recognize two sacraments as being instituted by Christ: <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> (also called the Lord's Supper).<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Most Methodist churches practice <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>, in anticipation of a response to be made later (<a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">baptism of believing adults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists states that, "[in Holy Communion] Jesus Christ is <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">present</a> with his worshipping people and gives himself to them as their Lord and Saviour."<a href="#cite_note-Catechism-61">[58]</a>: 26  In the United Methodist Church, the explanation of how <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Christ's presence is made manifest</a> in the elements (bread and wine) is described as a "Holy Mystery".<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Methodist churches generally recognize sacraments to be a <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> John Wesley held that God also imparted <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> by other established means such as public and private <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, Scripture reading, <a href="/wiki/Bible_study_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible study (Christian)">study</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">public worship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>; these constitute the works of piety.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Wesley considered means of grace to be "outward signs, words, or actions ... to be the ordinary channels whereby [God] might convey to men, preventing [i.e., preparing], justifying or sanctifying grace."<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Specifically Methodist means, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cell_group" title="Cell group">class meetings</a>, provided his chief examples for these prudential means of grace.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_teaching">Sources of teaching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources of teaching">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura" title="Prima scriptura">Prima scriptura</a></div> American Methodist theologian <a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert Outler</a>, in assessing John Wesley's own practices of theological reflection, proposes a methodology termed the "Wesleyan Quadrilateral".<a href="#cite_note-Outler1985-106">[103]</a> Wesley's Quadrilateral is referred to in Methodism as "our theological guidelines" and is taught to its <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">ministers</a> (clergy) in <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> as the primary approach to interpreting Scripture and gaining guidance for moral questions and dilemmas faced in daily living.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-107">[104]</a>: 76–88  Traditionally, Methodists declare the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a>) to be the only divinely inspired Scripture and the primary source of authority for Christians.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> The historic Methodist understanding of Scripture is based on the superstructure of <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_covenant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan covenant theology">Wesleyan covenant theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodes2014-109">[106]</a> Methodists also make use of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">tradition</a>, drawing primarily from the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, as a secondary source of authority. Tradition may serve as a lens through which Scripture is interpreted. Theological discourse for Methodists almost always makes use of Scripture read inside the wider theological tradition of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> John Wesley contended that a part of the theological method would involve experiential faith.<a href="#cite_note-Outler1985-106">[103]</a> In other words, truth would be vivified in personal experience of Christians (overall, not individually), if it were really truth. And every doctrine must be able to be defended rationally. He did not divorce <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>. By reason, one asks questions of faith and seeks to understand God's action and will. Tradition, experience and reason, however, were subject always to Scripture, Wesley argued, because only there is the Word of God <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed</a> "so far as it is necessary for our salvation."<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-107">[104]</a>: 77  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prayer,_worship,_and_liturgy">Prayer, worship, and liturgy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prayer, worship, and liturgy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wesley%27s_Chapel_during_Wikimania_2014_by-RaBoe_68.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wesley%27s_Chapel_during_Wikimania_2014_by-RaBoe_68.jpg/260px-Wesley%27s_Chapel_during_Wikimania_2014_by-RaBoe_68.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wesley%27s_Chapel_during_Wikimania_2014_by-RaBoe_68.jpg/390px-Wesley%27s_Chapel_during_Wikimania_2014_by-RaBoe_68.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wesley%27s_Chapel_during_Wikimania_2014_by-RaBoe_68.jpg/520px-Wesley%27s_Chapel_during_Wikimania_2014_by-RaBoe_68.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Communion_table" title="Communion table">Communion table</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Communion_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion rail">rail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wesley%27s_Chapel" title="Wesley's Chapel">Wesley's Chapel</a>, London. The <a href="/wiki/Reredos" title="Reredos">reredos</a> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>.</figcaption></figure> Early Methodism was known for its "almost monastic rigors, its living by rule, [and] its canonical hours of prayer".<a href="#cite_note-Hurst1902-112">[109]</a> It inherited from its <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Anglican patrimony</a> the practice of reciting the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Office">Daily Office</a>, which Methodist Christians were expected to <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2019-113">[110]</a> The first prayer book of Methodism, <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists with other occasional Services</a> thus included the canonical hours of both Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer; these services were observed everyday in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, though on the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>, worship included the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-Bercot2021-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones2019-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith2005-115">[112]</a> Later Methodist liturgical books, such as the Methodist Worship Book (1999) provide for Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer to be prayed daily; the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> encourages its communicants to pray the canonical hours as "one of the essential practices" of being a disciple of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-MWB-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Some Methodist religious orders publish the Daily Office to be used for that community, for example, The Book of Offices and Services of The Order of Saint Luke contains the canonical hours to be prayed traditionally at <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> (6 am), <a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a> (9 am), <a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a> (12 pm), <a href="/wiki/Nones_(liturgy)" title="Nones (liturgy)">None</a> (3 pm), <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> (6 pm), <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> (9 pm) and <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a> (12 am).<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Some Methodist congregations offer daily Morning Prayer.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> With respect to public worship, Methodism was endowed by the Wesley brothers with worship characterised by a twofold practice: the ritual liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> on the one hand and the non-ritualistic preaching service on the other.<a href="#cite_note-Firth-120">[117]</a> This twofold practice became distinctive of Methodism because worship in the Church of England was based, by law, solely on the Book of Common Prayer and worship in the <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> churches was almost exclusively that of "services of the word", i.e. preaching services, with <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> being observed infrequently. John Wesley's influence meant that, in Methodism, the two practices were combined, a situation which remains characteristic of the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Firth-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Methodism has heavily emphasized "offerings of <a href="/wiki/Extemporaneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Extemporaneous">extempore</a> and spontaneous prayer".<a href="#cite_note-Nichols2012-122">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methodistcommunion2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Methodistcommunion2.jpg/170px-Methodistcommunion2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Methodistcommunion2.jpg/255px-Methodistcommunion2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Methodistcommunion2.jpg/340px-Methodistcommunion2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>United Methodist minister breaking bread during a Communion service</figcaption></figure> Historically, Methodist churches have devoutly observed the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a> (Sunday) with a morning <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">service of worship</a>, along with an evening service of worship (with the evening service being aimed at seekers and focusing on "singing, prayer, and preaching"); the holding of a midweek prayer meeting on Wednesday evenings has been customary.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-WFMC2024-124">[121]</a> 18th-century Methodist church services were characterized by the following pattern: "preliminaries (e.g., singing, prayers, testimonies), to a 'message,' followed by an invitation to commitment", the latter of which took the form <a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">altar call</a>—a practice that a remains "a vital part" of worship.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker2011-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coleman-126">[123]</a> A number of Methodist congregations devote a portion of their Sunday evening service and mid-week Wednesday evening prayer meeting to having congregants share their prayer requests, in addition to hearing personal <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Religion" title="Testimony">testimonies</a> about their faith and experiences in living the Christian life.<a href="#cite_note-POF1948-127">[124]</a> After listening to various members of the congregation voice their prayer requests, congregants may kneel for <a href="/wiki/Intercession#Christianity" title="Intercession">intercessory prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WFMC2024-124">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lovefeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovefeast">Lovefeast</a>, traditionally practiced quarterly, was another practice that characterized early Methodism as John Wesley taught that it was an apostolic <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">ordinance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tovey2016-16">[14]</a> Worship, hymnology, devotional and liturgical practices in Methodism were also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Lutheran Pietism</a> and, in turn, Methodist worship became influential in the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> In America, the United Methodist Church and <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist_Church" title="Primitive Methodist Church">Primitive Methodist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a>, have a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> to <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical</a> usage. When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England because of the American Revolution, John Wesley provided a revised version of the Book of Common Prayer called <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists;_With_Other_Occasional_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services">The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services</a> (1784).<a href="#cite_note-Coe1996-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Today, the primary <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">liturgical books</a> of the United Methodist Church are <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Hymnal" title="The United Methodist Hymnal">The United Methodist Hymnal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Book_of_Worship_(1992)" title="The United Methodist Book of Worship (1992)">The United Methodist Book of Worship</a> (1992). Congregations employ its liturgy and rituals as optional resources, but their use is not mandatory. These books contain the liturgies of the church that are generally derived from Wesley's Sunday Service and from the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical movement">liturgical renewal movement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">British Methodist Church</a> is less ordered, or less liturgical, in worship. It makes use of the Methodist Worship Book (similar to the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a>), containing set services and <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">rubrics</a> for the celebration of other <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rites</a>, such as marriage. The Worship Book is also ultimately derived from Wesley's Sunday Service.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> A unique feature of American Methodism has been the observance of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">season</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdomtide" title="Kingdomtide">Kingdomtide</a>, encompassing the last 13 weeks before Advent, thus dividing the long season after Pentecost into two segments. During Kingdomtide, Methodist liturgy has traditionally emphasized charitable work and alleviating the suffering of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> A second distinctive liturgical feature of Methodism is the use of <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Services</a>. Although practice varies between national churches, most Methodist churches annually follow the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> with God. It is common for each congregation to use the Covenant Renewal liturgy during the <a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">watchnight service</a> in the night of <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sweet2014-133">[130]</a> though in Britain, these are often on the first Sunday of the year. Wesley's covenant prayer is still used, with minor modification, in the order of service: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Christ has many services to be done. Some are easy, others are difficult. Some bring honour, others bring reproach. Some are suitable to our natural inclinations and temporal interests, others are contrary to both ... Yet the power to do all these things is given to us in Christ, who strengthens us. ...I am no longer my own but yours. Put me to what you will, rank me with whom you will; put me to doing, put me to suffering; let me be employed for you or laid aside for you, exalted for you or brought low for you; let me be full, let me be empty, let me have all things, let me have nothing; I freely and wholeheartedly yield all things to your pleasure and disposal.<a href="#cite_note-MWB-116">[113]</a>: 290 </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption>Methodist preachers were known for promulgating the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">new birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> to the public at events such as tent revivals, brush arbor revivals and camp meetings (depicted here in an engraving), which they believe is the reason that God brought them into existence.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson-11">[10]</a></figcaption></figure> As John Wesley advocated outdoor evangelism, <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">revival services</a> are a traditional worship practice of Methodism that are often held in churches, as well as at <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush_arbor_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush arbor revival">brush arbor revivals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">tent revivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dresser2015-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-CensusHunt1910-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChilcoteWarner2008-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Membership">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, Methodist <a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">connexions</a> descending from the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> have a probationary period of six months before an individual is admitted into <a href="/wiki/Church_membership" title="Church membership">church membership</a> as a full member of a congregation.<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> Given the wide attendance at Methodist <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">revival meetings</a>, many people started to attend Methodist services of worship regularly, though they had not yet committed to membership.<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> When they made that commitment, becoming a probationer was the first step and during this period, probationers "receive additional instruction and provide evidence of the seriousness of their faith and willingness to abide by church discipline before being accepted into full membership."<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> In addition to this, to be a probationary member of a Methodist congregation, a person traditionally requires an "earnest desire to be saved from [one's] sins".<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> In the historic Methodist system, probationers were eligible to become members of <a href="/wiki/Cell_group#Methodism" title="Cell group">class meetings</a>, where they could be further discipled in their faith.<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechisms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/The_Probationer%27s_Handbook" class="mw-redirect" title="The Probationer's Handbook">The Probationer's Handbook</a>, authored by minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Garrison" title="Stephen O. Garrison">Stephen O. Garrison</a>, have been used by probationers to learn the Methodist faith.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> After six months, probationers were examined before the Leaders and Stewards' Meeting (which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Class_meeting#Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class Leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Stewards</a>) where they were to provide "satisfactory assurance both of the correctness of his faith and of his willingness to observe and keep the rules of the church."<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> If probationers were able to do this, they were admitted as full members of the congregation by the <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> Full members of a Methodist congregation "were obligated to attend worship services on a regular basis" and "were to abide by certain moral precepts, especially as they related to substance use, gambling, divorce, and immoral pastimes."<a href="#cite_note-Scott2016-25">[23]</a> This practice continues in certain Methodist connexions, such as the Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church, in which probationers must be examined by the pastor, class leader, and board for full membership, in addition to being <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SandersonScottHuntBelcherWoods2011-138">[135]</a> The same structure is found in the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a>, which teaches:<a href="#cite_note-AMEZ2012-139">[136]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In order that we may not admit improper persons into our church, great care be taken in receiving persons on probation, and let not one be so received or enrolled who does not give satisfactory evidence of his/her desire to flee the wrath to come and to be saved from his/her sins. Such a person satisfying us in these particulars may be received into our church on six months probation; but shall not be admitted to full membership until he/she shall have given satisfactory evidence of saving faith in the Lord Jesus Christ.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>¶89, The Doctrine and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church<a href="#cite_note-AMEZ2012-139">[136]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The pastor and class leader are to ensure "that all persons on probation be instructed in the Rules and Doctrines of The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church before they are admitted to Full Membership" and that "probationers are expected to conform to the rules and usages of the Church, and to show evidence of their desire for fellowship in the Church".<a href="#cite_note-AMEZ2012-139">[136]</a> After the six-month probation period, "A probationer may be admitted to full membership, provided he/she has served out his/her probation, has been baptized, recommended at the Leaders' Meeting, and, if none has been held according to law, recommended by the Leader, and, on examination by the Pastor before the Church as required in ¶600 has given satisfactory assurance both of the correctness of his/her faith, and of his/her willingness to observe and keep the rules of our Church."<a href="#cite_note-AMEZ2012-139">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> admits to associate membership, by vote of the congregation, those who give affirmation to two questions: "1) Does the Lord now forgive your sins? 2) Will you acquaint yourself with the discipline of our connection and earnestly endeavor to govern your life by its rules as God shall give you understanding?"<a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-140">[137]</a> Probationers who wish to become full members are examined by the advisory board before being received as such through four vows (on the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">new birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>, and assent to the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)#Methodism" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-140">[137]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, the process of becoming a professing member of a congregation is done through the taking membership vows (normatively in the rite of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>) after a period of instruction and receiving the sacrament of baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Manskar-141">[138]</a> It is the practice of certain Methodist connexions that when people become members of a congregation, they are offered the <a href="/wiki/Right_Hand_of_Fellowship" title="Right Hand of Fellowship">Right Hand of Fellowship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emmanuel2002-142">[139]</a> Methodists traditionally celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">watchnight service</a> annually on New Year's Eve, in which members renew their <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)#Methodism" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> with God and the Church.<a href="#cite_note-Manskar2012-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></div> Early Methodists wore <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>, with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general".<a href="#cite_note-Lyerly1998-144">[141]</a> John Wesley recommended that Methodists annually read his thoughts On Dress;<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> in that sermon, Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> congregation."<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> The 1858 Discipline of the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> thus stated that "we would ... enjoin on all who fear God plain dress."<a href="#cite_note-America1858-147">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(revivalist)" title="Peter Cartwright (revivalist)">Peter Cartwright</a>, a Methodist <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revivalist</a>, stated that in addition to wearing plain dress, the early Methodists distinguished themselves from other members of society by <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Methodism" title="Fasting">fasting</a> once a week, <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">abstaining from alcohol</a> (teetotalism), and devoutly <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism#Sunday_Sabbatarians" title="Sabbatarianism">observing the Sabbath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright1857-148">[145]</a> Methodist <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuit riders</a> were known for practicing the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice#Christianity" title="Spiritual practice">spiritual discipline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh#Methodism" title="Mortification of the flesh">mortifying the flesh</a> as they "arose well before dawn for solitary prayer; they remained on their knees <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Methodism" title="Fasting">without food or drink</a> or physical comforts sometimes for hours on end."<a href="#cite_note-Bratt2012-149">[146]</a> The early Methodists did not participate in, and condemned, "worldly habits" including "playing cards, racing horses, gambling, attending the theater, dancing (both in frolics and balls), and cockfighting."<a href="#cite_note-Lyerly1998-144">[141]</a> In Methodism, fasting is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">works of piety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> The Directions Given to Band Societies (25 December 1744) by John Wesley mandate fasting and abstinence from meat on <a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">all Fridays of the year</a> (in remembrance of the crucifixion of Jesus).<a href="#cite_note-McKnight2010-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-151">[148]</a> Wesley himself also fasted before receiving Holy Communion "for the purpose of focusing his attention on God," and asked other Methodists to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-Beard-152">[149]</a> Over time, many of these practices were relaxed in mainline Methodism, although practices such as teetotalism and fasting are still encouraged, in addition to the current prohibition of gambling.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2002-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Denominations of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a>, continue to reflect the spirit of the historic Methodist practice of wearing plain dress, with <a href="/wiki/Church_membership" title="Church membership">members</a> abstaining from the "wearing of apparel which does not modestly and properly clothe the person" and "refraining from the wearing of jewelry" and "superfluous ornaments (including the wedding ring)".<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-EMCC2017-156">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a>, which continues to observe the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">ordinance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">women's headcovering</a>, stipulates "renouncing all vain pomp and glory" and "adorning oneself with modest attire."<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> The General Rules of the Methodist Church in America, which are among the doctrinal standards of many Methodist Churches, promote first-day Sabbatarianism as they require "attending upon all the ordinances of God" including "the public worship of God" and prohibit "profaning the day of the Lord, either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling."<a href="#cite_note-Tucker2011-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-158">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Methodist_denominations">Contemporary Methodist denominations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary Methodist denominations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">List of Methodist denominations</a></div>Methodism is a worldwide movement and Methodist churches are present on all populated continents.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge2005-159">[156]</a> Although Methodism is declining in Great Britain and North America, it is growing in other places – at a rapid pace in, for example, South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> There is no single Methodist Church with universal juridical authority; Methodists belong to multiple independent denominations or "<a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">connexions</a>". The great majority of Methodists are members of denominations which are part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>, an international association of 80 Methodist, Wesleyan, and related <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">uniting</a> denominations,<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> representing about 80 million people.<a href="#cite_note-adherents-6">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I look on all the world as my parish; thus far I mean, that, in whatever part of it I am, I judge it meet, right, and my bounden duty, to declare unto all that are willing to hear, the glad tidings of salvation.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Wesley, Journal (11 June 1739)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalemskirken_in_Copenhagen_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jerusalemskirken_in_Copenhagen_2.JPG/170px-Jerusalemskirken_in_Copenhagen_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jerusalemskirken_in_Copenhagen_2.JPG/255px-Jerusalemskirken_in_Copenhagen_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jerusalemskirken_in_Copenhagen_2.JPG/340px-Jerusalemskirken_in_Copenhagen_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem%27s_Church,_Copenhagen" title="Jerusalem's Church, Copenhagen">Jerusalem's Church, Copenhagen</a>, the main Methodist church in Denmark</figcaption></figure> Methodism is prevalent in the English-speaking world but it is also organized in mainland Europe, largely due to missionary activity of British and American Methodists. British missionaries were primarily responsible for establishing Methodism across Ireland and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-162">[159]</a> Today the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> (UMC) – a large denomination based in the United States – has a presence in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Collectively the European and Eurasian regions of the UMC constitute a little over 100,000 Methodists (as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nordeuropa_statistics-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Germany_statistics-165">[162]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Other smaller Methodist denominations exist in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Great Britain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Organisation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain">Organisation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></div> The original body founded as a result of Wesley's work came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schisms</a> within the original church, and independent <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">revivals</a>, led to the formation of a number of separate denominations calling themselves "Methodist". The largest of these were the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Primitive Methodism in the United Kingdom">Primitive Methodists</a>, deriving from a revival at <a href="/wiki/Mow_Cop" title="Mow Cop">Mow Cop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church" title="Bible Christian Church">Bible Christians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_New_Connexion" title="Methodist New Connexion">Methodist New Connexion</a>. The original church adopted the name "Wesleyan Methodist" to distinguish it from these bodies. In 1907, a union of smaller groups with the Methodist New Connexion and Bible Christian Church brought about the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="United Methodist Church (Great Britain)">United Methodist Church</a>; then the three major streams of British Methodism <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Union" title="Methodist Union">united in 1932</a> to form the present <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoU-166">[163]</a> The fourth-largest denomination in the country, the Methodist Church of Great Britain has about 202,000 members in 4,650 congregations.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wesley%27s_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wesley%27s_Chapel.jpg/220px-Wesley%27s_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wesley%27s_Chapel.jpg/330px-Wesley%27s_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wesley%27s_Chapel.jpg/440px-Wesley%27s_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wesley%27s_Chapel" title="Wesley's Chapel">Wesley's Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was established by John Wesley, whose statue stands in the courtyard.</figcaption></figure> Early Methodism was particularly prominent in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, which were key centers of activity by the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church" title="Bible Christian Church">Bible Christian</a> faction of Methodists.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> The Bible Christians produced many preachers, and sent many missionaries to Australia.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Methodism also grew rapidly in the old mill towns of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, where the preachers stressed that the working classes were equal to the upper classes in the eyes of God.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> In Wales, three elements separately welcomed Methodism: Welsh-speaking, English-speaking, and <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodism">Calvinistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> British Methodists, in particular the Primitive Methodists, took a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Temperance movement in the United Kingdom">temperance movement</a> of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Methodists saw alcoholic beverages, and alcoholism, as the root of many social ills and tried to persuade people to abstain from these.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of sanctification and perfection. To this day, alcohol remains banned in Methodist premises, however this restriction no longer applies to domestic occasions in private homes (i.e. the minister may have a drink at home in the <a href="/wiki/Manse" title="Manse">manse</a>).<a href="#cite_note-alcohol-174">[171]</a> The choice to consume alcohol is now a personal decision for any member.<a href="#cite_note-alcohol-174">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg/170px-2017_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg/255px-2017_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg/340px-2017_Methodist_Central_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Central Hall in Westminster, London</figcaption></figure> British Methodism does not have <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">bishops</a>; however, it has always been characterised by a strong central organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexion</a>, which holds an annual Conference (the church retains the 18th-century spelling connexion for many purposes). The Connexion is divided into Districts in the charge of the chairperson (who may be male or female). Methodist districts often correspond approximately, in geographical terms, to counties – as do Church of England <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>. The districts are divided into <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">circuits</a> governed by the Circuit Meeting and led and administrated principally by a superintendent minister. <a href="/wiki/Religious_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minister">Ministers</a> are appointed to Circuits rather than to individual churches, although some large inner-city churches, known as "central halls", are designated as circuits in themselves – of these <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Central_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Central Hall">Westminster Central Hall</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in central London, is the best known. Most circuits have fewer ministers than churches, and the majority of services are led by lay <a href="/wiki/Local_preacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Local preacher">local preachers</a>, or by supernumerary ministers (ministers who have retired, called supernumerary because they are not counted for official purposes in the numbers of ministers for the circuit in which they are listed). The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the Circuit by circuit stewards - laypeople with particular skills who, who with the ministers, collectively form what is normally known as the Circuit Leadership Team.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> The Methodist Council also helps to run a number of schools, including two <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Culford_School" title="Culford School">Culford School</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Leys_School" title="The Leys School">the Leys School</a>. The council promotes an all round education with a strong Christian <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Other Methodist denominations in Britain include: the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a>, all of which are Methodist churches aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Reform_Union" title="Wesleyan Reform Union">Wesleyan Reform Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> an early secession from the Wesleyan Methodist Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Methodist_Connexion" title="Independent Methodist Connexion">Independent Methodist Connexion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel-athlone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chapel-athlone.jpg/170px-Chapel-athlone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chapel-athlone.jpg/255px-Chapel-athlone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chapel-athlone.jpg/340px-Chapel-athlone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A Methodist chapel in <a href="/wiki/Athlone" title="Athlone">Athlone</a>, opened in 1865</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a></div> John Wesley visited Ireland on at least twenty-four occasions and established classes and societies.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Eaglais Mheitidisteach in Éirinn) today operates across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on an all-Ireland basis. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were around 50,000 Methodists across Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-IC-180">[177]</a> In 2013, the biggest concentration – 13,171 – was in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, with 2,614 in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is the fourth-largest denomination in Northern Ireland, with Methodists accounting for 2.3% of the population, compared to 3% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-2011ks-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gallagher" title="Eric Gallagher">Eric Gallagher</a> was the President of the Church in the 1970s, becoming a well-known figure in Irish politics.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> He was one of the group of Protestant churchmen who met with <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> officers in <a href="/wiki/Feakle,_County_Clare" class="mw-redirect" title="Feakle, County Clare">Feakle, County Clare</a> to try to broker peace. The meeting was unsuccessful due to a <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda</a> raid on the hotel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a> (FIMC) was established as a number of theologically conservative congregations departed both the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> due to what they perceived as the rise of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Modernism</a> in those denominations.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews2003-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooney2001-186">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponte_-_memoria_Gavazzi_e_chiesa_evangelica_1130333.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ponte_-_memoria_Gavazzi_e_chiesa_evangelica_1130333.JPG/220px-Ponte_-_memoria_Gavazzi_e_chiesa_evangelica_1130333.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ponte_-_memoria_Gavazzi_e_chiesa_evangelica_1130333.JPG/330px-Ponte_-_memoria_Gavazzi_e_chiesa_evangelica_1130333.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ponte_-_memoria_Gavazzi_e_chiesa_evangelica_1130333.JPG/440px-Ponte_-_memoria_Gavazzi_e_chiesa_evangelica_1130333.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Methodist chapel in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> houses Italian and English-speaking congregations</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Evangelical_Church_in_Italy" title="Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy">Italian Methodist Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Chiesa Metodista Italiana) is a small Protestant community in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> with around 7,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-italy1-188">[185]</a> Since 1975, it is in a formal covenant of <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Methodist_and_Waldensian_Churches" title="Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches">partnership with the Waldensian Church</a>, with a total of 45,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-italy1-188">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> are a Protestant movement which started in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France, in the late 1170s. Italian Methodism has its origins in the Italian Free Church, British <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist</a> Missionary Society, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Methodist_Episcopal_Mission" title="American Methodist Episcopal Mission">American Methodist Episcopal Mission</a>. These movements flowered in the second half of the 19th century in the new climate of political and religious freedom that was established with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and unification of Italy in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_M._Tipple" title="Bertrand M. Tipple">Bertrand M. Tipple</a>, minister of the American Methodist Church in Rome, founded a college there in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> In April 2016, the World Methodist Council opened an Ecumenical Office in Rome. Methodist leaders and the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, jointly dedicated the new office.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> It helps facilitate Methodist relationships with the wider Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic_and_Baltic_countries">Nordic and Baltic countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nordic and Baltic countries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methodist_Church_in_Hammerfest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Methodist_Church_in_Hammerfest.jpg/220px-Methodist_Church_in_Hammerfest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Methodist_Church_in_Hammerfest.jpg/330px-Methodist_Church_in_Hammerfest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Methodist_Church_in_Hammerfest.jpg/440px-Methodist_Church_in_Hammerfest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a> Methodist Church in Norway was the world's most northerly Methodist congregation when established in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-Hassing1991-192">[189]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methodist_church,_Tampere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Methodist_church%2C_Tampere.jpg/220px-Methodist_church%2C_Tampere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Methodist_church%2C_Tampere.jpg/330px-Methodist_church%2C_Tampere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Methodist_church%2C_Tampere.jpg/440px-Methodist_church%2C_Tampere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Methodist church in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> The "Nordic and Baltic Area" of the United Methodist Church covers the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland) and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Methodism was introduced to the Nordic countries in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hassing1991-192">[189]</a> Today the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church_in_Norway" title="United Methodist Church in Norway">United Methodist Church in Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: Metodistkirken) is the largest annual meeting in the region with 10,684 members in total (as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Nordeuropa_statistics-164">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church_in_Sweden" title="United Methodist Church in Sweden">United Methodist Church in Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Metodistkyrkan) joined the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Sweden" title="Uniting Church in Sweden">Uniting Church in Sweden</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilvi%C5%A1ki%C5%B3_metodist%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pilvi%C5%A1ki%C5%B3_metodist%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia.JPG/220px-Pilvi%C5%A1ki%C5%B3_metodist%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pilvi%C5%A1ki%C5%B3_metodist%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia.JPG/330px-Pilvi%C5%A1ki%C5%B3_metodist%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pilvi%C5%A1ki%C5%B3_metodist%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia.JPG/440px-Pilvi%C5%A1ki%C5%B3_metodist%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Methodist church in <a href="/wiki/Pilvi%C5%A1kiai" title="Pilviškiai">Pilviškiai</a>, Lithuania</figcaption></figure> In Finland, Methodism arrived through <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnians" title="Ostrobothnians">Ostrobothnians</a> sailors in the 1860s, and Methodism spread especially in <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish-speaking</a> Ostrobothnia. The first Methodist congregation was founded in <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a> in 1881 and the first Finnish-speaking congregation in <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a> in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> At the turn of the century, the congregation in Vaasa became the largest and most active congregation in Methodism.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> The French Methodist movement was founded in the 1820s by Charles Cook in the village of <a href="/wiki/Cong%C3%A9nies" title="Congénies">Congénies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> near <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>. The most important chapel of department was built in 1869, where there had been a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> community since the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Sixteen Methodist congregations voted to join the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_France" title="Reformed Church of France">Reformed Church of France</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-French_UMC-197">[194]</a> In the 1980s, missionary work of a Methodist church in <a href="/wiki/Agen" title="Agen">Agen</a> led to new initiatives in <a href="/wiki/Fleurance" title="Fleurance">Fleurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont de Marsan">Mont de Marsan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Methodism exists today in France under various names. The best-known is the Union of Evangelical Methodist Churches (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: l'Union de l'Eglise Evangélique Méthodiste) or UEEM. It is an autonomous regional conference of the United Methodist Church and is the fruit of a fusion in 2005 between the "Methodist Church of France" and the "Union of Methodist Churches". As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the UEEM has around 1,200 members and 30 ministers.<a href="#cite_note-French_UMC-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in German): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche (page does not exist)">Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche">de</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche_Eningen_unter_Achalm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche_Eningen_unter_Achalm.jpg/220px-Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche_Eningen_unter_Achalm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche_Eningen_unter_Achalm.jpg/330px-Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche_Eningen_unter_Achalm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche_Eningen_unter_Achalm.jpg/440px-Evangelisch-methodistische_Kirche_Eningen_unter_Achalm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Methodist chapel at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Achalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalm">Achalm</a> mountain, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></figcaption></figure> In Germany, Switzerland and Austria, Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche is the name of the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. The German part of the church had about 52,031 members in 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Germany_statistics-165">[162]</a> Members are organized into three annual conferences: north, east and south.<a href="#cite_note-Germany_statistics-165">[162]</a> All three annual conferences belong to the Germany Central Conference.<a href="#cite_note-WMC-Germany-199">[196]</a> Methodism is most prevalent in southern <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A Methodist missionary returning from Britain introduced (British) Methodism to Germany in 1830, initially in the region of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. Methodism was also spread in Germany through the missionary work of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> which began in 1849 in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, soon spreading to <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and other parts of Germany. Other Methodist missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Association" title="Evangelical Association">Evangelical Association</a> went near Stuttgart (Württemberg) in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-WMC-Germany-199">[196]</a> Further Methodist missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Church of the United Brethren in Christ">Church of the United Brethren in Christ</a> worked in <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> and other parts of Germany from 1869 until 1905.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Therefore, Methodism has four roots in Germany. Early opposition towards Methodism was partly rooted in theological differences – northern and eastern regions of Germany were predominantly Lutheran and Reformed, and Methodists were dismissed as fanatics. Methodism was also hindered by its unfamiliar church structure (Connectionalism), which was more centralised than the hierarchical polity in the Lutheran and Reformed churches. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> allowed Methodists to worship freely and many new chapels were established. In 1936, German Methodists elected their first bishop.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> The first Methodist mission in Hungary was established in 1898 in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1cska" class="mw-redirect" title="Bácska">Bácska</a>, in a then mostly German-speaking town of <a href="/wiki/Verb%C3%A1sz" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbász">Verbász</a> (since 1918 part of the Serbian province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1905 a Methodist mission was established also in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. In 1974, a group later known as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Evangelical_Fellowship" title="Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship">Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship</a> seceded from the Hungarian Methodist Church over the question of interference by the communist state. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the United Methodist Church in Hungary, known locally as the Hungarian Methodist Church (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_Metodista_Egyh%C3%A1z" class="extiw" title="hu:Magyarországi Metodista Egyház">Magyarországi Metodista Egyház</a>), had 453 professing members in 30 congregations.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> It runs two student homes, two homes for the elderly, the Forray Methodist High School, the Wesley Scouts and the Methodist Library and Archives.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The church has a special ministry among the <a href="/wiki/Roma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma people">Roma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The seceding Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship (Magyarországi Evangéliumi Testvérközösség) also remains Methodist in its organisation and theology. It has eight full congregations and several mission groups, and runs a range of charitable organisations: hostels and soup kitchens for the homeless, a non-denominational theological college,<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> a dozen schools of various kinds, and four old people's homes. Today there are a dozen Methodist/Wesleyan churches and mission organisations in Hungary, but all Methodist churches lost official church status under new legislation passed in 2011, when the number of officially recognized churches in the country fell to 14.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> However, the list of recognized churches was lengthened to 32 at the end of February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> This gave recognition to the Hungarian Methodist Church and the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>, which was banned in Hungary in 1949 but had returned in 1990, but not to the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship. The legislation has been strongly criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> as discriminatory.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The Hungarian Methodist Church, the Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene and other Wesleyan groups formed the Wesley Theological Alliance for theological and publishing purposes in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Today the Alliance has 10 Wesleyan member churches and organisations. The Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship does not belong to it and has its own publishing arm.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> The Methodist Church established several strongholds in Russia – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> region in the east, with large Methodist centres in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Ekaterinburg (former Sverdlovsk)</a>. Methodists began their work in the west among Swedish immigrants in 1881 and started their work in the east in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-UMC-Centennial_in_Russia-212">[209]</a> On 26 June 2009, Methodists celebrated the 120th year since Methodism arrived in Czarist Russia by erecting a new Methodist centre in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-UMC-Centennial_in_Russia-212">[209]</a> A Methodist presence was continued in Russia for 14 years after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> through the efforts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deaconess_Anna_Eklund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deaconess Anna Eklund (page does not exist)">Deaconess Anna Eklund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UMC-Methodist_Centre_in_St._Petersburg-213">[210]</a> In 1939, political antagonism stymied the work of the Church and Deaconess Anna Eklund was coerced to return to her native Finland.<a href="#cite_note-UMC-Centennial_in_Russia-212">[209]</a> After 1989, the Soviet Union allowed greatly increased religious freedoms<a href="#cite_note-Soviets_OK_New_Religious_Freedoms-214">[211]</a> and this continued after the USSR's collapse in 1991. During the 1990s, Methodism experienced a powerful wave of revival in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-UMC-Centennial_in_Russia-212">[209]</a> Three sites in particular carried the torch – Samara, Moscow and Ekaterinburg. As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the United Methodist Church in Eurasia comprised 116 congregations, each with a native pastor. There are currently 48 students enrolled in residential and extension degree programs at the United Methodist Seminary in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-UMC-Centennial_in_Russia-212">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> Methodism came to the Caribbean in 1760 when the planter, lawyer and Speaker of the Antiguan House of Assembly, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Gilbert (page does not exist)">Nathaniel Gilbert</a> (c. 1719–1774), returned to his sugar estate home in Antigua.<a href="#cite_note-blackman_300-215">[212]</a> A Methodist revival spread in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> due to the work of British missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-caribbean-216">[213]</a> Missionaries established societies which would later become the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_the_Caribbean_and_the_Americas" title="Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas">Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas</a> (MCCA). The MCCA has about 62,000 members in over 700 congregations, ministered by 168 pastors.<a href="#cite_note-caribbean-216">[213]</a> There are smaller Methodist denominations that have seceded from the parent church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigua">Antigua</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Antigua">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Baxter Memorial Church in <a href="/wiki/English_Harbour" title="English Harbour">English Harbour</a></figcaption></figure> The story is often told that in 1755, Nathaniel Gilbert, while convalescing, read a treatise of John Wesley, An Appeal to Men of Reason and Religion sent to him by his brother Francis. As a result of having read this book Gilbert, two years later, journeyed to England with three of his slaves and there in a drawing room meeting arranged in Wandsworth on 15 January 1759, met the preacher John Wesley. He returned to the Caribbean that same year and on his subsequent return began to preach to his slaves in Antigua.<a href="#cite_note-blackman_300-215">[212]</a> When Gilbert died in 1774 his work in Antigua was continued by his brother Francis Gilbert to approximately 200 Methodists. However, within a year Francis took ill and returned to Britain and the work was carried on by Sophia Campbell ("a Negress") and Mary Alley ("a Mulatto"), two devoted women who kept the flock together with class and <a href="/wiki/Prayer_meeting" title="Prayer meeting">prayer meetings</a> as best as they could.<a href="#cite_note-caribbean-216">[213]</a> On 2 April 1778, John Baxter, a local preacher and skilled shipwright from <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England, landed at <a href="/wiki/English_Harbour" title="English Harbour">English Harbour</a> in Antigua (now called Nelson's Dockyard) where he was offered a post at the naval dockyard. Baxter was a Methodist and had heard of the work of the Gilberts and their need for a new preacher. He began preaching and meeting with the Methodist leaders, and within a year the Methodist community had grown to 600 persons. By 1783, the first Methodist chapel was built in Antigua, with John Baxter as the local preacher, its wooden structure seating some 2,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._Bart's">St. Bart's</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: St. Bart's">edit</a>]</div> In 1785, William Turton (1761–1817) a Barbadian son of a planter, met John Baxter in Antigua, and later, as layman, assisted in the Methodist work in the Swedish colony of St. Bartholomew from 1796.<a href="#cite_note-blackman_300-215">[212]</a> In 1786, the missionary endeavour in the Caribbean was officially recognized by the Methodist Conference in England, and that same year <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a>, having been made Superintendent of the church two years previously in America by Wesley, was travelling to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, but weather forced his ship to Antigua.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jamaica">edit</a>]</div> In 1818 Edward Fraser (1798 – aft. 1850), a privileged Barbadian slave, moved to Bermuda and subsequently met the new minister James Dunbar. The Nova Scotia Methodist Minister noted young Fraser's sincerity and commitment to his congregation and encouraged him by appointing him as assistant. By 1827 Fraser assisted in building a new chapel. He was later freed and admitted to the Methodist Ministry to serve in Antigua and Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-blackman_300-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barbados">Barbados</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Barbados">edit</a>]</div> Following <a href="/wiki/William_Shrewsbury" title="William Shrewsbury">William J. Shrewsbury's</a> preaching in the 1820s, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ann_Gill" title="Sarah Ann Gill">Sarah Ann Gill</a> (1779–1866), a free-born black woman, used <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> in an attempt to thwart magistrate rulings that prevented parishioners holding prayer meetings. In hopes of building a new chapel, she paid an extraordinary £1,700-0s–0d and ended up having militia appointed by the Governor to protect her home from demolition.<a href="#cite_note-blackman_gill-221">[218]</a> In 1884 an attempt was made at autonomy with the formation of two West Indian Conferences, however by 1903 the venture had failed. It was not until the 1960s that another attempt was made at autonomy. This second attempt resulted in the emergence of the Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas in May 1967.<a href="#cite_note-caribbean-216">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_George_Godson" title="Francis George Godson">Francis Godson</a> (1864–1953), a Methodist minister, who having served briefly in several of the Caribbean islands, eventually immersed himself in helping those in hardship of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in Barbados. He was later appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council of Barbados">Legislative Council of Barbados</a>, and fought for the rights of <a href="/wiki/Pensioner" title="Pensioner">pensioners</a>. He was later followed by renowned Barbadian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Rawle_Parkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus Rawle Parkinson (page does not exist)">Augustus Rawle Parkinson</a> (1864–1932),<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> who also was the first principal of the Wesley Hall School, <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown</a> in Barbados (which celebrated its 125th anniversary in September 2009).<a href="#cite_note-blackman_300-215">[212]</a> In more recent times in Barbados, Victor Alphonso Cooke (born 1930) and Lawrence Vernon Harcourt Lewis (born 1932) are strong influences on the Methodist Church on the island.<a href="#cite_note-blackman_300-215">[212]</a> Their contemporary and late member of the Dalkeith Methodist Church, was the former secretary of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>, consultant of the Canadian Training Aid Programme and a man of letters – Francis Woodbine Blackman (1922–2010). It was his research and published works that enlightened much of this information on Caribbean Methodism.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> Most Methodist denominations in Africa follow the British Methodist tradition and see the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a> as their mother church. Originally modelled on the British structure, since independence most of these churches have adopted an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal model</a> of church governance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> The Nigerian Methodist Church is one of the largest Methodist denominations in the world and one of the largest Christian churches in Nigeria, with around two million members in 2000 congregations.<a href="#cite_note-Nigeria-225">[222]</a> It has seen exponential growth since the turn of the millennium.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Christianity was established in Nigeria with the arrival in 1842 of a <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist</a> missionary.<a href="#cite_note-Nigeria-225">[222]</a> He had come in response to the request for missionaries by the <a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">ex-slaves who returned to Nigeria from Sierra Leone</a>. From the mission stations established in <a href="/wiki/Badagry" title="Badagry">Badagry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a>, the Methodist church spread to various parts of the country west of the River Niger and part of the north. In 1893 missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive Methodism">Primitive Methodist Church</a> arrived from Fernando Po, an island off the southern coast of Nigeria. From there the Methodist Church spread to other parts of the country, east of the River Niger and also to parts of the north. The church west of the River Niger and part of the north was known as the Western Nigeria District and east of the Niger and another part of the north as the Eastern Nigeria District. Both existed independently of each other until 1962 when they constituted the Conference of Methodist Church Nigeria. The conference is composed of seven districts. The church has continued to spread into new areas and has established a department for evangelism and appointed a director of evangelism. An <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal system</a> of church governance adopted in 1976 was not fully accepted by all sections of the church until the two sides came together and resolved to end the disagreement. A new constitution was ratified in 1990. The system is still episcopal but the points which caused discontent were amended to be acceptable to both sides. Today, the Nigerian Methodist Church has a prelate, eight archbishops and 44 bishops.<a href="#cite_note-Nigeria-225">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghana">Ghana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ghana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_Ghana" title="Methodist Church Ghana">Methodist Church Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kow_Egyir_and_MCG_College_of_Bishops.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Kow_Egyir_and_MCG_College_of_Bishops.JPG/220px-Kow_Egyir_and_MCG_College_of_Bishops.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Kow_Egyir_and_MCG_College_of_Bishops.JPG/330px-Kow_Egyir_and_MCG_College_of_Bishops.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Kow_Egyir_and_MCG_College_of_Bishops.JPG/440px-Kow_Egyir_and_MCG_College_of_Bishops.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Methodist bishops</a> at a church conference in <a href="/wiki/Winneba" title="Winneba">Winneba</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> Methodist Church Ghana is one of the largest Methodist denominations, with around 800,000 members in 2,905 congregations, ministered by 700 pastors.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana-227">[224]</a> It has fraternal links with the British Methodist and United Methodist churches worldwide. Methodism in Ghana came into existence as a result of the missionary activities of the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a>, inaugurated with the arrival of Joseph Rhodes Dunwell to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Like the mother church, the Methodist Church in Ghana was established by people of Protestant background. Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries came to the Gold Coast from the 15th century. A school was established in Cape Coast by the Anglicans during the time of Philip Quaque, a Ghanaian priest. Those who came out of this school had Bible copies and study supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_Christian_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge">Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge</a>. A member of the resulting Bible study groups, William De-Graft, requested Bibles through Captain Potter of the ship Congo. Not only were Bibles sent, but also a Methodist missionary. In the first eight years of the Church's life, 11 out of 21 missionaries who worked in the Gold Coast died. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch_Freeman" title="Thomas Birch Freeman">Thomas Birch Freeman</a>, who arrived at the Gold Coast in 1838 was a pioneer of missionary expansion. Between 1838 and 1857 he carried Methodism from the coastal areas to <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Asante</a> hinterland of the Gold Coast. He also established Methodist Societies in Badagry and AbeoKuta in Nigeria with the assistance of William De-Graft.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> By 1854, the church was organized into circuits constituting a district with T. B. Freeman as chairman. Freeman was replaced in 1856 by William West. The district was divided and extended to include areas in the then Gold Coast and Nigeria by the synod in 1878, a move confirmed at the British Conference. The districts were Gold Coast District, with T. R. Picot as chairman and Yoruba and Popo District, with John Milum as chairman. Methodist evangelisation of northern Gold Coast began in 1910. After a long period of conflict with the colonial government, missionary work was established in 1955. Paul Adu was the first indigenous missionary to northern Gold Coast.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> In July 1961, the Methodist Church in Ghana became autonomous, and was called the Methodist Church Ghana, based on a deed of foundation, part of the church's Constitution and Standing Orders.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Methodist Church of Southern Africa">Methodist Church of Southern Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methodist_Mission_Church,_Leliefontein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Methodist_Mission_Church%2C_Leliefontein.jpg/220px-Methodist_Mission_Church%2C_Leliefontein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Methodist_Mission_Church%2C_Leliefontein.jpg/330px-Methodist_Mission_Church%2C_Leliefontein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Methodist_Mission_Church%2C_Leliefontein.jpg/440px-Methodist_Mission_Church%2C_Leliefontein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A Methodist chapel in <a href="/wiki/Leliefontein,_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leliefontein, Northern Cape">Leliefontein, Northern Cape</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Methodist Church of Southern Africa">Methodist Church</a> operates across South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, with a limited presence in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It is a member church of the <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>. Methodism in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> began as a result of lay Christian work by an Irish soldier of the English Regiment, John Irwin, who was stationed at the Cape and began to hold prayer meetings as early as 1795.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> The first Methodist lay preacher at the Cape, George Middlemiss, was a soldier of the 72nd Regiment of the British Army stationed at the Cape in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> This foundation paved the way for missionary work by Methodist missionary societies from Great Britain, many of whom sent missionaries with the 1820 English settlers to the Western and Eastern Cape. Among the most notable of the early missionaries were Barnabas Shaw and William Shaw.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> The largest group was the Wesleyan Methodist Church, but there were a number of others that joined to form the Methodist Church of South Africa, later known as the Methodist Church of Southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> The Methodist Church of Southern Africa is the largest <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> denomination in South Africa – 7.3% of the South African population recorded their religious affiliation as 'Methodist' in the last national census.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_lane_church_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flower_lane_church_2010.jpg/220px-Flower_lane_church_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flower_lane_church_2010.jpg/330px-Flower_lane_church_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flower_lane_church_2010.jpg/440px-Flower_lane_church_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flower_Lane_Church" title="Flower Lane Church">Flower Lane Church</a> is the first Methodist church erected in downtown <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuhan_-_former_Methodist_School_-_P1050047.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wuhan_-_former_Methodist_School_-_P1050047.JPG/220px-Wuhan_-_former_Methodist_School_-_P1050047.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wuhan_-_former_Methodist_School_-_P1050047.JPG/330px-Wuhan_-_former_Methodist_School_-_P1050047.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wuhan_-_former_Methodist_School_-_P1050047.JPG/440px-Wuhan_-_former_Methodist_School_-_P1050047.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Former Methodist school in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> (founded 1885)</figcaption></figure> Methodism was brought to China in the autumn of 1847 by the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. The first missionaries sent out were <a href="/wiki/Judson_Dwight_Collins" title="Judson Dwight Collins">Judson Dwight Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Clark_White" title="Moses Clark White">Moses Clark White</a>, who sailed from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> 15 April 1847, and reached <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> 6 September. They were followed by Henry Hickok and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Samuel_Maclay" title="Robert Samuel Maclay">Robert Samuel Maclay</a>, who arrived 15 April 1848. In 1857, the first convert was baptised in connection with its labours. In August 1856, a brick built church was dedicated named the "Church of the True God" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 真神堂; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhēnshén táng), the first substantial church building erected in Fuzhou by Protestant Missions. In the winter of the same year another brick built church, located on the hill in the suburbs on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Fujian)" title="Min River (Fujian)">Min</a>, was finished and dedicated, called the "<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Heavenly_Peace,_Fuzhou" title="Church of Heavenly Peace, Fuzhou">Church of Heavenly Peace</a>". In 1862, the number of members was 87. The Fuzhou Conference was organized by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_W._Wiley" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac W. Wiley">Isaac W. Wiley</a> on 6 December 1867, by which time the number of members and probationers had reached 2,011.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hok Chau (周學; Zhōu Xué; also known as Lai-Tong Chau, 周勵堂; Zhōu Lìtáng) was the first ordained Chinese minister of the South China District of the Methodist Church (incumbent 1877–1916). <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hobson" title="Benjamin Hobson">Benjamin Hobson</a>, a medical missionary sent by the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> in 1839, set up Wai Ai Clinic (惠愛醫館; Huì ài yī guǎn).<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liang_Fa" title="Liang Fa">Liang Fa</a>, Hok Chau and others worked there. Liang baptized Chau in 1852. The Methodist Church based in Britain sent missionary <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Piercy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Piercy (page does not exist)">George Piercy</a> to China. In 1851, Piercy went to Guangzhou (Canton), where he worked in a trading company. In 1853, he started a church in Guangzhou. In 1877, Chau was ordained by the Methodist Church, where he pastored for 39 years.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> In 1867, the mission sent out the first missionaries to Central China, who began work at <a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a>. In 1869, missionaries were also sent to the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, where they laid the foundations of the work of the North China Mission. In November 1880, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Methodism in Sichuan">West China Mission</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan Province">Sichuan Province</a>. In 1896, the work in the Hinghua prefecture (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a>) and surrounding regions was also organized as a Mission Conference.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> In 1947, the Methodist Church in the Republic of China celebrated its centenary. In 1949, however, the Methodist Church moved to Taiwan with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%BE%AA%E9%81%93%E8%A1%9E%E7%90%86%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="yue:香港基督教循道衞理聯合教會">The Methodist Church, Hong Kong</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_India" title="Methodist Church in India">Methodist Church in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wesleyan_Church,_Broadway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wesleyan_Church%2C_Broadway.JPG/170px-Wesleyan_Church%2C_Broadway.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wesleyan_Church%2C_Broadway.JPG/255px-Wesleyan_Church%2C_Broadway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wesleyan_Church%2C_Broadway.JPG/340px-Wesleyan_Church%2C_Broadway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">CSI</a> English Wesley Church in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> is one of the oldest Methodist chapels in India.</figcaption></figure> Methodism came to India twice, in 1817 and in 1856, according to P. Dayanandan who has extensively researched the subject.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Thomas Coke and six other missionaries set sail for India on New Year's Day in 1814. Coke, then 66, died en route. Rev. James Lynch was the one who finally arrived in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> in 1817 at a place called Black Town (Broadway), later known as George Town. Lynch conducted the first Methodist missionary service on 2 March 1817, in a stable.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> The first Methodist church was dedicated in 1819 at <a href="/wiki/Royapettah" title="Royapettah">Royapettah</a>. A chapel at Broadway (Black Town) was later built and dedicated on 25 April 1822.<a href="#cite_note-:0-245">[242]</a> This church was rebuilt in 1844 since the earlier structure was collapsing.<a href="#cite_note-:0-245">[242]</a> At this time there were about 100 Methodist members in all of Madras, and they were either Europeans or Eurasians (European and Indian descent). Among names associated with the founding period of Methodism in India are <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Hoole" title="Elijah Hoole">Elijah Hoole</a> and Thomas Cryer, who came as missionaries to Madras.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> In 1857, the Methodist Episcopal Church started its work in India, and with prominent evangelists like <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bishop)">William Taylor</a> of the Emmanuel Methodist Church, <a href="/wiki/Vepery" title="Vepery">Vepery</a>, born in 1874. Taylor and the evangelist <a href="/wiki/James_Mills_Thoburn" title="James Mills Thoburn">James Mills Thoburn</a> established the Thoburn Memorial Church in Calcutta in 1873 and the Calcutta Boys' School in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> In 1947, the Wesleyan Methodist Church in India merged with Presbyterians, Anglicans and other Protestant churches to form the Church of South India while the American Methodist Church remained affiliated as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Church_in_Southern_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodist Church in Southern Asia (page does not exist)">Methodist Church in Southern Asia</a> (MCSA) to the mother church in the USA – the United Methodist Church until 1981, when by an enabling act, the Methodist Church in India (MCI) became an autonomous church in India. Today, the Methodist Church in India is governed by the General Conference of the Methodist Church of India headed by six bishops, with headquarters in Mumbai, India.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia_and_Singapore">Malaysia and Singapore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Malaysia and Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Methodist Church in Malaysia">Methodist Church in Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Singapore" title="Methodist Church in Singapore">Methodist Church in Singapore</a></div> Missionaries from Britain, North America, and Australia founded Methodist churches in many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries. These are now independent from their former "mother" churches. In addition to the churches, these missionaries often also founded schools to serve the local community. A good example of such schools are the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Boys%27_School_(Kuala_Lumpur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Boys' School (Kuala Lumpur)">Methodist Boys' School in Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Boys%27_School_(Penang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Boys' School (Penang)">Methodist Girls' School and Methodist Boys' School</a> in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Chinese_School" title="Anglo-Chinese School">Anglo-Chinese School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Girls%27_School,_Singapore" title="Methodist Girls' School, Singapore">Methodist Girls' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paya_Lebar_Methodist_Girls%27_School_(Secondary)" title="Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School (Secondary)">Paya Lebar Methodist Girls School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Methodist_Secondary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairfield Methodist Secondary School">Fairfield Methodist Schools</a> in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> Methodism in the Philippines began shortly after the United States acquired the Philippines in 1898 as a result the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. On 21 June 1898, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> but before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, executives of the American Mission Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church expressed their desire to join other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations in starting mission work in the islands and to enter into a <a href="/wiki/Comity_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Comity Agreement">Comity Agreement</a> that would facilitate the establishment of such missions. The first Protestant worship service was conducted on 28 August 1898 by an American military chaplain named George C. Stull. Stull was an ordained Methodist minister from the Montana Annual Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church (later part of the United Methodist Church after 1968).<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIM_Pilipinas_First_Bishop.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AIM_Pilipinas_First_Bishop.jpeg/220px-AIM_Pilipinas_First_Bishop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AIM_Pilipinas_First_Bishop.jpeg/330px-AIM_Pilipinas_First_Bishop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AIM_Pilipinas_First_Bishop.jpeg/440px-AIM_Pilipinas_First_Bishop.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Consecration of the first Presiding Bishop of Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas held at Luacan Church in <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> Methodist and Wesleyan traditions in the Philippines are shared by three of the largest mainline Protestant churches in the country: <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Central_Conference_(United_Methodist_Church)" title="Philippines Central Conference (United Methodist Church)">The United Methodist Church in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Evangelica_Metodista_En_Las_Islas_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia Evangelica Metodista En Las Islas Filipinas">Iglesia Evangelica Metodista En Las Islas Filipinas</a> ("Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands", abbreviated IEMELIF), and The <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines" title="United Church of Christ in the Philippines">United Church of Christ in the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> There are also evangelical Protestant churches in the country of the Methodist tradition like the Wesleyan Church of the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> of the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> There are also the IEMELIF Reform Movement (IRM), The Wesleyan (Pilgrim Holiness) Church of the Philippines, the Philippine Bible Methodist Church, Incorporated, the Pentecostal Free Methodist Church, Incorporated, the Fundamental Christian Methodist Church, The Reformed Methodist Church, Incorporated, The Methodist Church of the Living Bread, Incorporated, and the Wesley Evangelical Methodist Church & Mission, Incorporated. There are three <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_area_(United_Methodist_Church)" title="Episcopal area (United Methodist Church)">episcopal areas</a> of the United Methodist Church in the Philippines: the Baguio Episcopal Area, Davao Episcopal Area and Manila Episcopal Area.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> A call for autonomy from groups within the United Methodist Church in the Philippines was discussed at several conferences led mostly by episcopal candidates. This led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ang_Iglesia_Metodista_sa_Pilipinas" title="Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas">Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas</a> ("The Methodist Church in the Philippines") in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> led by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Lito_C._Tangonan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lito C. Tangonan">Lito C. Tangonan</a>, George Buenaventura, Chita Milan and Atty. Joe Frank E. Zuñiga. The group finally declared full autonomy and legal incorporation with the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines)">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> was approved on 7 December 2011 with papers held by present procurators. It now has 126 local churches in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulacan (province)">Bulacan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Pampanga_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pampanga (province)">Pampanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavite_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite (province)">Cavite</a>. Tangonan was consecrated as the denomination's first Presiding Bishop on 17 March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Methodist_Church" title="Korean Methodist Church">Korean Methodist Church</a></div> The Korean Methodist Church (KMC) is one of the largest churches in South Korea with around 1.5 million members and 8,306 ministers.<a href="#cite_note-KMC-258">[255]</a> Methodism in Korea grew out of British and American mission work which began in the late 19th century. The first missionary was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Samuel_Maclay" title="Robert Samuel Maclay">Robert Samuel Maclay</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, who sailed from Japan in 1884 and was given the authority of medical and schooling permission from emperor <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_the_Korean_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojong of the Korean Empire">Gojong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> The Korean church became fully autonomous in 1930, retaining affiliation with Methodist churches in America and later the United Methodist Church.<a href="#cite_note-KMC-258">[255]</a> The church experienced rapid growth in membership throughout most of the 20th century – in spite of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> – before stabilizing in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-KMC-258">[255]</a> The KMC is a member of the World Methodist Council and hosted the first Asia Methodist Convention in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-KMC-258">[255]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Korean-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean-language">Korean-language</a> Methodist churches in North America catering to Korean-speaking immigrants, not all of which are named as Methodist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> In 1947, the Methodist Church in the Republic of China celebrated its centenary. In 1949, however, the Methodist Church moved to Taiwan with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government. On 21 June 1953, Taipei Methodist Church was erected, then local churches and chapels with a baptized membership numbering over 2,500. Various types of educational, medical and social services are provided (including <a href="/wiki/Tunghai_University" title="Tunghai University">Tunghai University</a>). In 1972, the Methodist Church in the Republic of China became autonomous, and the first bishop was installed in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Brazil" title="Methodist Church in Brazil">Methodist Church in Brazil</a> was founded by American missionaries in 1867 after an initial unsuccessful founding in 1835. It has grown steadily since, becoming autonomous in 1930. In the 1970s it ordained its first woman minister. In 1975 it also founded the first Methodist university in Latin America, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_University_of_Piracicaba" title="Methodist University of Piracicaba">Methodist University of Piracicaba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Brazilian Methodist Church is divided into eight annual conferences with 162,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-Yrigoyen-262">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church, Canada">Methodist Church, Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metropolitan_United.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Metropolitan_United.JPG/180px-Metropolitan_United.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Metropolitan_United.JPG/270px-Metropolitan_United.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Metropolitan_United.JPG/360px-Metropolitan_United.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_United_Church" title="Metropolitan United Church">Metropolitan United Church</a>, Toronto</figcaption></figure> The father of Methodism in Canada was Rev. Coughlan, who arrived in Newfoundland in 1763, where he opened a school and travelled widely. The second was <a href="/wiki/William_Black_(Methodist)" title="William Black (Methodist)">William Black</a> (1760–1834) who began preaching in settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac_River" title="Petitcodiac River">Petitcodiac River</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> in 1781.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> A few years afterwards, Methodist Episcopal circuit riders from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> began to arrive in <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a> at Niagara, and the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> in 1786, and at the <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> region on the northeast shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> in the early 1790s. At the time the region was part of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> and became part of Upper Canada after the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_of_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Act of 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a>. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> were both parts of the New York Episcopal Methodist Conference until 1810 when they were transferred to the newly formed Genesee Conference. Reverend Major George Neal began to preach in Niagara in October 1786 and was ordained in 1810 by Bishop Philip Asbury, at the Lyons, New York Methodist Conference. He was Canada's first saddlebag preacher and travelled from Lake Ontario to Detroit for 50 years preaching the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> The spread of Methodism in the Canadas was seriously disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> but quickly gained lost ground after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> was signed in 1815. In 1817, the British Wesleyans arrived in the Canadas from the Maritimes but by 1820 had agreed, with the Episcopal Methodists, to confine their work to Lower Canada (present-day <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) while the latter would confine themselves to Upper Canada (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>). In the summer of 1818, the first place of public worship was erected for the Wesleyan Methodists in <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a>, later Toronto. The chapel for the First Methodist Church was built on the corner of King Street and Jordan Street, the entire cost of the building was $250, an amount that took the congregation three years to raise.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> In 1828, Upper Canadian Methodists were permitted by the General Conference in the United States to form an independent Canadian Conference and, in 1833, the Canadian Conference merged with the British Wesleyans to form the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada. In 1884, most Canadian Methodists were brought under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church, Canada">Methodist Church, Canada</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1925, the Methodist Church, Canada and most <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Canada" title="Presbyterian Church in Canada">Presbyterian</a> congregations (then by far the largest Protestant communion in Canada), most Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec congregations, Union Churches in Western Canada, and the American Presbyterian Church in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> merged to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>. In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical United Brethren">Evangelical United Brethren</a> Church's Canadian congregations joined after their American counterparts joined the United Methodist Church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MetodistaEpiscopalApizaco.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetodistaEpiscopalApizaco.JPG/220px-MetodistaEpiscopalApizaco.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetodistaEpiscopalApizaco.JPG/330px-MetodistaEpiscopalApizaco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetodistaEpiscopalApizaco.JPG/440px-MetodistaEpiscopalApizaco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A Methodist church in <a href="/wiki/Apizaco,_Tlaxcala" class="mw-redirect" title="Apizaco, Tlaxcala">Apizaco, Tlaxcala</a></figcaption></figure> The Methodist Church came to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1872, with the arrival of two Methodist commissioners from the United States to observe the possibilities of evangelistic work in México. In December 1872, Bishop Gilbert Haven arrived in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. He was ordered by M. D. William Butler to go to México. Bishop John C. Keener arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a> in January 1873.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> In 1874, M. D. William Butler established the first Protestant Methodist school of México, in <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>. The school was founded under the name "Instituto Metodista Mexicano". Today the school is called "Instituto Mexicano Madero". It is still a Methodist school, and it is one of the most elite, selective, expensive and prestigious private schools in the country,<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> with two campuses in Puebla State, and one in <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>. A few years later the principal of the school created a Methodist university.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> On 18 January 1885, the first Annual Conference of the United Episcopal Church of México was established.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">History of Methodism in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Barratt%27s_Chapel_(Methodist),_Route_113,_Frederica_vicinity_(Kent_County,_Delaware).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Old_Barratt%27s_Chapel_%28Methodist%29%2C_Route_113%2C_Frederica_vicinity_%28Kent_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg/220px-Old_Barratt%27s_Chapel_%28Methodist%29%2C_Route_113%2C_Frederica_vicinity_%28Kent_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Old_Barratt%27s_Chapel_%28Methodist%29%2C_Route_113%2C_Frederica_vicinity_%28Kent_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg/330px-Old_Barratt%27s_Chapel_%28Methodist%29%2C_Route_113%2C_Frederica_vicinity_%28Kent_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Old_Barratt%27s_Chapel_%28Methodist%29%2C_Route_113%2C_Frederica_vicinity_%28Kent_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg/440px-Old_Barratt%27s_Chapel_%28Methodist%29%2C_Route_113%2C_Frederica_vicinity_%28Kent_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barratt%27s_Chapel" title="Barratt's Chapel">Barratt's Chapel</a>, built in 1780, is the oldest Methodist church in the United States built for that purpose. The church was a meeting place of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Asbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Coke</a>.</figcaption></figure> Wesley came to believe that the New Testament evidence did not leave the power of ordination to the priesthood in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> but that other priests could ordain. In 1784, he ordained preachers for Scotland, England, and America, with power to administer the sacraments (this was a major reason for Methodism's final split from the Church of England after Wesley's death). At that time, Wesley sent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a> to America. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> at the Baltimore Christmas Conference in 1784; Coke (already ordained in the Church of England) ordained Asbury deacon, elder, and bishop each on three successive days.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> Circuit riders, many of whom were laymen, travelled by horseback to preach the gospel and establish churches in many places. One of the most famous circuit riders was Robert Strawbridge who lived in the vicinity of Carroll County, Maryland, soon after arriving in the Colonies around 1760.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> was a religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s, beginning in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, then spreading to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, and eventually south into <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. George Whitefield played a major role, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone as his audience.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> The new style of sermons and the way people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America. People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion, rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner. People began to study the Bible at home. The effect was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_of_Denominations_in_America_1780_to_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Growth_of_Denominations_in_America_1780_to_1860.jpg/260px-Growth_of_Denominations_in_America_1780_to_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Growth_of_Denominations_in_America_1780_to_1860.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>In the US, the number of local Methodist churches (blue) grew steadily; it was the largest denomination in the US by 1820.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> was a nationwide wave of revivals, from 1790 to 1840. In <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, the renewed interest in religion inspired a wave of social activism among Yankees; Methodism grew and established several colleges, notably <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>. In the "burned over district" of western New York, the spirit of revival burned brightly. Methodism saw the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>. In the west, especially at <a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge,_Kentucky" title="Cane Ridge, Kentucky">Cane Ridge, Kentucky</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, the revival strengthened the Methodists and the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>. Methodism grew rapidly in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, becoming the nation's largest denomination by 1820. From 58,000 members in 1790, it reached 258,000 in 1820 and 1,661,000 in 1860, growing by a factor of 28.6 in 70 years, while the total American population grew by a factor of eight.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> Other denominations also used revivals, but the Methodists grew fastest of all because "they combined popular appeal with efficient organization under the command of missionary bishops."<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Methodism attracted German immigrants, and the first <a href="/wiki/Nast_Trinity_United_Methodist_Church" title="Nast Trinity United Methodist Church">German Methodist Church</a> was erected in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Wesleyan_Methodist_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grace_Wesleyan_Methodist_Church.jpg/260px-Grace_Wesleyan_Methodist_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grace_Wesleyan_Methodist_Church.jpg/390px-Grace_Wesleyan_Methodist_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grace_Wesleyan_Methodist_Church.jpg/520px-Grace_Wesleyan_Methodist_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Grace Wesleyan Methodist Church is a parish church of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>, one of the largest denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>, and is located in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>.</figcaption></figure> Disputes over slavery placed the church in difficulty in the first half of the 19th century, with the northern church leaders fearful of a split with the South, and reluctant to take a stand. The <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Connexion</a> (later renamed the Wesleyan Methodist Church) and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> were formed by staunch abolitionists, and the Free Methodists were especially active in the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, which helped to free slaves. In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a> separated from the Free Methodist Church.<a href="#cite_note-KurianDay2017-278">[275]</a> In 1968 the Wesleyan Methodist Church and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Holiness_Church" title="Pilgrim Holiness Church">Pilgrim Holiness Church</a> merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a>; a significant amount dissented from this decision resulting in the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Churches" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Churches">Bible Methodist Connection of Churches</a>, both of which fall within the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis2002-279">[276]</a> In a much larger split, in 1845 at Louisville, Kentucky, the churches of the slaveholding states left the Methodist Episcopal Church and formed the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a>. The northern and southern branches were reunited in 1939, when slavery was no longer an issue. In this merger also joined the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a>. Some southerners, more conservative in theology, opposed the merger, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_Church" title="Southern Methodist Church">Southern Methodist Church</a> in 1940. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a> from 1858 to 1908 saw enormous growth in Methodist membership, and a proliferation of institutions such as colleges (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morningside_University" title="Morningside University">Morningside College</a>). Methodists were often involved in the Missionary Awakening and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> Movement. The awakening in so many cities in 1858 started the movement, but in the North it was interrupted by the Civil War. In the South, on the other hand, the Civil War stimulated revivals, especially in Lee's army.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> In 1914–1917 many Methodist ministers made strong pleas for world peace. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (a Presbyterian), promised "a war to end all wars," using language of a future peace that had been a watchword for the postmillennial movement.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> In the 1930s many Methodists favored isolationist policies. Thus in 1936, Methodist Bishop James Baker, of the San Francisco Conference, released a poll of ministers showing 56% opposed warfare. However, the Methodist Federation called for a boycott of Japan, which had invaded China and was disrupting missionary activity there.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> In Chicago, 62 local African Methodist Episcopal churches voted their support for the Roosevelt administration's policy, while opposing any plan to send American troops overseas to fight. When war came in 1941, the vast majority of Methodists supported the national war effort, but there were also a few (673)<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objectors">conscientious objectors</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_United_Methodist_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Logo_of_the_United_Methodist_Church.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_United_Methodist_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Logo_of_the_United_Methodist_Church.svg/180px-Logo_of_the_United_Methodist_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Logo_of_the_United_Methodist_Church.svg/240px-Logo_of_the_United_Methodist_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Cross_and_flame" title="Cross and flame">cross and flame</a>" logo of the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> (UMC) was formed in 1968 as a result of a merger between the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church" title="Evangelical United Brethren Church">Evangelical United Brethren Church</a> (EUB) and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">Methodist Church</a>. The former church had resulted from mergers of several groups of German Methodist heritage; however, there was no longer any need or desire to worship in the German language. The latter church was a result of union between the Methodist Protestant Church and the northern and southern factions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The merged church had approximately nine million members as of the late 1990s. While United Methodist Church in America membership has been declining, associated groups in developing countries are growing rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> Prior to the merger that led to the formation of the United Methodist Church, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church" title="Evangelical Methodist Church">Evangelical Methodist Church</a> entered into a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> with the Methodist Church, citing modernism in its parent body as the reason for the departure in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-GarrettHinson1983-285">[282]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glide_Memorial_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Glide_Memorial_Church.jpg/220px-Glide_Memorial_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Glide_Memorial_Church.jpg/330px-Glide_Memorial_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Glide_Memorial_Church.jpg/440px-Glide_Memorial_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Founded as a Methodist congregation, <a href="/wiki/Glide_Memorial_Church" title="Glide Memorial Church">Glide Memorial Church</a> has served as a <a href="/wiki/Counter-culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-culture">counter-culture</a> rallying point and has been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal church</a>.</figcaption></figure> American Methodist churches are generally organized on a <a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">connectional model</a>, related, but not identical to that used in Britain. Pastors are assigned to congregations by <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">bishops</a>, distinguishing it from <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">presbyterian</a> government. Methodist denominations typically give lay members representation at regional and national Conferences at which the business of the church is conducted, making it different from most <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal government</a>. This connectional organizational model differs further from the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregational</a> model, for example of <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist Churches</a>, among others.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to the United Methodist Church, there are over 40 other denominations that descend from John Wesley's Methodist movement. Some, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, the Free Methodists and the Wesleyan Church (formerly Wesleyan Methodist), are explicitly Methodist. There are also independent Methodist churches, many of which are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Methodists" title="Association of Independent Methodists">Association of Independent Methodists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crespino2007-286">[283]</a> The Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene adhere to Methodist theology.<a href="#cite_note-O'BrienCarey2016-287">[284]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness Revival</a> was primarily among people of Methodist persuasion, who felt that the church had once again become apathetic, losing the Wesleyan zeal.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> Some important events of this revival were the writings of <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a> during the mid-1800s,<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> the establishment of the first of many holiness <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a> at Vineland, New Jersey in 1867, and the founding of Asbury College, (1890), and other similar institutions in the U.S. around the turn of the 20th century. In 2020, United Methodists announced a plan to <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">split the denomination</a> over the issue of same-sex marriage,<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> which resulted in traditionalist clergy, laity and theologians forming the <a href="/wiki/Global_Methodist_Church" title="Global Methodist Church">Global Methodist Church</a>, a traditionalist Methodist denomination that came into being on 1 May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tooley2022-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hodges2021-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> Methodism is particularly widespread in some <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> nations, such as <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century there were annual conferences in each Australasian colony (including New Zealand). Various branches of Methodism in Australia merged during the 20 years from 1881. The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Australasia" title="Methodist Church of Australasia">Methodist Church of Australasia</a> was formed on 1 January 1902 when five Methodist denominations in Australia – the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist</a> Church, the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive Methodist">Primitive Methodists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church" title="Bible Christian Church">Bible Christian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Free_Churches" title="United Methodist Free Churches">United Methodist Free</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_New_Connexion" title="Methodist New Connexion">Methodist New Connexion</a> Churches merged.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> In polity it largely followed the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In 1945 Kingsley Ridgway offered himself as a Melbourne-based "field representative" for a possible Australian branch of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America, after meeting an American serviceman who was a member of that denomination.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_of_Australia" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia">Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia</a> was founded on his work. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wesleystatue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wesleystatue.JPG/220px-Wesleystatue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wesleystatue.JPG/330px-Wesleystatue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wesleystatue.JPG/440px-Wesleystatue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Statue of John Wesley outside <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Church,_Melbourne" title="Wesley Church, Melbourne">Wesley Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> The Methodist Church of Australasia merged with the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia" title="Presbyterian Church of Australia">Presbyterian Church of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_Australia" title="Congregational Union of Australia">Congregational Union of Australia</a> in 1977, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church</a>. The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia and some independent congregations chose not to join the union.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Mission" title="Wesley Mission">Wesley Mission</a> in Pitt Street, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, the largest parish in the Uniting Church, remains strongly in the Wesleyan tradition.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> There are many local churches named after John Wesley. From the mid-1980s a number of independent Methodist churches were founded by missionaries and other members from the Methodist Churches of Malaysia and Singapore. Some of these came together to form what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Methodist_Church_in_Australia" title="Chinese Methodist Church in Australia">Chinese Methodist Church in Australia</a> in 1993, and it held its first full Annual Conference in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> Since the 2000s many independent Methodist churches have also been established or grown by <a href="/wiki/Tongans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongans">Tongan</a> immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji">Fiji</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Fiji">edit</a>]</div> As a result of the early efforts of missionaries, most of the natives of the Fiji Islands were converted to Methodism in the 1840s and 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> According to the 2007 census, 34.6% of the population (including almost two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">ethnic Fijians</a>),<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> are adherents of Methodism, making Fiji one of the most Methodist nations. The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Fiji_and_Rotuma" title="Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma">Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma</a>, the largest religious denomination, is an important social force along with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">chiefly system</a>. In the past, the church once called for a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a> and fueled <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hinduism">anti-Hindu sentiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christchurch_Chinese_Methodist_Church,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Christchurch_Chinese_Methodist_Church%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_12.jpg/220px-Christchurch_Chinese_Methodist_Church%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Christchurch_Chinese_Methodist_Church%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_12.jpg/330px-Christchurch_Chinese_Methodist_Church%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Christchurch_Chinese_Methodist_Church%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_12.jpg/440px-Christchurch_Chinese_Methodist_Church%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Methodist Church, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> In June 1823 Wesleydale, the first <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist</a> mission in New Zealand, was established at <a href="/wiki/Kaeo" title="Kaeo">Kaeo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_New_Zealand" title="Methodist Church of New Zealand">Methodist Church of New Zealand</a>, which is directly descended from the 19th-century missionaries, was the fourth-most common Christian denomination recorded in the 2018 New Zealand census.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> Since the early 1990s, missionaries and other Methodists from Malaysia and Singapore established Methodist churches around major urban areas in New Zealand. These congregations came together to form the Chinese Methodist Church in New Zealand (CMCNZ) in 2003.{<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samoan_Islands">Samoan Islands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Samoan Islands">edit</a>]</div> The Methodist Church is the third largest denomination throughout the Samoan Islands, in both Samoa and American Samoa.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Piula_Theological_College" title="Piula Theological College">Piula Theological College</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Lufilufi" title="Lufilufi">Lufilufi</a> on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a> island in Samoa and serves as the main headquarters of the Methodist church in the country.<a href="#cite_note-bk1-308">[305]</a> The college includes the historic Piula Monastery as well as <a href="/wiki/Piula_Cave_Pool" title="Piula Cave Pool">Piula Cave Pool</a>, a natural spring situated beneath the church by the sea. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tonga">Tonga</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Tonga">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saione.jpg/220px-Saione.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saione.jpg/330px-Saione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saione.jpg/440px-Saione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Saione, the church of the king – the main Free Wesleyan Church of <a href="/wiki/Kolomotu%CA%BBa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolomotuʻa">Kolomotuʻa</a>, Tonga</figcaption></figure> Methodism had a particular resonance with the inhabitants of Tonga. In the 1830s Wesleyan missionaries converted paramount chief <a href="/wiki/George_Tupou_I" title="George Tupou I">Taufa'ahau Tupou</a> who in turn converted fellow islanders. Today, Methodism is represented on the islands by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Tonga" title="Free Church of Tonga">Free Church of Tonga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Wesleyan_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Wesleyan Church">Free Wesleyan Church</a>, which is the largest church in Tonga. As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a> 48% of Tongans adhered to Methodist churches.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> The royal family of the country are prominent members of the Free Wesleyan Church, and the late king was a lay preacher.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> Tongan Methodist minister <a href="/wiki/Sione_%27Amanaki_Havea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sione 'Amanaki Havea">Sione 'Amanaki Havea</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Coconut_theology" title="Coconut theology">coconut theology</a>, which tailors theology to a Pacific Islands context.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenical_relations">Ecumenical relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ecumenical relations">edit</a>]</div> Many Methodists have been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> which has sought to unite the fractured denominations of Christianity. Because Methodism grew out of the Church of England, a denomination from which neither of the Wesley brothers seceded, some Methodist scholars and historians, such as Rupert E. Davies, have regarded their 'movement' more as a preaching order within wider Christian life than as a church, comparing them with the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, who formed a religious order within the medieval European church and not a separate denomination.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> Certainly, Methodists have been deeply involved in early examples of <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">church union</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>. A disproportionate number of Methodists take part in inter-faith dialogue. For example, <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Ariarajah" title="Wesley Ariarajah">Wesley Ariarajah</a>, a long-serving director of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>' sub-unit on "Dialogue with People of Living Faiths and Ideologies" is a Methodist.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> In October 1999, an executive committee of the World Methodist Council resolved to explore the possibility of its member churches becoming associated with the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">doctrinal agreement</a> which had been reached by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> (LWF). In May 2006, the International Methodist–Catholic Dialogue Commission completed its most recent report, entitled "The <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">Grace</a> Given You in Christ: Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church", and submitted the text to Methodist and Catholic authorities. In July of the same year, in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea, the Member Churches of the World Methodist Council (WMC) voted to approve and sign a "Methodist Statement of Association" with the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a>, the agreement which was reached and officially accepted in 1999 by the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation and which proclaimed that: <blockquote>"Together <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession of faith">we confess</a>: By <a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">grace alone</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in Christ's <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">saving work</a> and not because of any <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merit (Catholicism)">merit</a> on our part, we are accepted by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> and receive the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">renews our hearts</a> while <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">equipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">calling us</a> to <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a>... as <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sinners</a> our <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">new life</a> is <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">solely due</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiving</a> and renewing mercy that God <a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">imparts</a> as a gift and that we receive in faith, and never <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">can merit</a> in any way," affirming "fundamental doctrinal agreement" concerning <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> between the Catholic Church, the LWF, and the World Methodist Council.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a></blockquote> This is not to say there is perfect agreement between the three denominational traditions; while Catholics and Methodists believe that <a href="/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation (Christianity)">salvation</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Synergism_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergism (theology)">cooperation between God and man</a>, Lutherans believe that God <a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">brings about the salvation</a> of individuals <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">without any cooperation</a> on their part. Commenting on the ongoing dialogues with Catholic Church <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">leaders</a>, Ken Howcroft, Methodist minister and the Ecumenical Officer for the Methodist Church of Great Britain, noted that "these conversations have been immensely fruitful."<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> Methodists are increasingly recognizing that the 15 centuries prior to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> constitute a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">shared history</a> with Catholics, and are gaining new appreciation for neglected aspects of the Catholic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> There are, however, important unresolved doctrinal differences <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">separating</a> Roman Catholicism and Methodism, which include "the nature and validity of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">ministry</a> of those who preside at the Eucharist [Holy Communion], the <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theologies_summarised" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic theologies summarised">precise meaning of the Eucharist</a> as the sacramental 'memorial' of Christ's saving death and resurrection, the particular way in which <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Christ is present</a> in Holy Communion, and the link between eucharistic communion and <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">ecclesial communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> In the 1960s, the Methodist Church of Great Britain made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at denominational union. Formally, these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/General_Synod" title="General Synod">General Synod</a> in 1972; conversations and co-operation continued, however, leading in 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> From the 1970s onward, the Methodist Church also started several <a href="/wiki/Local_Ecumenical_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Ecumenical Project">Local Ecumenical Projects</a> (LEPs, later renamed Local Ecumenical Partnerships) with local neighbouring denominations, which involved sharing churches, schools and in some cases ministers. In many towns and villages Methodists are involved in LEPs which are sometimes with Anglican or Baptist churches, but most commonly Methodist and <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a>. In terms of belief, practice and churchmanship, many Methodists see themselves as closer to the United Reformed Church (another <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> church) than to the Church of England.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1990s and early 21st century, the British Methodist Church was involved in the Scottish Church Initiative for Union, seeking greater unity with the established and Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> and the United Reformed Church in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> The Methodist Church of Great Britain is a member of several ecumenical organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_European_Churches" title="Conference of European Churches">Conference of European Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Protestant_Churches_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Protestant Churches in Europe">Community of Protestant Churches in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churches_Together_in_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Churches Together in Britain and Ireland">Churches Together in Britain and Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churches_Together_in_England" title="Churches Together in England">Churches Together in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_of_Churches_Together_in_Scotland" title="Action of Churches Together in Scotland">Action of Churches Together in Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyt%C3%BBn" title="Cytûn">Cytûn</a> (Wales). Methodist denominations in the United States have also strengthened ties with other Christian traditions. In April 2005, bishops in the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> approved A Proposal for Interim Eucharistic Sharing. This document was the first step toward <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> (ELCA). The ELCA approved this same document in August 2005.<a href="#cite_note-ELCA—UMC-322">[319]</a> At the 2008 General Conference, the United Methodist Church approved full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<a href="#cite_note-ENI-_Methodists_Approve_Full_Communion_with_ELCA-323">[320]</a> The UMC is also in dialogue with the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church</a> for full communion.<a href="#cite_note-UMC—Episcopal_Church_USA-324">[321]</a> The UMC and ELC worked together on a document called "Confessing Our Faith Together".<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">List of Methodists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">List of Methodist theologians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_churches" title="List of Methodist churches">List of Methodist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">List of Methodist denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (bishop)">William Taylor (bishop)</a> (1821–1902) — Missionary who introduced or promoted Methodism in a number of countries around the world.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> This figure reported in 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit">[update]</a> is an estimate by the <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a> and includes members of <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united and uniting churches</a> with Methodist participation. It represents approximately 60 million committed members and a further 20 million adherents. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arminianism-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arminianism_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arminianism_13-1">b</a> Arminianism is named after <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a>, a Dutch theologian who was trained to preach <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> but concluded that some aspects of Calvinism had to be modified in the light of Scripture.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Arminians as well as Calvinists appeal to Scripture and the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Fathers</a> to support their respective views, however the differences remain – Arminianism holds to the role of <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Christianity" title="Free will in theology">free will</a> in salvation and rejects the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> John Wesley was perhaps the clearest English proponent of Arminian theology.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-class-28"><a href="#cite_ref-class_28-0">^</a> This social analysis is a summary of a wide variety of books on Methodist history, articles in The Methodist Magazine, etc. Most of the Methodist <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> were associated with <a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon</a>, who invited Methodist preachers to gatherings that she hosted. Methodists were leaders among Christians at that time who reached out to the poorest of the working classes. A number of soldiers were also Methodists.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStrong2022" class="citation cs2">Strong, Douglas M. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-american-protestantism/wesleyanmethodist-and-holiness-traditions/CABD49951AA714BEC7C7AAE121416947">"Wesleyan-Methodist and Holiness Traditions"</a>, The Cambridge Companion to American Protestantism, pp. 435–460, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108756297.024">10.1017/9781108756297.024</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48532-6"><bdi>978-1-108-48532-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 11 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wesleyan-Methodist+and+Holiness+Traditions&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+American+Protestantism&rft.pages=435-460&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108756297.024&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48532-6&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-companion-to-american-protestantism%2Fwesleyanmethodist-and-holiness-traditions%2FCABD49951AA714BEC7C7AAE121416947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988">. "Methodism – the Christian tradition that traces its heritage to John Wesley" </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml">"Methodist Church"</a>. BBC. 12 July 2011. 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Eaton and Mains. pp. 21, 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probationer%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=21%2C+41&rft.pub=Eaton+and+Mains&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Stephen+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missionary_Work-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Missionary_Work_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanmethodi00scudgoog">American Methodism</a>. S. S. Scranton & Company. 1867. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanmethodi00scudgoog/page/n42">29</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2007. <q>But the most-noticeable feature of British Methodism is its missionary spirit, and its organized, effective missionary work. It takes the lead of all other denominations in missionary movements. From its origin, Methodism has been characterized by its zeal for propagandism. It has always been missionary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodism&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=S.+S.+Scranton+%26+Company&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanmethodi00scudgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adherents-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adherents_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adherents_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303123750/http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/">"Member Churches"</a>. World Methodist Council. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. 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Hamilton, Adams, & Co. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Hamilton%2C+Adams%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Eckett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2018-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2018_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Louisa (August 2018). "The Relevance of the 18th Century Wesleyan Class Meeting in the 21st Century Church". The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist. 80 (8). <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>: 8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist&rft.atitle=The+Relevance+of+the+18th+Century+Wesleyan+Class+Meeting+in+the+21st+Century+Church&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2018-08&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methodist_Hymnbody-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Methodist_Hymnbody_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acollectionhymn03weslgoog">A Collection of Hymns, for the use of the people called Methodists</a>. T. Blanshard. 1820. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812529-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812529-7"><bdi>978-0-19-812529-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+Hymns%2C+for+the+use+of+the+people+called+Methodists&rft.pub=T.+Blanshard&rft.date=1820&rft.isbn=978-0-19-812529-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facollectionhymn03weslgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heitzenrater2002-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Heitzenrater2002_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitzenrater2002" class="citation book cs1">Heitzenrater, Richard P. (2002). The Poor and the People Called Methodists. Abingdon Press. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-05155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-05155-7"><bdi>978-0-687-05155-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poor+and+the+People+Called+Methodists&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-687-05155-7&rft.aulast=Heitzenrater&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2005-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2005_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2005_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Charles Reagan (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion in the South. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865547582" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865547582"><bdi>978-0865547582</bdi></a>. <q>Both Southern Baptist and Methodist organizations engaged in evangelism and social service missions in the United States and abroad. ... However, despite their similarities in evangelism and social services, by the dawn of the 20th century the two denominational women's movements had already diverged from each other because the Methodist organizations had embraced the Social Gospel. They had embarked not only on social service in addition to evangelism but on social reform.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+in+the+South&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0865547582&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Reagan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_holiness-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Social_holiness_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/wc_Eur_John_Mcmaster_Wesley_on_Social_Holiness.pdf">"Wesley on Social Holiness"</a> (PDF). The Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesley+on+Social+Holiness&rft.pub=The+Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fwc_Eur_John_Mcmaster_Wesley_on_Social_Holiness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009AbrahamKirby-23"><a href="#cite_ref-2009AbrahamKirby_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamKirby2009" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191607431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191607431"><bdi>978-0191607431</bdi></a>. <q>First, it is clear that 'evangelism' is primarily concerned with the evangel, the gospel, or the good news we bear in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Methodist+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0191607431&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Establishments-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Establishments_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modelsforchristi0000unse">Models for Christian Higher Education: Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty-First Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. 1997. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modelsforchristi0000unse/page/n301">290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802841216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802841216"><bdi>978-0802841216</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2007. <q>Wesleyan institutions, whether hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens or schools, historically were begun with the spirit to serve all people and to transform society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+for+Christian+Higher+Education%3A+Strategies+for+Survival+and+Success+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0802841216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodelsforchristi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott2016-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2016_25-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2016" class="citation book cs1">Scott, David W. (2016). Mission as Globalization: Methodists in Southeast Asia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-2664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-2664-7"><bdi>978-1-4985-2664-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+as+Globalization%3A+Methodists+in+Southeast+Asia+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-2664-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKnight2010-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKnight2010_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKnight2010_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Scot (2010). Fasting: The Ancient Practices. Thomas Nelson. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1418576134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1418576134"><bdi>978-1418576134</bdi></a>. <q>John Wesley, in his Journal, wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasting%3A+The+Ancient+Practices&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1418576134&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> J A Clapperton, "Romance and Heroism in Early Methodism", (1901) </li> <li id="cite_note-Swatos1998-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Swatos1998_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwatos1998" class="citation book cs1">Swatos, William H. (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman Altamira</a>. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761989561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761989561"><bdi>978-0761989561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0761989561&rft.aulast=Swatos&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1993" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, William E. (1993). Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865–1900. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1745-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1745-5"><bdi>0-8071-1745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Their+Own+Vine+and+Fig+Tree%3A+The+African-American+Church+in+the+South%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8071-1745-5&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMCofWB-31"><a href="#cite_ref-UMCofWB_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325213036/http://www.umcwfb.org/_aboutus/about_us_ourstory.htm">"What We Believe – Founder of the United Methodist Church"</a>. United Methodist Church of Whitefish Bay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umcwfb.org/_ABOUTUS/about_us_ourstory.htm">the original</a> on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+We+Believe+%E2%80%93+Founder+of+the+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Church+of+Whitefish+Bay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcwfb.org%2F_ABOUTUS%2Fabout_us_ourstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methodism-John_Wesley-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Methodism-John_Wesley_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aLzLqGPrPUC&q=books+on+methodism">An Introduction to World Methodism</a>. Cambridge University Press. 5 May 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521818490" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521818490"><bdi>978-0521818490</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+World+Methodism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft.isbn=978-0521818490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aLzLqGPrPUC%26q%3Dbooks%2Bon%2Bmethodism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Wesley,_Fellow,_Lincoln_College-33"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Wesley,_Fellow,_Lincoln_College_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622170413/http://www.linc.ox.ac.uk/index.php?page=Famous+Alumni%3AJohn+Wesley+%281703+-+1791%29">"Lincoln College, Oxford, Famous Alumni, John Wesley (1703–1791)"</a>. Lincoln College, Oxford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linc.ox.ac.uk/index.php?page=famous+alumni%3Ajohn+wesley+%281703+-+1791%29">the original</a> on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln+College%2C+Oxford%2C+Famous+Alumni%2C+John+Wesley+%281703%E2%80%931791%29&rft.pub=Lincoln+College%2C+Oxford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linc.ox.ac.uk%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dfamous%2Balumni%253Ajohn%2Bwesley%2B%25281703%2B-%2B1791%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairchild-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairchild_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairchild_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairchild" class="citation web cs1">Fairchild, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190404/http://christianity.about.com/od/methodistdenomination/a/methodishistory.htm">"Methodist Church History: A Brief History of the Methodist Denomination"</a>. About.com:Christianity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/methodistdenomination/a/methodishistory.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com%3AChristianity&rft.atitle=Methodist+Church+History%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Methodist+Denomination&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2Fmethodistdenomination%2Fa%2Fmethodishistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holy_club-35"><a href="#cite_ref-holy_club_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/the-holy-club">"The Holy Club"</a>. The Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Club&rft.pub=The+Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory%2Fthe-holy-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossStacey" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Kathy W.; Stacey, Rosemary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000119090526/http://www.sip.armstrong.edu/Methodism/wesley.html">"John Wesley and Savannah"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sip.armstrong.edu/Methodism/wesley.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2000. Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+and+Savannah&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Kathy+W.&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sip.armstrong.edu%2FMethodism%2Fwesley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1701-1800/john-wesleys-heart-strangely-warmed-11630227.html">John Wesley's Heart Strangely Warmed</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianity.com/">www.christianity.com</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1999" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, Frederick A. (1999). The Genesis of Methodism. Lehigh University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934223-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-934223-56-4"><bdi>0-934223-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Methodism&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-934223-56-4&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=Frederick+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2006" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Daniel L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZdLAwAAQBAJ&q=The+significance+of+Wesley%E2%80%99s+Aldersgate+Experience+is+monumental.+It+is+the+pivotal+point+in+his+life+and+the+Methodist+movement.+Without+it+the+names+of+Wesley+and+Methodism+would+likely+be+nothing+more+than+obscure+footnotes+in+the+pages+of+church+history&pg=PA36">In the Shadow of Aldersgate: An Introduction to the Heritage and Faith of the Wesleyan Tradition</a>. Wipf and Stock. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-573-2"><bdi>978-1-59752-573-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Aldersgate%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Heritage+and+Faith+of+the+Wesleyan+Tradition&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59752-573-2&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZdLAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bsignificance%2Bof%2BWesley%25E2%2580%2599s%2BAldersgate%2BExperience%2Bis%2Bmonumental.%2BIt%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bpivotal%2Bpoint%2Bin%2Bhis%2Blife%2Band%2Bthe%2BMethodist%2Bmovement.%2BWithout%2Bit%2Bthe%2Bnames%2Bof%2BWesley%2Band%2BMethodism%2Bwould%2Blikely%2Bbe%2Bnothing%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Bobscure%2Bfootnotes%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpages%2Bof%2Bchurch%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hylson-Smith-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylson-Smith_40-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylson-Smith1992" class="citation book cs1">Hylson-Smith, Kenneth (1992). Evangelicals in the Church of England 1734–1984. Bloomsbury. pp. 17–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelicals+in+the+Church+of+England+1734%E2%80%931984&rft.pages=17-21&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hylson-Smith&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1962" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Richard (1962) [1909]. Howell Harris and the Dawn of Revival. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Press_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Press of Wales">Evangelical Press of Wales</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85049-035-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85049-035-X"><bdi>1-85049-035-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howell+Harris+and+the+Dawn+of+Revival&rft.pub=Evangelical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=1-85049-035-X&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlenther1997" class="citation book cs1">Schlenther, Boyd Stanley (1997). Queen of the Methodists: The Countess of Huntingdon and the Eighteenth-Century Crisis of Faith and Society. Bishop Auckland: Durham Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900838085" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900838085"><bdi>978-1900838085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+the+Methodists%3A+The+Countess+of+Huntingdon+and+the+Eighteenth-Century+Crisis+of+Faith+and+Society&rft.place=Bishop+Auckland&rft.pub=Durham+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1900838085&rft.aulast=Schlenther&rft.aufirst=Boyd+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutzman2011" class="citation book cs1">Stutzman, Paul Fike (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zjsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159">Recovering the Love Feast: Broadening Our Eucharistic Celebrations</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498273176" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498273176"><bdi>978-1498273176</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+the+Love+Feast%3A+Broadening+Our+Eucharistic+Celebrations&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-1498273176&rft.aulast=Stutzman&rft.aufirst=Paul+Fike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7zjsCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Wesley, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/The-Wesleys-and-Their-Times/Short-History-of-Methodism">The Works of the Reverend John Wesley, A. M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181504/https://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/The-Wesleys-and-Their-Times/Short-History-of-Methodism">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "A Short History of Methodism", II.1. 1831. Retrieved on 21 October 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-CT-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CT_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CT_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/denominationalfounders/john-wesley.html">"John Wesley: Methodical Pietist"</a>. Christianity Today. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=John+Wesley%3A+Methodical+Pietist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fdenominationalfounders%2Fjohn-wesley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/a-plain-account-of-christian-perfection/">"The Wesley Center Online: A Plain Account of Christian Perfection"</a>. wesley.nnu.edu. Northwest Nazarene University. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wesley.nnu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Wesley+Center+Online%3A+A+Plain+Account+of+Christian+Perfection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fjohn-wesley%2Fa-plain-account-of-christian-perfection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dallimore._George_Whitefield-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Dallimore._George_Whitefield_47-0">^</a> Dallimore. George Whitefield. </li> <li id="cite_note-Glen-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glen_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glen_48-1">b</a> Glen, Robert (1989). "Methodism, Religious Dissent and Revolution in the English Satiric Prints, 1780–1815", Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1850: Proceedings 19: 173–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Goodwin, Charles H. (2015). "Vile or Reviled? The Causes of the anti-Methodist Riots at Wednesbury between May, 1743 and April, 1744 in the Light of New England Revivalism". Methodist History 35(1): 14–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> On anti-Methodist literary attacks see Brett C. McInelly, "Writing the Revival: The Intersections of Methodism and Literature in the Long 18th Century". Literature Compass 12.1 (2015): 12–21; McInelly, Textual Warfare and the Making of Methodism (Oxford University Press, 2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichard" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Prichard" title="Robert Prichard">Prichard, Robert</a>. History of The Episcopal Church (Third Revised ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Episcopal+Church&rft.edition=Third+Revised&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211194206/http://archive.inumc.org/thechristmasgiftanewchurch">"The Christmas Gift: A New Church"</a>. The United Methodist Church of Indiana. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.inumc.org/thechristmasgiftanewchurch">the original</a> on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christmas+Gift%3A+A+New+Church&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church+of+Indiana&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.inumc.org%2Fthechristmasgiftanewchurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullin2006" class="citation book cs1">Mullin, Robert Bruce (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nWP0_6gkiYC&pg=PA170">A Short World History of Christianity</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664236649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664236649"><bdi>978-0664236649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+World+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0664236649&rft.aulast=Mullin&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nWP0_6gkiYC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Abraham" title="William J. Abraham">Abraham, William J.</a> (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peopleneedjesus.net/2016/08/25/the-birth-pangs-of-united-methodism-as-a-unique-global-orthodox-denomination/">"The Birth Pangs of United Methodism as a Unique, Global, Orthodox Denomination"</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+Pangs+of+United+Methodism+as+a+Unique%2C+Global%2C+Orthodox+Denomination&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeopleneedjesus.net%2F2016%2F08%2F25%2Fthe-birth-pangs-of-united-methodism-as-a-unique-global-orthodox-denomination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vL8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1040">The Oxford Companion to British History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1040. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191044816" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191044816"><bdi>978-0191044816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.pages=1040&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0191044816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vL8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Broyles, Kathryn A. (2008), "Mothering, Catechesis, and Ecclesial Leadership: The Women of Early Methodism and Their Call to Witness to the Gospel of Christ". Methodist History 46(3): 141–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/education-ahistoricalperspective-270312.pdf">"A historical perspective on Methodist involvement in school education after Wesley"</a> (PDF). The Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 6 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+historical+perspective+on+Methodist+involvement+in+school+education+after+Wesley&rft.pub=The+Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fdownloads%2Feducation-ahistoricalperspective-270312.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Pritchard, Frank Cyril (1949) Methodist Secondary Education: A History of the Contribution of Methodism to Secondary Education in the United Kingdom. Epworth. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2014" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Thomas S. (2014). George Whitefield: America's Spiritual Founding Father. New Haven, Connecticut. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300181623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300181623"><bdi>978-0300181623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Whitefield%3A+America%27s+Spiritual+Founding+Father&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0300181623&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Black2003-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black2003_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2003_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black2003_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2003" class="citation book cs1">Black, Brian (2003). The Holiness Heritage. Allegheny Publications. pp. 31, 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holiness+Heritage&rft.pages=31%2C+45&rft.pub=Allegheny+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catechism-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catechism_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catechism_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catechism_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catechism_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catechism_61-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists. Peterborough [England]: Methodist Publishing House. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1858521824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1858521824"><bdi>978-1858521824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catechism+for+the+Use+of+the+People+Called+Methodists&rft.place=Peterborough+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1858521824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers2016-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2016_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2016" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Jason (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBRrDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT350">A Wesleyan Theology of the Eucharist: The Presence of God for Christian Life and Ministry</a>. BookBaby. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0938162513" title="Special:BookSources/978-0938162513"><bdi>978-0938162513</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Wesleyan+Theology+of+the+Eucharist%3A+The+Presence+of+God+for+Christian+Life+and+Ministry&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0938162513&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBRrDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2005-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Melton2005_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2005" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816069835" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816069835"><bdi>978-0816069835</bdi></a>. <q>Among the items deleted by Wesley as unnecessary for Methodists were articles on of Works Before Justification, which in Calvinism are largely discounted, but in Methodism lauded; Of Predestination and Election, which Wesley felt would be understood in a Calvinist manner that the Methodists rejected; and of the Traditions of the Church, which Wesley felt to be no longer at issue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0816069835&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/why-do-we-say-creeds">"Why do we say creeds?"</a>. The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 16 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+we+say+creeds%3F&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fwhy-do-we-say-creeds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-articles-65"><a href="#cite_ref-articles_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunications" class="citation web cs1">Communications, United Methodist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928045447/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/the-articles-of-religion-of-the-methodist-church">"The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church"</a>. United Methodist Communications. The United Methodist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/the-articles-of-religion-of-the-methodist-church">the original</a> on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Methodist+Communications&rft.atitle=The+Articles+of+Religion+of+the+Methodist+Church&rft.aulast=Communications&rft.aufirst=United+Methodist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fthe-articles-of-religion-of-the-methodist-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Methodism">"Methodism | History, Beliefs, & Organization"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Methodism+%7C+History%2C+Beliefs%2C+%26+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMethodism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tillett1907-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Tillett1907_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillett1907" class="citation book cs1">Tillett, Wilbur Fisk (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ_QULVJ8qIC&pg=PA12">A Statement of the Faith of World-Wide Methodism</a>. Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. p. 12. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Statement+of+the+Faith+of+World-Wide+Methodism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Publishing+House+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%2C+South&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Tillett&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+Fisk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQ_QULVJ8qIC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:31&version=nrsv">Mark 12:31</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunications" class="citation web cs1">Communications, United Methodist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/our-wesleyan-heritage">"Our Wesleyan Heritage"</a>. The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Our+Wesleyan+Heritage&rft.aulast=Communications&rft.aufirst=United+Methodist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Four-wesleyan-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilcote2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chilcote, Paul (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/MethodistTheology#section1.4">"Methodist Theology"</a>. St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St+Andrews+Encyclopaedia+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Methodist+Theology&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Chilcote&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saet.ac.uk%2FChristianity%2FMethodistTheology%23section1.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Preface to The Methodist Hymn Book, December 1933. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> John Wesley. "Preface to A collection of Hymns for use of the People called Methodists", 20 October 1779. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2017" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Martin V. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkYrDwAAQBAJ">British Methodist Hymnody: Theology, Heritage, and Experience</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17179-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17179-9"><bdi>978-1-317-17179-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Methodist+Hymnody%3A+Theology%2C+Heritage%2C+and+Experience&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-17179-9&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Martin+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkYrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5P0oPZraEQsC&pg=PA33">Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830874439" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830874439"><bdi>978-0830874439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0830874439&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5P0oPZraEQsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Parkyns, Edgar (1996). His Waiting Bride, pp 169–170, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526800-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526800-0-9">0-9526800-0-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Ashby, Stephen "Reformed Arminianism" Four Views on Eternal Security (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002), 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> John Wesley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/sermons.toc.html">Sermons on Several Occasions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131051225/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/sermons.toc.html">Archived</a> 31 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for further detail. </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson2002-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Olson2002_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2002" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2002). The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity & Diversity. InterVarsity Press. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830826957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830826957"><bdi>978-0830826957</bdi></a>. <q>Two examples of Christian synergism are the Catholic reformer Erasmus, who was roughly contemporary with Luther, and the 17th-century Dutch theologian Arminius. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist tradition, was also a synergist with regard to salvation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosaic+of+Christian+Belief%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Unity+%26+Diversity&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0830826957&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2002Olson-79"><a href="#cite_ref-2002Olson_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2002" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2002). The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity & Diversity. InterVarsity Press. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830826957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830826957"><bdi>978-0830826957</bdi></a>. <q>About one hundred and twenty-five years later, the English revivalist and Methodist founder Wesley taught the same basic syneristic view of salvation based on belief in God's prevenient grace enabling fallen sinners to respond freely to God's offer of saving grace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosaic+of+Christian+Belief%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Unity+%26+Diversity&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0830826957&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Davies, Gwyn (2002). "A Light in the Land" (2002). p. 46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85049-181-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85049-181-X">1-85049-181-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yates2015-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Yates2015_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates2015" class="citation book cs1">Yates, Arthur S. (2015). The Doctrine of Assurance: With Special Reference to John Wesley. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498205047" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498205047"><bdi>978-1498205047</bdi></a>. <q>Writing to Arthur Bedford on 4th August 1738, Wesley says: 'That assurance of which alone I speak, I should not choose to call an assurance of salvation, but rather (with the Scriptures) the assurance of faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Assurance%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+John+Wesley&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1498205047&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_82-0">^</a> Harper, J. Steven (1983). The Way to Heaven: The Gospel According to John Wesley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25260-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-25260-1">0-310-25260-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyner2007-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Joyner2007_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner2007" class="citation book cs1">Joyner, F. Belton (2007). United Methodist Answers. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664230395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664230395"><bdi>978-0664230395</bdi></a>. <q>Jacob Albright, founder of the movement that led to the Evangelical Church flow in The United Methodist Church, got into trouble with some of his Lutheran, Reformed, and Mennonite neighbors because he insisted that salvation not only involved ritual but meant a change of heart, a different way of living.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodist+Answers&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0664230395&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=F.+Belton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer2016-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2016_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2016_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2016" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, M. James (2016). The Survivor's Guide to Theology. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498294058" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498294058"><bdi>978-1498294058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survivor%27s+Guide+to+Theology&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1498294058&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=M.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2013-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2013_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2013_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight_III2013" class="citation web cs1">Knight III, Henry H. (9 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalystresources.org/wesley-on-faith-and-good-works/">"Wesley on Faith and Good Works"</a>. AFTE. Retrieved 21 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesley+on+Faith+and+Good+Works&rft.pub=AFTE&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.aulast=Knight+III&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalystresources.org%2Fwesley-on-faith-and-good-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennent2011" class="citation web cs1">Tennent, Timothy (9 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timothytennent.com/2011/07/09/means-of-grace-why-i-am-a-methodist-and-an-evangelical-part-3/">"Means of Grace: Why I am a Methodist and an Evangelical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asbury_Theological_Seminary" title="Asbury Theological Seminary">Asbury Theological Seminary</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Means+of+Grace%3A+Why+I+am+a+Methodist+and+an+Evangelical&rft.pub=Asbury+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=2011-07-09&rft.aulast=Tennent&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimothytennent.com%2F2011%2F07%2F09%2Fmeans-of-grace-why-i-am-a-methodist-and-an-evangelical-part-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2011-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2011_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ted A. (2011). Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials (2nd ed.). Abingdon Press. pp. 40, 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426753473" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426753473"><bdi>978-1426753473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Doctrine%3A+The+Essentials&rft.pages=40%2C+68-69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1426753473&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ted+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman2024-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Newman2024_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2024" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Rocky (2024). "What Holiness is Not". The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist. 86 (7): 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist&rft.atitle=What+Holiness+is+Not&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Rocky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson2022-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson2022_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson2022_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2022" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Mark K. (4 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wesleyscholar.com/john-wesley-on-sin-and-holiness/">"John Wesley on Sin and Holiness"</a>. Wesley Scholar. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+on+Sin+and+Holiness&rft.pub=Wesley+Scholar&rft.date=2022-06-04&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwesleyscholar.com%2Fjohn-wesley-on-sin-and-holiness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintockStrong2024-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClintockStrong2024_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClintockStrong2024_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/M/methodists-free.html">"Methodists, Free"</a>. McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodists%2C+Free&rft.pub=McClintock+and+Strong+Biblical+Cyclopedia+Online&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalcyclopedia.com%2FM%2Fmethodists-free.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buschart2009-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Buschart2009_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuschart2009" class="citation book cs1">Buschart, W. David (20 August 2009). Exploring Protestant Traditions. InterVarsity Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830875146" title="Special:BookSources/9780830875146"><bdi>9780830875146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Protestant+Traditions&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.isbn=9780830875146&rft.aulast=Buschart&rft.aufirst=W.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Wesley, John. The Works of John Wesley, Third Edition., vol. 12 (London, England: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room, 1872), p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-Whidden2005-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhidden2005" class="citation web cs1">Whidden, Woodrow W. (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630044749/https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">"Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection"</a>. Biblical Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">the original</a> on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventist+Theology%3A+The+Wesleyan+Connection&rft.pub=Biblical+Research+Institute&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.aulast=Whidden&rft.aufirst=Woodrow+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fes%2Fnode%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinson2002-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinson2002_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Pinson, J. Matthew (2002). Four Views on Eternal Security. Harper Collins. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310234395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310234395"><bdi>978-0310234395</bdi></a>. <q>While for Arminius loss of salvation came only through ceasing to believe in Christ, Wesleyans held that it could result from either unbelief or unconfessed sin. ... Anabaptists (e.g., Mennonites, Brethren) and Restorationists (e.g., the Churches of Christ, Christian Churches, Disciples of Christ) have traditionally tended towards doctrines of salvation – similar to that of Wesleyan Arminianism without affirming a "second blessing" and entire sanctification. There have always been some in these groups, however, who has espoused a view more akin to Reformed Arminianism. Many traditional Lutherans also affirm the possibility of apostasy and reconversion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Views+on+Eternal+Security&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0310234395&rft.aulast=Pinson&rft.aufirst=J.+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2016-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2016_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Jeff (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/meet-a-reformed-arminian/">"Meet a Reformed Arminian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_Coalition" title="The Gospel Coalition">The Gospel Coalition</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2019. <q>Reformed Arminianism's understanding of apostasy veers from the Wesleyan notion that individuals may repeatedly fall from grace by committing individual sins and may be repeatedly restored to a state of grace through penitence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+a+Reformed+Arminian&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fmeet-a-reformed-arminian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Jeff (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/meet-a-reformed-arminian/">"Meet a Reformed Arminian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_Coalition" title="The Gospel Coalition">The Gospel Coalition</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2019. <q>Reformed Arminianism's understanding of apostasy veers from the Wesleyan notion that individuals may repeatedly fall from grace by committing individual sins and may be repeatedly restored to a state of grace through penitence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+a+Reformed+Arminian&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fmeet-a-reformed-arminian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaugheyAllen1850-97"><a href="#cite_ref-CaugheyAllen1850_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaugheyAllen1850" class="citation book cs1">Caughey, James; Allen, Ralph William (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodisminearn00wisegoog">Methodism in Earnest</a>. Charles H. Peirce. <q>She had lost the blessing of entire sanctification; but a few days after this she obtained it again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism+in+Earnest&rft.pub=Charles+H.+Peirce&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Caughey&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Allen%2C+Ralph+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmethodisminearn00wisegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy2016-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy2016_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2016" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6twuk5c8OSYC">Eucharistic Sacramentality in an Ecumenical Context: The Anglican Epiclesis</a>. Routledge. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317140115" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317140115"><bdi>978-1317140115</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 March 2017. <q>Evangelical Anglicans in the main did not follow the sacramental emphasis of the Wesleys but tended to be Cranmerian in their eucharistic theology, rejecting any notion of an objective presence of Christ in the elements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eucharistic+Sacramentality+in+an+Ecumenical+Context%3A+The+Anglican+Epiclesis&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317140115&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6twuk5c8OSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonDixRuston2006" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, David Michael; Dix, Kenneth; Ruston, Alan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9xyaPnbtYkC">Protestant Nonconformist Texts: The twentieth century</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Limited. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4013-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4013-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-4013-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestant+Nonconformist+Texts%3A+The+twentieth+century&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4013-4&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft.au=Dix%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Ruston%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9xyaPnbtYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/faqs-about-baptism-membership-and-salvation">"FAQs about Baptism, Membership, and Salvation"</a>. Discipleship Ministries. United Methodist Church. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discipleship+Ministries&rft.atitle=FAQs+about+Baptism%2C+Membership%2C+and+Salvation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcdiscipleship.org%2Fresources%2Ffaqs-about-baptism-membership-and-salvation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4951419&ct=11623561">"This Holy Mystery"</a>. The United Methodist Church. 2004. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Holy+Mystery&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnlnet%2Fcontent2.aspx%3Fc%3DlwL4KnN1LtH%26b%3D4951419%26ct%3D11623561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002407/http://www.irishmethodist.org/sites/default/files/pdf/manualoflaws/Chapter%2003.pdf">"Means of Grace"</a> (PDF). Methodist Church in Ireland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishmethodist.org/sites/default/files/pdf/manualoflaws/Chapter%2003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Means+of+Grace&rft.pub=Methodist+Church+in+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmethodist.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fmanualoflaws%2FChapter%252003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umc.org/en/content/the-wesleyan-means-of-grace">"The Wesleyan Means of Grace"</a>. United Methodist Church. 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Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wesley.nnu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Wesley+Center+Online%3A+Sermon+16+%E2%80%93+The+Means+Of+Grace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fjohn-wesley%2Fthe-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition%2Fsermon-16-the-means-of-grace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, L. Edward (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001700/http://www.gbhem.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/online_communion/Means-of-Grace-and-the-Question-of-Online-Communion.pdf">"The Holy Communion as a Means of Grace and the Question of On-line Communion"</a> (PDF). United Methodist Church General Board of Higher Education and Ministry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbhem.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/online_communion/Means-of-Grace-and-the-Question-of-Online-Communion.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 February 2017. 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James Clarke & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227902202" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227902202"><bdi>978-0227902202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Faith+to+Faith%3A+John+Wesley%27s+Covenant+Theology+and+the+Way+of+Salvation&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0227902202&rft.aulast=Rodes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/glossary-wesleyan-quadrilateral-the">"Wesleyan Quadrilateral, the"</a>. Glossary. United Methodist Church. 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Journal of Mother-Tongue Biblical Hermeneutics and Theology. 2 (3): 87–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.38159%2Fmotbit.2020091">10.38159/motbit.2020091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mother-Tongue+Biblical+Hermeneutics+and+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Wesleyan+Quadrilateral+and+Contemporary+Biblical+Exegesis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=87-95&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.38159%2Fmotbit.2020091&rft.aulast=Boaheng&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.38159%252Fmotbit.2020091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst1902-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurst1902_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1902" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1902). 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Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-168-7"><bdi>978-1-61970-168-7</bdi></a>. <q>Morning and Evening Prayer were liturgical services held each day at the local church, during which psalms were sung and prayers were offered to God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Early+Christian+Beliefs%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+More+Than+700+Topics+Discussed+by+the+Early+Church+Fathers&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.isbn=978-1-61970-168-7&rft.aulast=Bercot&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith2005-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith2005_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. 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St Paul's Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+St.+Paul%27s&rft.pub=St+Paul%27s+Free+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpaulsfmc.org%2Fguiding-philosophies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firth-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firth_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firth_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth2013" class="citation web cs1">Firth, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4416/1/Firth13PhD.pdf">"Methodist Worship"</a> (PDF). University of Birmingham. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0687011346" title="Special:BookSources/978-0687011346"><bdi>978-0687011346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Form+and+Freedom%3A+John+Wesley%27s+Legacy+for+Methodist+Worship&rft.btitle=The+Sunday+Service+of+the+Methodists%3A+Twentieth-Century+Worship+in+Worldwide+Methodism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0687011346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols2012-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Nichols2012_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2012" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Bridget (12 May 2012). The Collect in the Churches of the Reformation. 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Wilmore Free Methodist Church. 2024. <q>We gather each Wednesday at 7:00 p.m. for singing, joyful thanksgiving, sharing, and prayer. Anyone is welcome to come and share a burden for us to bear together or a blessing for us to celebrate together.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prayer&rft.pub=Wilmore+Free+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilmorefmc.org%2Fworship%2Fprayer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2011-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2011_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2011_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (2011). American Methodist Worship. 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Oxford University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195354249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195354249"><bdi>978-0195354249</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism+and+the+Southern+Mind%2C+1770%E2%80%931810&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0195354249&rft.aulast=Lyerly&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRiddXHU584C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Journals of Wesley, Nehemiah Curnock, ed., London, England: Epworth Press 1938, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1999" class="citation web cs1">Wesley, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-88-on-dress/">"The Wesley Center Online: Sermon 88 – On Dress"</a>. Wesley Center for Applied Theology. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wesley+Center+Online%3A+Sermon+88+%E2%80%93+On+Dress&rft.pub=Wesley+Center+for+Applied+Theology&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fjohn-wesley%2Fthe-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition%2Fsermon-88-on-dress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-America1858-147"><a href="#cite_ref-America1858_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, of America. Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America. 1858. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection%2C+of+America&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection+of+America&rft.date=1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright1857-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright1857_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright1857" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, Peter (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp0000unse">Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher</a>. Carlton & Porter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp0000unse/page/74">74</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Peter+Cartwright%3A+The+Backwoods+Preacher&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Carlton+%26+Porter&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofp0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bratt2012-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Bratt2012_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratt2012" class="citation book cs1">Bratt, James D. (2012). By the Vision of Another World: Worship in American History. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802867100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802867100"><bdi>978-0802867100</bdi></a>. <q>Methodist preachers, in particular, may have been tempted to take the elevation of the spirit and concomitant mortification of the body to extremes. Early circuit riders often arose well before dawn for solitary prayer; they remained on their knees without food or drink or physical comforts sometimes for hours on end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Vision+of+Another+World%3A+Worship+in+American+History&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0802867100&rft.aulast=Bratt&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110150935/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/disciple.stm">"John Wesley and Spiritual Disciplines – The Works of Piety"</a>. The United Methodist Church. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/disciple.stm">the original</a> on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+and+Spiritual+Disciplines+%E2%80%93+The+Works+of+Piety&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbgm-umc.org%2Fumw%2Fwesley%2Fdisciple.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther1815-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Crowther1815_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1815" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Jonathan (1815). A Portraiture of Methodism: Or, The History of the Wesleyan Methodists. T. Blanshard. pp. 251, 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portraiture+of+Methodism%3A+Or%2C+The+History+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodists&rft.pages=251%2C+257&rft.pub=T.+Blanshard&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Beard_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2012" class="citation journal cs1">Beard, Steve (30 January 2012). "The spiritual discipline of fasting". Good News Magazine. United Methodist Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Good+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+spiritual+discipline+of+fasting&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2002-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2002_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Scott J. (2002). United Methodist Doctrine: The Extreme Center. Abingdon Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0687034857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0687034857"><bdi>978-0687034857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodist+Doctrine%3A+The+Extreme+Center&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0687034857&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Scott+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-church/views-of-the-church/">"Views of the Church"</a>. www.methodist.org.uk. Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.methodist.org.uk&rft.atitle=Views+of+the+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-methodist-church%2Fviews-of-the-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"I. The Church". Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection. <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>. pp. 19, 31–32. <q>Should we insist on plain and modest dress? Certainly. We should not on any account spend what the Lord has put into our hands as stewards, to be used for His glory, in expensive wearing apparel, when thousands are suffering for food and raiment, and millions are perishing for the Word of life. Let the dress of every member of every Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Church be plain and modest. Let the strictest carefulness and economy be used in these respects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+The+Church&rft.btitle=Discipline+of+the+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rft.pages=19%2C+31-32&rft.pub=Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMCC2017-156"><a href="#cite_ref-EMCC2017_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a>. 15 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Discipline&rft.pub=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Conference&rft.date=2017-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126234944/http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm">"Brief Description"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a>. 26 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Description&rft.pub=Fellowship+of+Independent+Methodist+Churches&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffimc.org.uk%2Fabout_us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-158"><a href="#cite_ref-AbrahamKirby2009_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamKirby2009" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191607431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191607431"><bdi>978-0191607431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Methodist+Studies&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0191607431&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge2005-159"><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge2005_159-0">^</a> Cracknell and White (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/18490/frontmatter/9780521818490_frontmatter.pdf">An Introduction to World Methodism</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130153713/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/18490/frontmatter/9780521818490_frontmatter.pdf">Archived</a> 30 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 'i' (frontmatter). </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/korean-methodist-church">"Korean Methodist Church"</a>. World Council of Churches. January 1948. Retrieved 23 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fkorean-methodist-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/">"Who We Are"</a>. worldmethodistcouncil.org. World Methodist Council. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldmethodistcouncil.org&rft.atitle=Who+We+Are&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmethodistcouncil.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/wc_italian_factsheet.doc">"Italian fact sheet"</a> (Microsoft Word document). The Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 22 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+fact+sheet&rft.pub=The+Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fwc_italian_factsheet.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc-europe.org/">"Central and Southern Europe"</a>. www.umc-europe.org. United Methodist Church Europe UMC / Evangelisch-Methodistische Kirche Europa. Retrieved 20 January 2017. <q>The United Methodist Church in Central and Southern Europe consists of about 33 500 members and friends living in 16 countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.umc-europe.org&rft.atitle=Central+and+Southern+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc-europe.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordeuropa_statistics-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordeuropa_statistics_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordeuropa_statistics_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194833/http://www.umc-northerneurope.org/fileadmin/sites/49/CC2016/3.7.1_Statistical_Reports_details.docx">"3.7.1 Statistical Reports, details"</a>. The United Methodist Church – Northern Europe & Eurasia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc-northerneurope.org/fileadmin/sites/49/CC2016/3.7.1_Statistical_Reports_details.docx">the original</a> (Word doc.) on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.7.1+Statistical+Reports%2C+details&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church+%E2%80%93+Northern+Europe+%26+Eurasia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc-northerneurope.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fsites%2F49%2FCC2016%2F3.7.1_Statistical_Reports_details.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germany_statistics-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Germany_statistics_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Germany_statistics_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Germany_statistics_165-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emk.de/emk-presseinformationen/statistische-zahlen/">"Statistische Zahlen"</a>. Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche (in German). Retrieved 20 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evangelisch-methodistische+Kirche&rft.atitle=Statistische+Zahlen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emk.de%2Femk-presseinformationen%2Fstatistische-zahlen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoU-166"><a href="#cite_ref-DoU_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107104512/http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/633296/cpd-vol-2-0912.pdf">"Deed of Union"</a> (PDF). The Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church. The Methodist Church in Britain. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/633296/cpd-vol-2-0912.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitutional+Practice+and+Discipline+of+the+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Deed+of+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F633296%2Fcpd-vol-2-0912.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190349/http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1771003/Methodism_in_Numbers_2015.pdf">"Methodism in Numbers – Statistics at a Glance"</a> (PDF). methodist.org.uk. The Methodist Conference. July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1771003/Methodism_in_Numbers_2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=methodist.org.uk&rft.atitle=Methodism+in+Numbers+%E2%80%93+Statistics+at+a+Glance&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F1771003%2FMethodism_in_Numbers_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorkman2012" class="citation book cs1">Workman, H. B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQsl-dV2HUEC&pg=PA97">Methodism</a>. 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Trondheim: Tapir. pp. 35, 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-519-0954-6" title="Special:BookSources/82-519-0954-6"><bdi>82-519-0954-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-029X">0333-029X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+og+makt%3A+metodismen+i+norsk+historie&rft.place=Trondheim&rft.pages=35%2C+56&rft.pub=Tapir&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0333-029X&rft.isbn=82-519-0954-6&rft.aulast=Hassing&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nb.no%2Fnbsok%2Fnb%2F43894f7f8a336cb52f35d03cf42f376d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umnews.org/en/news/swedish-methodists-join-new-denomination">"Swedish Methodists join new denomination"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lappeenrannan+metodistiseurakunta&rft.atitle=Metodistikirkon+historia&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lappeenrannanmetodistiseurakunta.com%2Fmetodistikirkko%2Fmetodistikirkon-historia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjörklund2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Björklund, Leif-Göte (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39937811.pdf">Rikssvenska metodistpredikanters betydelse för metodistkyrkans framväxt och utveckling i Finland 1880–1923</a> [The significance of National Swedish Methodist preachers for the rise and development of the Methodist Church in Finland 1880–1923] (PDF) (in Swedish). Turku: Åbo Akademis förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-765-241-0" title="Special:BookSources/951-765-241-0"><bdi>951-765-241-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rikssvenska+metodistpredikanters+betydelse+f%C3%B6r+metodistkyrkans+framv%C3%A4xt+och+utveckling+i+Finland+1880%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Turku&rft.pub=%C3%85bo+Akademis+f%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=951-765-241-0&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B6rklund&rft.aufirst=Leif-G%C3%B6te&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F39937811.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/pietist-and-methodist-influences-in-xixth-century-france/">"Methodist influences in 19th century in France"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1gi+Metodista+Egyh%C3%A1z&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Khaled+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetodista.hu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunications" class="citation web cs1">Communications, United Methodist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ee.umc.org/who-we-are/umtv-ministry-with-the-roma2">"UMTV: Ministry with the Roma"</a>. The United Methodist Church. 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Retrieved 20 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=Methodist+Church+Ghana&rft.date=1960-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fmethodist-church-ghana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> F. L. Bartels. The Roots of Ghana Methodism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, pp. 12–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dacb.org/stories/ghana/freeman-t2/">Dictionary of African Christian Biography website, Freeman, Thomas Birch (B)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalls1969" class="citation journal cs1">Walls, A. F. 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Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+Methodist+Church+of+Southern+Africa&rft.pub=Methodist.org.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> For a discussion of Church membership statistics in South Africa see Forster, D. "God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses" in Forster, D. and Bentley, W. Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. 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Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robertson%27s+Landmarks+of+Toronto+Revisited&rft.atitle=Chapter+48%3A+The+First+Methodist+Church&rft.aulast=Peppiatt&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landmarksoftoronto.com%2Fthe-first-methodist-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> John Wesley Butler, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Mexico (Theclassics Us, 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Karl M. Schmitt, "American Protestant Missionaries and the Diaz Regime in Mexico: 1876–1911." Journal of Church & State 25 (1983), p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523190309/http://www.imm.edu.mx/toledo/">"Instituto Mexicano Madero Plantel Centro"</a>. Imm.edu.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imm.edu.mx/toledo/">the original</a> on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instituto+Mexicano+Madero+Plantel+Centro&rft.pub=Imm.edu.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imm.edu.mx%2Ftoledo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umad.edu.mx">"Universidad Madero de Puebla"</a>. Umad.edu.mx. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universidad+Madero+de+Puebla&rft.pub=Umad.edu.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umad.edu.mx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyen2013" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863824633">Historical Dictionary of Methodism</a>. Susan E. Warrick (3rd ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7894-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7894-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863824633">863824633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Methodism.&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863824633&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7894-5&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F863824633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1810" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jesse (1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94wuAAAAYAAJ">A Short History of the Methodists in the United States of America</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: Magill and Clime. pp. 128–129. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Methodists+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Magill+and+Clime&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94wuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strawbridgeshrine.org/about.html">Strawbridge Shrine website, Who was Robert Strawbridge?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/great-awakening">"Great Awakening"</a>. HISTORY. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Great+Awakening&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Feuropean-history%2Fgreat-awakening&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Data from Edwin Scott Gaustad, Historical Atlas of Religion in America (2nd ed. 1976). </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: From: the Colonial Times to the Present (1976), pp. 8, 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratt2006" class="citation book cs1">Bratt, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9u6VVAMwsCMC&pg=PR15">Antirevivalism in Antebellum America: A Collection of Religious Voices</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813536934" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813536934"><bdi>978-0813536934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antirevivalism+in+Antebellum+America%3A+A+Collection+of+Religious+Voices&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0813536934&rft.aulast=Bratt&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9u6VVAMwsCMC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2011" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Barbara (2011). A Forgotten Heritage: The German Methodist Church. Little Miami Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932250961" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932250961"><bdi>978-1932250961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forgotten+Heritage%3A+The+German+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=Little+Miami+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1932250961&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KurianDay2017-278"><a href="#cite_ref-KurianDay2017_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianDay2017" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Day, Sarah Claudine (2017). The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1493406401" title="Special:BookSources/978-1493406401"><bdi>978-1493406401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Handbook+of+Denominations+and+Ministries&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1493406401&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Day%2C+Sarah+Claudine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2002-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2002_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books, Publishers. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615927388" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615927388"><bdi>978-1615927388</bdi></a>. <q>The Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee, the Bible Holiness Church, and the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches were formed as a result of the opposition to the merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Pilgrim Holiness Church into the Wesleyan Church (1968).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1615927388&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrim1984" class="citation journal cs1">Prim, G. Clinton (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626463">"Born Again in the Trenches: Revivals in the Army of Tennessee"</a>. Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 43 (3): 250–272. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3261">0040-3261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42626463">42626463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Born+Again+in+the+Trenches%3A+Revivals+in+the+Army+of+Tennessee&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=250-272&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42626463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0040-3261&rft.aulast=Prim&rft.aufirst=G.+Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42626463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewettWangerin2008" class="citation book cs1">Jewett, Robert; Wangerin, Ole (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XecPAQAAIAAJ">Mission and Menace: Four Centuries of American Religious Zeal</a>. Fortress Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800662837" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800662837"><bdi>978-0800662837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+and+Menace%3A+Four+Centuries+of+American+Religious+Zeal&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0800662837&rft.aulast=Jewett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wangerin%2C+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXecPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Meyer 200, 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Methodist World Peace Commission administered <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a> units at Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina and Cherokee State (Psychiatric) Hospital in Cherokee, Iowa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/conscientiousobjection/CPScampsList.htm">List of CPS Camps</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404222410/http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/conscientiousobjection/CPScampsList.htm">Archived</a> 4 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertScott2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robert, Dana L.; Scott, David W. (21 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodistreview.org/index.php/mr/article/view/48">"World Growth of the United Methodist Church in Comparative Perspective: A Brief Statistical Analysis – Robert"</a>. Methodist Review. 3: 37–54. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methodist+Review&rft.atitle=World+Growth+of+the+United+Methodist+Church+in+Comparative+Perspective%3A+A+Brief+Statistical+Analysis+%E2%80%93+Robert&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=37-54&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Dana+L.&rft.au=Scott%2C+David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodistreview.org%2Findex.php%2Fmr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarrettHinson1983-285"><a href="#cite_ref-GarrettHinson1983_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrettHinsonTull1983" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, James Leo; Hinson, E. Glenn; Tull, James E. (1983). Are Southern Baptists 'Evangelicals'?. Mercer University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865540330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865540330"><bdi>978-0865540330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Southern+Baptists+%27Evangelicals%27%3F&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0865540330&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=James+Leo&rft.au=Hinson%2C+E.+Glenn&rft.au=Tull%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespino2007-286"><a href="#cite_ref-Crespino2007_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespino2007" class="citation book cs1">Crespino, Joseph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdCApZN4xjwC&pg=PA169">In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691122090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691122090"><bdi>978-0691122090</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Another+Country%3A+Mississippi+and+the+Conservative+Counterrevolution&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0691122090&rft.aulast=Crespino&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdCApZN4xjwC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'BrienCarey2016-287"><a href="#cite_ref-O'BrienCarey2016_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienCarey2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Glen; Carey, Hilary M. (2016). Methodism in Australia: A History. Routledge. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09709-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09709-9"><bdi>978-1-317-09709-9</bdi></a>. <q>Identifying with the Church of the Nazarene, 846 of these in Queensland. The Church began to advertise itself as 'a church in the Methodist tradition' in order to make its theological orientation clear to the public.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism+in+Australia%3A+A+History&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-09709-9&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.au=Carey%2C+Hilary+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Holiness-movement">"Holiness movement | American history"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Holiness+movement+%7C+American+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FHoliness-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://margmowczko.com/phoebe-palmer/">"Phoebe Palmer: The Mother of the Holiness Movement"</a>. Marg Mowczko. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marg+Mowczko&rft.atitle=Phoebe+Palmer%3A+The+Mother+of+the+Holiness+Movement&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmargmowczko.com%2Fphoebe-palmer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonDias2020" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Campbell; Dias, Elizabeth (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/03/us/methodist-split-gay-marriage.html?campaign_id=60&instance_id=0&segment_id=20032&user_id=579ae23cfcbd75c9aac87cb571cc201c&regi_id=72995439">"United Methodists Announce Plan to Split Over Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=United+Methodists+Announce+Plan+to+Split+Over+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Dias%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F03%2Fus%2Fmethodist-split-gay-marriage.html%3Fcampaign_id%3D60%26instance_id%3D0%26segment_id%3D20032%26user_id%3D579ae23cfcbd75c9aac87cb571cc201c%26regi_id%3D72995439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksdk.com/article/news/nation-world/umc-breaking-up/507-c429f569-6c74-4a10-a3ef-0cf13f84484f">"United Methodist Church breaking up in schism over LGBT acceptance"</a>. ksdk.com. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ksdk.com&rft.atitle=United+Methodist+Church+breaking+up+in+schism+over+LGBT+acceptance&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksdk.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fumc-breaking-up%2F507-c429f569-6c74-4a10-a3ef-0cf13f84484f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tooley2022-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Tooley2022_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooley2022" class="citation web cs1">Tooley, Mark (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/methodists-path/">"Traditional Methodists Search for New Path Forward"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_Coalition" title="The Gospel Coalition">The Gospel Coalition</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2022. <q>The 13-million-member United Methodist Church is shattering, and traditionalists are building a new Global Methodist Church committed to theological and ethical Christian orthodoxy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Methodists+Search+for+New+Path+Forward&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Tooley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fmethodists-path%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges2021-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2021_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2021" class="citation web cs1">Hodges, Sam (22 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancentury.org/article/news/planned-traditionalist-methodist-denomination-gets-name">"Planned traditionalist Methodist denomination gets name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2022. <q>Traditionalists committed to leaving the United Methodist Church have chosen "Global Methodist Church" as the name for the denomination they plan to launch. ... The name "Global Methodist Church" is in the spirit of Methodism founder John Wesley's statement, "The world is my parish," a press release said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planned+traditionalist+Methodist+denomination+gets+name&rft.pub=The+Christian+Century&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiancentury.org%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fplanned-traditionalist-methodist-denomination-gets-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14464919">"Methodist Church of Australasia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. National Library of Australia. 1 January 1902. p. 5. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Methodist+Church+of+Australasia.&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1902-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article14464919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysWard1986" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Robert; Ward, Rowland (1986). Religious Bodies in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86252-709-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86252-709-1"><bdi>1-86252-709-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Bodies+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Robert+Humphreys+and+Rowland+Ward&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=1-86252-709-1&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Ward%2C+Rowland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1996" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Glen (1996). Kingsley Ridgway: Pioneer with a Passion. Melbourne, Australia: Wesleyan Methodist Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingsley+Ridgway%3A+Pioneer+with+a+Passion&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Methodist+Church&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienCarey2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Glen; Carey, Hilary M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAmrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268">Methodism in Australia: A History</a>. Routledge. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09709-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09709-9"><bdi>978-1-317-09709-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism+in+Australia%3A+A+History&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-09709-9&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.au=Carey%2C+Hilary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAmrCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysWard1986" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Robert; Ward, Rowland (1986). Religious Bodies in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86252-709-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86252-709-1"><bdi>1-86252-709-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Bodies+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Robert+Humphreys+and+Rowland+Ward&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=1-86252-709-1&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Ward%2C+Rowland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/member-churches/name/australia-chinese-methodist-church/">"Australia, Chinese Methodist Church"</a>. World Methodist Council. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%2C+Chinese+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=World+Methodist+Council&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldmethodistcouncil.org%2Fmember-churches%2Fname%2Faustralia-chinese-methodist-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> For example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727123754/https://www.feca.org.au/tongan">"Tongan Methodist Church"</a>. Fellowship of Evangelical Churches of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feca.org.au/tongan">the original</a> on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fellowship+of+Evangelical+Churches+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Tongan+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feca.org.au%2Ftongan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> World Council of Churches, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/pacific/fiji/methodist-church-in-fiji-and-rotuma.html">Methodist Church in Fiji and Rotuma</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208075047/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/pacific/fiji/methodist-church-in-fiji-and-rotuma.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="2007-Census-Religion" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909212947/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/index.php/document-library/doc_download/426-population-by-religion-province">"Population by Religion and Province of Enumeration"</a>. 2007 Census of Population. Fiji Bureau of Statistics. June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/index.php/document-library/doc_download/426-population-by-religion-province">the original</a> on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2007+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=Population+by+Religion+and+Province+of+Enumeration&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statsfiji.gov.fj%2Findex.php%2Fdocument-library%2Fdoc_download%2F426-population-by-religion-province&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> – Percentages are derived from total population figures provided in the source. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712231835/http://www.hafsite.org/pdf/hhr_2005_html/fijiislands.htm">"Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora: A Survey of Human Rights 2005"</a>. Hafsite.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hafsite.org/pdf/hhr_2005_html/fijiislands.htm">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindus+in+South+Asia+and+the+Diaspora%3A+A+Survey+of+Human+Rights+2005&rft.pub=Hafsite.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hafsite.org%2Fpdf%2Fhhr_2005_html%2Ffijiislands.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/wesleyan-mission-established">"Wesleyan mission established"</a>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 21 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085250/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/wesleyan-mission-established">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesleyan+mission+established&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fwesleyan-mission-established&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figure.nz/chart/RfmHYb2IsMMrn9OC">"Most common religious affiliations in New Zealand"</a>. Figure.NZ. Figure NZ Trust. Retrieved 25 January 2022 – via 2018 Census.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Figure.NZ&rft.atitle=Most+common+religious+affiliations+in+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigure.nz%2Fchart%2FRfmHYb2IsMMrn9OC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmcnz.org.nz/en/about/">CMCNZ website, About</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2015" class="citation web cs1">Pearce, Steve (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/9289/report-on-visit-samoa-2015.pdf">"Report on a visit to Samoa for the Methodist Consultative Council of the Pacific (MCCP)"</a> (PDF). Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+a+visit+to+Samoa+for+the+Methodist+Consultative+Council+of+the+Pacific+%28MCCP%29&rft.pub=Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F9289%2Freport-on-visit-samoa-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bk1-308"><a href="#cite_ref-bk1_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbairn-Dunlop2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Fairbairn-Dunlop" title="Peggy Fairbairn-Dunlop">Fairbairn-Dunlop, Peggy</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tckqy2TMjqoC&q=Piula+Theological+College%2C+Lufilufi&pg=PA127">Samoan women: widening choices</a>. University of the South Pacific. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0360-0" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0360-0"><bdi>982-02-0360-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samoan+women%3A+widening+choices&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=982-02-0360-0&rft.aulast=Fairbairn-Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTckqy2TMjqoC%26q%3DPiula%2BTheological%2BCollege%252C%2BLufilufi%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tonga-data.sprep.org/system/files/2011_CensusReportVol_1rev.pdf">Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing</a> (PDF). Vol. 1. Statistics Department Tonga. 2011. p. xi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonga+2011+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Statistics+Department+Tonga&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftonga-data.sprep.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2011_CensusReportVol_1rev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins1978" class="citation journal cs1">Cummins, H. G. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168318">"The Archives of the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga"</a>. The Journal of Pacific History. 13 (2): 102–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347808572343">10.1080/00223347808572343</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168318">25168318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Archives+of+the+Free+Wesleyan+Church+of+Tonga&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102-106&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347808572343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25168318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25168318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF‘Ahio2007" class="citation journal cs1">‘Ahio, Finau Pila (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/mjt/23-1_22.pdf">"Christianity and Taufa'āhau in Tonga: 1800–1850"</a> (PDF). Melanesian Journal of Theology. 23 (1): 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melanesian+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Christianity+and+Taufa%27%C4%81hau+in+Tonga%3A+1800%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%E2%80%98Ahio&rft.aufirst=Finau+Pila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fmjt%2F23-1_22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior1993" class="citation journal cs1">Prior, Randall (1993). "I Am the Cocconut of Life: An Evaluation of Coconut Theology". Pacific Journal of Theology. 2 (10). 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Retrieved 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+Wesley+Ariarajah&rft.pub=Drew+University&rft.aulast=Ariarajah&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.drew.edu%2Fwariaraj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303070603/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/meth-council-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060723_text-association_en.html">"Methodist Association with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification"</a>. Vatican.va. 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Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodist+Association+with+the+Joint+Declaration+on+the+Doctrine+of+Justification&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fmeth-council-docs%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060723_text-association_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129071230/http://www.news.va/en/news/methodist-viewpoint-on-ecumenical-dialogue">"Vatican Radio, 2012, Methodist Viewpoint on Ecumenical Dialogue"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+Radio%2C+2012%2C+Methodist+Viewpoint+on+Ecumenical+Dialogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.va%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fmethodist-viewpoint-on-ecumenical-dialogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Donald Bolan, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a>, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/meth-council-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20070125_bolen-methodists_en.html">Catholic-Methodist relations: Working for a "joint living out of the Gospel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221020/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/meth-council-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20070125_bolen-methodists_en.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"' 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529102827/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/meth-council-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060604_seoul-report_en.html">"Joint Commission for Dialogue Between the Roman Catholic Church and the World Methodist Council, 2006, "The Grace Given You in Christ: Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Commission+for+Dialogue+Between+the+Roman+Catholic+Church+and+the+World+Methodist+Council%2C+2006%2C+%22The+Grace+Given+You+in+Christ%3A+Catholics+and+Methodists+Reflect+Further+on+the+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fmeth-council-docs%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060604_seoul-report_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/">"Anglican–Methodist Covenant"</a>. Anglican-methodist.org.uk. 1 November 2003. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglican%E2%80%93Methodist+Covenant&rft.pub=Anglican-methodist.org.uk&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglican-methodist.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=opentogod.content&cmid=359">The Methodist Church in Britain | The Scottish Church Initiative For Union (SCIFU)</a>. Methodist.org.uk. Retrieved on 11 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618102759/http://www.methodist.org.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=opentogod.content&cmid=359">Archived</a> 18 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ELCA—UMC-322"><a href="#cite_ref-ELCA—UMC_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612204147/http://www.elca.org/ecumenical/ecumenicaldialogue/unitedmethodist/index.html">"Lutheran – United Methodist Dialogue"</a>. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elca.org/ecumenical/ecumenicaldialogue/unitedmethodist/index.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lutheran+%E2%80%93+United+Methodist+Dialogue&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elca.org%2Fecumenical%2Fecumenicaldialogue%2Funitedmethodist%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENI-_Methodists_Approve_Full_Communion_with_ELCA-323"><a href="#cite_ref-ENI-_Methodists_Approve_Full_Communion_with_ELCA_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109084955/http://www.eni.ch/featured/article.php?id=1867">"Methodists yes to full communion with Lutherans; no on gay change"</a>. Ecumenical News International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eni.ch/featured/article.php?id=1867">the original</a> on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodists+yes+to+full+communion+with+Lutherans%3B+no+on+gay+change&rft.pub=Ecumenical+News+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eni.ch%2Ffeatured%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC—Episcopal_Church_USA-324"><a href="#cite_ref-UMC—Episcopal_Church_USA_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707112625/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=7664">"Council approves interim pacts with Episcopalians, Lutherans"</a>. The United Methodist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=7664">the original</a> on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+approves+interim+pacts+with+Episcopalians%2C+Lutherans&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D1%26mid%3D7664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethodism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitedmethodistbishops.org/files/tables/content/12792514/fields/files/f9805810a8fa46b99efbc3ea8476230c/confessing-our-faith-together.pdf">United Methodist Bishops website, Confessing our faith together; a study and discussion guide</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Abraham, William J. and James E. Kirby (eds.) (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. 780 pp.; historiography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Methodist-Studies-Handbooks-ebook/dp/B0064A55N2/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World">World</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: World">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Borgen, Ole E. (1985) John Wesley on the Sacraments: a Theological Study. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Francis Asbury Press, cop. 1972. 307 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-75191-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-75191-8">0-310-75191-8</a></li> <li>Copplestone, J. Tremayne. (1973) History of Methodist Missions, vol. 4: Twentieth-Century Perspectives. 1288 pp.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmethodi04barc">comprehensive world coverage for US Methodist missions – online</a></li> <li>Cracknell, Kenneth and White, Susan J. (2005) An Introduction to World Methodism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81849-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81849-4">0-521-81849-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_Forster" title="Dion Forster">Forster, D. A.</a> and Bentley, W. (eds.) (2008) What are we thinking? Reflections on Church and Society from Southern African Methodists. Methodist Publishing House, Cape Town, South Africa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919883-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-919883-52-6">978-1-919883-52-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_Forster" title="Dion Forster">Forster, D. A.</a> and Bentley, W. (eds.) (2008) Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission, AcadSA Publishers, Kempton Park. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920212-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920212-29-2">978-1-920212-29-2</a></li> <li>Harmon, Nolan B. (ed.) (2 vol. 1974) The Encyclopedia of World Methodism, Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-11784-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-11784-4">0-687-11784-4</a>. 2640 pp.</li> <li>Heitzenrater, Richard P. (1994) Wesley and the People Called Methodists, Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-01682-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-01682-7">0-687-01682-7</a></li> <li>Hempton, David (2005) Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10614-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10614-9">0-300-10614-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson_(theologian)" title="Kenneth Wilson (theologian)">Wilson, Kenneth</a>. Methodist Theology. London: T & T Clark International, 2011 (Doing Theology)</li> <li>Yrigoyen Jr, Charles, and Susan E. Warrick. Historical dictionary of Methodism (2nd ed. Scarecrow Press, 2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain_2">Great Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Great Britain">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Brooks, Alan. (2010) West End Methodism: The Story of Hinde Street, London: Northway Publications, 400 pp.</li> <li>Davies, Rupert & Rupp, Gordon. (1965) A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain: Vol 1, Epworth Press</li> <li>Davies, Rupert & George, A. Raymond & Rupp, Gordon. (1978) A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain: Vol 2, Epworth Press</li> <li>Davies, Rupert & George, A. Raymond & Rupp, Gordon. (1983) A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain: Vol 3, Epworth Press</li> <li>Davies, Rupert & George, A. Raymond & Rupp, Gordon. (1988) A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain: Vol 4, Epworth Press</li> <li>Dowson, Jean and Hutchinson, John. (2003) John Wesley: His Life, Times and Legacy [CD-ROM], Methodist Publishing House, TB214</li> <li>Edwards, Maldwyn. (1944) Methodism and England: A study of Methodism in its social and political aspects during the period 1850–1932</li> <li>Halevy, Elie, and Bernard Semmel. (1971) The Birth of Methodism in England</li> <li>Hempton, David. (1984) Methodism and Politics in British Society, 1750–1850, Stanford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1269-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1269-7">0-8047-1269-7</a></li> <li>Jones, David Ceri et al. (2012) The Elect Methodists: Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales, 1735–1811</li> <li>Kent, John. (2002) Wesley and the Wesleyans, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45532-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45532-4">0-521-45532-4</a></li> <li>Madden, Lionel. (2003) Methodism in Wales: A Short History of the Wesley Tradition, Gomer Press</li> <li>Milburn, Geoffrey & Batty, Margaret (eds.) (1995) Workaday Preachers: The Story of Methodist Local Preaching, Methodist Publishing House</li> <li>Stigant, P. (1971) "Wesleyan Methodism and working-class radicalism in the north, 1792–1821." Northern History, Vol 6 (1) pp: 98–116</li> <li>Thompson, Edward Palmer. (1963) The making of the English working class – a famous classic stressing the role of Methodism</li> <li>Turner, John Munsey. (2003) John Wesley: The Evangelical Revival and the Rise of Methodism in England</li> <li>Turner, John M. (1997) Modern Methodism in England, 1932–1996</li> <li>Warner, Wellman J. (1930) The Wesleyan Movement in the Industrial Revolution, London: Longmans, Green</li> <li>Vickers, John A, ed. (2000) A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland, Epworth Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: African Americans">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Campbell, James T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00589">Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa</a>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507892-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507892-6">0-19-507892-6</a>.</li> <li>George, Carol V.R. (1973). Segregated Sabbaths: Richard Allen and the Rise of Independent Black Churches, 1760–1840, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> 73076908.</li> <li>Montgomery, William G. (1993). Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865–1900, Louisiana State University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1745-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1745-5">0-8071-1745-5</a>.</li> <li>Walker, Clarence E. (1982). A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction, Louisiana State University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0883-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0883-9">0-8071-0883-9</a>.</li> <li>Wills, David W. and Newman, Richard (eds.) (1982). Black Apostles at Home and Abroad: Afro-American and the Christian Mission from the Revolution to Reconstruction, Boston, Massachusetts: G. K. Hall, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8482-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8482-8">0-8161-8482-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cameron, Richard M. (ed.) (1961). Methodism and Society in Historical Perspective, 4 vol., New York: Abingdon Press.</li> <li>Lyerly, Cynthia Lynn (1998). Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770–1810, Religion in America Series, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511429-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511429-9">0-19-511429-9</a>.</li> <li>Meyer, Donald (1988). The Protestant Search for Political Realism, 1919–1941, Wesleyan University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-5203-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-5203-8">0-8195-5203-8</a>.</li> <li>Schmidt, Jean Miller (1999). Grace Sufficient: A History of Women in American Methodism, 1760–1939, Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-15675-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-15675-0">0-687-15675-0</a>.</li> <li>Sweet, William Warren (1954). Methodism in American History, Revision of 1953, Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press, 472 pp.</li> <li>Wigger, John H. (1998). Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510452-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510452-8">0-19-510452-8</a> – pp. ix & 269 focus on 1770–1910.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Rawlyk, G. A. (1994). The Canada Fire: Radical Evangelicalism in British North America, 1775–1812, Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1221-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1221-7">0-7735-1221-7</a></li> <li>Semple, Neil (1996). The Lord's Dominion: The History of Canadian Methodism, Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1367-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1367-1">0-7735-1367-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Richey, Russell E., Rowe, Kenneth E. and Schmidt, Jean Miller (eds.) (2000). The Methodist Experience in America: a sourcebook, Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-24673-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-24673-1">978-0-687-24673-1</a>. 756 pp. of original documents.</li> <li>Sweet, William Warren (ed.) (1946). Religion on the American Frontier: Vol. 4, The Methodists, 1783–1840: A Collection of Source Materials, New York: H. Holt & Co., – 800 pp. of documents regarding the American frontier.</li> <li>The Archive of the Methodist Missionary Society is held at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>, London, England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/">Special Collections | SOAS Library | SOAS University of London</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodism_footer" title="Template talk:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Methodism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methodism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">List of denominations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Origins">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Doctrinal standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christianity" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Distinctive beliefs and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalist_(person)" title="Revivalist (person)">Revivalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert C. Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Related movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_of_the_British_Province" title="Moravian Church of the British Province">Moravian Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fetter_Lane_Society" title="Fetter Lane Society">Fetter Lane Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Christian perfection">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Other relevant topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">Methodist views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">Itinerant preacher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism" title="Homosexuality and Methodism">Homosexuality and Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Bishops in Methodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arminianism_footer" title="Template talk:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arminianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Arminius"><img alt="James Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/125px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/188px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/250px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="518" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrant_Confession" title="Remonstrant Confession">Remonstrant Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)" title="John Goodwin (preacher)">John Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osmond_Summers" title="Thomas Osmond Summers">Thomas Osmond Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burt_Pope" title="William Burt Pope">William Burt Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Orton_Wiley" title="Henry Orton Wiley">Henry Orton Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Oden" title="Thomas C. Oden">Thomas C. Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">B. J. Oropeza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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