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data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Kultura" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Kultura" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Kultura" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Kultura" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimolohiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimolohiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimolohiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimolohiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagbabago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagbabago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pagbabago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagbabago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diskurso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diskurso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diskurso</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diskurso-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Diskurso</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diskurso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romantisismong_Aleman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantisismong_Aleman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Romantisismong Aleman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantisismong_Aleman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantisismong_Ingles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantisismong_Ingles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Romantisismong Ingles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantisismong_Ingles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talababa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talababa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Talababa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talababa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kultura</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 202 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">202 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%8D" title="ባሕል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባሕል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="ثقافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87" title="ثقافه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثقافه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Маданият – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yati" title="Yati – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yati" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99t" title="Mədəniyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəniyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مدنیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مدنیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82" title="Мәҙәниәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙәниәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuitua" title="Kuitua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kuitua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolt%C5%ABra" title="Koltūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Koltūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संस्कृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%84%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B8" title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རིག་གནས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རིག་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenadur" title="Sevenadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sevenadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ng-hu%C3%A1" title="Ùng-huá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttura" title="Kuttura – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Kuttura" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%84%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%B2" title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="چاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeniyet" title="Medeniyet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Medeniyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9ltura" title="Kùltura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kùltura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant" title="Diwylliant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_ni_taada" title="Kaya ni taada – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kaya ni taada" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagon" title="Zagon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zagon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ސަގާފަތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަގާފަތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Κουλτούρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουλτούρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%C3%B9ra" title="Cultùra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cultùra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltura" title="Coltura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Coltura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF" title="فرهنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuuri" title="Kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuer" title="Kultuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%C3%BAr" title="Cultúr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cultúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiltir" title="Kiltir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kiltir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultar" title="Cultar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cultar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandupy" title="Arandupy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arandupy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultoor" title="Cultoor – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cultoor" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27ada" title="Al'ada – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Al'ada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9n-fa" title="Vùn-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%CA%BBomeheu" title="Moʻomeheu – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moʻomeheu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תרבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriti" title="Sanskriti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanskriti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilti" title="Kilti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kilti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C3%BAra" title="Kultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menning" title="Menning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcha" title="Kolcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kolcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulnu" title="kulnu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kulnu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidles" title="Yidles – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Yidles" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мәдениет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturi" title="Kulturi – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Kulturi" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C" title="វប្បធម៌ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វប្បធម៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B3" title="سَنٛس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَنٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87and" title="Çand – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çand" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonisogeth" title="Gonisogeth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gonisogeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Маданият – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuwangwa_(Culture)" title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3" title="ວັດທະນະທຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັດທະນະທຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C5%ABra" title="Kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C5%ABra" title="Kultūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%84u%E1%B8%8D%C3%A2j%C3%A2" title="Ḅuḍâjâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ḅuḍâjâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolontsaina" title="Kolontsaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolontsaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тӱвыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱвыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budayo" title="Budayo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Budayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സംസ്കാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="संस्कृती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Культуранть мазычись – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Культуранть мазычись" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="دب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संस्कृति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF" title="तजिलजि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तजिलजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulture" title="Kulture – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kulture" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%27tuuru" title="Kul'tuuru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kul'tuuru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Культурæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Культурæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%85%D9%88%D8%A8" title="هڅوب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هڅوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_saphi" title="Kawsay saphi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay saphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur%C4%83" title="Cultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култуура – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Култуура" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සංස්කෘතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංස්කෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C3%BAra_(spolo%C4%8Densk%C3%A9_vedy)" title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuur" title="Kulttuur – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kulttuur" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsika" title="Tsika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaqan" title="Dhaqan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhaqan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Култура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlonipho" title="Inhlonipho – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Inhlonipho" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utamaduni" title="Utamaduni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utamaduni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lalangawan" title="lalangawan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lalangawan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பண்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="సంస్కృతి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంస్కృతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Фарҳанг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳанг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="วัฒนธรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฒนธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Kültür – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99nij%C9%99t" title="Mədənijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mədənijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Kültür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndzhavuko" title="Ndzhavuko – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ndzhavuko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Мәдәният – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәдәният" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamer%C9%9B" title="Amamerɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amamerɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1" title="كۈلتۈر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۈلتۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ثقافت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaniyat" title="Madaniyat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madaniyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%27tur" title="Kul'tur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kul'tur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a" title="Văn hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuliv" title="Kuliv – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuliv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzance" title="Tuzance – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tuzance" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კულტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קולטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קולטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%E1%B9%A3%C3%A0" title="Àṣà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àṣà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzva" title="Vwnzva – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzva" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-h%C3%B2a" title="Bûn-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga kagamitan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet 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mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pangkalahatan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Ano_ang_nakakawing_dito/Kultura" title="Talaan ng mga pahinang wiking nakaturo rito. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Mga nakaturo rito</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Nakakawing_ng_kamakailang_pagbabago/Kultura" rel="nofollow" title="Mga huling binago sa mga kaugnay na pahina mula sa pahinang ito [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Kaugnay na pagbabago</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=tl" title="Magkarga ng mga larawan o iba pang midya [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Mag-upload ng file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Natatanging_mga_pahina" title="Tala ng mga natatanging pahina [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Natatanging pahina</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&oldid=2134957" title="Ibigay ang palagiang kawing para sa kasalukuyang bersyon ng pahinang ito"><span>Permanenteng link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Impormasyon ng pahina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Sipiin&page=Kultura&id=2134957&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Impormasyon sa pagsangguni sa pahinang ito"><span>Sumangguni</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKultura"><span>Kumuha ng pinaikling URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKultura"><span>I-download ang QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I-print/I-export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Aklat&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kultura"><span>Lumikha ng isang aklat</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kultura&action=show-download-screen"><span>I-download bilang PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&printable=yes" title="Ipakita ang bersyon ng pahinang itong madaling maililimbag [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bersyong mapi-print</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sa iba pang proyekto </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11042" title="Link sa nakakonektang item sa repositoryo ng datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Item na Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itsura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">itago</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Idinirekta mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalinangan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinangan">Kalinangan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kultúra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Kastila" title="Wikang Kastila">Kastila</a>: <i lang="es">cultura</i>) o <b>kalinangán</b> (mula "linang") ang kabuuang katawagan sa mga <a href="/wiki/Kaisipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaisipan">kaisipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaugalian" title="Kaugalian">kaugalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradisyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradisyon">tradisyon</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Gawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawi">gawi</a> ng isang <a href="/wiki/Lipunan" title="Lipunan">lipunan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tylor1871_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tylor1871-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itinuturing ito bilang isa sa mga sentrong konsepto sa <a href="/wiki/Larangan" title="Larangan">larangan</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Antropolohiya" title="Antropolohiya">antropolohiya</a>, kung saan hinahanap at pinag-aaralan ng mga antropologo ang mga pagkakaiba ng mga kultura gayundin sa mga pagkakapareho nila – ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandaigdigang_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandaigdigang kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">pandaigdigang kultura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">universal culture</i>), tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Sining" title="Sining">sining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musika" class="mw-redirect" title="Musika">musika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayaw" title="Sayaw">sayaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritwal" title="Ritwal">ritwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehiliyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehiliyon">rehiliyon</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Teknolohiya" title="Teknolohiya">teknolohiya</a>. Nahahati sa dalawa ang kultura: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materyalismong_pangkultura_(araling_pangkultura)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materyalismong pangkultura (araling pangkultura) (hindi pa naisusulat)">materyal</a> tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Pananamit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pananamit">pananamit</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tahanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahanan">tahanan</a> at di-materyal tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">politika</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mitolohiya" title="Mitolohiya">mitolohiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1738803/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:T%27nalak_weaving_Tboli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/T%27nalak_weaving_Tboli.jpg/121px-T%27nalak_weaving_Tboli.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/T%27nalak_weaving_Tboli.jpg/182px-T%27nalak_weaving_Tboli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/T%27nalak_weaving_Tboli.jpg/242px-T%27nalak_weaving_Tboli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Kid_in_Masskara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kid_in_Masskara.jpg/143px-Kid_in_Masskara.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kid_in_Masskara.jpg/215px-Kid_in_Masskara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kid_in_Masskara.jpg/286px-Kid_in_Masskara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3889" data-file-height="2594" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/129px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/194px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/258px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3792" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg/135px-Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg/203px-Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg/270px-Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="2220" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent">Mga iba't-ibang aspeto ng mga kultura sa mundo.</div></div></div></div> <p>Samantala, sa <a href="/wiki/Araling_pantao" title="Araling pantao">araling pantao</a>, maaari ding tumutukoy ang kultura sa antas ng pagiging sopistikado ng isang indibidwal sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasiningan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasiningan (hindi pa naisusulat)">kasiningan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agham" title="Agham">agham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edukasyon" title="Edukasyon">edukasyon</a>, o gawi. Ginagamit ito bilang isang uri ng klasipikasyon para tukuyin ang antas ng isang <a href="/wiki/Sibilisasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilisasyon">sibilisasyon</a>. Makikita ang ganitong pananaw sa kultura sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiyarkiyang_panlipunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiyarkiyang panlipunan (hindi pa naisusulat)">lipunang may hiyarkiya</a>, na madalas hinahati sa dalawa: ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mataas_na_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mataas na kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">mataas na kultura</a> ng mga may-kaya at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mababang_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mababang kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">mababang kultura</a> tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Kulturang_popular" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulturang popular">kulturang popular</a> ng masa. Samantala, umusbong naman ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulturang_pangmasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulturang pangmasa (hindi pa naisusulat)">kulturang pangmasa</a> pagsapit ng <a href="/wiki/Ika-20_siglo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ika-20 siglo">ika-20 siglo</a>, kasabay ng pagbilis sa produksiyon ng mga bagay na epekto ng <a href="/wiki/Rebolusyong_Industriyal" title="Rebolusyong Industriyal">Rebolusyong Industriyal</a>, na nagbigay-daan naman upang umusbong din ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulturang_pangkonsyumer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulturang pangkonsyumer (hindi pa naisusulat)">kulturang pangkonsyumer</a>. </p><p>Iba't-iba ang mga pananaw sa <a href="/wiki/Araling_pangkultura" title="Araling pangkultura">araling pangkultura</a> ang gampanin ng kultura sa lipunan. Halimbawa, kinakatuwiran sa <a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">Marxismo</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoryang_kritikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoryang kritikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">teoryang kritikal</a> na ginagamit ang kultura bilang isang kagamitan para manipulahin ang <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> at gumawa ng isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekeng_diwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekeng diwa (hindi pa naisusulat)">pekeng diwa</a>. Samantala, sa <a href="/wiki/Agham_panlipunan" title="Agham panlipunan">agham panlipunan</a> naman, ipinagpalagay na ang kultura ng tao ay nagmula sa pangangailangang materyal ng tao na resulta ng <a href="/wiki/Ebolusyon_ng_tao" title="Ebolusyon ng tao">ebolusyon</a> nito. </p><p>Kultura rin ang tawag sa <a href="/wiki/Kaalaman" title="Kaalaman">kaalaman</a> na nakuha sa paglipas ng panahon. Sa ganitong pananaw, layunin ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multikulturalismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multikulturalismo (hindi pa naisusulat)">multikulturalismo</a> ang mapayapang pagkakaroon ng iba't ibang kultura sa isang lugar. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monokulturalismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monokulturalismo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Monokulturalismo</a> naman ang kabaligtaran nito. Samantala, ginagamit din ang salitang "kultura" para tukuyin ang mga mas tiyak na gawain sa isang mas malaking kultura, tulad halimbawa ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subkultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subkultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">subkultura</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrakultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrakultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">kontrakultura</a>. Sa larangan ng <a href="/wiki/Antropolohiyang_pangkultura" title="Antropolohiyang pangkultura">antropolohiyang pangkultura</a>, ayon sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relatibismong_pangkultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relatibismong pangkultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">relatibismong pangkultura</a>, hindi mararanggo ang mga kultura sa kahit anong paraan dahil kailangang pag-aralan ang mga ito ayon sa pananaw ng kulturang yon. </p><p>May mga institusyon na naglalayon na protektahan ang mga kulturang nanganganib mawala. Ang <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> ay ang sangay ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Nagkakaisang_Bansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa">Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa</a> na may layuning protektahan at pangalagaan ang mga kultura at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamanang_pangkultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamanang pangkultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">pamana</a> ng mga kasaping bansa nito. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pambansang_Komisyon_para_sa_Kultura_at_Kasiningan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at Kasiningan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at Kasiningan</a> ang katumbas na komisyon nito sa Pilipinas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimolohiya">Etimolohiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Etimolohiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimolohiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galing ang salitang "kalinangan" mula sa salitang-ugat na "linang" ("pagpapaunlad").<sup id="cite_ref-kalinangan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalinangan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang salitang ito ay ginagamit madalas sa <a href="/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura">agrikultura</a> upang tumukoy sa isang lupa o bukid na handa na'ng taniman.<sup id="cite_ref-kalinangan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalinangan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang koneksyong ito sa agrikultura ay kapareho din sa etimolohiya para sa salitang "kultura". Galing sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Kastila" title="Wikang Kastila">salitang Kastila</a> na <i>cultura</i> ang "kultura". Nagmula ito sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">salitang Latin</a> na unang ginamit ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Romano" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mga Romano">Romanong</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orador (hindi pa naisusulat)">orador</a> na si <a href="/wiki/Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> sa kanyang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tusculanae_Disputationes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tusculanae Disputationes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tusculanae Disputationes</a></i>, kung saan niya sinulat ang "<i>cultura animi</i>" ('paglinang sa kaluluwa'),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapora (hindi pa naisusulat)">metapora</a> sa agrikultura para sa pagdebelop ng isang kaluluwang pampilosopiya, na kinikilala sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleolohiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleolohiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">teleolohiya</a> bilang ang pinakamataas na posibleng antas sa pagdebelop bilang tao. Noong 1986, kinatuwiran ng pilosopong si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_S._Casey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward S. Casey (hindi pa naisusulat)">Edward S. Casey</a> na ang salitang Ingles na <i>culture</i> ay mula sa Gitnang wikang Ingles para sa isang lugar na handa na'ng taniman, na galing ang salitang yon sa mga salitang Latin na <i>colere</i> ('linang'), at <i>cultus</i> ('kulto').<sup id="cite_ref-sorrells_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorrells-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ayon sa kanya: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2106284">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Para maging makultura, para magkaroon ng kultura, kailangang tirhan muna nang matagal-tagal ang isang lugar para linangin ito nang husto, maging responsable para rito, tumugon, at pangalagaan ito.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sorrells_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorrells-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ang ganitong pananaw ay isinakonteksto sa modernong panahon ng pilosopong si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Pufendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Pufendorf (hindi pa naisusulat)">Samuel Pufendorf</a>, kung saan sinabi niya na hindi <a href="/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya">pilosopiya</a> ang likas na pagkaperpekto ng tao. Ayon sa kanya, gayundin sa mga sumunod na manunulat pagkatapos niya, tumutukoy ang kultura sa "lahat ng mga bagay na nalalampasan ng sangkatauhan mula sa kanilang orihinal na <a href="/wiki/Barbarismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarismo">barbarismo</a>, at dahil sa kanyang katalinuhan, nagiging buo silang tao."<sup id="cite_ref-velkley_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velkley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayon kay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Velkley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Velkley (hindi pa naisusulat)">Richard Velkley</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2106284"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...[ang kultura ay] may orihinal na kahulugan na 'paglinang sa kaluluwa o kaisipan', at nakuha ang mga mas bagong modernong kahulugan sa mga isinulat ng mga iskolar na <a href="/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya">Aleman</a> noong ika-18 siglo, na nasa iba't-ibang antas ng pagdebelop sa kritisismo ni [Jean-Jacques] <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> sa "<a href="/wiki/Moderno" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderno">modernong</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">liberalismo</a> at sa [Panahon ng] <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Kaliwanagan" title="Panahon ng Kaliwanagan">Kaliwanagan</a>". Kaya naman, madalas ipinagpapalagay ng mga may-akdang ito ang pagkakaiba ng 'kultura' at 'kultibasyon', kahit na hindi [nila] direktang sinabi.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-velkley_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velkley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ayon naman sa antropologong si <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.B._Tylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.B. Tylor (hindi pa naisusulat)">E.B. Tylor</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2106284"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yan [kultura] yung komplikadong kabuuan na kinabibilangan ng kaalaman, paniniwala, sining, moralidad, batas, gawi, at iba pang mga kapabilidad at kaugalian na nakuha ng tao bilang miyembro ng isang lipunan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sa parehong pananaw naman sa kasalukuyang panahon: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2106284"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Binibigyang-kahulugan ang kultura bilang ang dominyong panlipunan na nagbibigay-diin sa mga gawi, diskurso, at ekspresyong materyal na, sa paglipas ng panahon, nagpapahayag sa pagpapatuloy at hindi pagpapatuloy ng kahulugang panlipunan ng isang buhay na karaniwang hawak-hawak.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ayon naman sa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_English_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge English Dictionary (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cambridge English Dictionary</a></i>, kultura ang "kaparaanan ng buhay, lalo na yung mga pangkalahatang gawi at paniniwala, ng isang partikular na grupo ng tao sa isang partikular na panahon."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict_cult_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict_cult-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ipinagpapalagay naman sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorya_ng_pamamahala_sa_takot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorya ng pamamahala sa takot (hindi pa naisusulat)">teorya ng pamamahala sa takot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">terror management theory</i>) na ang kultura ay isang serye ng mga gawain at pananaw sa mundo na nagbibigay sa mga tao ng basehan para tingnan ang kanilang mga sarili bilang isang "taong may halaga sa isang mundong may kahulugan" — ibig sabihin, pag-angat sa mga sarili nila mula sa mga aspetong pisikal ng pag-iral, para tanggihan ang kawalang-halaga ng isang hayop at kamatayan na napansin ng <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> nang nakakuha sila ng mas malalaking utak.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pagbabago">Pagbabago</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pagbabago" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Pagbabago"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagbabago_ng_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagbabago ng kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagbabago ng kultura</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg/220px-Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg/330px-Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg/440px-Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Ang pagsikat ng bandang <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> noong dekada 1960s ang nagpabago sa mundo ng musika. Bukod dito, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epekto_ng_The_Beatles_sa_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epekto ng The Beatles sa kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">kanilang epekto sa pandaigdigang kultura</a> ay ramdam pa rin hanggang ngayon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Patuloy na nagbabago ang isang kultura. Ayon sa mga nakalap sa <a href="/wiki/Arkeolohiya" title="Arkeolohiya">arkeolohiya</a>, ang kapasidad na ito ng sangkatauhan ay umusbong mga bandang 500,000 hanggang 170,000 bago ang kasalukuyan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iba-iba ang paraan ng pagbabagong ito. Tinukoy ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimon_Panikkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimon Panikkar (hindi pa naisusulat)">Raimon Panikkar</a> ang 29 sa mga paraang ito; kabilang rito ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inobasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inobasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">inobasyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebolusyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebolusyon">rebolusyon</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernisasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernisasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">modernisasyon</a> o ang pagyakap ng mga kultura sa mga paniniwala at gawi na umusbong noong <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Kaliwanagan" title="Panahon ng Kaliwanagan">Panahon ng Kaliwanagan</a> sa Europa, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Agham" title="Agham">agham</a> at <a href="/wiki/Demokrasya" title="Demokrasya">demokrasya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samantala, mula sa mga ginawa nina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umberto Eco (hindi pa naisusulat)">Umberto Eco</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bourdieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bourdieu (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Alexander (hindi pa naisusulat)">Jeffrey Alexander</a>, iminungkahi naman ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rein_Raud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rein Raud (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rein Raud</a> ang isang modelo ng pagbabago sa kultura na nakabase sa pag-angkin at pagkamit, na hinuhusgahan batay sa kanilang kognitibong kasapatan (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">cognitive adequacy</i>) at posibleng iendorso ng simbolikong otoridad ng kultura ng isang lipunan.<sup id="cite_ref-meaning-in-action_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meaning-in-action-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Louise_Weiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louise_Weiss.jpg/220px-Louise_Weiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louise_Weiss.jpg/330px-Louise_Weiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louise_Weiss.jpg/440px-Louise_Weiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Weiss (hindi pa naisusulat)">Louise Weiss</a> kasama ang iba pang mga nanawagan upang makaboto ang kababaihan sa Pransiya noong 1935. Ang pag-usbong ng <a href="/wiki/Peminismo" title="Peminismo">peminismo</a> noong ika-20 siglo ang nagpabago sa pagtingin ng mga kultura sa kasarian.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nakadepende ang pagbabagong ito sa mga pwersa sa loob at labas ng isang kultura, na posibleng nanghihikayat o kumokontra. Nauugnay ang mga ito sa mga kaganapan sa lipunan at sa kalikasan, na siyang nagdidikta sa pagpapakalat sa mga bagong ideya at gawi sa kasalukuyang kultura.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilan sa mga halimbawa ng mga pwersang ito ang alitan sa lipunan gayundin ang pag-usbong ng mga makabagong teknolohiya, na parehong kayang magpabago sa kasalukuyang pananaw ng isang lipunan. Ang pag-usbong ng <a href="/wiki/Peminismo" title="Peminismo">peminismo</a> sa Estados Unidos simula noong kagitnaan ng ika-20 siglo ay isang halimbawa ng pagbabagong ito, na nagresulta sa pagbago sa pananaw ng mga lipunan sa kasarian. Samantala, ang pagtatapos naman ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panahon_ng_yelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panahon ng yelo (hindi pa naisusulat)">panahon ng yelo</a> ang naging dahilan upang unti-unting magbago ang mga sinaunang kultura ng ito mula sa pangangaso papunta sa pagtatanim, na humantong kalaunan naman sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebolusyong_Neolitiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebolusyong Neolitiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rebolusyong Neolitiko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lumilipat ang mga ideya ng isang kultura papunta sa iba sa pamamagitan ng dalawang pangunahing proseso: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagpapakalat_ng_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagpapakalat ng kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagkalat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">diffusion</i>) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akulturasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akulturasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">akulturasyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">acculturation</i>). Sa pagkalat, ang ideya ng isang kultura ay "kumakalat" papunta sa iba. Halimbawa nito ang pagbubukas ng <a href="/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina">Tsina</a> sa mga produkto ng <a href="/wiki/Kanluraning_Mundo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanluraning Mundo">Kanluran</a> noong huling bahagi ng ika-20 siglo.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posibleng hindi sumama ang kahulugan ng ideya ng kultura sa pinasok nitong bagong kultura; halimbawa nito ang ideya ng <a href="/wiki/Pasko" title="Pasko">Pasko</a>, na nawalan ng kahulugang panrehiliyon sa mga hindi <a href="/wiki/Kristiyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiyano">Kristiyano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samantala, sa akulturasyon naman, ang isang kultura ay unti-unting pinapalitan ng isang mas dominanteng kultura, tulad halimbawa ng pagpasok at pananakop ng mga Europeo sa <a href="/wiki/Kaamerikahan" title="Kaamerikahan">Kaamerikahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika">Aprika</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Asya" title="Asya">Asya</a> noong <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Pagtuklas" title="Panahon ng Pagtuklas">Panahon ng Pagtuklas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madalas itong nagaganap dahil sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asimilasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asimilasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">asimilasyon</a> ng mga indibidwal sa dominanteng kultura, o di kaya dahil sa paghahalo at pagsasama ng dalawa o higit pang kultura dahil sa <a href="/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon">globalisasyon</a> o kaparehong proseso.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diskurso">Diskurso</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Diskurso" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Diskurso"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantisismong_Aleman">Romantisismong Aleman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Romantisismong Aleman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Romantisismong Aleman"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg/170px-Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg/255px-Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg/340px-Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Nanawagan ang pilosopong Aleman na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Herder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Herder (hindi pa naisusulat)">Johann Herder</a> na pansinin ang mga kultura ng mga bansa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gumawa ang pilosopong Aleman na si <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> ng isang pang-indibidwal na kahulugan ng "kaliwanagan" (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">enlightenment</i>) na parehas sa konsepto ng <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bildung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bildung (hindi pa naisusulat)">bildung</a></i>: "Kaliwanagan ang paglayas ng tao mula sa kanyang kahilawan".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayon sa kanya, galing ang kahilawan na ito hindi dahil sa kawalan ng pag-unawa, pero mula sa kawalan ng tapang na malayang mag-isip. Laban rito, hayagan niyang sinabi ang mga katagang "<i>Sapere Aude!</i>" (<span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="saling literal">lit. na</abbr> </span><span style="white-space:nowrap"> </span>'Mangahas matuto!'). Bilang tugon kay Kant, kinatwiran naman ng maraming mga pilosopong Aleman kabilang na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (hindi pa naisusulat)">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> na ang <a href="/wiki/Pagkamalikhain" title="Pagkamalikhain">pagkamalikhain</a> ng tao ay kasinghalaga ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasyonalismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasyonalismo (hindi pa naisusulat)">rasyonalismo</a> nito. Bukod dito, pinalawig pa ni Herder ang kahulugan ng <i>bildung</i>; ayon sa kanya, <i>bildung</i> ang kabuuan ng mga karanasan na nagbibigay ng isang malinaw na pagkakakilanlan at pagkakaroon ng isang malinaw na tadhana sa isang lipunan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noong 1795, nanawagan naman ang pilosopong taga-<a href="/wiki/Prusya" title="Prusya">Prusya</a> na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Humboldt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt (hindi pa naisusulat)">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> na magkaroon ng isang antropolohiya na kayang pagsamahin ang mga interes nina Kant at Herder. Noong panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Romantisismo" title="Romantisismo">Romantisismo</a>, nagdebelop ang mga iskolar mula Alemanya ng isang ideya ng kultura kung saan kabilang ang lahat – ang <i>Weltanschauung</i> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><abbr title="saling literal">lit. na</abbr> </span><span style="white-space:nowrap"> </span>'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagtingin_sa_mundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagtingin sa mundo (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagtingin sa mundo</a>'; <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">worldview</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagmula ito sa mga kilusan ng <a href="/wiki/Nasyonalismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasyonalismo">nasyonalismo</a> na may layunin na ipag-isa ang mga maliliit na prinsipalidad sa ngayo'y <a href="/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya">Alemanya</a> at laban sa <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Austria-Unggaryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyong Austria-Unggaryo">Imperyong Austria-Unggaryo</a>. Ayon dito, ang pagtingin sa mundo ng isang kultura ay hindi masusukat o makukumpara sa pagtingin sa mundo ng iba. Bagamat mas malaya, pinapayagan pa rin ng pananaw na ito ang pag-uuri sa mga kultura bilang "sibilisado" at "primitibo". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Adolf_Bastian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Bastian.jpg/170px-Adolf_Bastian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Bastian.jpg/255px-Adolf_Bastian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Bastian.jpg/340px-Adolf_Bastian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Nagmungkahi si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Bastian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Bastian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Adolf Bastian</a> ng isang pangkalahatang modelo ng kultura, na naging basehan sa modernong pag-unawa sa konsepto.</figcaption></figure> <p>Noong 1860, ipinahayag ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Bastian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Bastian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Adolf Bastian</a> ang "pagkakaisang sikolohikal ng sangkatauhan".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iminungkahi niya ang isang maagham na pagkukumpara sa lahat ng mga kultura ng mundo para patunayan na naglalaman ang bawat kultura ng mga payak na magkakaparehong elemento. Ayon sa kanya, may grupo ng mga "payak na ideya" (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman">Aleman</a>: <i lang="de">Elementargedanken</i>) na ginagamit ng lahat ng mga lipunan ng tao; nagkakaiba lang ang mga kultura at katutubong ideya (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman">Aleman</a>: <i lang="de">Völkergedanken</i>) nito dahil sa mga lokal na pagbabago sa grupong ito.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang pananaw na ito ang naging batayan ng modernong pag-unawa sa konsepto ng kultura, at pinalawig pa nang husto ng mga sumunod kay Bastian, tulad ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Boas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Boas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Franz Boas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantisismong_Ingles">Romantisismong Ingles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Romantisismong Ingles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Romantisismong Ingles"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noong ika-19 na siglo, ginamit ng mga <a href="/wiki/Humanista" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanista">humanistang</a> <a href="/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera">Ingles</a> tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Makata" title="Makata">makatang</a> si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Arnold (hindi pa naisusulat)">Matthew Arnold</a> ang salitang "kultura" upang tumukoy sa tinatamasang pagkadalisay ng isang indibidwal na tao, na halos pareho sa konsepto ng <i>bildung</i>. Ayon sa kanya, "...kultura ang pagtamasa sa ating kabuuang pagkaperpekto sa pamamagitan ng pag-alam sa lahat, ang pinakamatitinding naisip at nasabi sa mundo". </p><p>Sa praktikal na paggamit, tumutukoy ang "kultura" sa mga bagay na gustong gawin o matamasa ng <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elite (hindi pa naisusulat)">elite</a></i>, tulad halimbawa ng <a href="/wiki/Sining" title="Sining">sining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musikang_klasikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Musikang klasikal">musikang klasikal</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutong_haute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutong haute (hindi pa naisusulat)">lutong <i>haute</i></a>. Dahil dito, naiugnay ang salitang "kultura" sa buhay ng mga taong nasa mga lungsod, na kalauna'y tumukoy na rin sa kabuuan ng isang sibilisasyon. Bukod dito, naging interesado ang mga iskolar noong panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Romantisismo" title="Romantisismo">Romantisismo</a> sa mga <a href="/wiki/Kuwentong-bayan" title="Kuwentong-bayan">kuwentong-bayan</a>, na naging dahilan upang magkaroon ng isang klasipikasyon ng mga kultura: "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mataas_na_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mataas na kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">mataas na kultura</a>" ng mga mayayaman at "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mababang_kultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mababang kultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">mababang kultura</a>" ng mga mahihirap. Sumasalamin ang klasipikasyong ito sa realidad ng buhay ng mga tao sa Europa noong panahon na yon. </p><p>Kinumpara ni Matthew Arnold ang kultura sa <a href="/wiki/Anarkiya" title="Anarkiya">anarkiya</a>. Gayunpaman, kinumpara naman ng mga pilosopong sina <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> ang kultura sa "estado ng kalikasan". Ayon kina Hobbes at Rousseau, namumuhay sa "estado ng kalikasan" ang mga <a href="/wiki/Katutubong_Amerikano" title="Katutubong Amerikano">katutubong Amerikano</a> habang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolonisasyon_sa_Kaamerikahan_ng_mga_Europeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolonisasyon sa Kaamerikahan ng mga Europeo (hindi pa naisusulat)">sinasakop sila ng mga Europeo</a>. Nagbigay-daan ang pananaw na ito upang mabuo ang ideya ng pagiging "sibilisado" at "hindi sibilisado". Ayon dito, may mga ilang kulturang mas sibilisado kesa sa iba, at may mga ilan naman na mas makultura naman kesa sa iba. Kalaunan, ang pagkakaibang ito ang naging pundasyon ng mga teorya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinismong_panlipunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwinismong panlipunan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Darwinismong panlipunan</a> ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Spencer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Spencer (hindi pa naisusulat)">Herbert Spencer</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebolusyong_kultural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebolusyong kultural (hindi pa naisusulat)">ebolusyong kultural</a> ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Henry_Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Henry Morgan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lewis Henry Morgan</a> noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo. Tulad ng pagkakaiba ng mataas at mababang kultura, ang konsepto ng pagiging "sibilisado" o hindi ay sumasalamin sa tunggalian ng mga mananakop na Europeo at ang kanilang mga nasasakupang kolonya. </p><p>Tinanggap ng mga iskolar sa Europa ang pananaw na ito ni Rousseau ukol sa klasipikasyon ng mga kultura bilang "mataas" at "mababa". Gayunpaman, nakita ng ilan na korapsyon at hindi natural ang pagkadalisay at pagiging sopistikado ng mga matataas na kultura, na nagiging balakid sa pagnanasa ng tao na marating ang likas na pagkatao nito. Halimbawa, mas pinaboran ng mga iskolar nito ang <a href="/wiki/Musikang_pambayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Musikang pambayan">musikang pambayan</a> (na ginagawa ng mga pesante, taga-probinsya, at mga hindi nakapag-aral) kesa sa musikang klasikal. Ayon sa kanila, tapat, totoo, at sumasalamin ang musikang pambayan sa likas na pamumuhay ng isang tao, at parang artipisyal at isang paninira sa pamumuhay na ito ang musikang klasikal. Sa ganitong pananaw rin ipinapakita ng mga iskolar nito ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_katutubo" title="Mga katutubo">mga katutubo</a> bilang mga "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mararangal_na_barbaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mararangal na barbaro (hindi pa naisusulat)">mararangal na barbaro</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">noble savages</i>) na namumuhay nang likas at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otentisidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otentisidad (hindi pa naisusulat)">totoo</a>, hindi tulad ng korap at komplikadong <a href="/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo">kapitalistang</a> sistema ng pamumuhay sa <a href="/wiki/Kanluraning_Mundo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanluraning Mundo">Kanluran</a>. </p><p>Noong 1870, ginamit ng <a href="/wiki/Antropolohiya" title="Antropolohiya">antropologong</a> si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Tylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Tylor (hindi pa naisusulat)">Edward Tylor</a> ang ideya ng isang mataas at mababang kultura upang ipaliwanag ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinagmulan_ng_mga_rehiliyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinagmulan ng mga rehiliyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">ebolusyon</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Rehiliyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehiliyon">rehiliyon</a>. Ayon sa kanyang teorya, nagsisimula ang mga rehiliyong mula sa pagiging <a href="/wiki/Politeismo" title="Politeismo">politeistiko</a> (maraming <a href="/wiki/Diyos" title="Diyos">diyos</a>) papuntang <a href="/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo">monoteistiko</a> (iisang diyos). Bukod dito, binigyang kahulugan niya ang kultura bilang isang malawak na koleksyon ng mga gawain na makikita sa lahat ng mga <a href="/wiki/Lipunan" title="Lipunan">lipunan</a> ng tao. Ang pananaw na ito ay tinanggap ng marami, at ginamit na basehan para sa modernong pag-unawa sa kultura at rehiliyon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Talababa">Talababa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Talababa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Talababa"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">...originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing Rousseau's criticism of "modern liberalism and Enlightenment." Thus a contrast between "culture" and "civilization" is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-inflicted immaturity.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanggunian">Sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2121818"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tylor1871-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tylor1871_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFTylor1871" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Burnett Tylor (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tylor, Edward</a> (1871). <i>Primitive Culture</i> [<i>Primitibong Kultura</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Bol. 1. <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>: J.P. Putnam's Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Culture&rft.place=New+York%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pub=J.P.+Putnam%27s+Son&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/kalina-ngan">"kalina-ngan"</a>. <i>Diksyonaryo.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">18 Setyembre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diksyonaryo.ph&rft.atitle=kalina-ngan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiksiyonaryo.ph%2Fsearch%2Fkalina-ngan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Macionis,_Gerber_and_2010_53_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMacionisGerber2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Macionis, John J; Gerber, Linda Marie (2011). <i>Sociology</i> [<i>Sosyolohiya</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-13-700161-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-13-700161-3"><bdi>978-0-13-700161-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/652430995">652430995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F652430995&rft.isbn=978-0-13-700161-3&rft.aulast=Macionis&rft.aufirst=John+J&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Linda+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalinangan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kalinangan_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kalinangan_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/linang">"linang"</a>. <i>Diksiyonaryo.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">17 Setyembre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diksiyonaryo.ph&rft.atitle=linang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiksiyonaryo.ph%2Fsearch%2Flinang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFCiceroBouhier1812" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero">Cicero, Marcus Tullius</a>; Bouhier, Jean (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273"><i>Tusculanes de Cicerón</i></a> (sa wikang Pranses). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nismes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nismes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nismes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya">Pransiya</a>: J. Gaude. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457735057">457735057</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 2 Setyembre 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">19 Setyembre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tusculanes+de+Cicer%C3%B3n&rft.place=Nismes%2C+Pransiya&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=J.+Gaude&rft.date=1812&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457735057&rft.aulast=Cicero&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Tullius&rft.au=Bouhier%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ZcOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sorrells-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sorrells_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sorrells_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSorrells2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sorrells, Kathryn (2015). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Kinakailangan ng malayang pagrehistro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interculturalcom0000sorr"><i>Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice</i></a></span> [<i>Interkultural na Komunikasyon: Globalisasyon at Katarungang Panlipunan</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-4129-2744-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-4129-2744-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-2744-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intercultural+Communication%3A+Globalization+and+Social+Justice&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2744-4&rft.aulast=Sorrells&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterculturalcom0000sorr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-velkley-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-velkley_8-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-velkley_8-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFVelkley2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Velkley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Velkley (hindi pa naisusulat)">Velkley, Richard L.</a> (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy" [Ang Tensyon sa Kagandahan: Ukol sa Kultura ni Rousseau at sa Pilosopiyang Aleman]. <i>Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question</i> [<i>Ang Diwa pagkatapos ni Rousseau: tanong sa pilosopiya at kultura</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>: University of Chicago Press. pp. 11–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-226-85256-0" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-226-85256-0"><bdi>978-0-226-85256-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47930775">47930775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tension+in+the+Beautiful%3A+On+Culture+and+Civilization+in+Rousseau+and+German+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Being+after+Rousseau%3A+philosophy+and+culture+in+question&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pages=11-30&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47930775&rft.isbn=978-0-226-85256-0&rft.aulast=Velkley&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFJamesMageeScerriSteger2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9294719"><i>Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability</i></a> [<i>Pagpapanatiling Urban sa Teorya at Gawi: Mga Kabilugan ng Pagpapanatili</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/London" class="mw-disambig" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reyno_Unido" class="mw-redirect" title="Reyno Unido">Reyno Unido</a>: Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-138-02572-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-138-02572-1"><bdi>978-1-138-02572-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/942553107">942553107</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 26 Hunyo 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">19 Setyembre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Sustainability+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+Circles+of+Sustainability&rft.place=London%2C+Reyno+Unido&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942553107&rft.isbn=978-1-138-02572-1&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Magee%2C+Liam&rft.au=Scerri%2C+Andy&rft.au=Steger%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9294719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict_cult-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dict_cult_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/culture">"Meaning of "culture"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Kahulugan ng "kultura"]. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815114957/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/culture">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 15 Agosto 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">19 Setyembre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+%22culture%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPyszczynskiSolomonGreenberg2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015). <i>Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory</i> [<i>Tatlumpung Taon ng Teorya ng Pamamahala sa Takot</i>]. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (sa wikang Ingles). Bol. 52. pp. 1–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.aesp.2015.03.001">10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-12-802247-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-12-802247-4"><bdi>978-0-12-802247-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirty+Years+of+Terror+Management+Theory&rft.series=Advances+in+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.pages=1-70&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.aesp.2015.03.001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-802247-4&rft.aulast=Pyszczynski&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Sheldon&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergKoolePyszczynski2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology</i></a> [<i>Handbook ng Eksperimental na Sikolohiya ng Pag-iral</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Guilford Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-4625-1479-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-4625-1479-3"><bdi>978-1-4625-1479-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 31 Disyembre 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">19 Setyembre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Experimental+Existential+Psychology&rft.pub=Guilford+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Koole%2C+Sander+L.&rft.au=Pyszczynski%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_9dAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLindLindenforsGhirlandaLidén2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lind, J.; Lindenfors, P.; Ghirlanda, S.; Lidén, K.; Enquist, M. (7 Mayo 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646280">"Dating human cultural capacity using phylogenetic principles"</a> [Pagpepetsa aa kapasidad ng sangkatauhan sa kultura gamit ang mga prinsipyong pilohenetiko]. <i>Scientific Reports</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>3</b> (1): 1785. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E1785L">2013NatSR...3E1785L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep01785">10.1038/srep01785</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Libreng maa-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646280">3646280</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23648831">23648831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Dating+human+cultural+capacity+using+phylogenetic+principles&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1785&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646280%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatSR...3E1785L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23648831&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep01785&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Lindenfors%2C+P.&rft.au=Ghirlanda%2C+S.&rft.au=Lid%C3%A9n%2C+K.&rft.au=Enquist%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panikkar, Raimon (1991). Pathil, Kuncheria (pat.). <i>Religious Pluralism: An Indian Christian Perspective</i> [<i>Pluralismong Panrehiliyon: Isang Perspektibong Indiyanong Kristiyano</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (hindi pa naisusulat)">ISPCK</a>. pp. 252–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-81-7214-005-2" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-81-7214-005-2"><bdi>978-81-7214-005-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25410539">25410539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Pluralism%3A+An+Indian+Christian+Perspective&rft.pages=252-99&rft.pub=ISPCK&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25410539&rft.isbn=978-81-7214-005-2&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=Raimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meaning-in-action-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-meaning-in-action_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFRein2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rein, Raud (29 Agosto 2016). <i>Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture</i> [<i>Kahulugan sa Gawain: Balangkas ng isang Mahalagang Teorya ng Kultura</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reyno_Unido" class="mw-redirect" title="Reyno Unido">Reyno Unido</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polity_(palimbagan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polity (palimbagan) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Polity</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-5095-1124-2" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-5095-1124-2"><bdi>978-1-5095-1124-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944339574">944339574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaning+in+Action%3A+Outline+of+an+Integral+Theory+of+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Reyno+Unido&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944339574&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-1124-2&rft.aulast=Rein&rft.aufirst=Raud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">O'Neil, Dennis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm">"Culture Change: Processes of Change"</a> [Pagbabago sa Kultura: Mga Proseso ng Pagbabago]. <i>Culture Change</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Palomar College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027181934/http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 27 Oktubre 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">8 Oktubre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Change&rft.atitle=Culture+Change%3A+Processes+of+Change&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.palomar.edu%2Fchange%2Fchange_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pringle, Heather (20 Nobyembre 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-11-20_282_5393/page/1446">"The Slow Birth of Agriculture"</a> [Ang Mabagal na Kapanganakan ng Agrikultura]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_(dyornal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (dyornal) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Science</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>282</b> (5393): 1446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5393.1446">10.1126/science.282.5393.1446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128522781">128522781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Slow+Birth+of+Agriculture&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=5393&rft.pages=1446&rft.date=1998-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128522781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.282.5393.1446&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_1998-11-20_282_5393%2Fpage%2F1446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWei2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wei, Clarissa (20 Marso 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eater.com/2018/3/20/16973532/mcdonalds-starbucks-kfc-china-pizza-hut-growth-sales">"Why China Loves American Chain Restaurants So Much"</a> [Bakit Sobrang Mahal ng Tsina ang mga Chain Restaurant ng Amerika]. <i>Eater</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330023616/https://www.eater.com/2018/3/20/16973532/mcdonalds-starbucks-kfc-china-pizza-hut-growth-sales">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 30 Marso 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">15 Oktubre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eater&rft.atitle=Why+China+Loves+American+Chain+Restaurants+So+Much&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eater.com%2F2018%2F3%2F20%2F16973532%2Fmcdonalds-starbucks-kfc-china-pizza-hut-growth-sales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hillerbrand, Hans J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christmas">"Christmas"</a> [Pasko]. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">15 Oktubre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTobin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tobin, Theresa Weynand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/cultural-imperialism">"cultural imperialism"</a> [imperyalismong kultural]. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">15 Oktubre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=cultural+imperialism&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Theresa+Weynand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcultural-imperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berry, J.W. (Enero 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147176708000230">"Globalisation and acculturation"</a> [Globalisasyon at akulturasyon]. <i>International Journal of Intercultural Relations</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>32</b> (4): 328–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2008.04.001">10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.04.001</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">15 Oktubre</span> 2022</span> – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intercultural+Relations&rft.atitle=Globalisation+and+acculturation&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=328-336&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2008.04.001&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0147176708000230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFEldridge" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eldridge, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123162257/http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/SAAP/USC/pbt1.html">"The German Bildung Tradition"</a> [Ang Tradisyon ng Bildung ng Alemanya] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNC_Charlotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNC Charlotte (hindi pa naisusulat)">UNC Charlotte</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/SAAP/USC/pbt1.html">orihinal</a> noong 23 Enero 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">18 Oktubre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+German+Bildung+Tradition&rft.pub=UNC+Charlotte&rft.aulast=Eldridge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophy.uncc.edu%2Fmleldrid%2FSAAP%2FUSC%2Fpbt1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Underhill, James W. (2009). <i>Humboldt, Worldview, and Language</i> [<i>Humboldt, Pagtingin sa Mundo, at Wika</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reyno_Unido" class="mw-redirect" title="Reyno Unido">Reyno Unido</a>: Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humboldt%2C+Worldview%2C+and+Language&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Reyno+Unido&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFKöpping2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Köpping, Klaus-Peter (2005). <i>Adolf Bastian and the psychic unity of mankind</i> [<i>Adolf Bastian at ang pagkakaisang sikolohikal ng sangkatauhan</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Lit Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-3-8258-3989-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-3-8258-3989-5"><bdi>978-3-8258-3989-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977343058">977343058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolf+Bastian+and+the+psychic+unity+of+mankind&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F977343058&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-3989-5&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6pping&rft.aufirst=Klaus-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFEllis" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ellis, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://todayinsci.com/B/Bastian_Adolf/BastianAdolf.htm">"Biography of Adolf Bastian, ethnologist"</a> [Biograpiya ni Adolf Bastian, etnologo]. <i>Today in Science History</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806215336/https://todayinsci.com/B/Bastian_Adolf/BastianAdolf.htm">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 6 Agosto 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">18 Oktubre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today+in+Science+History&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Adolf+Bastian%2C+ethnologist&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftodayinsci.com%2FB%2FBastian_Adolf%2FBastianAdolf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLiron2003" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liron, Tal (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102111430/http://home.uchicago.edu/~tliron/boas/boas.pdf"><i>Franz Boas and the discovery of culture</i></a> [<i>Franz Boas at ang pagtuklas sa kultura</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Tisis) (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52888196">52888196</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~tliron/boas/boas.pdf">orihinal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> noong 2 Enero 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">18 Oktubre</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Franz+Boas+and+the+discovery+of+culture&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52888196&rft.aulast=Liron&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.uchicago.edu%2F~tliron%2Fboas%2Fboas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AKultura" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_thesis" title="Padron:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kultura&oldid=2134957">https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kultura&oldid=2134957</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_kategorya" title="Natatangi:Mga kategorya">Kategorya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Kultura" title="Kategorya:Kultura">Kultura</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_pangunahing_paksa" title="Kategorya:Mga pangunahing paksa">Mga pangunahing paksa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Nakatagong kategorya: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_artikulong_naglalaman_ng_Ingles" title="Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Ingles">Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Ingles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">CS1 maint: date auto-translated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Sangguniang_CS1_sa_wikang_Ingles_(en)" title="Kategorya:Sangguniang CS1 sa wikang Ingles (en)">Sangguniang CS1 sa wikang Ingles (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Sangguniang_CS1_sa_wikang_Pranses_(fr)" title="Kategorya:Sangguniang CS1 sa wikang Pranses (fr)">Sangguniang CS1 sa wikang Pranses (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_artikulong_naglalaman_ng_Kastila" title="Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Kastila">Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Kastila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Kategorya:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mga_artikulong_naglalaman_ng_Aleman" title="Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Aleman">Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Aleman</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Huling pagbabago: 23:34, 30 Oktubre 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Magagamit ang teksto sa ilalim ng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Lisensyang Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike</a>; maaaring mailapat ang karagdagang termino. 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