CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kiwifruit - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c6f56961-0e7c-481f-84c7-44f1b5936181","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kiwifruit","wgTitle":"Kiwifruit","wgCurRevisionId":1274875146,"wgRevisionId":1274875146,"wgArticleId":17363,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2018","Use New Zealand English from October 2018","All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English","Articles containing Māori-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Kiwifruit","Actinidia","Edible fruits","Berries","Chinese fruit", "Food plant cultivars","Garden plants of Asia","Vines","Culture of New Zealand"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kiwifruit","wgRelevantArticleId":17363,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q13194","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Actinidia_fruits.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1586"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinidia_fruits.jpg/800px-Actinidia_fruits.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1057"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinidia_fruits.jpg/640px-Actinidia_fruits.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="846"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kiwifruit - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kiwifruit rootpage-Kiwifruit skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kiwifruit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kiwifruit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kiwifruit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kiwifruit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_and_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_and_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Species and cultivars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Species_and_cultivars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Species and cultivars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Species_and_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuzzy_kiwifruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuzzy_kiwifruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fuzzy kiwifruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuzzy_kiwifruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiwi_berries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiwi_berries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kiwi berries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiwi_berries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actinidia_chinensis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actinidia_chinensis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Actinidia chinensis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actinidia_chinensis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pollination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maturation_and_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturation_and_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Maturation and harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturation_and_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Production history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Allergies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiwifruit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwivrug" title="Kiwivrug – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kiwivrug" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ABnisc_g%C5%8Dsberige" title="Cīnisc gōsberige – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cīnisc gōsberige" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A_(%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%87%D8%A9)" title="كيوي (فاكهة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيوي (فاكهة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamin_ka_kawisitc" title="Wamin ka kawisitc – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wamin ka kawisitc" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi" title="Kivi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kivi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="کیوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2" title="কিউই ফল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিউই ফল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2u-th%C3%B4-%C3%A1" title="Kâu-thô-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kâu-thô-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Ківі (садавіна) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ківі (садавіна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Ківі (садавіна) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ківі (садавіна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwe" title="Kiwe – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kiwe" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Киви (плод) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Киви (плод)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤྲེལ་ཁམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྲེལ་ཁམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi_(vo%C4%87e)" title="Kivi (voće) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kivi (voće)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(frouezh)" title="Kiwi (frouezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kiwi (frouezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrwyth_ciwi" title="Ffrwyth ciwi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrwyth ciwi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(frugt)" title="Kiwi (frugt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kiwi (frugt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifrucht" title="Kiwifrucht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kiwifrucht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCil_dishoo%C3%AD" title="Chʼil dishooí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼil dishooí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiivi_(vili)" title="Kiivi (vili) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiivi (vili)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivifrukto" title="Kivifrukto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kivifrukto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(fruitua)" title="Kiwi (fruitua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kiwi (fruitua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="کیوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(froita)" title="Kiwi (froita) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kiwi (froita)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EC%9C%84_(%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%BC)" title="키위 (과일) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키위 (과일)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB_(%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A3)" title="Կիվի (միրգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիվի (միրգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2" title="कीवी फल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कीवी फल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinidija_(vo%C4%87e)" title="Aktinidija (voće) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aktinidija (voće)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(buah)" title="Kiwi (buah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kiwi (buah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Kiwifruit" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADv%C3%AD_(%C3%A1v%C3%B6xtur)" title="Kíví (ávöxtur) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kíví (ávöxtur)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(frutto)" title="Kiwi (frutto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kiwi (frutto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99_(%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99)" title="קיווי (פרי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיווי (פרי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೀವಿಹಣ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೀವಿಹಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="კივი (ხილი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კივი (ხილი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Киви жемісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Киви жемісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidiae_fructus" title="Actinidiae fructus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Actinidiae fructus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi_(auglis)" title="Kivi (auglis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kivi (auglis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(Fruucht)" title="Kiwi (Fruucht) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kiwi (Fruucht)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivis_(vaisius)" title="Kivis (vaisius) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kivis (vaisius)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodegh" title="Perodegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Perodegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi_(gy%C3%BCm%C3%B6lcs)" title="Kivi (gyümölcs) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kivi (gyümölcs)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Киви (овошје) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Киви (овошје)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%82" title="കിവിപ്പഴം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിവിപ്പഴം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B3)" title="किवी (फळ) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किवी (फळ)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="كيوي – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيوي" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah_kiwi" title="Buah kiwi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buah kiwi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ကီဝီသီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကီဝီသီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(fruit)" title="Kiwi (fruit) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kiwi (fruit)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2" title="ठेकीफल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ठेकीफल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="キウイフルーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キウイフルーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(frukt)" title="Kiwi (frukt) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kiwi (frukt)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifrukt" title="Kiwifrukt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kiwifrukt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi_(meva)" title="Kivi (meva) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kivi (meva)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2)" title="ਕੀਵੀ (ਫਲ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੀਵੀ (ਫਲ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_(%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%84)" title="کیوی (پھل) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوی (پھل)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(owoc)" title="Kiwi (owoc) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kiwi (owoc)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidia_deliciosa" title="Actinidia deliciosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Actinidia deliciosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(fruct)" title="Kiwi (fruct) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kiwi (fruct)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D1%84%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Киви (фрукт) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киви (фрукт)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%B0%D1%81)" title="Киви (ас) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киви (ас)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kiwifruit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi_(ovocie)" title="Kivi (ovocie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kivi (ovocie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi" title="Kivi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kivi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="کیوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%B5)" title="Киви (воће) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Киви (воће)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi_(vo%C4%87e)" title="Kivi (voće) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kivi (voće)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah_kiwi" title="Buah kiwi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Buah kiwi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiivi_(hedelm%C3%A4)" title="Kiivi (hedelmä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiivi (hedelmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kiwi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பசலிப்பழம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசலிப்பழம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA-%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88)" title="Киви (җиләк-җимеш) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Киви (җиләк-җимеш)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A)" title="กีวี (พืช) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กีวี (พืช)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%8A" title="ኪዊ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኪዊ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi_(bitki)" title="Kivi (bitki) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kivi (bitki)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96_(%D1%84%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Ківі (фрукт) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ківі (фрукт)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%88%DB%8C" title="کيوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کيوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(qu%E1%BA%A3)" title="Kiwi (quả) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiwi (quả)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%BC%E7%8C%B4%E6%A1%83" title="獼猴桃 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="獼猴桃" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(prutas)" title="Kiwi (prutas) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kiwi (prutas)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%95%E7%8C%B4%E6%A1%83" title="猕猴桃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="猕猴桃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E6%9E%9C" title="奇異果 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奇異果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E6%9E%9C" title="奇異果 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇異果" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kiwifruit" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kiwifruit" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kiwifruit" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&oldid=1274875146" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kiwifruit&id=1274875146&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKiwifruit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKiwifruit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kiwifruit&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13194" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Edible berries native to Northeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit_(TV_series)" title="Kiwifruit (TV series)"><i>Kiwifruit</i> (TV series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actinidia_fruits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinidia_fruits.jpg/220px-Actinidia_fruits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinidia_fruits.jpg/330px-Actinidia_fruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinidia_fruits.jpg/440px-Actinidia_fruits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption>Kiwifruit by species<br />A = <i>A. arguta</i>, C = <i>A. chinensis</i>, D = <i>A. deliciosa</i>, E = <i>A. eriantha</i>, I = <i>A. indochinensis</i>, P = <i>A. polygama</i>, S = <i>A. setosa</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg/220px-Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg/330px-Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg/440px-Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6880" data-file-height="5500" /></a><figcaption>Kiwifruit cross section</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_%27Gold%27_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kiwifruit_%27Gold%27_cross_section.jpg/220px-Kiwifruit_%27Gold%27_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kiwifruit_%27Gold%27_cross_section.jpg/330px-Kiwifruit_%27Gold%27_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kiwifruit_%27Gold%27_cross_section.jpg/440px-Kiwifruit_%27Gold%27_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6880" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yellow_kiwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow kiwi">Yellow kiwifruit</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwi%27s_morphology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kiwi%27s_morphology.svg/220px-Kiwi%27s_morphology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kiwi%27s_morphology.svg/330px-Kiwi%27s_morphology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kiwi%27s_morphology.svg/440px-Kiwi%27s_morphology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>Kiwifruit's morphology</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kiwifruit</b> (often shortened to <b>kiwi</b> outside Australia and New Zealand), or <b>Chinese gooseberry</b>, is the edible <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a> of several species of <a href="/wiki/Woody_vine" class="mw-redirect" title="Woody vine">woody vines</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia" title="Actinidia">Actinidia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PWNEP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWNEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> group of kiwifruit (<i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_deliciosa" title="Actinidia deliciosa">Actinidia deliciosa</a></i> 'Hayward')<sup id="cite_ref-Beutel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beutel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is oval, about the size of a large <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">hen's egg</a>: 5–8 centimetres (2–3 inches) in length and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4.5–5.5 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in diameter. Kiwifruit has a thin, fuzzy, fibrous, tart but edible, light brown skin and light green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has a soft texture with a sweet and unique flavour. </p><p>Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to the 12th century during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_Courtney_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_Courtney_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It later became commonly exported, first to Great Britain and then to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early varieties were discovered and cultivated in China. They were described in a 1904 <a href="/wiki/Plant_nursery" title="Plant nursery">nursery</a> catalogue as having "...edible fruits the size of <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>, and the flavour of ripe <a href="/wiki/Gooseberry" title="Gooseberry">gooseberries</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the name, <i>Chinese gooseberry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s, a major New Zealand exporter began calling it "kiwifruit" (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi">huakiwi</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being advised by a United States client that <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> officials might mistakenly associate the unpopular name <i>gooseberries</i><sup id="cite_ref-Time_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – which grow close to the ground – with suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>kiwifruit</i> was adopted for the furry, brown fruit in relation to New Zealand's furry, brown, national bird – the <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was first registered by Turners & Growers on 15 June 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-Time_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commercially adopted in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New Zealand and Australia, the word <i>kiwi</i> alone either refers to the bird or is used as a <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">nickname for New Zealanders</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Time_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is rarely used to refer to the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Zealand_Oxford_Dictionary_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Zealand_Oxford_Dictionary-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiwifruit has since become a common name for all commercially grown green kiwifruit from the genus <i>Actinidia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States and Canada, the shortened name <i>kiwi</i> is commonly used when referring to the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand">Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Kiwifruit</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kiwifruit_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/130px-Kiwifruit_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kiwifruit_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/195px-Kiwifruit_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kiwifruit_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/260px-Kiwifruit_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="470" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Kiwifruit" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">獼猴桃</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">猕猴桃</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"macaque peach"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">míhóutáo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[mǐ.xǒʊ.tʰǎʊ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">mei<sup>4</sup>-hau<sup>4</sup>-tou<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to 12th century China during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_Courtney_2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_Courtney_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was usually collected from the wild and consumed for medicinal purposes, the plant was rarely <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">bred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Hayward variety was developed, the fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II. Kiwifruits were exported to Great Britain and then to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_skin..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kiwifruit_skin..jpg/220px-Kiwifruit_skin..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kiwifruit_skin..jpg/330px-Kiwifruit_skin..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kiwifruit_skin..jpg/440px-Kiwifruit_skin..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of Slice of Kiwifruit skin.</figcaption></figure> <p>In New Zealand during the 1940s and 1950s, the fruit became an agricultural commodity through the development of commercially viable cultivars, agricultural practices, shipping, storage, and marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-knowles_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_and_cultivars">Species and cultivars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species and cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_%27Red_Passion%27_cross_section_-_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kiwifruit_%27Red_Passion%27_cross_section_-_Italy.jpg/220px-Kiwifruit_%27Red_Passion%27_cross_section_-_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kiwifruit_%27Red_Passion%27_cross_section_-_Italy.jpg/330px-Kiwifruit_%27Red_Passion%27_cross_section_-_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kiwifruit_%27Red_Passion%27_cross_section_-_Italy.jpg/440px-Kiwifruit_%27Red_Passion%27_cross_section_-_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7338" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Kiwifruit 'Red Passion' with a red-ring</figcaption></figure> <p>The genus <i>Actinidia</i> comprises around 60 species. Their fruits are quite variable, although most are easily recognised as kiwifruit because of their appearance and shape. The skin of the fruit varies in size, hairiness, and colour. The flesh varies in colour, juiciness, texture, and taste. Some fruits are unpalatable, while others taste considerably better than most commercial cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PONC1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONC1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most commonly sold kiwifruit is derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_deliciosa" title="Actinidia deliciosa">A. deliciosa</a></i> (fuzzy kiwifruit). Other species that are commonly eaten include <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_chinensis" title="Actinidia chinensis">A. chinensis</a></i> (golden kiwifruit), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinidia_coriacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinidia coriacea (page does not exist)">A. coriacea</a></i> (Chinese egg gooseberry), <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_arguta" title="Actinidia arguta">A. arguta</a></i> (hardy kiwifruit), <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_kolomikta" title="Actinidia kolomikta">A. kolomikta</a></i> (Arctic kiwifruit), <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_melanandra" title="Actinidia melanandra">A. melanandra</a></i> (purple kiwifruit), <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_polygama" title="Actinidia polygama">A. polygama</a></i> (silver vine) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinidia_purpurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinidia purpurea (page does not exist)">A. purpurea</a></i> (hearty red kiwifruit).<sup id="cite_ref-PONC1999_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONC1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuzzy_kiwifruit">Fuzzy kiwifruit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fuzzy kiwifruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg/220px-Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg/330px-Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg/440px-Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>The larger <i>A. deliciosa</i> (fuzzy kiwifruit) at the rear compared to the smaller kiwi berry</figcaption></figure> <p>Most kiwifruit sold belongs to a few cultivars of <i>A. deliciosa</i> (fuzzy kiwifruit): 'Hayward', 'Blake' and 'Saanichton 12'.<sup id="cite_ref-PWNEP_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWNEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a fuzzy, dull brown skin and bright green flesh. The familiar cultivar 'Hayward' was developed by Hayward Wright in <a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Auckland" title="Avondale, Auckland">Avondale</a>, New Zealand, around 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-PONC1999_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONC1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in the 1940s. </p><p>'Hayward' is the most commonly available cultivar in stores. It is a large, egg-shaped fruit with a sweet flavour. 'Saanichton 12', from British Columbia, is somewhat more rectangular than 'Hayward' and comparably sweet, but the inner core of the fruit can be tough. 'Blake' can self-pollinate, but has a smaller, more oval fruit, and the flavour is considered inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-PWNEP_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWNEP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PONC1999_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONC1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiwi_berries">Kiwi berries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kiwi berries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiwi berries are edible fruits the size of a large grape, similar to fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and internal appearance but with a thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species: <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_arguta" title="Actinidia arguta">Actinidia arguta</a></i> (hardy kiwi), <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_kolomikta" title="Actinidia kolomikta">A. kolomikta</a></i> (Arctic kiwifruit) and <i><a href="/wiki/Actinidia_polygama" title="Actinidia polygama">A. polygama</a></i> (silver vine). They are fast-growing, climbing vines, durable over their <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a>. They are referred to as "kiwi berry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, or cocktail kiwi".<sup id="cite_ref-penn_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultivar 'Issai' is a hybrid of hardy kiwifruit and silver vine which can self-pollinate. Grown commercially because of its relatively large fruit, 'Issai' is less <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardy</a> than most hardy kiwifruit.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actinidia_chinensis"><i>Actinidia chinensis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Actinidia chinensis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_kiwifruit" title="Gold kiwifruit">Gold kiwifruit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_-_Golden_(Soreli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kiwifruit_-_Golden_%28Soreli%29.jpg/220px-Kiwifruit_-_Golden_%28Soreli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kiwifruit_-_Golden_%28Soreli%29.jpg/330px-Kiwifruit_-_Golden_%28Soreli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kiwifruit_-_Golden_%28Soreli%29.jpg/440px-Kiwifruit_-_Golden_%28Soreli%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Golden kiwifruit Soreli</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Actinidia chinensis</i> (yellow kiwi or golden kiwifruit) has smooth, bronze skin, with a beak shape at the stem attachment. Flesh colour varies from bright green to a clear, intense yellow. This species is 'sweeter and more aromatic' in flavour compared to <i>A. deliciosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-zespri_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zespri-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most attractive varieties has a red 'iris' around the centre of the fruit and yellow flesh outside. The yellow fruit obtains a higher market price and, being less hairy than the fuzzy kiwifruit tastes better without peeling.<sup id="cite_ref-PONC1999_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONC1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commercially viable<sup id="cite_ref-NZE_Enza_red_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZE_Enza_red-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> variety of this red-ringed kiwifruit, patented as EnzaRed, is a cultivar of the Chinese <i>hong yang</i> variety.<sup id="cite_ref-HYChin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HYChin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBR_Enza_red_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBR_Enza_red-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'Hort16A' is a golden kiwifruit cultivar marketed worldwide as <i>Zespri Gold</i>. This cultivar suffered significant losses in New Zealand in 2010–2013 due to the <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae" title="Pseudomonas syringae">PSA</a> bacterium.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new cultivar of golden kiwifruit, <i>Gold3</i>, was found to be more disease-resistant and most growers have now changed to this cultivar.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Gold3', marketed by Zespri as <i>SunGold</i> is not quite as sweet as 'Hort16A',<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lacks its usually slightly pointed tip. </p><p>Clones of the new variety <i>SunGold</i> have been used to develop orchards in China, resulting in partially successful legal efforts in China by Zespri to protect their <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McClure2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClure2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Zespri estimated that around 5,000 hectares of <i>Sungold</i> orchards were being cultivated in China, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan province">Sichuan province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiwifruit can be grown in most temperate climates with adequate summer heat. Where fuzzy kiwifruit (<i>A. deliciosa</i>) is not hardy, other species can be grown as substitutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit-Actinidia_deliciosa-plantation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kiwifruit-Actinidia_deliciosa-plantation.jpg/220px-Kiwifruit-Actinidia_deliciosa-plantation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kiwifruit-Actinidia_deliciosa-plantation.jpg/330px-Kiwifruit-Actinidia_deliciosa-plantation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kiwifruit-Actinidia_deliciosa-plantation.jpg/440px-Kiwifruit-Actinidia_deliciosa-plantation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Kiwifruit growing on supported vine</figcaption></figure> <p>Often in commercial farming, different breeds are used for <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a>, fruit-bearing plants, and <a href="/wiki/Pollinators" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinators">pollinators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the seeds produced are <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeds</a> of their parents. Even if the same breeds are used for pollinators and fruit-bearing plants, there is no guarantee that the fruit will have the same quality as the parent. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a> take seven years before they flower, so determining whether the kiwifruit is fruit bearing or a pollinator is time-consuming.<sup id="cite_ref-ucd_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, most kiwifruits, except rootstock and new <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, are propagated <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ucd_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is done by grafting the fruit-producing plant onto rootstock grown from seedlings or, if the plant is desired to be a true cultivar, rootstock grown from cuttings of a mature plant.<sup id="cite_ref-ucd_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pollination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_Female_Flowers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kiwifruit_Female_Flowers.JPG/220px-Kiwifruit_Female_Flowers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kiwifruit_Female_Flowers.JPG/330px-Kiwifruit_Female_Flowers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kiwifruit_Female_Flowers.JPG/440px-Kiwifruit_Female_Flowers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Kiwifruit flowering</figcaption></figure> <p>Kiwifruit plants generally are <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>, meaning a plant is either male or female. The male plants have flowers that produce pollen, the females receive the pollen to fertilise their ovules and grow fruit; most kiwifruit requires a male plant to <a href="/wiki/Pollinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinate">pollinate</a> the female plant. For a good yield of fruit, one male vine for every three to eight female vines is considered adequate.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some varieties can self-pollinate, but even they produce a greater and more reliable yield when pollinated by male kiwifruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-species pollination is often (but not always) successful as long as bloom times are synchronised. </p><p>In nature, the species are pollinated by birds and native bumblebees, which visit the flowers for pollen, not nectar. The female flowers produce fake anthers with what appears to be pollen on the tips to attract the pollinators, although these fake anthers lack the DNA and food value of the male anthers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiwifruit_pollination_problems_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiwifruit_pollination_problems-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiwifruit growers rely on <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a>, the principal ‘for-hire’ pollinator, but commercially grown kiwifruit is notoriously difficult to pollinate. The flowers are not very attractive to honey bees, partly because the flowers do not produce nectar and bees quickly learn to prefer flowers with nectar. </p><p>Honey bees are inefficient cross-pollinators for kiwifruit because they practice “floral fidelity”. Each honey bee visits only a single type of flower in any foray and maybe only a few branches of a single plant. The pollen needed from a different plant (such as a male for a female kiwifruit) might never reach it were it not for the cross-pollination that principally occurs in the crowded colony; it is in the colonies that bees laden with different pollen cross paths.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To deal with these pollination challenges, some producers blow collected pollen over the female flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiwifruit_pollination_problems_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiwifruit_pollination_problems-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most common, though, is <a href="/wiki/Saturation_pollination" title="Saturation pollination">saturation pollination</a>, in which the honey bee populations are made so large (by placing hives in the orchards at a concentration of about 8 hives per hectare) that bees are forced to use this flower because of intense competition for all flowers within flight distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturation_and_harvest">Maturation and harvest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maturation and harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiwifruit is picked by hand and commercially grown on sturdy support structures, as it can produce several tonnes per hectare, more than the rather weak vines can support. These are generally equipped with a watering system for irrigation and frost protection in the spring. </p><p>Kiwifruit vines require vigorous pruning, similar to that of grapevines. Fruit is borne on 'one-year-old and older' canes, but production declines as each cane ages. Canes should be pruned off and replaced after their third year. In the northern hemisphere, the fruit ripens in November, while in the southern it ripens in May. Four-year-old plants can produce 15 tonnes of fruit per hectare (14,000 lb per acre) while eight-year-old plants can produce 20 tonnes (18,000 lb per acre). The plants produce their maximum at eight to ten years old. The seasonal yields are variable; a heavy crop on a vine one season generally comes with a light crop the following season.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fruit harvested when firm will ripen when stored properly for long periods. This allows fruit to be stored for up to 8 weeks after harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Firm kiwifruits ripen after a few days to a week when stored at room temperature, but should not be kept in direct sunlight. Faster ripening occurs when placed in a paper bag with an apple, pear, or banana.<sup id="cite_ref-ukfoodguide_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukfoodguide-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a kiwifruit is ripe, however, it is preserved optimally when stored far from other fruits, as it is sensitive to the <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_as_a_plant_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene as a plant hormone">ethylene</a> gas they may emit, thereby tending to over-ripen even in the refrigerator.<sup id="cite_ref-ukfoodguide_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukfoodguide-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If stored appropriately, ripe kiwifruit is normally kept for about one to two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-ukfoodguide_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukfoodguide-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae" title="Pseudomonas syringae">Pseudomonas syringae</a> actinidiae</i> (PSA) was first identified in Japan in the 1980s. This bacterial strain has been controlled and managed successfully in orchards in Asia. In 1992, it was found in northern Italy. In 2007/2008, economic losses were observed, as a more virulent strain became more dominant (PSA V).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 it was found in New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty Region</a> kiwifruit orchards in the North Island.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yellow-fleshed cultivars were particularly susceptible. New, resistant varieties were selected in research funded by the government and fruit growers so that the industry could continue.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiwi_&_PSA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiwi_&_PSA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists reported they had worked out the strain of PSA affecting kiwifruit from New Zealand, Italy, and Chile originated in China.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; width:13em;"> <caption>Kiwifruit production<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">2023, tonnes</span><br /> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2,362,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>662,744 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>391,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>317,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>295,142 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>116,029 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>4,433,060</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations</span><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2023, world kiwifruit production was 4.4 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>, led by China with 55% of the total (table). In China, kiwifruit is grown mainly in the mountainous area upstream of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major producers were <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_history">Production history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Production history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiwifruit exports rapidly increased from the late 1960s to the early 1970s in New Zealand. By 1976, exports exceeded the amount consumed domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, New Zealand kiwifruit are marketed under the brand-name label <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand">Zespri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general name, "Zespri", has been used for the marketing of all cultivars of kiwifruit from New Zealand since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-knowles_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zespri_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zespri-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, many countries outside New Zealand grew and exported kiwifruit.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, the infrastructure and techniques required to support grape production were adapted to the kiwifruit. This, coupled with being close to the European kiwifruit market, led to Italians becoming the leading producer of kiwifruit in 1989. The growing season of Italian kiwifruit does not overlap much with New Zealand or the Chilean growing seasons, therefore direct competition between New Zealand and Chile was not a significant factor.<sup id="cite_ref-STITALY_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STITALY-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a> to refine the green kiwifruit was undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Plant_%26_Food_Research" title="Plant & Food Research">Plant & Food Research</a> Institute (formerly HortResearch) during the decades of '1970–1999'.<sup id="cite_ref-knowles_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the New Zealand Kiwifruit Marketing Board opened an office for Europe in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knowles_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_consumption">Human consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavlova_dessert.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pavlova_dessert.JPG/220px-Pavlova_dessert.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pavlova_dessert.JPG/330px-Pavlova_dessert.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pavlova_dessert.JPG/440px-Pavlova_dessert.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">pavlova</a> with strawberries, passionfruit, kiwifruit and cream</figcaption></figure> <div style="float: right; clear: right;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Kiwifruit, Zespri SunGold, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">262 kJ (63 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">15.8 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">12.3 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.4 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.28 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.02 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">24 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.074 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.231 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.079 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 31 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">12</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.08 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1.9 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">179%</div> 161.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 1.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 6.1 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 17 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.151 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.21 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.048 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 25 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 315 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.4 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.08 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">82 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168211/nutrients">Link to USDA FoodData Central entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Kiwifruit, green, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">255 kJ (61 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">14.66 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">8.99 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.52 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.14 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">122 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.027 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.025 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.341 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.183 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.063 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 25 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">12</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 7.8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">103%</div> 92.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.46 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">34%</div> 40.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 34 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 0.13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.31 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 17 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.098 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 34 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 312 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.2 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.14 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">83 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168153/nutrients">Link to USDA FoodData Central entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> </div> <p>Kiwifruit may be eaten raw, made into juices, used in baked goods, prepared with meat, or used as a garnish.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole fruit, including the skin, is suitable for human consumption; however, the skin of the fuzzy varieties is often discarded due to its texture.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sliced kiwifruit has long been used as a garnish atop <a href="/wiki/Whipped_cream" title="Whipped cream">whipped cream</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a>, a meringue-based dessert. Traditionally in China, kiwifruit was not eaten for pleasure but was given as medicine to children to help them grow and to women who have given birth to help them recover.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raw kiwifruit contains <a href="/wiki/Actinidain" title="Actinidain">actinidain</a> (also spelled <i>actinidin</i>) which is commercially useful as a <a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderizer" title="Meat tenderizer">meat tenderizer</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly as a <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive aid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boland_2013_pp._59–80_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boland_2013_pp._59–80-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actinidain also makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing milk or any other dairy products because the enzyme digests milk proteins. This applies to <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>-based desserts since the actinidain will dissolve the proteins in gelatin, causing the dessert to either liquefy or prevent it from solidifying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 100-gram (3.5 oz) amount, green kiwifruit provides 255 kilojoules (61 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, is 83% water and 15% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, with negligible <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). It is particularly rich in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (103% DV) and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> (34% DV), <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and has a moderate content of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> (10% DV) and copper, with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant content. Gold kiwifruit has similar nutritional value to green kiwifruit, but contains higher vitamin C content (179% DV) and insignificant vitamin K content (table). Both types of kiwifruit are rich in <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>. </p><p>Kiwifruit seed oil contains on average 62% <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sofadb_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sofadb-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiwifruit pulp contains <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Provitamin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Provitamin A">provitamin A</a> <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergies">Allergies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Allergies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allergy to kiwifruit was first described in 1981, and there have since been reports of the allergy presenting with numerous symptoms from localized oral allergy syndrome to life-threatening anaphylaxis.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Actinidain" title="Actinidain">actinidain</a> found in kiwifruit can be an <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a> for some individuals, including children.<sup id="cite_ref-sydney_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lucas_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucas-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common symptoms are unpleasant itching and soreness of the mouth, with <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a> as the most common severe symptom; <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-sydney_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lucas_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucas-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorton_J2011" class="citation web cs1">Morton J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/kiwifruit_ars.html">"Kiwifruit: <i>Actinidia deliciosa</i> In: Fruits of Warm Climates, 1987"</a>. Center for New Crops & Plant Products at Purdue University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiwifruit%3A+Actinidia+deliciosa+In%3A+Fruits+of+Warm+Climates%2C+1987&rft.pub=Center+for+New+Crops+%26+Plant+Products+at+Purdue+University&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Morton+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fmorton%2Fkiwifruit_ars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWNEP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PWNEP_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWNEP_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWNEP_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirk2005" class="citation web cs1">Stirk, Bernadine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824155835/https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf">"Growing Kiwifruit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pacific Northwest Extension Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growing+Kiwifruit&rft.pub=Pacific+Northwest+Extension+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Stirk&rft.aufirst=Bernadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.extension.oregonstate.edu%2Fsites%2Fcatalog%2Ffiles%2Fproject%2Fpdf%2Fpnw507.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beutel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beutel_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeutel1990" class="citation book cs1">Beutel, James A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-309.html">"Kiwifruit"</a>. In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). <i>Advances in new crops</i>. <a href="/wiki/Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">309–</span>316<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span> – via Center for New Crops & Plant Products at Purdue University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kiwifruit&rft.btitle=Advances+in+new+crops&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Beutel&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fproceedings1990%2Fv1-309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_Courtney_2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_Courtney_2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_Courtney_2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardCourtney2013" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Carol; Courtney, David (2013). "Kiwifruit: Taking Its Place in the Global Fruit Bowl". <i>Advances in Food and Nutrition Research</i>. Vol. 68. Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-394294-4.00001-8">10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00001-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394294-4"><bdi>978-0-12-394294-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23394979">23394979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kiwifruit%3A+Taking+Its+Place+in+the+Global+Fruit+Bowl&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Food+and+Nutrition+Research&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23394979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-394294-4.00001-8&rft.isbn=978-0-12-394294-4&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Courtney%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2002" class="citation news cs1">Green, Emily (8 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-may-08-fo-kiwi8-story.html">"Kiwi, Act II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Kiwi%2C+Act+II&rft.date=2002-05-08&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2002-may-08-fo-kiwi8-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1983-43-4-e-h-wilson-yichang-and-the-kiwifruit.pdf">"E. H. Wilson, Yichang, and the Kiwifruit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505134932/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1983-43-4-e-h-wilson-yichang-and-the-kiwifruit.pdf">Archived</a> 5 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ross_Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan Ross Ferguson">A. R. Ferguson</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorfield2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moorfield, John C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=kiwifruit">"huakiwi"</a>. <i>Te Aka Online Māori Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=huakiwi&rft.btitle=Te+Aka+Online+M%C4%81ori+Dictionary&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Moorfield&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaoridictionary.co.nz%2Fsearch%3Fidiom%3D%26phrase%3D%26proverb%3D%26loan%3D%26histLoanWords%3D%26keywords%3Dkiwifruit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLui2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Lui, Kevin (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4662293/kiwifruit-chinese-gooseberry-new-zealand-history-fruit/">"How the Chinese Gooseberry Became the Kiwifruit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=How+the+Chinese+Gooseberry+Became+the+Kiwifruit&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Lui&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4662293%2Fkiwifruit-chinese-gooseberry-new-zealand-history-fruit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2024" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Jack (1 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epictepuke.co.nz/explore/posts/1313194-the-history-of-the-naming-of-kiwifruit-by-jac?page=posts&tc=795618">"The history of the naming of the kiwifruit"</a>. EPIC Te Puke, New Zealand<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+naming+of+the+kiwifruit&rft.pub=EPIC+Te+Puke%2C+New+Zealand&rft.date=2024-09-01&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epictepuke.co.nz%2Fexplore%2Fposts%2F1313194-the-history-of-the-naming-of-kiwifruit-by-jac%3Fpage%3Dposts%26tc%3D795618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Zealand_Oxford_Dictionary-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Zealand_Oxford_Dictionary_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NZoxforddictionary2005" class="citation book cs1">Deverson, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme (2005). <i>The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558451-6"><bdi>978-0-19-558451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-558451-6&rft.aulast=Deverson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernadine_C._StrikAmanda_J._Davis2021" class="citation web cs1">Bernadine C. Strik; Amanda J. Davis (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824155835/https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf">"Growing kiwifruit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Extension Service, Oregon State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growing+kiwifruit&rft.pub=Extension+Service%2C+Oregon+State+University&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.au=Bernadine+C.+Strik&rft.au=Amanda+J.+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.extension.oregonstate.edu%2Fsites%2Fcatalog%2Ffiles%2Fproject%2Fpdf%2Fpnw507.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/CropOp/en/spec_fruit/vine_fruit/kiwi.html">"Northern kiwi"</a>. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+kiwi&rft.pub=Ontario+Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Food+and+Rural+Affairs&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omafra.gov.on.ca%2FCropOp%2Fen%2Fspec_fruit%2Fvine_fruit%2Fkiwi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangFerguson,_A._R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, H.; Ferguson, A. R. (2003). "Kiwifruit (<i>Actinidia chinesis</i> and <i>A. deliciosa</i>) plantings and production in China, 2002". <i>New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NZJCH..31..197H">2003NZJCH..31..197H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01140671.2003.9514253">10.1080/01140671.2003.9514253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86106541">86106541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Crop+and+Horticultural+Science&rft.atitle=Kiwifruit+%28Actinidia+chinesis+and+A.+deliciosa%29+plantings+and+production+in+China%2C+2002&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86106541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01140671.2003.9514253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NZJCH..31..197H&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knowles-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knowles_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knowles_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knowles_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knowles_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Knowles2017" class="citation web cs1">Mike Knowles (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fruitnet.com/eurofruit/article/172018/nz-kiwifruit-how-a-major-brand-emerged">"NZ kiwifruit: how a major brand emerged"</a>. Eurofruit, Market Intelligence Ltd - Fruitnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NZ+kiwifruit%3A+how+a+major+brand+emerged&rft.pub=Eurofruit%2C+Market+Intelligence+Ltd+-+Fruitnet.com&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.au=Mike+Knowles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fruitnet.com%2Feurofruit%2Farticle%2F172018%2Fnz-kiwifruit-how-a-major-brand-emerged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PONC1999-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PONC1999_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PONC1999_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PONC1999_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PONC1999_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PONC1999_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1999" class="citation web cs1">Ferguson, AR (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-342.html">"New Temperate Fruits: <i>Actinidia chinensis</i> and <i>Actinidia deliciosa</i>; In: Perspectives on new crops and new uses, J. Janick (ed.)"</a>. Alexandria, Virginia: ASHS Press; Purdue University. pp. <span class="nowrap">342–</span>347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Temperate+Fruits%3A+Actinidia+chinensis+and+Actinidia+deliciosa%3B+In%3A+Perspectives+on+new+crops+and+new+uses%2C+J.+Janick+%28ed.%29&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.pub=ASHS+Press%3B+Purdue+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fproceedings1999%2Fv4-342.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penn-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-penn_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121223101338/http://extension.psu.edu/gardening/fphg/hardy-kiwi">"Hardy Kiwi"</a>. Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.psu.edu/gardening/fphg/hardy-kiwi">the original</a> on 23 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hardy+Kiwi&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+College+of+Agricultural+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextension.psu.edu%2Fgardening%2Ffphg%2Fhardy-kiwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJiaAAAAIAAJ&q=Grown+commercially+Issai+is+less+hardy+than+most+hardy+kiwi"><i>Annual report ... annual meeting</i></a>. 1 January 1996 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+report+...+annual+meeting&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJiaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DGrown%2Bcommercially%2BIssai%2Bis%2Bless%2Bhardy%2Bthan%2Bmost%2Bhardy%2Bkiwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowling2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowling, Barbara L. (1 January 2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berrygrowerscomp0000bowl"><i>The Berry Grower's Companion</i></a></span>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-489-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-489-3"><bdi>978-0-88192-489-3</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive. <q>Grown commercially Issai is less hardy than most hardy kiwi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berry+Grower%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-489-3&rft.aulast=Bowling&rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberrygrowerscomp0000bowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zespri-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zespri_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zespri_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zespri.com/">"Zespri – Official Site"</a>. Zespri Group Ltd. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zespri+%E2%80%93+Official+Site&rft.pub=Zespri+Group+Ltd.&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zespri.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZE_Enza_red-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZE_Enza_red_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173137/http://exportermagazine.co.nz/news/enzared-kiwifruit-set-take-world-stage">"EnzaRed kiwifruit set to take on world stage"</a>. New Zealand Exporter. 14 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exportermagazine.co.nz/news/enzared-kiwifruit-set-take-world-stage">the original</a> on 16 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EnzaRed+kiwifruit+set+to+take+on+world+stage&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Exporter&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexportermagazine.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fenzared-kiwifruit-set-take-world-stage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HYChin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HYChin_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangWang,_Yan-ChangJiang,_Zheng-WangHuang,_Hong-Wen2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yang, Hong-Li; Wang, Yan-Chang; Jiang, Zheng-Wang; Huang, Hong-Wen (2009). "[Construction of cDNA library of 'Hongyang' kiwifruit and analysis of F3H expression]". <i>Yi Chuan</i> (in Chinese). <b>31</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1265–</span>1272. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20042395">20042395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yi+Chuan&rft.atitle=%5BConstruction+of+cDNA+library+of+%27Hongyang%27+kiwifruit+and+analysis+of+F3H+expression%5D&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1265-%3C%2Fspan%3E1272&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20042395&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Hong-Li&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yan-Chang&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Zheng-Wang&rft.au=Huang%2C+Hong-Wen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBR_Enza_red-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBR_Enza_red_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424141113/http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/turners-plugs-its-enza-red-kiwifruit-grown-china-119102">"Turners plugs its Enza red kiwifruit – grown in China"</a>. <i>National Business Review</i>. 24 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/turners-plugs-its-enza-red-kiwifruit-grown-china-119102">the original</a> on 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Turners+plugs+its+Enza+red+kiwifruit+%E2%80%93+grown+in+China&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbr.co.nz%2Farticle%2Fturners-plugs-its-enza-red-kiwifruit-grown-china-119102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117141729/http://www.zespri.com/about-zespri/faqs.html">"Frequently Asked Questions: How Was Zespri Gold Kiwifruit Developed?"</a>. Zespri Kiwifriut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zespri.com/about-zespri/faqs.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+How+Was+Zespri+Gold+Kiwifruit+Developed%3F&rft.pub=Zespri+Kiwifriut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zespri.com%2Fabout-zespri%2Ffaqs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11261601">"Golden times return for kiwifruit trade"</a>. <i>NZ Herald</i>. 26 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=Golden+times+return+for+kiwifruit+trade&rft.date=2014-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D3%26objectid%3D11261601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815040948/http://www.zespri.com.sg/KP_ZVariety.asp">"Zespri SunGold New!"</a>. Zespri. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zespri.com.sg/KP_ZVariety.asp">the original</a> on 15 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zespri+SunGold+New%21&rft.pub=Zespri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zespri.com.sg%2FKP_ZVariety.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClure2021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClure2021_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2021" class="citation news cs1">McClure, Tess (18 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/18/kiwi-wars-the-golden-fruit-fuelling-a-feud-between-new-zealand-and-china">"Kiwi wars: the golden fruit fuelling a feud between New Zealand and China"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kiwi+wars%3A+the+golden+fruit+fuelling+a+feud+between+New+Zealand+and+China&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjun%2F18%2Fkiwi-wars-the-golden-fruit-fuelling-a-feud-between-new-zealand-and-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/china-new-zealand-kiwifruit-trade-impacts-/100129232">"Cuttings of prized SunGold kiwifruits were smuggled to China and NZ growers are divided over what to do about it"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. ABC. June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Cuttings+of+prized+SunGold+kiwifruits+were+smuggled+to+China+and+NZ+growers+are+divided+over+what+to+do+about+it&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-06-02%2Fchina-new-zealand-kiwifruit-trade-impacts-%2F100129232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucd-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ucd_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucd_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucd_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/education/fruitnutproduction/Kiwi/Kiwi_Propagation/">"Kiwifruit Propagation"</a>. University of California-Davis, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiwifruit+Propagation&rft.pub=University+of+California-Davis%2C+Division+of+Agriculture+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu%2Feducation%2Ffruitnutproduction%2FKiwi%2FKiwi_Propagation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiwifruit_pollination_problems-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiwifruit_pollination_problems_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiwifruit_pollination_problems_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/72-kiwifruit-pollination-problems">"Kiwifruit pollination problems"</a>. <i>Science Learning Hub</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Learning+Hub&rft.atitle=Kiwifruit+pollination+problems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencelearn.org.nz%2Fresources%2F72-kiwifruit-pollination-problems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://honeybeesuite.com/how-bees-transfer-pollen-between-flowers/">https://honeybeesuite.com/how-bees-transfer-pollen-between-flowers/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120093519/https://honeybeesuite.com/how-bees-transfer-pollen-between-flowers/">Archived</a> 20 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Honey Bee Suite</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukfoodguide-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ukfoodguide_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukfoodguide_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukfoodguide_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukfoodguide.net/kiwifruit.htm">"Kiwi fruit"</a>. The UK Food Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiwi+fruit&rft.pub=The+UK+Food+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukfoodguide.net%2Fkiwifruit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312133422/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/kiwifruit-vine-disease">"<i>Kiwifruit vine disease</i> by MAF Biosecurity NZ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/kiwifruit-vine-disease">the original</a> on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiwifruit+vine+disease+by+MAF+Biosecurity+NZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosecurity.govt.nz%2Fpests%2Fkiwifruit-vine-disease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2011" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Peter (25 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/features/primary-focus/4577177/More-virulent-PSA-strain-a-new-worry-for-kiwifruit-growers">"More virulent PSA strain a new worry for kiwifruit growers"</a>. <i>The Dominion Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dominion+Post&rft.atitle=More+virulent+PSA+strain+a+new+worry+for+kiwifruit+growers&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnelson-mail%2Ffeatures%2Fprimary-focus%2F4577177%2FMore-virulent-PSA-strain-a-new-worry-for-kiwifruit-growers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembry2011" class="citation news cs1">Hembry, Owen (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10747234">"Relief for kiwifruit industry"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Relief+for+kiwifruit+industry&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Hembry&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D3%26objectid%3D10747234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113200914/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/media/8-11-10/suspected-bacterial-vine-infection">"Suspected Bacterial Vine Infection"</a>. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. 8 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/media/8-11-10/suspected-bacterial-vine-infection">the original</a> on 13 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suspected+Bacterial+Vine+Infection&rft.pub=MAF+Biosecurity+New+Zealand&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biosecurity.govt.nz%2Fmedia%2F8-11-10%2Fsuspected-bacterial-vine-infection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiwi_&_PSA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiwi_&_PSA_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/interactive_timeline/10-kiwifruit-and-psa-a-timeline">"Kiwifruit and Psa – a timeline"</a>. <i>Science Learning Hub – Pokapu Akoranga Putaiao</i>. Curious Minds – New Zealand Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Learning+Hub+%E2%80%93+Pokapu+Akoranga+Putaiao&rft.atitle=Kiwifruit+and+Psa+%E2%80%93+a+timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencelearn.org.nz%2Finteractive_timeline%2F10-kiwifruit-and-psa-a-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerStockwell,_Peter_A.Black,_Michael_A.Day,_Robert_C.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Margi I.; Stockwell, Peter A.; Black, Michael A.; Day, Robert C.; Lamont, Iain L.; Poulter, Russel T. M. (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583860">"<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> from Recent Outbreaks of Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker Belong to Different Clones That Originated in China"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (2): e57464. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...857464B">2013PLoSO...857464B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057464">10.1371/journal.pone.0057464</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583860">3583860</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23555547">23555547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Pseudomonas+syringae+pv.+actinidiae+from+Recent+Outbreaks+of+Kiwifruit+Bacterial+Canker+Belong+to+Different+Clones+That+Originated+in+China&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e57464&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3583860%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23555547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057464&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...857464B&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Margi+I.&rft.au=Stockwell%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Black%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Day%2C+Robert+C.&rft.au=Lamont%2C+Iain+L.&rft.au=Poulter%2C+Russel+T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3583860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faostat-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faostat_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">"Kiwifruit production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"</a>. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiwifruit+production+in+2022%2C+Crops%2FRegions%2FWorld+list%2FProduction+Quantity%2FYear+%28pick+lists%29&rft.pub=UN+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization%2C+Corporate+Statistical+Database+%28FAOSTAT%29&rft.date=2024&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangFerguson,_A._R.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, H.; Ferguson, A. R. (2001). "Review: Kiwifruit in China". <i>New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NZJCH..29....1H">2001NZJCH..29....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01140671.2001.9514154">10.1080/01140671.2001.9514154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84613254">84613254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Crop+and+Horticultural+Science&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Kiwifruit+in+China&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84613254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01140671.2001.9514154&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001NZJCH..29....1H&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayeeda_BanoFrank_Scrimgeour2011" class="citation web cs1">Sayeeda Bano; Frank Scrimgeour (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/5794/Economics_wp_1108.pdf?sequence=1">"New Zealand Kiwifruit Export Performance: Market Analysis and Revealed Comparative Advantage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Waikato<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Kiwifruit+Export+Performance%3A+Market+Analysis+and+Revealed+Comparative+Advantage&rft.pub=University+of+Waikato&rft.date=2011-06&rft.au=Sayeeda+Bano&rft.au=Frank+Scrimgeour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchcommons.waikato.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10289%2F5794%2FEconomics_wp_1108.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111052329/http://www.zespri.com/about-zespri/history.html">"Zespri History"</a>. Zespri Kiwifruit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zespri.com/about-zespri/history.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zespri+History&rft.pub=Zespri+Kiwifruit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zespri.com%2Fabout-zespri%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkallerudOlsen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Skallerud, Kare; Olsen, Svein (2011). "Export Market Arrangements in Four New Zealand Agriculture Industries: An Institutional Perspective". <i>Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing</i>. <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">310–</span>329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08974438.2011.621841">10.1080/08974438.2011.621841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154770824">154770824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Food+and+Agribusiness+Marketing&rft.atitle=Export+Market+Arrangements+in+Four+New+Zealand+Agriculture+Industries%3A+An+Institutional+Perspective&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E310-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08974438.2011.621841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154770824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Skallerud&rft.aufirst=Kare&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Svein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STITALY-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STITALY_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Tracy (26 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413080819/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2004438598_italy26.html">"Italy leads world as top producer of kiwis"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2004438598_italy26.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Italy+leads+world+as+top+producer+of+kiwis&rft.date=2008-05-26&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.com%2Fhtml%2Fnationworld%2F2004438598_italy26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25353/chapter/8#120">"Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy"</a>. In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353">10.17226/25353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Potassium%3A+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Adequacy&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F25353&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F25353%2Fchapter%2F8%23120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kiwifruit: Science and Management</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908-59628-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908-59628-7">978-0-908-59628-7</a> p. 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekhitHopkinsGeesinkBekhit2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bekhit, A. A.; Hopkins, D. L.; Geesink, G; Bekhit, A. A.; Franks, P (2014). "Exogenous proteases for meat tenderization". <i>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition</i>. <b>54</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1012–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2011.623247">10.1080/10408398.2011.623247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24499119">24499119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57554">57554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Exogenous+proteases+for+meat+tenderization&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1012-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24499119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408398.2011.623247&rft.aulast=Bekhit&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Geesink%2C+G&rft.au=Bekhit%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Franks%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boland_2013_pp._59–80-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boland_2013_pp._59–80_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland2013" class="citation book cs1">Boland, Mike (2013). "Kiwifruit Proteins and Enzymes". In Boland, Mike; Moughan, P. J. (eds.). <i>Advances in Food and Nutrition Research</i>. Vol. 68. Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-394294-4.00004-3">10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00004-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394294-4"><bdi>978-0-12-394294-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23394982">23394982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kiwifruit+Proteins+and+Enzymes&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Food+and+Nutrition+Research&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23394982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-394294-4.00004-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-394294-4&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sofadb-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sofadb_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiomboBarouhBareaRenaud2006" class="citation journal cs1">Piombo, Georges; Barouh, Nathalie; Barea, Bruno; Renaud, Boulanger; Brat, Pierre; Pina, Michel; Villeneuve, Pierre (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agritrop.cirad.fr/534935/1/document_534935.pdf">"Characterization of the seed oils from kiwi (Actinidia chinensis), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and guava (Psidium guajava)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OCL – Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Focl.2006.0026">10.1051/ocl.2006.0026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OCL+%E2%80%93+Oilseeds+and+Fats%2C+Crops+and+Lipids&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+seed+oils+from+kiwi+%28Actinidia+chinensis%29%2C+passion+fruit+%28Passiflora+edulis%29+and+guava+%28Psidium+guajava%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Focl.2006.0026&rft.aulast=Piombo&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Barouh%2C+Nathalie&rft.au=Barea%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Renaud%2C+Boulanger&rft.au=Brat%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Pina%2C+Michel&rft.au=Villeneuve%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagritrop.cirad.fr%2F534935%2F1%2Fdocument_534935.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimKimSongKim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kim M, Kim SC, Song KJ, Kim HB, Kim IJ, Song EY, Chun SJ (September 2010). "Transformation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes using a micro-cross section method in kiwifruit (<i>Actinidia deliciosa</i> cv. Hayward)". <i>Plant Cell Reports</i>. <b>29</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1339–</span>1349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00299-010-0920-y">10.1007/s00299-010-0920-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20842364">20842364</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23341156">23341156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Cell+Reports&rft.atitle=Transformation+of+carotenoid+biosynthetic+genes+using+a+micro-cross+section+method+in+kiwifruit+%28Actinidia+deliciosa+cv.+Hayward%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1339-%3C%2Fspan%3E1349&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23341156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20842364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00299-010-0920-y&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kim%2C+SC&rft.au=Song%2C+KJ&rft.au=Kim%2C+HB&rft.au=Kim%2C+IJ&rft.au=Song%2C+EY&rft.au=Chun%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerburgKeunenBirdvan_Kuijk1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sommerburg O, Keunen JE, Bird AC, van Kuijk FJ (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1722697">"Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes"</a>. <i>British Journal of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>82</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">907–</span>910. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.82.8.907">10.1136/bjo.82.8.907</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1722697">1722697</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9828775">9828775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Fruits+and+vegetables+that+are+sources+for+lutein+and+zeaxanthin%3A+the+macular+pigment+in+human+eyes&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E907-%3C%2Fspan%3E910&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1722697%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9828775&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjo.82.8.907&rft.aulast=Sommerburg&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Keunen%2C+JE&rft.au=Bird%2C+AC&rft.au=van+Kuijk%2C+FJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1722697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasLewisHourihane2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, Jane SA; Lewis, Stella A.; Hourihane, Jonathan O'B (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00095.x">"Kiwi fruit allergy: A review"</a>. <i>Pediatric Allergy and Immunology</i>. <b>14</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">420–</span>428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0905-6157.2003.00095.x">10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00095.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1399-3038">1399-3038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14675467">14675467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26882598">26882598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Allergy+and+Immunology&rft.atitle=Kiwi+fruit+allergy%3A+A+review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E420-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1399-3038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26882598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14675467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.0905-6157.2003.00095.x&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Jane+SA&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Stella+A.&rft.au=Hourihane%2C+Jonathan+O%27B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1046%2Fj.0905-6157.2003.00095.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sydney-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sydney_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sydney_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/parents-and-carers/fact-sheets/allergy-fruit-and-vegetable-allergy">"Allergy – Fruit and Vegetable Allergy | The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network"</a>. <i>www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au&rft.atitle=Allergy+%E2%80%93+Fruit+and+Vegetable+Allergy+%7C+The+Sydney+Children%27s+Hospitals+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schn.health.nsw.gov.au%2Fparents-and-carers%2Ffact-sheets%2Fallergy-fruit-and-vegetable-allergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lucas-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lucas_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucas_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasLewis,_S.A.Hourihane,_J.O.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, J.S.; Lewis, S.A.; Hourihane, J.O. (2003). "Kiwi fruit allergy: a review". <i>Pediatr Allergy Immunol</i>. <b>14</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">420–</span>428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0905-6157.2003.00095.x">10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00095.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14675467">14675467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26882598">26882598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatr+Allergy+Immunol&rft.atitle=Kiwi+fruit+allergy%3A+a+review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E420-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26882598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14675467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.0905-6157.2003.00095.x&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Hourihane%2C+J.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Le TM, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2012.09.009">"Kiwifruit allergy across Europe: clinical manifestation and IgE recognition patterns to kiwifruit allergens"</a>. <i>Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</i>. <b>131</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">164–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2012.09.009">10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23141741">23141741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology&rft.atitle=Kiwifruit+allergy+across+Europe%3A+clinical+manifestation+and+IgE+recognition+patterns+to+kiwifruit+allergens&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2012.09.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23141741&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jaci.2012.09.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVietmeyer1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Vietmeyer, Noel D. (May 1987). "The Captivating Kiwifruit". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 171, no. 5. pp. <span class="nowrap">683–</span>688. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Captivating+Kiwifruit&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E688&rft.date=1987-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Vietmeyer&rft.aufirst=Noel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiwifruit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kiwifruits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kiwifruits">Kiwifruits</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Actinidia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Actinidia">Actinidia</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox396" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13194#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575731">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&oldid=1274875146">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&oldid=1274875146</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kiwifruit" title="Category:Kiwifruit">Kiwifruit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actinidia" title="Category:Actinidia">Actinidia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_fruits" title="Category:Edible fruits">Edible fruits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berries" title="Category:Berries">Berries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_fruit" title="Category:Chinese fruit">Chinese fruit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_plant_cultivars" title="Category:Food plant cultivars">Food plant cultivars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garden_plants_of_Asia" title="Category:Garden plants of Asia">Garden plants of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vines" title="Category:Vines">Vines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Culture of New Zealand">Culture of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2018">Use dmy dates from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_New_Zealand_English_from_October_2018" title="Category:Use New Zealand English from October 2018">Use New Zealand English from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_New_Zealand_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English">All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_M%C4%81ori-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Māori-language text">Articles containing Māori-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 February 2025, at 19:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiwifruit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiwifruit</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>90 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-h5mlt","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.000","walltime":"1.223","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9246,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":280063,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3961,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":238773,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1062.326 1 -total"," 33.64% 357.325 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.49% 175.139 14 Template:Infobox"," 14.63% 155.418 23 Template:Cite_web"," 10.80% 114.746 2 Template:Nutritional_value"," 9.71% 103.177 1 Template:Langx"," 7.43% 78.893 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 5.84% 62.065 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.49% 58.322 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.47% 58.111 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.623","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21812943,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ql8n7","timestamp":"20250216024922","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kiwifruit","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiwifruit","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13194","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13194","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-31T17:09:45Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T19:21:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Actinidia_fruits.jpg","headline":"edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia, native to China"}</script> </body> </html>