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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discovery and nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Protein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sequence conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_TGF-β_signalling_pathway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_TGF-β_signalling_pathway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role in TGF-β signalling pathway</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_TGF-β_signalling_pathway-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in TGF-β signalling pathway subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_TGF-β_signalling_pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-R/Co-Smads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R/Co-Smads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>R/Co-Smads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R/Co-Smads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I-Smads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I-Smads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>I-Smads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I-Smads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_cell_cycle_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_cell_cycle_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in cell cycle control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_cell_cycle_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_Smad_in_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Smad_in_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Role of Smad in cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Smad_in_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Smad_in_Alzheimer's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Smad_in_Alzheimer's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Role of Smad in Alzheimer's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Smad_in_Alzheimer's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGF-β/Smad_signaling_in_kidney_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGF-β/Smad_signaling_in_kidney_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>TGF-β/Smad signaling in kidney disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGF-β/Smad_signaling_in_kidney_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SMAD-Protein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAD_(prote%C3%ADna)" title="SMAD (proteína) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SMAD (proteína)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAD_(prote%C3%ADna)" title="SMAD (proteína) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SMAD (proteína)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAD_(proteine)" title="SMAD (proteine) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SMAD (proteine)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smad" title="Smad – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Smad" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka_SMAD" title="Białka SMAD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białka SMAD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAD_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="SMAD (білок) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Family of proteins</div> <p><b>Smads</b> (or <b>SMADs</b>) comprise a family of structurally similar <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">transforming growth factor beta</a> (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth. The abbreviation refers to the homologies to the <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> SMA ("small" worm phenotype) and <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic">MAD family</a> ("Mothers Against Decapentaplegic") of genes in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>. </p><p>There are three distinct sub-types of Smads: receptor-regulated Smads (<a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-Smads</a>), common partner Smads (Co-Smads), and inhibitory Smads (<a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-Smads</a>). The eight members of the Smad family are divided among these three groups. <a href="/wiki/Protein_trimer" title="Protein trimer">Trimers</a> of two receptor-regulated SMADs and one co-SMAD act as <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription factors">transcription factors</a> that regulate the expression of certain genes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9865691_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9865691-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16322555_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16322555-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-types">Sub-types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sub-types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The R-Smads consist of <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">Smad1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">Smad2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">Smad3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">Smad5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">Smad8/9</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11779503_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11779503-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are involved in direct signaling from the <a href="/wiki/TGF-b_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF-b receptor">TGF-B receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">Smad4</a> is the only known human Co-Smad, and has the role of partnering with R-Smads to recruit co-regulators to the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9214508_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9214508-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">Smad6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">Smad7</a> are I-Smads that work to suppress the activity of R-Smads.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11483516_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11483516-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Smad7 is a general TGF-B signal inhibitor, Smad6 associates more specifically with BMP signaling. R/Co-Smads are primarily located in the cytoplasm, but accumulate in the nucleus following TGF-β signaling, where they can bind to DNA and regulate transcription. However, I-Smads are predominantly found in the nucleus, where they can act as direct transcriptional regulators.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_nomenclature">Discovery and nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery and nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before Smads were discovered, it was unclear what downstream effectors were responsible for transducing TGF-B signals. Smads were first discovered in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>, in which they are known as <a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic">mothers against dpp</a> (Mad),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through a genetic screen for dominant enhancers of <a href="/wiki/Decapentaplegic" title="Decapentaplegic">decapentaplegic</a> (dpp), the <i>Drosophila</i> version of TGF-B.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies found that Mad null mutants showed similar phenotypes to dpp mutants, suggesting that Mad played an important role in some aspect of the dpp signaling pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar screen done in the <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> protein SMA (from gene <i>sma</i> for small body size) revealed three genes, Sma-2, Sma-3, and Sma-4, that had similar mutant phenotypes to those of the TGF-B like receptor <a href="/wiki/Daf-4" title="Daf-4">Daf-4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human homologue of Mad and Sma was named Smad1, a portmanteau of the previously discovered genes. When injected into <i><a href="/wiki/Xenopus" title="Xenopus">Xenopus</a></i> embryo animal caps, Smad1 was found to be able to reproduce the mesoderm ventralizing effects that <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">BMP4</a>, a member of the TGF-B family, has on embryos. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Smad1 had transactivational ability localized at the carboxy terminus, which can be enhanced by adding BMP4. This evidence suggests that Smad1 is responsible in part for transducing TGF-B signals.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein">Protein</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smads are roughly between 400 and 500 amino acids long, and consist of two globular regions at the amino and carboxy termini, connected by a linker region. These globular regions are highly conserved in R-Smads and Co-Smads, and are called Mad homology 1 (MH1) at the N-terminus, and MH2 at the C-terminus. The MH2 domain is also conserved in I-Smads. The MH1 domain is primarily involved in DNA binding, while the MH2 is responsible for the interaction with other Smads and also for the recognition of transcriptional co-activators and co-repressors.<sup id="cite_ref-ShiMassagué2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShiMassagué2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-Smads and Smad4 interact with several DNA motifs though the MH1 domain. These motifs include the CAGAC and its CAGCC variant, as well as the 5-bp consensus sequence GGC(GC)|(CG).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Receptor-phosphorylated R-Smads can form homotrimers, as well as heterotrimers with Smad4 in vitro, via interactions between the MH2 domains. Trimers of one Smad4 molecule and two receptor-<a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylated</a> R-Smad molecules are thought to be the predominant effectors of TGF-β transcriptional regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-ShiMassagué2003_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShiMassagué2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linker region between MH1 and MH2 is not just a connector, but also plays a role in protein function and regulation. Specifically, R-Smads are phosphorylated in the nucleus at the linker domain by CDK8 and 9, and these phosphorylations modulate the interaction of Smad proteins with transcriptional activators and repressors. Furthermore, after this phosphorylation step, the linker undergoes a second round of phosphorylations by GSK3, labelling Smads for their recognition by <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase" title="Ubiquitin ligase">ubiquitin ligases</a>, and targeting them for <a href="/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome">proteasome</a>-mediated degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transcription activators and the ubiquitin ligases both contain pairs of <a href="/wiki/WW_domain" title="WW domain">WW domains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These domains interact with the PY motif present in the R-Smad linker, as well as with the phosphorylated residues located in the proximity of the motif. Indeed, the different phosphorylation patterns generated by CDK8/9 and GSK3 define the specific interactions with either transcription activators or with ubiquitin ligases.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remarkably, the linker region has the highest concentration of amino acid differences among metazoans, although the phosphorylation sites and the PY motif are highly conserved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequence_conservation">Sequence conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sequence conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The components of the TGF-beta pathway and in particular, the R-Smads, Co-Smad and I-Smads, are represented in the genome of all metazoans sequenced to date. The level of sequence conservation of the Co-Smad and of R-Smads proteins across species is extremely high. This level of conservation of components—and sequences—suggests that the general functions of the TGF-beta pathway have remained generally intact ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I-Smads have conserved MH2 domains, but divergent MH1 domains as compared to R-Smads and Co-Smads.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_TGF-β_signalling_pathway"><span id="Role_in_TGF-.CE.B2_signalling_pathway"></span>Role in TGF-β signalling pathway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role in TGF-β signalling pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R/Co-Smads"><span id="R.2FCo-Smads"></span>R/Co-Smads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: R/Co-Smads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TGF-B ligands bind receptors consisting of type 1 and type 2 <a href="/wiki/Serine/threonine_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Serine/threonine kinase">serine/threonine kinases</a>, which serve to propagate the signal intracellularly. Ligand binding stabilizes a receptor complex consisting of two type 1 receptors, and two type 2 receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Type 2 receptors then can phosphorylate type 1 receptors at locations on the GS domain, located N-terminally to the type 1 kinase domain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phosphorylation event activates the type 1 receptors, making them capable of further propagating the TGF-B signal via Smads. Type 1 receptors phosphorylate R-Smads at two C-terminal serines, which are arranged in an SSXS motif. Smads are localized at the cell surface by Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) proteins, placing them in proximity of type 1 receptor kinases to facilitate phosphorylation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phosphorylation of the R-Smad causes it to dissociate from SARA, exposing a nuclear import sequence, as well as promoting its association with a Co-Smad. This Smad complex is then localized to the nucleus, where it is able to bind their target genes, with the help of other associated proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I-Smads">I-Smads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: I-Smads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I-Smads disrupt TGF-B signaling through a variety of mechanisms, including preventing association of R-Smads with type 1 receptors and Co-Smads, down-regulating type 1 receptors, and making transcriptional changes in the nucleus. The conserved MH2 domain of I-Smads is capable of binding to type 1 receptors, thus making it a competitive inhibitor of R-Smad binding. Following R-Smad activation, it forms a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homomultimeric_and_heteromultimeric_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homomultimeric and heteromultimeric proteins (page does not exist)">heteromeric</a> complex with an I-Smad, which prevents its association with a Co-Smad. In addition, the I-Smad recruits a ubiquitin ligase to target the activate R-Smad for degradation, effectively silencing the TGF-β signal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I-Smads in the nucleus also compete with R/Co-Smad complexes for association with DNA binding elements.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporter assays show that fusing I-Smads to the DNA-binding region of reporter genes decreases their expression, suggesting that I-Smads function as transcriptional repressors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_cell_cycle_control">Role in cell cycle control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in cell cycle control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In adult cells, TGF-β inhibits cell cycle progression, stopping cells from making the G1/S phase transition.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is present in the epithelial cells of many organs, and is regulated in part by the Smad signaling pathway. The precise mechanism of control differs slightly between cell types. </p><p>One mechanism by which Smads facilitate TGF-β induced <a href="/wiki/Cytostasis" title="Cytostasis">cytostasis</a> is by downregulating <a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a>, which is a transcription factor that promotes cell growth. Myc also represses p15(Ink4b) and p21(Cip1), which are inhibitors of Cdk4 and Cdk2 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is no TGF-β present, a repressor complex composed of Smad3, and the transcription factors E2F4 and p107 exist in the cytoplasm. However, when TGF-B signal is present, this complex localizes to the nucleus, where it associates with Smad4 and binds to the TGF-B inhibitory element (TIE) of the Myc promoter to repress its transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Myc, Smads are also involved in the downregulation of Inhibitor of DNA Binding (ID) proteins. IDs are transcription factors that regulate genes involved in cell differentiation, maintaining multi-potency in stem cells, and promoting continuous cell cycling.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, downregulating ID proteins is a pathway by which TGF-B signaling could arrest the cell cycle. In a DNA microarray screen, Id2 and Id3 were found to be repressed by TGF-B, but induced by BMP signaling. Knocking out Id2 and Id3 genes in epithelial cells enhances cell cycle inhibition by TGF-B, showing that they are important in mediating this cytostatic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smads are both a direct and indirect inhibitor of Id expression. TGF-B signal triggers Smad3 phosphorylation, which in turn activates ATF3, a transcription factor that is induced during cellular stress. Smad3 and ATF3 then coordinate to repress Id1 transcription, resulting in its downregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indirectly, Id downregulation is a secondary effect of Myc repression by Smad3. Since Myc is an inducer of Id2, downregulating Myc will also result in reduced Id2 signaling, which contributes to cell cycle arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies show that Smad3, but not Smad2, is an essential effector for the cytostatic effects of TGF-B. Depleting endogeneous Smad3 via RNA interference was sufficient to interfere with TGF-B cytostasis. However, depleting Smad2 in a similar manner enhanced, rather than halted, TGF-B induced cell cycle arrest. This suggests while Smad3 is necessary for TGF-B cytostatic effect, the ratio of Smad3 to Smad2 modulates the intensity of the response. However, overexpressing Smad2 to change this ratio had no effect on the cytostatic response. Therefore, further experiments are necessary to definitely prove that the ratio of Smad3 to Smad2 regulates intensity of cytostatic effect in response to TGF-B.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smad proteins have also been found to be direct transcriptional regulators of Cdk4. Reporter assays in which <a href="/wiki/Luciferase" title="Luciferase">luciferase</a> was placed under a Cdk4 promoter showed increased luciferase expression when Smad4 was targeted with <a href="/wiki/SiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="SiRNA">siRNAs</a>. Repression of Smad2 and 3 did not have any significant effect, suggesting that Cdk4 is directly regulated by Smad4.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Smad_in_cancer">Role of Smad in cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Role of Smad in cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defects in Smad signaling can result in TGF-B resistance, causing dysregulation of cell growth. Deregulation of TGF-B signaling has been implicated in many cancer types, including pancreatic, colon, breast, lung, and prostate cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smad4 is most commonly mutated in human cancers, particularly pancreatic and colon cancer. Smad4 is inactivated in nearly half of all pancreatic cancers. As a result, Smad4 was first termed Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer Locus 4 (DPC4) upon its discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germline Smad4 mutations are partially responsible for genetic disposition for human familial <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_polyposis" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile polyposis">juvenile polyposis</a>, which puts a person at high risk of developing potentially cancerous gastrointestinal <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyps</a>. Experimental supporting evidence for this observation comes from a study showing that heterozygous Smad4 knockout mice (+/-) uniformly developed gastrointestinal polyps by 100 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many familial Smad4 mutants occur on the MH2 domain, which disrupts the protein's ability to form <a href="/wiki/Homo-oligomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo-oligomer">homo-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hetero-oligomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetero-oligomer">hetero-oligomers</a>, thus impairing TGF-B signal transduction.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite evidence showing that Smad3 is more critical than Smad2 in TGF-B signaling, the rate of Smad3 mutations in cancer is lower than that of Smad2.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a> tumor cells are TGF-B signaling resistant, as well as lacking Smad3 expression. Studies show that reintroducing Smad3 into choriocarcinoma cells is sufficient to increase TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1) levels, a mediator of TGF-B's anti-invasive effect, and thus restore TGF-B signaling. However, reintroducing Smad3 was not sufficient to rescue the anti-invasive effect of TGF-B. This suggests that other signaling mechanisms in addition to Smad3 are defective in TGF-B resistant choriocarcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Smad_in_Alzheimer's"><span id="Role_of_Smad_in_Alzheimer.27s"></span>Role of Smad in Alzheimer's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role of Smad in Alzheimer's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a> patients display elevated levels of TGF-B and phosphorylated Smad2 in their <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampal</a> neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding is seemingly paradoxical, as TGF-B has previously been shown to have neuroprotective effects on Alzheimer's patients. This suggests that some aspect of TGF-B signaling is defective, causing TGF-B to lose its neuroprotective effects. Research has shown that phosphorylated Smad2 is ectopically localized to cytoplasmic granules rather than the nucleus, in hippocampal neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the ectopically located phosphorylated Smad2s were found within <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid plaque">amyloid plaques</a>, and attached to <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a>. These data suggest that Smad2 is involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies show that the <a href="/wiki/PIN1" title="PIN1">peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1</a> (PIN1) is involved in promoting the abnormal localization of Smad2. Pin1 was found to co-localize with Smad2/3 and phosphorylated <a href="/wiki/Tau_protein" title="Tau protein">tau proteins</a> within the cytoplasmic granules, suggesting a possible interaction. Transfecting Smad2 expressing cells with Pin1 causes proteasome-mediated Smad2 degradation, as well as increased association of Smad2 with phosphorylated tau. This feedback loop is bidirectional; Smad2 is also capable of increasing Pin1 mRNA synthesis. Thus, the two proteins could be caught in a "vicious cycle" of regulation. Pin1 causes both itself and Smad2 to be associated in insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, resulting in low levels of both soluble proteins. Smad2 then promotes Pin1 RNA synthesis to try and compensate, which only drives more Smad2 degradation and association with neurofibrillary tangles.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGF-β/Smad_signaling_in_kidney_disease"><span id="TGF-.CE.B2.2FSmad_signaling_in_kidney_disease"></span>TGF-β/Smad signaling in kidney disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: TGF-β/Smad signaling in kidney disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dysregulation of TGF-B/Smad signaling is a possible pathogenic mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>. In the kidneys, TGF-B1 promotes accumulation of the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> (ECM) by increasing its production and inhibiting its degradation, which is characteristic of renal <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TGF-B1 signal is transduced by the R-Smads Smad2 and Smad3, both of which are found to be overexpressed in diseased kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smad3 knockout mice display reduced progression of renal fibrosis, suggesting its importance in regulating the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, inhibiting Smad2 in kidney cells (full Smad2 knockouts are embryonic lethal) actually leads to more severe fibrosis, suggesting that Smad2 works antagonistically to Smad3 in the progression of renal fibrosis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the R-Smads, Smad7 protein is typically under-expressed in diseased kidney cells. This loss of TGF-B inhibition results in increased amounts of active Smad2/3, which contribute to the progression of renal fibrosis as described above.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mad mutations can be placed in an allelic series based on the relative severity of the maternal effect enhancement of weak dpp alleles, thus explaining the name "mothers against dpp".<sup id="cite_ref-urlInteractive_Fly,_Drosophila_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlInteractive_Fly,_Drosophila-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid9865691-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9865691_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Renal+Physiology&rft.atitle=Mice+overexpressing+latent+TGF-beta1+are+protected+against+renal+fibrosis+in+obstructive+kidney+disease&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=F118-27&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2494503%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18448597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajprenal.00021.2008&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=XR&rft.au=Chung%2C+AC&rft.au=Wang%2C+XJ&rft.au=Lai%2C+KN&rft.au=Lan%2C+HY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2494503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMAD+%28protein%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelisettyAlfordReynoldsWoodbury2015" class="citation journal cs1">Neelisetty S, Alford C, Reynolds K, Woodbury L, Nlandu-Khodo S, Yang H, Fogo AB, Hao CM, Harris RC, Zent R, Gewin L (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4556568">"Renal fibrosis is not reduced by blocking transforming growth factor-β signaling in matrix-producing interstitial cells"</a>. <i>Kidney International</i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">503–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.2015.51">10.1038/ki.2015.51</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4556568">4556568</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25760325">25760325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kidney+International&rft.atitle=Renal+fibrosis+is+not+reduced+by+blocking+transforming+growth+factor-%CE%B2+signaling+in+matrix-producing+interstitial+cells&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4556568%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25760325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fki.2015.51&rft.aulast=Neelisetty&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Alford%2C+C&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+K&rft.au=Woodbury%2C+L&rft.au=Nlandu-Khodo%2C+S&rft.au=Yang%2C+H&rft.au=Fogo%2C+AB&rft.au=Hao%2C+CM&rft.au=Harris%2C+RC&rft.au=Zent%2C+R&rft.au=Gewin%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4556568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMAD+%28protein%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuanVarga2001" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan W, Varga J (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107081200">"Transforming growth factor-beta repression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in dermal fibroblasts involves Smad3"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>276</b> (42): <span class="nowrap">38502–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107081200">10.1074/jbc.M107081200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502752">11502752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Transforming+growth+factor-beta+repression+of+matrix+metalloproteinase-1+in+dermal+fibroblasts+involves+Smad3&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38502-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M107081200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11502752&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Varga%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M107081200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMAD+%28protein%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöttingerBitzer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Böttinger EP, Bitzer M (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.asn.0000033611.79556.ae">"TGF-beta signaling in renal disease"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Society of Nephrology</i>. <b>13</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2600–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.asn.0000033611.79556.ae">10.1097/01.asn.0000033611.79556.ae</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12239251">12239251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=TGF-beta+signaling+in+renal+disease&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2600-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.asn.0000033611.79556.ae&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12239251&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6ttinger&rft.aufirst=EP&rft.au=Bitzer%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.asn.0000033611.79556.ae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMAD+%28protein%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMAD_(protein)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Smad+Proteins">Smad+Proteins</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Template:JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="Template:JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT signaling pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factor</a> receptor-bound protein</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRB2" title="GRB2">GRB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB7" title="GRB7">GRB7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB10" title="GRB10">GRB10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14-3-3_protein" title="14-3-3 protein">14-3-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YWHAE" title="YWHAE">YWHAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YWHAZ" title="YWHAZ">YWHAZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveolin" title="Caveolin">Caveolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortactin" title="Cortactin">Cortactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-inducing_signaling_complex" title="Death-inducing signaling complex">Death-inducing signaling complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxillin" title="Paxillin">Paxillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYD88" title="MYD88">MYD88</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SMAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNF_receptor_associated_factor" title="TNF receptor associated factor">TRAF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRAF1" title="TRAF1">TRAF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAF2" title="TRAF2">TRAF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAF3" title="TRAF3">TRAF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAF4" title="TRAF4">TRAF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAF5" title="TRAF5">TRAF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAF6" title="TRAF6">TRAF6</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIN1" title="BIN1">BIN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH3BP2" title="SH3BP2">SH3BP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDB3" title="LDB3">LDB3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rab_escort_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Rab escort protein">CHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHML_(gene)" title="CHML (gene)">CHML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_signaling:_TGFβ_signaling_pathway434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Template:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Template talk:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling:_TGFβ_signaling_pathway434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a>: <a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_signaling_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ signaling pathway">TGFβ signaling pathway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily" title="Transforming growth factor beta superfamily">TGF beta superfamily of ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">ACVR</a> or <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptor" title="TGF beta receptor">TGFBR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGF beta family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">TGF-β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">TGF-β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">TGF-β3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin and inhibin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INHA" title="INHA">INHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBA" title="INHBA">INHBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBB" title="INHBB">INHBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBC" title="INHBC">INHBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor">BMPR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">Bone morphogenetic proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">BMP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">BMP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 4">BMP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_5" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 5">BMP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_6" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 6">BMP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">BMP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8A" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8A">BMP8a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8b" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8b">BMP8b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 10">BMP10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 15">BMP15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">Growth differentiation factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">GDF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">GDF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">GDF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">GDF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">GDF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">GDF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin/GDF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor-9" title="Growth differentiation factor-9">GDF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">GDF10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">GDF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">GDF15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">Anti-müllerian hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta receptors">TGF beta receptors</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">Activin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptors">BMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF-beta_receptor_family" title="TGF-beta receptor family">family</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR1:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_1_receptors" title="Activin type 1 receptors">Activin type 1 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1" title="ACVR1">ACVR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1B" title="ACVR1B">ACVR1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1C" title="ACVR1C">ACVR1C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVRL1" title="ACVRL1">ACVRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor,_type_1" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1">BMPR1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1A" title="BMPR1A">BMPR1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1B" title="BMPR1B">BMPR1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR2:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_2_receptors" title="Activin type 2 receptors">Activin type 2 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A">ACVR2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2B" title="ACVR2B">ACVR2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone_receptor" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2">BMPR2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR3:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betaglycan" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaglycan">betaglycan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Transducers</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">SMAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">SMAD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">SMAD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">SMAD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">SMAD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">SMAD9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">SMAD6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">SMAD7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">SMAD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway#Ligand_agonists.2Fantagonists" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">Ligand inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_TGF-beta_binding_protein" title="Latent TGF-beta binding protein">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(A)-specific_ribonuclease" title="Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease">PARN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">THBS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Coreceptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripto" title="Cripto">Cripto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_FYVE_domain-containing_protein_9" title="Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9">SARA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors178" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Template:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Template talk:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">intracellular receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(1)_Basic_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(1) Basic domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.1) Basic</i> <a href="/wiki/Leucine_zipper" title="Leucine zipper">leucine zipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/BZIP_domain" title="BZIP domain">bZIP</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activating_transcription_factor" title="Activating transcription factor">Activating transcription factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis-antagonizing_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor">AATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF1" title="ATF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activating_transcription_factor_2" title="Activating transcription factor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF3" title="ATF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF4" title="ATF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF5" title="ATF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF6" title="ATF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF7" title="ATF7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor" title="AP-1 transcription factor">AP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSB" title="FOSB">FOSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSL1" title="FOSL1">FOSL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSL2" title="FOSL2">FOSL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_dimerization_protein" title="Jun dimerization protein">JDP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-jun" class="mw-redirect" title="C-jun">c-Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUNB" title="JUNB">JUNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JunD" title="JunD">JunD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>BACH</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BACH1" title="BACH1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACH2" title="BACH2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BATF_(gene)" title="BATF (gene)">BATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLZF1" title="BLZF1">BLZF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ccaat-enhancer-binding_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins">C/EBP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEBPA" title="CEBPA">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPB" title="CEBPB">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPG" title="CEBPG">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPD" title="CEBPD">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPE" title="CEBPE">ε</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCAAT/enhancer_binding_protein_zeta" title="CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta">ζ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CREB1" title="CREB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB3" title="CREB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREBL1" title="CREBL1">L1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_responsive_element_modulator" title="CAMP responsive element modulator">CREM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBP_(gene)" title="DBP (gene)">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage-inducible_transcript_3" title="DNA damage-inducible transcript 3">DDIT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABPA" title="GABPA">GABPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gcn4" title="Gcn4">GCN4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLF_(gene)" title="HLF (gene)">HLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAF_(gene)" title="MAF (gene)">MAF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAFB_(gene)" title="MAFB (gene)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFF_(gene)" title="MAFF (gene)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFG" title="MAFG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFK" title="MAFK">K</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>NFE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFE2" title="NFE2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L1" title="NFE2L1">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L2" title="NFE2L2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L3" title="NFE2L3">L3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIL3" title="NFIL3">NFIL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRL_(gene)" title="NRL (gene)">NRL</a></li> <li><i>NRF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRF1" title="NRF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L2" title="NFE2L2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L3" title="NFE2L3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBP1" title="XBP1">XBP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic helix-loop-helix">bHLH</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group A</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaete-scute_complex" title="Achaete-scute complex">AS-C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCL1" title="ASCL1">ASCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCL2" title="ASCL2">ASCL2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATOH1" title="ATOH1">ATOH1</a></li> <li><i>HAND</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAND1" title="HAND1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAND2" title="HAND2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESP2" title="MESP2">MESP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myogenic_regulatory_factors" title="Myogenic regulatory factors">Myogenic regulatory factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MyoD" title="MyoD">MyoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myogenin" title="Myogenin">Myogenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYF5" title="MYF5">MYF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYF6" title="MYF6">MYF6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeuroD" title="NeuroD">NeuroD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEUROD1" title="NEUROD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROD2" title="NEUROD2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenins" title="Neurogenins">Neurogenins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG1" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG2" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG3" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>OLIG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLIG1" title="OLIG1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLIG2" title="OLIG2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Paraxis</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCF15" title="TCF15">TCF15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scleraxis" title="Scleraxis">Scleraxis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SLC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LYL1" title="LYL1">LYL1</a></li> <li><i>TAL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAL1" title="TAL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAL2" title="TAL2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Twist transcription factor">Twist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group B</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIGLA" title="FIGLA">FIGLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYC" title="MYC">c-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYCL" title="MYCL">l-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Myc" title="N-Myc">n-Myc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXD4" title="MXD4">MXD4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF4" title="TCF4">TCF4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group C<br />bHLH-<a href="/wiki/PAS_domain" title="PAS domain">PAS</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">AhR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_repressor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor">AHRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_nuclear_translocator" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator">ARNT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL" class="mw-redirect" title="ARNTL">ARNTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL2" title="ARNTL2">ARNTL2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLOCK" title="CLOCK">CLOCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia-inducible_factor" title="Hypoxia-inducible factor">HIF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIF1A" title="HIF1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPAS1" title="EPAS1">EPAS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIF3A" title="HIF3A">3A</a></li></ul></li> <li>NPAS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAS1" title="NPAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAS2" title="NPAS2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAS3" title="NPAS3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PER</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PER1" class="mw-redirect" title="PER1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PER2" title="PER2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PER3" title="PER3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_(gene)" title="Period (gene)">Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SIM</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SIM1" title="SIM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM2" title="SIM2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group D</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>BHLH</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BHLHB2" title="BHLHB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHLHB3" class="mw-redirect" title="BHLHB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHLHA9" title="BHLHA9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho4" title="Pho4">Pho4</a></li> <li><i>ID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ID1" title="ID1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID2" title="ID2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID3_(gene)" title="ID3 (gene)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID4" title="ID4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group E</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>HES</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HES1" title="HES1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hes_family_bhlh_transcription_factor_2" title="Hes family bhlh transcription factor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES3" title="HES3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES4" title="HES4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES5" title="HES5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES6" title="HES6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES7_gene" title="HES7 gene">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HEY</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HEY1" title="HEY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEY2" title="HEY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEYL" title="HEYL">L</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group F<br />bHLH-COE</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EBF1" title="EBF1">EBF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix_leucine_zipper_transcription_factors" title="Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors">bHLH-ZIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFAP4" title="TFAP4">AP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAX_(gene)" title="MAX (gene)">MAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MXD1" title="MXD1">MXD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXD3" title="MXD3">MXD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated_transcription_factor" title="Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor">MITF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNT_(gene)" title="MNT (gene)">MNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLX_(gene)" title="MLX (gene)">MLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate-responsive_element-binding_protein" title="Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein">MLXIPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXI1" title="MXI1">MXI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterol_regulatory_element-binding_protein" title="Sterol regulatory element-binding protein">SREBP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SREBF1" class="mw-redirect" title="SREBF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SREBF2" class="mw-redirect" title="SREBF2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF1" title="USF1">USF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.4) NF-1</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_factor_I" title="Nuclear factor I">NFI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFIA" title="NFIA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIB_(gene)" title="NFIB (gene)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIC_(gene)" title="NFIC (gene)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIX" title="NFIX">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">4</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.5) RF-X</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>RFX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RFX1" title="RFX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX2" title="RFX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX3" title="RFX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX4" title="RFX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX5" title="RFX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX6" title="RFX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFXANK" title="RFXANK">ANK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activating_protein_2" title="Activating protein 2">AP-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2A" title="TFAP2A">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2B" title="TFAP2B">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2C" title="TFAP2C">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2D" title="TFAP2D">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2E" title="TFAP2E">ε</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(2)_Zinc_finger_DNA-binding_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(2)</i> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger" title="Zinc finger">Zinc finger</a> DNA-binding domains</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">Nuclear receptor</a> <i>(Cys<sub>4</sub>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 1</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Thyroid hormone receptor">Thyroid hormone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_alpha" title="Thyroid hormone receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta" title="Thyroid hormone receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_androstane_receptor" title="Constitutive androstane receptor">CAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor" title="Farnesoid X receptor">FXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor" title="Liver X receptor">LXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor_alpha" title="Liver X receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor_beta" title="Liver X receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor">PPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_alpha" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_delta" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta">β/δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnane_X_receptor" title="Pregnane X receptor">PXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor" title="Retinoic acid receptor">RAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_alpha" title="Retinoic acid receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_beta" title="Retinoic acid receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_gamma" title="Retinoic acid receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor" title="RAR-related orphan receptor">ROR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_alpha" title="RAR-related orphan receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_beta" title="RAR-related orphan receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_gamma" title="RAR-related orphan receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA" class="mw-redirect" title="Rev-ErbA">Rev-ErbA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_alpha" title="Rev-ErbA alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_beta" title="Rev-ErbA beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcitriol receptor">VDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 2</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_ovalbumin_upstream_promoter-transcription_factor" title="Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor">COUP-TF</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/COUP-TFI" title="COUP-TFI">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COUP-TFII" title="COUP-TFII">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-erbA-related_gene" title="V-erbA-related gene">Ear-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4">HNF4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4_alpha" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4_gamma" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell-specific_nuclear_receptor" title="Photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor">PNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor" title="Retinoid X receptor">RXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_alpha" title="Retinoid X receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_beta" title="Retinoid X receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_gamma" title="Retinoid X receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor" title="Testicular receptor">Testicular receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor_2" title="Testicular receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor_4" title="Testicular receptor 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX" title="TLX">TLX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 3</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">Steroid hormone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_beta" title="Estrogen receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">Mineralocorticoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor" title="Estrogen-related receptor">Estrogen related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen-related receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_beta" title="Estrogen-related receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_gamma" title="Estrogen-related receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 4</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur (biology)">NUR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A1" title="Nuclear receptor 4A1">NGFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A3" title="Nuclear receptor 4A3">NOR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A2" title="Nuclear receptor 4A2">NURR1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 5</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_receptor_homolog-1" title="Liver receptor homolog-1">LRH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenic_factor_1" title="Steroidogenic factor 1">SF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 6</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_nuclear_factor" title="Germ cell nuclear factor">GCNF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 0</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAX1" title="DAX1">DAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_heterodimer_partner" title="Small heterodimer partner">SHP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.2) Other Cys<sub>4</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GATA_transcription_factor" title="GATA transcription factor">GATA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GATA1" title="GATA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA2" title="GATA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA3" title="GATA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA4" title="GATA4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA5" title="GATA5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA6" title="GATA6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>MTA</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTA1" title="MTA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA2" title="MTA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA3" title="MTA3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricho-rhino-phalangeal_syndrome_Type_1" title="Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome Type 1">TRPS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.3) Cys<sub>2</sub>His<sub>2</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">General transcription factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_A" title="Transcription factor II A">TFIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_B" title="Transcription factor II B">TFIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_D" title="Transcription factor II D">TFIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_E" title="Transcription factor II E">TFIIE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GTF2E1" title="GTF2E1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2E2" title="GTF2E2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_F" title="Transcription factor II F">TFIIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2F1" title="GTF2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2F2" title="GTF2F2">2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H1" title="GTF2H1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H2" title="GTF2H2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H4" title="GTF2H4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2I" title="GTF2I">2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3A" title="GTF3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3C1" title="GTF3C1">3C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3C2" title="GTF3C2">3C2</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATBF1" title="ATBF1">ATBF1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B-cell_CLL/lymphoma" title="B-cell CLL/lymphoma">BCL</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCL6" title="BCL6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL11A" title="BCL11A">11A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL11B" title="BCL11B">11B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTCF" title="CTCF">CTCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4F1" title="E4F1">E4F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_growth_response_proteins" title="Early growth response proteins">EGR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGR1" title="EGR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR2" title="EGR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR3" title="EGR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR4" title="EGR4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERV3" title="ERV3">ERV3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFI1" title="GFI1">GFI1</a></li> <li><i>GLI family</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLI1" title="GLI1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLI2" title="GLI2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLI3" title="GLI3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RE1-silencing_transcription_factor" title="RE1-silencing transcription factor">REST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLIS1" title="GLIS1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLIS2" title="GLIS2">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YY1" title="YY1">YY1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HIC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIC1" title="HIC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIC2" title="HIC2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HIVEP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP1" title="HIVEP1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP2" title="HIVEP2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP3" title="HIVEP3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>IKZF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IKZF1" title="IKZF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKZF2" title="IKZF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKZF3" title="IKZF3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ILF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ILF2" title="ILF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILF3" title="ILF3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruppel-like_factors" title="Kruppel-like factors">Sp/KLF family</a> <ul><li><i>KLF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KLF1" title="KLF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF2" title="KLF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF3" title="KLF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF4" title="KLF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF5" title="KLF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF6" title="KLF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF7" title="KLF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF8" title="KLF8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF9" title="KLF9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF10" title="KLF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF11" title="KLF11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF12" title="KLF12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF13" title="KLF13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF14" title="KLF14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF15" title="KLF15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF17" title="KLF17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sp1 transcription factor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP2_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SP2 (gene)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP4_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SP4 (gene)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp7_transcription_factor" title="Sp7 transcription factor">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp8_transcription_factor" title="Sp8 transcription factor">8</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTF1" title="MTF1">MTF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYT1" title="MYT1">MYT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSR1" title="OSR1">OSR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRDM9" title="PRDM9">PRDM9</a></li> <li><i>SALL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SALL1" title="SALL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL2" title="SALL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL3" title="SALL3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL4" title="SALL4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSHZ3" title="TSHZ3">TSHZ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1" class="mw-redirect" title="WT1">WT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbtb7" title="Zbtb7">Zbtb7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB7A" title="ZBTB7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB7B" title="ZBTB7B">7B</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ZBTB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB11" title="ZBTB11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_and_BTB_domain-containing_protein_16" title="Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB17" title="ZBTB17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB20" title="ZBTB20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB21" title="ZBTB21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB32" title="ZBTB32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB33" title="ZBTB33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB40" title="ZBTB40">40</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>zinc finger</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZNF3" title="ZNF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF7" title="ZNF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNBP" title="CNBP">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF10" title="ZNF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF19" title="ZNF19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF22" title="ZNF22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF24" title="ZNF24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF33B" title="ZNF33B">33B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF34" title="ZNF34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF35" title="ZNF35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF41" title="ZNF41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF43" title="ZNF43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF44" title="ZNF44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL6" title="BCL6">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF74" title="ZNF74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF143" title="ZNF143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF146" title="ZNF146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF148" title="ZNF148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_165" title="Zinc finger protein 165">165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF202" title="ZNF202">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF217" title="ZNF217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF219" title="ZNF219">219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF238" title="ZNF238">238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF239" title="ZNF239">239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF259" title="ZNF259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF267" title="ZNF267">267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR1" title="EGR1">268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF281" title="ZNF281">281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF300" title="ZNF300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF318" title="ZNF318">318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF330" title="ZNF330">330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF346" title="ZNF346">346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF350" title="ZNF350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF365" title="ZNF365">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF366" title="ZNF366">366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF384" title="ZNF384">384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF423" title="ZNF423">423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF451" title="ZNF451">451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF452" title="ZNF452">452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF471" title="ZNF471">471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF593" title="ZNF593">593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF638" title="ZNF638">638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF644" title="ZNF644">644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF649" title="ZNF649">649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF655" title="ZNF655">655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF804A" class="mw-redirect" title="ZNF804A">804A</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.4) Cys<sub>6</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP1" title="HIVEP1">HIVEP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.5) Alternating composition</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_regulator" title="Autoimmune regulator">AIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDO1" title="DIDO1">DIDO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRLF1" title="GRLF1">GRLF1</a></li> <li><i>ING</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ING1" title="ING1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING2" title="ING2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING4" title="ING4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>JARID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDM5A" title="KDM5A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5B" class="mw-redirect" title="KDM5B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5C" title="KDM5C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5D" title="KDM5D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JARID2" title="JARID2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM3B" title="KDM3B">JMJD1B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.6) WRKY</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRKY_protein_domain" title="WRKY protein domain">WRKY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(3)_Helix-turn-helix_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Helix-turn-helix" title="Helix-turn-helix">Helix-turn-helix</a> <i>domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Homeodomain_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeodomain fold">Homeodomain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">Antennapedia</a></i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>ANTP class</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>protoHOX</i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>Hox-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ParaHox" title="ParaHox">ParaHox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gsx_(gene_family)" title="Gsx (gene family)">Gsx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSX1" title="GSX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSX2" title="GSX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlox" class="mw-redirect" title="Xlox">Xlox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDX1" title="PDX1">PDX1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdx" title="Cdx">Cdx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDX1" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDX2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDX4_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX4 (gene)">4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>extended Hox: <a href="/wiki/Evx1" title="Evx1">Evx1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evx2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evx2 (page does not exist)">Evx2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEOX1" title="MEOX1">MEOX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEOX2" title="MEOX2">MEOX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox">Homeobox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_A1" title="Homeobox A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA2" title="HOXA2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA3" title="HOXA3">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA4" title="HOXA4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA5" title="HOXA5">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA7" title="HOXA7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA9" title="HOXA9">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_A10" title="Homeobox A10">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA11" title="HOXA11">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA13" title="HOXA13">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB1" title="HOXB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB2" title="HOXB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB3" title="HOXB3">B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB4" title="HOXB4">B4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB5" title="HOXB5">B5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB6" title="HOXB6">B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB7" title="HOXB7">B7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB8" title="HOXB8">B8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB9" title="HOXB9">B9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB13" title="HOXB13">B13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC4" title="HOXC4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC5" title="HOXC5">C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC6" title="HOXC6">C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC8" title="HOXC8">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC9" title="HOXC9">C9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC10" title="HOXC10">C10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC11" title="HOXC11">C11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC12" title="HOXC12">C12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC13" title="HOXC13">C13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD1" title="HOXD1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD3" title="HOXD3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD4" title="HOXD4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD8" title="HOXD8">D8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD9" title="HOXD9">D9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD10" title="HOXD10">D10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD11" title="HOXD11">D11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD12" title="HOXD12">D12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD13" title="HOXD13">D13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GBX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GBX1 (page does not exist)">GBX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBX2" title="GBX2">GBX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNX1" title="MNX1">MNX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>metaHOX</i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>NK-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARHL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARHL1 (page does not exist)">BARHL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BARHL2" title="BARHL2">BARHL2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX1 (page does not exist)">BARX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX2 (page does not exist)">BARX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_homeobox" title="Brain-specific homeobox">BSX</a></li> <li><i>DBX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBX1" title="DBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBX2" title="DBX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">DLX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DLX1" title="DLX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX2" title="DLX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX3_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="DLX3 (gene)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX4" title="DLX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX5" title="DLX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX6" title="DLX6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EMX_homeogene" title="EMX homeogene">EMX</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMX1" title="EMX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMX2" title="EMX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>EN</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EN1_(gene)" title="EN1 (gene)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN2_(gene)" title="EN2 (gene)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HHEX" title="HHEX">HHEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLX_(gene)" title="HLX (gene)">HLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBX1" title="LBX1">LBX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBX2" title="LBX2">LBX2</a></li> <li><i>MSX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSX1" class="mw-redirect" title="MSX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msh_homeobox_2" title="Msh homeobox 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_NANOG" title="Homeobox protein NANOG">NANOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX-homeodomain_factor" title="NKX-homeodomain factor">NKX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NK2_homeobox_1" title="NK2 homeobox 1">2-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX2-2" title="NKX2-2">2-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX2-3" title="NKX2-3">2-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_Nkx-2.5" title="Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5">2-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX3-1" title="NKX3-1">3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX3-2" title="NKX3-2">3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX1 (page does not exist)">HMX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX2 (page does not exist)">HMX2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX3 (page does not exist)">HMX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX6-1" title="NKX6-1">6-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX6-2" title="NKX6-2">6-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notochord_homeobox_(NOTO)_gene" title="Notochord homeobox (NOTO) gene">NOTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX1" title="TLX1">TLX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX2" title="TLX2">TLX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX3" title="TLX3">TLX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX1" title="VAX1">VAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAX2 (page does not exist)">VAX2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristaless_related_homeobox" title="Aristaless related homeobox">ARX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRX_(gene)" title="CRX (gene)">CRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUTL1" title="CUTL1">CUTL1</a></li> <li><i>FHL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FHL1" title="FHL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FHL2" title="FHL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FHL3" title="FHL3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HESX1" title="HESX1">HESX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPX" title="HOPX">HOPX</a></li> <li><i>LMX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LMX1A" title="LMX1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMX1B" title="LMX1B">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBOX" title="NOBOX">NOBOX</a></li> <li>TALE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_homeobox_factor" title="Iroquois homeobox factor">IRX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRX1" title="IRX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX2" title="IRX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX3" title="IRX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX4" title="IRX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX5" title="IRX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX6" title="IRX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKX" title="MKX">MKX</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>MEIS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MEIS1" title="MEIS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEIS2" title="MEIS2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PBX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PBX1" title="PBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBX2" title="PBX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBX3" title="PBX3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PKNOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PKNOX1" title="PKNOX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKNOX2" title="PKNOX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SIX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SIX1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX2" title="SIX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX3" title="SIX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX4" title="SIX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX5" title="SIX5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>PHF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PHF1" title="PHF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF3" title="PHF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF6" title="PHF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF8" title="PHF8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF10" title="PHF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF16" title="PHF16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF17" class="mw-redirect" title="PHF17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF20" title="PHF20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF21A" title="PHF21A">21A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU_domain" title="POU domain">POU domain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary-specific_positive_transcription_factor_1" title="Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1">PIT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRN-3" title="BRN-3">BRN-3</a>: <a href="/wiki/POU4F1" title="POU4F1">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU4F2" title="POU4F2">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU4F3" title="POU4F3">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamer_transcription_factor" title="Octamer transcription factor">Octamer transcription factor</a>: <a href="/wiki/POU2F1" title="POU2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oct-2" title="Oct-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oct-4" title="Oct-4">3/4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F1" title="POU3F1">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F2" title="POU3F2">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F4" title="POU3F4">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATB2" title="SATB2">SATB2</a></li> <li><i>ZEB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZEB1" title="ZEB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEB2" title="ZEB2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.2) Paired box</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">PAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAX1" title="PAX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX2" title="PAX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX3" title="PAX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX4" title="PAX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX5" title="PAX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX7" title="PAX7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX8" title="PAX8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX9" title="PAX9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li>PRRX <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PRRX1" title="PRRX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRRX2" title="PRRX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROP1" title="PROP1">PROP1</a></li> <li><i>PHOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PHOX2A" title="PHOX2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHOX2B" title="PHOX2B">2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_homeobox_protein_Rx" title="Retinal homeobox protein Rx">RAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-stature_homeobox_gene" title="Short-stature homeobox gene">SHOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHOX2" title="SHOX2">SHOX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSX1" title="VSX1">VSX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSX2" title="VSX2">VSX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicoid_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicoid (gene)">Bicoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goosecoid_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Goosecoid protein">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BICD2" title="BICD2">BICD2</a></li> <li><i>OTX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OTX1" title="OTX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodenticle_homeobox_2" title="Orthodenticle homeobox 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PITX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PITX1" title="PITX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PITX2" title="PITX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PITX3" title="PITX3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">Fork head</a> / <a href="/wiki/Winged-helix_transcription_factors" title="Winged-helix transcription factors">winged helix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E2F" title="E2F">E2F</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E2F1" title="E2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F2" title="E2F2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F3" title="E2F3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F4" title="E2F4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F5" title="E2F5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">FOX proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOXA1" title="FOXA1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXA2" title="FOXA2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXA3" title="FOXA3">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXB1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXB2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXB2 (page does not exist)">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_C1" title="Forkhead box C1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXC2" title="FOXC2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXD1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD2 (page does not exist)">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD3" title="FOXD3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD4" title="FOXD4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L1 (page does not exist)">D4L1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L3 (page does not exist)">D4L3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L4 (page does not exist)">D4L4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L5 (page does not exist)">D4L5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L6 (page does not exist)">D4L6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXE1" title="FOXE1">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXE3" title="FOXE3">E3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXF1" title="FOXF1">F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXF2" title="FOXF2">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXG1" title="FOXG1">G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXH1" title="FOXH1">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXI1" title="FOXI1">I1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXI2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXI2 (page does not exist)">I2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXI3" title="FOXI3">I3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXJ1" title="FOXJ1">J1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXJ2" title="FOXJ2">J2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXJ3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXJ3 (page does not exist)">J3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXK1" title="FOXK1">K1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXK2" title="FOXK2">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXL1 (page does not exist)">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_L2" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhead box L2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXM1" title="FOXM1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXN1" title="FOXN1">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXN2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXN2 (page does not exist)">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXN3" title="FOXN3">N3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXN4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXN4 (page does not exist)">N4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXO1">O1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO4" title="FOXO4">O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO6" title="FOXO6">O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP1" title="FOXP1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP3" title="FOXP3">P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP4" title="FOXP4">P4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXQ1" title="FOXQ1">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXR1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXR1 (page does not exist)">R1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXR2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXR2 (page does not exist)">R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXS1" title="FOXS1">S1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.4)</i> <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_factor" title="Heat shock factor">Heat shock factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_factor" title="Heat shock factor">HSF</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSF1" class="mw-redirect" title="HSF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSF2" title="HSF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSF4" title="HSF4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.5) Tryptophan clusters</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ELF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELF2" title="ELF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELF4" title="ELF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELF5" title="ELF5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHF_(gene)" title="EHF (gene)">EHF</a></li> <li><i>ELK</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELK1" title="ELK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELK3" title="ELK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELK4" title="ELK4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERF_(gene)" title="ERF (gene)">ERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS_transcription_factor_family" title="ETS transcription factor family">ETS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETS1" title="ETS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS2" title="ETS2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERG_(gene)" title="ERG (gene)">ERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIB" title="SPIB">SPIB</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ETV</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETV1" title="ETV1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETV4" title="ETV4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERM_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM transcription factor">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETV6" title="ETV6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLI1" title="FLI1">FLI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_regulatory_factors" title="Interferon regulatory factors">Interferon regulatory factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRF1" title="IRF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF2" title="IRF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF3" title="IRF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF4" title="IRF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF5" title="IRF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF6" title="IRF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF7" title="IRF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF8" title="IRF8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYB_(gene)" title="MYB (gene)">MYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYBL2" title="MYBL2">MYBL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.6) TEA domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>transcriptional enhancer factor</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEAD1" title="TEAD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD2" title="TEAD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD3" title="TEAD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD4" title="TEAD4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(4)_β-Scaffold_factors_with_minor_groove_contacts178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(4) <i>β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Rel_homology_domain" title="Rel homology domain">Rel homology region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFKB1" title="NFKB1">NFKB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFKB2" title="NFKB2">NFKB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REL" title="REL">REL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELA" title="RELA">RELA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELB" title="RELB">RELB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFAT" title="NFAT">NFAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFATC1" title="NFATC1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC2" title="NFATC2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC3" title="NFATC3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC4" title="NFATC4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFAT5" title="NFAT5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.2)</i> <a href="/wiki/STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STAT1" title="STAT1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT2" title="STAT2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT3" title="STAT3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT4" title="STAT4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT5" title="STAT5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT6" title="STAT6">6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.3) p53-like</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53_p63_p73_family" title="P53 p63 p73 family">p53 p63 p73 family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP63" title="TP63">TP63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P73" title="P73">p73</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-box" title="T-box">TBX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TBX1" title="TBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX2" title="TBX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX3" title="TBX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX5_(gene)" title="TBX5 (gene)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX19" title="TBX19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX21" title="TBX21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX22" title="TBX22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBR1" title="TBR1">TBR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eomesodermin" title="Eomesodermin">TBR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachyury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachyury">TFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_regulatory_factor" title="Myelin regulatory factor">MYRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.4)</i> <a href="/wiki/MADS-box" title="MADS-box">MADS box</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mef2" title="Mef2">Mef2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocyte-specific_enhancer_factor_2A" title="Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2B" title="MEF2B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2C" title="MEF2C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2D" title="MEF2D">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_response_factor" title="Serum response factor">SRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.6)</i> <a href="/wiki/TATA-binding_protein" title="TATA-binding protein">TATA-binding proteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TATA-binding_protein" title="TATA-binding protein">TBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPL1" title="TBPL1">TBPL1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.7)</i> <a href="/wiki/High-mobility_group" title="High-mobility group">High-mobility group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBX_(gene)" title="BBX (gene)">BBX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-box" title="HMG-box">HMGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGB1" title="HMGB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB2" title="HMGB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB3" title="HMGB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB4" title="HMGB4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN" title="HMGN">HMGN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGN1" title="HMGN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN2" title="HMGN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN3" title="HMGN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN4" title="HMGN4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HNF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HNF1A" title="HNF1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HNF1B" title="HNF1B">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX_gene_family" title="SOX gene family">SOX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOX1" title="SOX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX2" title="SOX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX3" title="SOX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX4" title="SOX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX5" title="SOX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX6" title="SOX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX8" title="SOX8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX9" title="SOX9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX10" title="SOX10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX11" title="SOX11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX12" title="SOX12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX13" title="SOX13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX14" title="SOX14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX15" title="SOX15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX17" title="SOX17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX18" title="SOX18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX21" title="SOX21">21</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis_determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis determining factor">SRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_specific_recognition_protein_1" title="Structure specific recognition protein 1">SSRP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF/LEF_family" title="TCF/LEF family">TCF/LEF</a> <ul><li><i>TCF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCF7" title="TCF7">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF3" title="TCF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF7L2" title="TCF7L2">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_enhancer-binding_factor_1" title="Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1">LEF1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>TOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOX" title="TOX">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX2" title="TOX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX3" title="TOX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX4" title="TOX4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.9) Grainyhead</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFCP2" title="TFCP2">TFCP2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.10) Cold-shock domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSDA_(gene)" title="CSDA (gene)">CSDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_box_binding_protein_1" title="Y box binding protein 1">YBX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.11) Runt</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_binding_factor" title="Core binding factor">CBF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBFA2T2" title="CBFA2T2">CBFA2T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBFA2T3" title="CBFA2T3">CBFA2T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX1" title="RUNX1">RUNX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX2" title="RUNX2">RUNX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX3" title="RUNX3">RUNX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX1T1" title="RUNX1T1">RUNX1T1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(0)_Other_transcription_factors178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i> (0) Other transcription factors</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.2) HMGI(Y)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGA" title="HMGA">HMGA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGA1" title="HMGA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGA2" title="HMGA2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBP1" title="HBP1">HBP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Pocket_protein_family" title="Pocket protein family">Pocket domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein" title="Retinoblastoma protein">Rb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_1" title="Retinoblastoma-like protein 1">RBL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_2" title="Retinoblastoma-like protein 2">RBL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.5)</i> <a href="/wiki/Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">AP-2</a><i>/</i><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a><i>-related factors</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">Apetala 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B3_domain" title="B3 domain">B3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.6) Miscellaneous</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ARID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARID1A" title="ARID1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID1B" title="ARID1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID2" title="ARID2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID3A" title="ARID3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID3B" title="ARID3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID4A" title="ARID4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein" title="Catabolite activator protein">CAP</a></li> <li><i>IFI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFI16" title="IFI16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFI35" title="IFI35">35</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLL_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL (gene)">MLL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLL2" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLL3" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLLT1" title="MLLT1">T1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNDA" title="MNDA">MNDA</a></li> <li><i>NFY</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFYA" title="NFYA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFYB" title="NFYB">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFYC" title="NFYC">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_factor" title="Rho factor">Rho</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sigma_factor" title="Sigma factor">Sigma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies" title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies">transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template talk:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ receptor superfamily"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</abbr> receptor superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_I" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK1" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK1"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 1">ALK1</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor-like type 1">ACVRL1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetermin (page does not exist)">Cetermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ascrinvacumab" title="Ascrinvacumab">Ascrinvacumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Dalantercept" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalantercept">Dalantercept</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Other inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disitertide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disitertide (page does not exist)">Disitertide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK2" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK2"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 2">ALK2</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1A">ACVR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-1 (page does not exist)">DMH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK3" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK3"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 3">ALK3</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A">BMPR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK4" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK4"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 4">ALK4</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1B">ACVR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK5" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK5"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 5">ALK5</abbr> (<abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 1">TGFβR1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-4476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-4476 (page does not exist)">D-4476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-788388&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-788388 (page does not exist)">GW-788388</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2109761" title="LY-2109761">LY-2109761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galunisertib" title="Galunisertib">Galunisertib (LY-2157299)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-268712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-268712 (page does not exist)">R-268712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RepSox" title="RepSox">RepSox (E-616452, SJN-2511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-525334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-525334 (page does not exist)">SB-525334</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-208 (page does not exist)">SD-208</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK6" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK6"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 6">ALK6</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B">BMPR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK7" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK7"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 7">ALK7</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1C">ACVR1C</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR2"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2">TGFβR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2"><abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2">BMPR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2A">ACVR2A</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin receptor type 2">ACVR2</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2B">ACVR2B</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramatercept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramatercept (page does not exist)">Ramatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/AMHR2" class="mw-redirect" title="AMHR2"><abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2">AMHR2</abbr> (<abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_III" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TGFβR3_(β-glycan)90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR3"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 3">TGFβR3</abbr> (β-glycan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ligands:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Endogenous antagonists/inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus (CER1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAN_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="DAN (protein)">DAN (PARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin (Drm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTBP1_(gene)" title="LTBP1 (gene)">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_interacting_factor" title="Transforming growth interacting factor">TGIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoregulin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoregulin 1 (page does not exist)">Tomoregulin 1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stamulumab" title="Stamulumab">Stamulumab</a> (against myostatin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRC105" class="mw-redirect" title="TRC105">TRC105</a> (against endoglin)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Endoglin" title="Endoglin">Endoglin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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