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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnic groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rail transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruja" title="Ruja – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ruja" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soematra" title="Soematra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soematra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ሱማትራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱማትራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سومطرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سومطرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سوماترا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوماترا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="সুমাত্রা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুমাত্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_(pulo)" title="Sumatra (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sumatra (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatara" title="Sumatara – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sumatara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Σουμάτρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουμάτρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatro" title="Sumatro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumatro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سوماترا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوماترا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%AC" title="수마트라섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수마트라섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Սումատրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սումատրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="सुमात्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुमात्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Суматрæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Суматрæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmatra" title="Súmatra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súmatra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94" title="סומטרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סומטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სუმატრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუმატრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2" title="ເກາະສຸມາຕຣາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເກາະສຸມາຕຣາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szum%C3%A1tra" title="Szumátra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szumátra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Somattra" title="Polo Somattra – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polo Somattra" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="सुमात्रा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सुमात्रा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="സുമാത്ര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുമാത്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="सुमात्रा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुमात्रा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სუმატრა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუმატრა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سومطره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سومطره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سوماترا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوماترا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဆူမတြာကျွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူမတြာကျွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="सुमात्रा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुमात्रा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E5%B3%B6" title="スマトラ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スマトラ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="ସୁମାତ୍ରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁମାତ୍ରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سماٹرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سماٹرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6" title="កោះស៊ូម៉ាត្រា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កោះស៊ូម៉ាត្រា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AFmatra" title="Sůmatra – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sůmatra" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="சுமாத்திரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமாத்திரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เกาะสุมาตรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะสุมาตรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Суматра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суматра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سماٹرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سماٹرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatr" title="Sumatr – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sumatr" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%97%A8%E7%AD%94%E8%85%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="苏门答腊岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏门答腊岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%96%80%E7%AD%94%E8%87%98" title="蘇門答臘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇門答臘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%96%80%E7%AD%94%E8%87%98" title="蘇門答臘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇門答臘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Sumatera" title="Pulau Sumatera – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pulau Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="View the 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location"><span class="latitude">00°N</span> <span class="longitude">102°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 102°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; 102</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in western Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sumatra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sumatra (disambiguation)">Sumatra (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sumatra</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumatra_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sumatra_Topography.png/260px-Sumatra_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sumatra_Topography.png/390px-Sumatra_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sumatra_Topography.png/520px-Sumatra_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2109" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Topography of Sumatra</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSumatra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/LocationSumatra.svg/260px-LocationSumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/LocationSumatra.svg/390px-LocationSumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/LocationSumatra.svg/520px-LocationSumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of Sumatra within the Indonesian Archipelago</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sumatra&params=00_N_102_E_region:ID_type:isle_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°N</span> <span class="longitude">102°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 102°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; 102</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">482,286.55 km<sup>2</sup> (186,211.88 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">3,805 m (12484 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kerinci" title="Mount Kerinci">Kerinci</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provinces</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> (pop. 2,097,610)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">60,795,669 (mid 2023 estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">126/km<sup>2</sup> (326/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayonese">Gayonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuwi (page does not exist)">Nuwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> etc.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">Indonesia Western Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sumatra</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> of western <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">sixth-largest island</a> in the world at 482,286.55 km<sup>2</sup> (182,812 mi.<sup>2</sup>), including adjacent islands such as the <a href="/wiki/Simeulue_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeulue Island">Simeulue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nias_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nias Island">Nias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentawai Islands">Mentawai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enggano_Island" title="Enggano Island">Enggano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangka Belitung">Bangka Belitung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa_archipelago" title="Krakatoa archipelago">Krakatoa archipelago</a>. </p><p>Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of <a href="/wiki/Simeulue" title="Simeulue">Simeulue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentawai Islands">Mentawai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enggano" class="mw-redirect" title="Enggano">Enggano</a> off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> separates the island from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, which is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continent. In the southeast, the narrow <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a>, containing the <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Krakatoa Archipelago">Krakatoa Archipelago</a>, separates Sumatra from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. The northern tip of Sumatra is near the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, <a href="/wiki/Karimata_Strait" title="Karimata Strait">Karimata Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Barisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukit Barisan">Bukit Barisan</a> mountains, which contain several active volcanoes, form the backbone of the island, while the northeastern area contains large plains and lowlands with swamps, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a> and complex river systems. The <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> crosses the island at its centre in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> provinces. The climate of the island is <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a>, hot, and humid. Lush <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical rain forest">tropical rain forest</a> once dominated the landscape. </p><p>Sumatra has a wide range of plant and animal species but has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest in the last 35 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many species are now <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_ground_cuckoo" title="Sumatran ground cuckoo">Sumatran ground cuckoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">2013 Southeast Asian haze</a> which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumatra was known in ancient times by the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> names of <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Svarṇadvīpa</i></span> ('Island of Gold') and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Svarṇabhūmi</i></span> ('Land of Gold'), because of the gold deposits in the island's <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known mention of the current form "Sumatra" was in 1017, when the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">local</a> king <a href="/wiki/Haji_Sumatrabhumi" title="Haji Sumatrabhumi">Haji Sumatrabhumi</a> ("king of the land of Sumatra")<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sent an envoy to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> geographers referred to the island as <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lamri</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lamuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamuri">Lamuri</a></i>, <i>Lambri</i> or <i>Ramni</i>) in the tenth through thirteenth centuries, in reference to a kingdom near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> which was the first landfall for traders. The island has also been known by other names, including <i>Andalas</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Percha Island</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars suggest that mention of Suwarnadwipa in the Hindu Epic the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> may be a reference to Sumatra. According to experts on <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">The Ramayana</a>,</i> the epic is one of the first sources to document the relationship between India and the Indonesian archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> referred to the kingdom as <span title="Venetian-language text"><i lang="vec">Samara</i></span>, while his contemporary fellow Italian traveller <a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a> used the form <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sumoltra</i></span>. Later in the 14th century the local form "Sumatra" became popular abroad due to the rising power of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Sultanate of Aceh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sneddon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneddon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From then on, subsequent European writers mostly used <i>Sumatra</i> or similar forms of the name for the entire island.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Tinggi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Candi_Tinggi.jpg/238px-Candi_Tinggi.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Candi_Tinggi.jpg/357px-Candi_Tinggi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Candi_Tinggi.jpg/476px-Candi_Tinggi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg/238px-Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg/357px-Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg/476px-Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds" title="Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds">Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a>, is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient temple complexes in South East Asia.</div></div></div></div> <p>By the year <a href="/wiki/692" title="692">692</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a> was absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79–80">: 79–80 </span></sup> Srivijaya's influence waned in the 11th century, specifically in the year 1025, after suffering defeat at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> in southern India<sup id="cite_ref-place_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-place-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 12th century, Srivijaya had been reduced to a kingdom, and its dominant role in South Sumatra ended with the last king, Ratu Sekekhummong, who founded the milestone of Kepaksian Sekala Brak in the 13th century AD with the Dalom building.<sup id="cite_ref-place_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-place-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam in Indonesia</a> occurred gradually and indirectly, starting from the western regions such as the Sumatra area which became the first place for the spread of Islam in the archipelago, then Java, then to the eastern regions of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Maluku.<sup id="cite_ref-literasi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-literasi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of Sumatra is also an area in the archipelago that received the spread of Islam first compared to other islands or other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-literasi_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-literasi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of Sumatra became the first area to receive the spread of Islam because of the position of the island of Sumatra which is close to the Malacca strait.<sup id="cite_ref-literasi_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-literasi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial process of Islamization related to trade and also the formation of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-literasi_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-literasi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam entered Sumatra through pious <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> traders in the 6th and 7th centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning and end of the 13th century the formation of the kingdom, the king of the <a href="/wiki/Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasai">Samudra</a> kingdom had converted to Islam. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> visited the island in 1292, and his fellow Italian <a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a> in 1321.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg/250px-Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg/375px-Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Banda_Aceh%27s_Grand_Mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque">Baiturrahman Grand Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aceh in the north of Sumatra became known in the 16th century as trading centre for the <a href="/wiki/Pepper_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper trade">pepper trade</a> by shipping quality <a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">piperaceae</a> (<i>pepper</i>). Aceh became the main commercial centre of the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a> and trading routes were established to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to rival the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Shipping_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping lane">shipping lanes</a>. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Muda" title="Iskandar Muda">Iskandar Muda</a> is known as the <i>golden age</i> of Sumatra because he extended the cultural influence of the Aceh Sultanate to <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aceh Sultanate sustained the rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor sultanate</a>, the Dutch, and the Portuguese throughout the 16th and 17th century. When the Dutch were weakened in the 18th century the British empire began to actively intervene in Aceh, establishing close relations between Banda Aceh and <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>. In the 17th and 18th century the Aceh Sultanate battled the <a href="/wiki/Siak_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak sultanate">Siak sultanate</a> in the south of Sumatra. The port city of <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> was recorded in European historical writings since the 13th century. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> the port of Banda Aceh only started to face competition in the 18th century when more ports were constructed in Sumatra for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">maritime transport</a>. Nevertheless, major pepper suppliers used the port of Banda Aceh at the beginning of the 19th century. The port in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> grew swiftly in the late 19th and early 20th century. Meanwhile the medium sized port of <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> faced a stiff economic decline as the heritage of the Srivijaya empire was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang sultanate</a> experienced a terminal decline in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a>, the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh posed major obstacles, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh War</a> (1873–1903). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Japan invaded Sumatra</a> in 1942. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a> fought against Indonesian government forces in the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Aceh Insurgency</a> from 1976 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island was heavily impacted by both the 1883 <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa eruption</a> and the 2004 <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">Boxing Day Tsunami</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,808,148</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,016,160</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,506,703</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,830,334</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">42,616,164</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">45,839,041</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,613,947</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,198,752</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">58,557,211</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,795,669</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">sources:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sumatra’s population as of 2023 was estimated to be about 60,795,669 ;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has about the same number of inhabitants as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">fifth-most populous island in the world</a>. Yet because it is such a large island, it is not densely populated: it has an average of about 126 people per km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minangprocession.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minangkabau women carrying platters of food to a ceremony"><img alt="Minangkabau women carrying platters of food to a ceremony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minangprocession.jpg/119px-Minangprocession.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minangprocession.jpg/179px-Minangprocession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minangprocession.jpg/239px-Minangprocession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minangkabau women carrying platters of food to a ceremony</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Bolon_Pamatang_Purba_-_Rumah_Adat_Batak_Simalungun_(Batak_Simalungun_House)_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional house in Simalungun North Sumatra"><img alt="Traditional house in Simalungun North Sumatra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rumah_Bolon_Pamatang_Purba_-_Rumah_Adat_Batak_Simalungun_%28Batak_Simalungun_House%29_%2801%29.jpg/180px-Rumah_Bolon_Pamatang_Purba_-_Rumah_Adat_Batak_Simalungun_%28Batak_Simalungun_House%29_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rumah_Bolon_Pamatang_Purba_-_Rumah_Adat_Batak_Simalungun_%28Batak_Simalungun_House%29_%2801%29.jpg/270px-Rumah_Bolon_Pamatang_Purba_-_Rumah_Adat_Batak_Simalungun_%28Batak_Simalungun_House%29_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rumah_Bolon_Pamatang_Purba_-_Rumah_Adat_Batak_Simalungun_%28Batak_Simalungun_House%29_%2801%29.jpg/360px-Rumah_Bolon_Pamatang_Purba_-_Rumah_Adat_Batak_Simalungun_%28Batak_Simalungun_House%29_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional house in Simalungun North Sumatra</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest indigenous ethnic groups in Sumatra are Malays, Minangkabaus, Bataks, Acehnese, and Lampungs. Other major non-indigenous ethnic groups are <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Chinese">Chinese</a>. </p><p>Below are 11 largest ethnic groups in Sumatra based on the 2010 census (including <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangka Belitung">Bangka Belitung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nias_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nias island">Nias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentawai islands">Mentawai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simeulue_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeulue island">Simeulue</a> and islands around it)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic groups </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> </td> <td>15,239,275 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malays_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Malays in Indonesia">Indonesian Malays (Riau,Jambi,Palembang,Other Malay Subgroups)</a> </td> <td>12,308,609 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bataks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataks">Bataks</a> </td> <td>7,302,330 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> </td> <td>5,799,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethnic groups from Aceh<br />(incl. <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a>, etc.) </td> <td>3,991,883 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> </td> <td>1,231,888 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethnic groups from Lampung<br />(incl. <a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung people</a>) </td> <td>1,109,601 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a> </td> <td>1,021,267 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>2,086,804 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="265" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_T.A.,_Iqbal,_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_T.A.,_Iqbal,_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm&lang=ace&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ace" label="Acèh ‪(ace)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Speakers of Acehnese.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KedukanBukit001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg/170px-KedukanBukit001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg/255px-KedukanBukit001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedukan Bukit Inscription">Kedukan Bukit Inscription</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a>, is the oldest surviving specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> language in <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are over 52 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">languages</a> spoken, all of which (except Chinese and Tamil) belong to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, they are divided into several sub-branches: <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a> (which are represented by <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> in which its closest relatives are languages spoken by <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Ethnic Chams</a> in Cambodia and Vietnam), <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> and other closely related languages), <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a> and others), <a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a> (includes Proper Lampung and <a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornean languages">Bornean</a> (represented by <a href="/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejang</a> in which its closest linguistic relatives are <a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)). Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands and Lampungic branches are endemic to the island. Like all parts of Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (which was based on Riau Malay) is the official language and the main lingua franca. Although Sumatra has its own local lingua franca, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">variants of Malay</a> like Medan Malay and <a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Palembang Malay</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are popular in North and South Sumatra, especially in urban areas. Minangkabau (Padang dialect)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is popular in West Sumatra, some parts of North Sumatra, Bengkulu, Jambi and Riau (especially in <a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a> and areas bordered with <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>) while Acehnese is also used as an inter-ethnic means of communication in some parts of Aceh province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religions</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td>53,409,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td>5,592,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td>1,023,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td>832,415 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td>193,917 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></td> <td>37,214 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></td> <td>10,893 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Overall</b></td> <td><b>61,099,053</b> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 83765.719728552px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19894.200334598px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 900.60030535866px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 455.43245988873px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 98.875374265802px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Sumatra (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (87.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (9.15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (1.68%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (0.061%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> (0.02%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The majority of people in Sumatra are Muslims (87.12%), while 10.69% are Christians, and less than 2.19% are Buddhists and Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-2010_census_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010_census-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumatra is one of seven geographical <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">regions of Indonesia</a>, which includes its adjacent smaller islands. Sumatra was one of the eight original <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">provinces of Indonesia</a> between 1945 and 1948. Including adjacent archipelagoes normally included with Sumatra (such as the Riau Islands, Nias and the Bangka-Belitung group), it now covers ten of Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">38 provinces</a>, which are set out below with their areas and populations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Provinces within the region of Sumatra </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Map</th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Population<br />census<br />2000</th> <th>Population<br />census<br />2010</th> <th>Population<br />census<br />2015</th> <th>Population<br />census<br />2020</th> <th>Population<br />estimate<br />2023</th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Aceh%2C_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Aceh%2C_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Aceh%2C_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Aceh%2C_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Aceh%2C_Indonesia.svg/43px-Flag_of_Aceh%2C_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Aceh_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Aceh_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Aceh_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Aceh_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Aceh_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indonesia_Aceh_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Aceh_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span> </td> <td>58,485.90</td> <td align="right">4,073,006</td> <td align="right">4,486,570</td> <td align="right">4,993,385</td> <td align="right">5,274,871</td> <td align="right">5,512,219</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a><br /> (<i>Sumatra Utara</i>)</td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_North_Sumatra_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Indonesia_North_Sumatra_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_North_Sumatra_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Indonesia_North_Sumatra_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_North_Sumatra_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Indonesia_North_Sumatra_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_North_Sumatra_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">72,460.74</td> <td align="right">11,642,488</td> <td align="right">12,326,678</td> <td align="right">13,923,262</td> <td align="right">14,799,361</td> <td align="right">15,386,640</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medan,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan, Indonesia">Medan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a><br /> (<i>Sumatra Barat</i>)</td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_West_Sumatra_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Indonesia_West_Sumatra_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_West_Sumatra_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Indonesia_West_Sumatra_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_West_Sumatra_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Indonesia_West_Sumatra_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_West_Sumatra_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">42,119.54</td> <td align="right">4,248,515</td> <td align="right">4,846,909</td> <td align="right">5,190,577</td> <td align="right">5,534,472</td> <td align="right">5,757,210</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang, Indonesia">Padang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Riau_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indonesia_Riau_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Riau_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indonesia_Riau_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Riau_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indonesia_Riau_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Riau_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">89,935.90</td> <td align="right">3,907,763</td> <td align="right">5,543,031</td> <td align="right">6,330,941</td> <td align="right">6,394,097</td> <td align="right">6,642,874</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a><br /> (<i>Kepulauan Riau</i>)</td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Riau_Islands_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Indonesia_Riau_Islands_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Riau_Islands_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Indonesia_Riau_Islands_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Riau_Islands_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Indonesia_Riau_Islands_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Riau_Islands_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">8,269.71</td> <td align="right">1,040,207</td> <td align="right">1,685,698</td> <td align="right">1,968,313</td> <td align="right">2,064,564</td> <td align="right">2,162,140</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Pinang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Pinang">Tanjung Pinang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Jambi_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesia_Jambi_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Jambi_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesia_Jambi_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Jambi_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesia_Jambi_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Jambi_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">49,026.58</td> <td align="right">2,407,166</td> <td align="right">3,088,618</td> <td align="right">3,397,164</td> <td align="right">3,548,228</td> <td align="right">3,679,169</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jambi_(city)" title="Jambi (city)">Jambi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> <br /> (<i>Sumatra Selatan</i>)</td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_South_Sumatra_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Indonesia_South_Sumatra_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_South_Sumatra_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Indonesia_South_Sumatra_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_South_Sumatra_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Indonesia_South_Sumatra_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_South_Sumatra_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">91,592.43</td> <td align="right">6,210,800</td> <td align="right">7,446,401</td> <td align="right">8,043,042</td> <td align="right">8,467,432</td> <td align="right">8,743,522</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Bengkulu_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indonesia_Bengkulu_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Bengkulu_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indonesia_Bengkulu_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Bengkulu_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indonesia_Bengkulu_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Bengkulu_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">20,130.21</td> <td align="right">1,455,500</td> <td align="right">1,713,393</td> <td align="right">1,872,136</td> <td align="right">2,010,670</td> <td align="right">2,086,006</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_(city)" title="Bengkulu (city)">Bengkulu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Lampung.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lampung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Lampung.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lampung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Lampung.svg/43px-Flag_of_Lampung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Lampung_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Indonesia_Lampung_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Lampung_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Indonesia_Lampung_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Lampung_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Indonesia_Lampung_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Lampung_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">33,575.41</td> <td align="right">6,730,751</td> <td align="right">7,596,115</td> <td align="right">8,109,601</td> <td align="right">9,007,848</td> <td align="right">9,313,990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a> <br /> (<i>Kepulauan Bangka Belitung</i>)</td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Bangka_Belitung_Islands_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indonesia_Bangka_Belitung_Islands_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Bangka_Belitung_Islands_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indonesia_Bangka_Belitung_Islands_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Bangka_Belitung_Islands_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indonesia_Bangka_Belitung_Islands_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Bangka_Belitung_Islands_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></td> <td align="right">16,690.13</td> <td align="right">899,968</td> <td align="right">1,223,048</td> <td align="right">1,370,331</td> <td align="right">1,455,678</td> <td align="right">1,511,899</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pangkal_Pinang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkal Pinang">Pangkal Pinang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Totals</b></i></td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right">482,286.55</td> <td align="right">42,616,164</td> <td align="right">50,613,947</td> <td align="right">55,198,752</td> <td align="right">58,557,211</td> <td align="right">60,795,669 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumatra_Volcanoes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sumatra_Volcanoes.png/220px-Sumatra_Volcanoes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sumatra_Volcanoes.png/330px-Sumatra_Volcanoes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sumatra_Volcanoes.png/440px-Sumatra_Volcanoes.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Map of geological formation of Sumatra island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinabung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sinabung.jpg/220px-Sinabung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sinabung.jpg/330px-Sinabung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sinabung.jpg/440px-Sinabung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinabung" title="Mount Sinabung">Mount Sinabung</a>, North Sumatra</figcaption></figure> <p>The longest axis of the island runs approximately 1,790 km (1,110 mi) northwest–southeast, crossing the equator near the centre. At its widest point, the island spans 435 km (270 mi). The interior of the island is dominated by two geographical regions: the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Mountains" title="Barisan Mountains">Barisan Mountains</a> in the west and swampy plains in the east. Sumatra is the closest Indonesian island to mainland Asia. </p><p>To the southeast is <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, separated by the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a>. To the north is the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> (located on the Asian mainland), separated by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>. To the east is <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Karimata_Strait" title="Karimata Strait">Karimata Strait</a>. West of the island is the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Sumatran_fault" title="Great Sumatran fault">Great Sumatran fault</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Strike-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">strike-slip</a> fault), and the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_megathrust" title="Sunda megathrust">Sunda megathrust</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a>), run the entire length of the island along its west coast. On 26 December 2004, the western coast and islands of Sumatra, particularly <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> province, were struck by a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">Indian Ocean earthquake</a>. This was the longest earthquake recorded, lasting between 500 and 600 seconds (8.33–10 minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 170,000 Indonesians were killed, primarily in Aceh. Other recent earthquakes to strike Sumatra include the <a href="/wiki/2005_Nias%E2%80%93Simeulue_earthquake" title="2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake">2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2010_Mentawai_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami">2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a> is the site of a <a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">supervolcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">eruption</a> that occurred around 74,000 years ago, representing a climate-changing event.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important rivers in Sumatra belong to the catchment area of the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. Heading north to south, the <a href="/wiki/Asahan_River" title="Asahan River">Asahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rokan_River" title="Rokan River">Rokan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siak_River" title="Siak River">Siak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampar_River" title="Kampar River">Kampar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indragiri_River" title="Indragiri River">Indragiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batanghari</a> flow into the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Malacca Strait</a>, while the island's largest river, the <a href="/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)" title="Musi River (Indonesia)">Musi</a>, flows into the sea at <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Strait" title="Bangka Strait">Bangka Strait</a> in the south. To the east, big rivers carry silt from the mountains, forming the vast lowland interspersed by swamps. Even if mostly unsuitable for farming, the area is currently of great economic importance for Indonesia. It produces oil from both above and below the soil – <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. </p><p>Sumatra is the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian coffee">Indonesian coffee</a>. Small-holders grow Arabica coffee (<i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Coffea arabica</a></i>) in the highlands, while Robusta (<i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_canephora" title="Coffea canephora">Coffea canephora</a></i>) is found in the lowlands. Arabica coffee from the regions of Gayo, Lintong and Sidikilang is typically processed using the <a href="/wiki/Giling_Basah" title="Giling Basah">Giling Basah</a> (wet hulling) technique, which gives it a heavy body and low acidity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumatra is a highly seismic island. Huge earthquakes have been recorded throughout history. In 1797, an 8.9 earthquake shook Western Sumatra, and in 1833, a 9.2 earthquake shook Bengkulu and Western Sumatra. Both events caused large <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. Earthquakes are very common throughout the coastal area of the west and center of the island, and tsunamis are common due to the high seismicity in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medan_skyline_(2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medan_skyline_%282022%29.jpg/300px-Medan_skyline_%282022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medan_skyline_%282022%29.jpg/450px-Medan_skyline_%282022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medan_skyline_%282022%29.jpg/600px-Medan_skyline_%282022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3043" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, the largest city in Sumatra</figcaption></figure> <p>By population, Medan is the largest city in Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik,_Jakarta_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik,_Jakarta-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medan is also the most visited and developed city in Sumatra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Largest cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>Province </th> <th>City Birthday </th> <th>Area <br />(in km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population <br /> 2010 census </th> <th>Population <br /> 2020 census </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> </td> <td>1 July 1590 </td> <td align="right">265.10 </td> <td align="right">2,097,610 </td> <td align="right">2,435,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> </td> <td>17 June 683 </td> <td align="right">400.61 </td> <td align="right">1,455,284 </td> <td align="right">1,668,848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a> </td> <td>17 June 1682 </td> <td align="right">169.21 </td> <td align="right">881,801 </td> <td align="right">1,166,066 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> </td> <td>23 June 1784 </td> <td align="right">633.01 </td> <td align="right">897,767 </td> <td align="right">983,356 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> </td> <td>7 August 1669 </td> <td align="right">694.96 </td> <td align="right">833,562 </td> <td align="right">909,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jambi_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi City">Jambi</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> </td> <td>17 May 1946 </td> <td align="right">205.00 </td> <td align="right">531,857 </td> <td align="right">606,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_(city)" title="Bengkulu (city)">Bengkulu</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> </td> <td>18 March 1719 </td> <td align="right">144.52 </td> <td align="right">308,544 </td> <td align="right">373,591 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dumai" title="Dumai">Dumai</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> </td> <td>20 April 1999 </td> <td align="right">2,039.35 </td> <td align="right">253,803 </td> <td align="right">316,782 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Binjai" title="Binjai">Binjai</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">90.24 </td> <td align="right">246,154 </td> <td align="right">291,842 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pematangsiantar" title="Pematangsiantar">Pematang Siantar</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> </td> <td>24 April 1871 </td> <td align="right">60.52 </td> <td align="right">234,698 </td> <td align="right">268,254 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> </td> <td>22 April 1205 </td> <td align="right">61.36 </td> <td align="right">223,446 </td> <td align="right">252,899 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lubuklinggau" title="Lubuklinggau">Lubuklinggau</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> </td> <td>17 August 2001 </td> <td align="right">419.80 </td> <td align="right">201,308 </td> <td align="right">234,166 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">List of national parks of Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Sumatra" title="List of amphibians of Sumatra">List of amphibians of Sumatra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumatran_tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sumatran_tiger.jpg/220px-Sumatran_tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Sumatran_tiger.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafflesia_sumatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rafflesia_sumatra.jpg/170px-Rafflesia_sumatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rafflesia_sumatra.jpg/255px-Rafflesia_sumatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rafflesia_sumatra.jpg/340px-Rafflesia_sumatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rafflesia_arnoldii" title="Rafflesia arnoldii">Rafflesia arnoldii</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Sumatra supports a wide range of vegetation types that are home to a rich variety of species, including 17 endemic genera of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitten1999_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitten1999-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique species include the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatran pine">Sumatran pine</a> which dominates the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tropical_pine_forests" title="Sumatran tropical pine forests">Sumatran tropical pine forests</a> of the higher mountainsides in the north of the island and rainforest plants such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rafflesia_arnoldii" title="Rafflesia arnoldii">Rafflesia arnoldii</a></i> (the world's largest individual flower), and the <a href="/wiki/Titan_arum" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan arum">titan arum</a> (the world's largest unbranched <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>). </p><p>The island is home to 201 mammal species and 580 bird species. There are nine endemic mammal species on mainland Sumatra and 14 more endemic to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentawai Islands">Mentawai Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitten1999_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitten1999-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 300 freshwater fish species in Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 93 <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Sumatra" title="List of amphibians of Sumatra">amphibian species</a> in Sumatra, 21 of which are endemic to Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_ground_cuckoo" title="Sumatran ground cuckoo">Sumatran ground cuckoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan" title="Tapanuli orangutan">Tapanuli orangutan</a> are all critically endangered, indicating the highest level of threat to their survival. In October 2008, the Indonesian government announced a plan to protect Sumatra's remaining forests.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island includes more than 10 national parks, including three which are listed as the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainforest_Heritage_of_Sumatra" title="Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra">Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Leuser_National_Park" title="Gunung Leuser National Park">Gunung Leuser National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Barisan_Selatan_National_Park" title="Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park">Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Berbak_National_Park" title="Berbak National Park">Berbak National Park</a> is one of three national parks in Indonesia listed as a <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> of international importance under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>. </p><p>Sumatra has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest since 1980. Many species are now <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_ground_cuckoo" title="Sumatran ground cuckoo">Sumatran ground cuckoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">2013 Southeast Asian haze</a> which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several unconnected railway networks built during <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> exist in Sumatra, such as the ones connecting <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lhokseumawe" title="Lhokseumawe">Lhokseumawe</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Besitang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besitang (page does not exist)">Besitang</a>-<a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tebing_Tinggi" title="Tebing Tinggi">Tebingtinggi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pematang_Siantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pematang Siantar">Pematang Siantar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rantau_Prapat" title="Rantau Prapat">Rantau Prapat</a> in Northern Sumatra (the Banda Aceh-Besitang section was closed in 1971, but is currently being rebuilt).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang, Indonesia">Padang</a>-<a href="/wiki/Solok" title="Solok">Solok</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lahat_Regency" title="Lahat Regency">Lahat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lubuklinggau" title="Lubuklinggau">Lubuklinggau</a> in Southern Sumatra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sumatra" title="Architecture of Sumatra">Architecture of Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Seguntang" title="Bukit Seguntang">Bukit Seguntang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Communism in Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sumatra" title="Music of Sumatra">Music of Sumatra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a></i> states that <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Sumatra</i></span> is the correct spelling in Indonesian;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it is popularly and legislatively spelled in Indonesian as <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Sumatera</i></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/sumatra">"Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring"</a> [Entry for "Sumatra" in the online version of the <i>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</i>]. <i>kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id</i> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Research,_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214930/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/sumatra">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id&rft.atitle=Hasil+Pencarian+%E2%80%93+KBBI+Daring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Fsumatra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadbolt2013" class="citation news cs1">Shadbolt, Peter (21 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/19/world/asia/singapore-haze/index.html">"Singapore Chokes on Haze as Sumatran Forest Fires Rage"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033133/http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/19/world/asia/singapore-haze/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forensic-architecture.org&rft.atitle=Forensic+Architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforensic-architecture.org%2Finvestigation%2Fecocide-in-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/explainer-what-is-ecocide/">"Explainer: What is ecocide?"</a>. <i>Eco-Business</i>. 4 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017232943/https://www.eco-business.com/news/explainer-what-is-ecocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eco-Business&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+What+is+ecocide%3F&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eco-business.com%2Fnews%2Fexplainer-what-is-ecocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAidaTaharDavey2023" class="citation cs2">Aida, Melly; Tahar, Abdul Muthalib; Davey, Orima (2023), Perdana, Ryzal; Putrawan, Gede Eka; Saputra, Bayu; Septiawan, Trio Yuda (eds.), "Ecocide in the International Law: Integration Between Environmental Rights and International Crime and Its Implementation in Indonesia", <i>Proceedings of the 3rd Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2022)</i>, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, vol. 740, Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, pp. 572–584, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2F978-2-38476-046-6_57">10.2991/978-2-38476-046-6_57</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-38476-045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-38476-045-9"><bdi>978-2-38476-045-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+3rd+Universitas+Lampung+International+Conference+on+Social+Sciences+%28ULICoSS+2022%29&rft.atitle=Ecocide+in+the+International+Law%3A+Integration+Between+Environmental+Rights+and+International+Crime+and+Its+Implementation+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=740&rft.pages=572-584&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2991%2F978-2-38476-046-6_57&rft.isbn=978-2-38476-045-9&rft.aulast=Aida&rft.aufirst=Melly&rft.au=Tahar%2C+Abdul+Muthalib&rft.au=Davey%2C+Orima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberroDaniele2021" class="citation web cs1">Alberro, Heather; Daniele, Luigi (29 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/ecocide-why-establishing-a-new-international-crime-would-be-a-step-towards-interspecies-justice-162059">"Ecocide: why establishing a new international crime would be a step towards interspecies justice"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717081618/https://theconversation.com/ecocide-why-establishing-a-new-international-crime-would-be-a-step-towards-interspecies-justice-162059">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Ecocide%3A+why+establishing+a+new+international+crime+would+be+a+step+towards+interspecies+justice&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.aulast=Alberro&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Daniele%2C+Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fecocide-why-establishing-a-new-international-crime-would-be-a-step-towards-interspecies-justice-162059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetiyonoNatalis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Setiyono, Joko; Natalis, Aga (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18280%2Fijsdp.160807">"Ecocides as a Serious Human Rights Violation: A Study on the Case of River Pollution by the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia"</a>. <i>International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning</i>. <b>16</b> (8): 1465–1471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18280%2Fijsdp.160807">10.18280/ijsdp.160807</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-7601">1743-7601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245606762">245606762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sustainable+Development+and+Planning&rft.atitle=Ecocides+as+a+Serious+Human+Rights+Violation%3A+A+Study+on+the+Case+of+River+Pollution+by+the+Palm+Oil+Industry+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1465-1471&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245606762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1743-7601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18280%2Fijsdp.160807&rft.aulast=Setiyono&rft.aufirst=Joko&rft.au=Natalis%2C+Aga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18280%252Fijsdp.160807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakard1999" class="citation book cs1">Drakard, Jane (1999). <i>A Kingdom of Words: Language and Power in Sumatra</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-56-0035-X" title="Special:BookSources/983-56-0035-X"><bdi>983-56-0035-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kingdom+of+Words%3A+Language+and+Power+in+Sumatra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=983-56-0035-X&rft.aulast=Drakard&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2006" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ&q=+Sumatrabhumi"><i>Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula</i></a>. Continental Sales, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-67-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-67-0"><bdi>978-981-4155-67-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Kingdoms+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago+and+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.pub=Continental+Sales%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-981-4155-67-0&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Paul+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqwuAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2BSumatrabhumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1783" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, William (1783). <i>The History of Sumatra</i>. Dutch: Longman. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sumatra&rft.place=Dutch&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1783&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb2013" class="citation book cs1">Cribb, Robert (2013). <i>Historical Atlas of Indonesia</i>. Routledge. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Indonesia&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutrawan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Putrawan, I Nyoman Alit (20 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conference.uhnsugriwa.ac.id/index.php/icohis/article/view/2">"THE VALUE OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE RAMAYANA EPIC"</a>. <i>International Conference on Hindu Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 8 – via Google Scholar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Conference+on+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+VALUE+OF+RELIGIOUS+MODERATION+IN+THE+RAMAYANA+EPIC&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.aulast=Putrawan&rft.aufirst=I+Nyoman+Alit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconference.uhnsugriwa.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Ficohis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sneddon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sneddon_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA65"><i>The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society</i></a>. UNSW Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868405988" title="Special:BookSources/9780868405988"><bdi>9780868405988</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529081804/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+language%3A+its+history+and+role+in+modern+society&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780868405988&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1924" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laIPgMQF_XsC&pg=PA347"><i>A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120820005" title="Special:BookSources/9788120820005"><bdi>9788120820005</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506234650/https://books.google.com/books?id=laIPgMQF_XsC&pg=PA347&lpg=PA347">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary+with+Transliteration%2C+Accentuation%2C+and+Etymological+Analysis&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=9788120820005&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaIPgMQF_XsC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Henry_Yule1866" class="citation book cs1">Sir Henry Yule, ed. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8lYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Issue 36</i></a>. pp. 86–87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221114105/https://books.google.com/books?id=8lYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither%3A+Being+a+Collection+of+Medieval+Notices+of+China%2C+Issue+36&rft.pages=86-87&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8lYJAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1811" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, William (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx5MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10"><i>The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, with a Description of the Natural Productions, and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of That Island</i></a>. pp. 4–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054646/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx5MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sumatra%3A+Containing+an+Account+of+the+Government%2C+Laws%2C+Customs+and+Manners+of+the+Native+Inhabitants%2C+with+a+Description+of+the+Natural+Productions%2C+and+a+Relation+of+the+Ancient+Political+State+of+That+Island&rft.pages=4-10&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYx5MAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Agrees+Aceh+Peace+Deal&rft.date=2005-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4690293.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2003/indonesia1203/5.htm">"Aceh Under Martial Law: Inside the Secret War: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Violations"</a>. <i>hrw.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306210847/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/indonesia1203/5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrw.org&rft.atitle=Aceh+Under+Martial+Law%3A+Inside+the+Secret+War%3A+Human+Rights+and+Humanitarian+Law+Violations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2F2003%2Findonesia1203%2F5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144756/http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1">"Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 – 2023"</a> [Indonesian Population by Provinces 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010]. <i>Badan Pusat Statistik</i> (in Indonesian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tectonics.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Earthquakes+and+Tsunamis+in+Sumatra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tectonics.caltech.edu%2Foutreach%2Fhighlights%2Fsumatra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik,_Jakarta-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik,_Jakarta_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitten1999-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitten1999_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitten1999_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitten1999" class="citation book cs1">Whitten, Tony (1999). <i>The Ecology of Sumatra</i>. 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"Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an asian perspective". <i>Biodiversity & Conservation</i> 15(11): 3543–3568</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rufford.org/rsg/projects/hellen_kurniati">"Hellen Kurniati"</a>. <i>The Rufford Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105258/http://www.rufford.org/rsg/projects/hellen_kurniati">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rufford+Foundation&rft.atitle=Hellen+Kurniati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rufford.org%2Frsg%2Fprojects%2Fhellen_kurniati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2008/2008-10-14-01.asp">"Forest, Wildlife Protection Pledged at World Conservation Congress"</a>. <i>Environment News Service</i>. 14 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603162220/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2008/2008-10-14-01.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+News+Service&rft.atitle=Forest%2C+Wildlife+Protection+Pledged+at+World+Conservation+Congress&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens-newswire.com%2Fens%2Foct2008%2F2008-10-14-01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounger2011" class="citation news cs1">Younger, Scott (6 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210204/http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/the-slow-train/476582/">"The Slow Train"</a>. <i>Jakarta Globe</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Slow+Train&rft.date=2011-11-06&rft.aulast=Younger&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com%2Farchive%2Fthe-slow-train%2F476582%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroverSukamtaEdis2017" class="citation web cs1">Grover, Samantha; Sukamta, Linda; Edis, Robert (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/people-palm-oil-pulp-and-planet-four-perspectives-on-indonesias-fire-stricken-peatlands-80004">"People, Palm Oil, Pulp and Planet: Four Perspectives on Indonesia's Fire-stricken Peatlands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=People%2C+Palm+Oil%2C+Pulp+and+Planet%3A+Four+Perspectives+on+Indonesia%27s+Fire-stricken+Peatlands&rft.date=2017-08&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Sukamta%2C+Linda&rft.au=Edis%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fpeople-palm-oil-pulp-and-planet-four-perspectives-on-indonesias-fire-stricken-peatlands-80004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>William Marsden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16768"><i>The History of Sumatra</i></a>, (1783); 3rd ed. (1811) freely available online.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sumatra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sumatra">Sumatra</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sumatra#Q3492" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sumatra">Sumatra</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sumatra"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sumatra">"Sumatra" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sumatra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumatra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (<i>current</i>) • <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> (<i>under construction</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/90px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Capital Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Lists by</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily#Geography" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Geography" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1245953/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058586-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85130407">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020255p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020255p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628653">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sumatra (Velké Sundy : ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge201758&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457644">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000501198&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548501905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b48356e1-e531-42bd-8d0f-1137b2222acf">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028348826">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046245">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sumatra">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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