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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein Data Bank</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بنك بيانات البروتينات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنك بيانات البروتينات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinska_banka_podataka" title="Proteinska banka podataka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proteinska banka podataka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Βάση δεδομένων πρωτεϊνών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάση δεδομένων πρωτεϊνών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina_Datenbazo" title="Proteina Datenbazo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proteina Datenbazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بانک داده پروتئین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک داده پروتئین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4_%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="단백질 정보 은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단백질 정보 은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בנק מידע החלבונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנק מידע החלבונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Банка на податоци за белковини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банка на податоци за белковини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنك بيانات البروتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنك بيانات البروتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="蛋白質構造データバンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蛋白質構造データバンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinska_banka_podataka" title="Proteinska banka podataka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Proteinska banka podataka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinska_banka_podataka" title="Proteinska banka podataka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proteinska banka podataka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protein Data Bank" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Банк даних білків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банк даних білків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="蛋白質資料庫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蛋白質資料庫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q766195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Protein Data Bank</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wwpdb-logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wwpdb-logo.png/250px-Wwpdb-logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wwpdb-logo.png/330px-Wwpdb-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wwpdb-logo.png/500px-Wwpdb-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Content</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Description</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">Protein structure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_proteins" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins">NMR Structure Determination</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Contact</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Primary citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30357364">30357364</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">Data format</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MmCIF" class="mw-redirect" title="MmCIF">mmCIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank_(file_format)" title="Protein Data Bank (file format)">PDB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwpdb.org/">www<wbr />.wwpdb<wbr />.org</a></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/">ebi.ac.uk</a></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org">www<wbr />.rcsb<wbr />.org</a></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmrb.io/">bmrb<wbr />.io</a></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/">pdbj<wbr />.org</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Protein Data Bank</b> (<b>PDB</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, which is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Protein_Data_Bank" title="Worldwide Protein Data Bank">Worldwide Protein Data Bank</a> (wwPDB). This structural data is obtained and deposited by <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemists</a> worldwide through the use of experimental methodologies such as <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_proteins" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins">NMR spectroscopy</a>, and, increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo-electron microscopy">cryo-electron microscopy</a>. All submitted data are reviewed by expert <a href="/wiki/Biocuration" title="Biocuration">biocurators</a> and, once approved, are made freely available on the Internet under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global access to the data is provided by the websites of the wwPDB member organizations (PDBe,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDBj,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RCSB PDB,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and BMRB<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The PDB is a key in areas of <a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">structural biology</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Structural_genomics" title="Structural genomics">structural genomics</a>. Most major scientific journals and some funding agencies now require scientists to submit their structure data to the PDB. Many other databases use protein structures deposited in the PDB. For example, <a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins_database" title="Structural Classification of Proteins database">SCOP</a> and <a href="/wiki/CATH" class="mw-redirect" title="CATH">CATH</a> classify protein structures, while <a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a> provides a graphic overview of PDB entries using information from other sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology">Gene Ontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9433130_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9433130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_Data_Bank&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two forces converged to initiate the PDB: a small but growing collection of sets of protein structure data determined by X-ray diffraction; and the newly available (1968) molecular graphics display, the <i>Brookhaven RAster Display</i> (BRAD), to visualize these protein structures in 3-D. In 1969, with the sponsorship of Walter Hamilton at the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, Edgar Meyer (<a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>) began to write software to store atomic coordinate files in a common format to make them available for geometric and graphical evaluation. By 1971, one of Meyer's programs, SEARCH, enabled researchers to remotely access information from the database to study protein structures offline.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEARCH was instrumental in enabling networking, thus marking the functional beginning of the PDB. </p><p>The Protein Data Bank was announced in October 1971 in <a href="/wiki/Nature_New_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature New Biology">Nature New Biology</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Crystallographic_Data_Centre" title="Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre">Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre</a>, UK and Brookhaven National Laboratory, US. </p><p>Upon Hamilton's death in 1973, Tom Koetzle took over direction of the PDB for the subsequent 20 years. In January 1994, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Sussman" title="Joel Sussman">Joel Sussman</a> of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a> was appointed head of the PDB. In October 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the PDB was transferred to the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB);<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the transfer was completed in June 1999. The new director was <a href="/wiki/Helen_M._Berman" title="Helen M. Berman">Helen M. Berman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> (one of the managing institutions of the RCSB, the other being the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center">San Diego Supercomputer Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="UC San Diego">UC San Diego</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, with the formation of the wwPDB, the PDB became an international organization. The founding members are PDBe (Europe),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RCSB (US), and PDBj (Japan).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biological_Magnetic_Resonance_Data_Bank" title="Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank">BMRB</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> joined in 2006. Each of the four members of <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Protein_Data_Bank" title="Worldwide Protein Data Bank">wwPDB</a> can act as deposition, data processing and distribution centers for PDB data. The data processing refers to the fact that wwPDB staff review and annotate each submitted entry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data are then automatically checked for plausibility (the source code<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for this validation software has been made available to the public at no charge). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_Data_Bank&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PDB database is updated weekly (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+0 Wednesday), along with its holdings list.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 10 January 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_Data_Bank&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the PDB comprised: </p> <table border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF"> <tbody><tr align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th>Experimental<br />Method </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> only </th> <th>Proteins with oligosaccharides </th> <th>Protein/Nucleic Acid<br />complexes </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic Acids</a> only </th> <th>Other </th> <th>Oligosaccharides only </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction</a></td> <td>152277</td> <td>8969</td> <td>8027</td> <td>2566</td> <td>163</td> <td>11</td> <td>172013 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="right"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_proteins" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins">NMR</a></td> <td>12104</td> <td>32</td> <td>281</td> <td>1433</td> <td>31</td> <td>6</td> <td>13887 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo-electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a></td> <td>9226</td> <td>1633</td> <td>2898</td> <td>77</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>13842 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="right"> <td align="left">Hybrid</td> <td>189</td> <td>7</td> <td>6</td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>215 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Neutron</td> <td>72</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Other</td> <td>32</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>4</td> <td>309 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="right"> <td><i>Total:</i></td> <td>173900</td> <td>10642</td> <td>11212</td> <td>4091</td> <td>202</td> <td>22</td> <td>200069 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd>162,041 structures in the PDB have a <a href="/wiki/Structure_factor" title="Structure factor">structure factor</a> file.</dd> <dd>11,242 structures have an NMR restraint file.</dd> <dd>5,774 structures in the PDB have a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_shift" title="Chemical shift">chemical shifts</a> file.</dd> <dd>13,388 structures in the PDB have a <a href="/wiki/3DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="3DEM">3DEM</a> map file deposited in <a href="/wiki/EM_Data_Bank" title="EM Data Bank">EM Data Bank</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rate_of_Protein_Structure_Determination-2019b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rate_of_Protein_Structure_Determination-2019b.png/330px-Rate_of_Protein_Structure_Determination-2019b.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rate_of_Protein_Structure_Determination-2019b.png/495px-Rate_of_Protein_Structure_Determination-2019b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rate_of_Protein_Structure_Determination-2019b.png/660px-Rate_of_Protein_Structure_Determination-2019b.png 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Rate of protein structure determination techniques over the decades. MX = macromolecular <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a>, 3DEM = 3D <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most structures are determined by X-ray diffraction, but about 7% of structures are determined by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_proteins" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins">protein NMR</a>. When using X-ray diffraction, approximations of the coordinates of the atoms of the protein are obtained, whereas using NMR, the distance between pairs of atoms of the protein is estimated. The final conformation of the protein is obtained from NMR by solving a <a href="/wiki/Distance_geometry" title="Distance geometry">distance geometry</a> problem. After 2013, a growing number of proteins are determined by <a href="/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo-electron microscopy">cryo-electron microscopy</a>. </p><p>For PDB structures determined by X-ray diffraction that have a structure factor file, their electron density map may be viewed. The data of such structures may be viewed on the three PDB websites. </p><p>Historically, the number of structures in the PDB has grown at an approximately exponential rate, with 100 registered structures in 1982, 1,000 structures in 1993, 10,000 in 1999, 100,000 in 2014, and 200,000 in January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_format">File format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_Data_Bank&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: File format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank_(file_format)" title="Protein Data Bank (file format)">Protein Data Bank (file format)</a></div> <p>The file format initially used by the PDB was called the PDB file format. The original format was restricted by the width of <a href="/wiki/Computer_punch_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer punch card">computer punch cards</a> to 80 characters per line. Around 1996, the "macromolecular Crystallographic Information file" format, mmCIF, which is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_Information_File" title="Crystallographic Information File">CIF format</a> was phased in. mmCIF became the standard format for the PDB archive in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the wwPDB announced that depositions for crystallographic methods would only be accepted in mmCIF format.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> version of PDB, called PDBML, was described in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure files can be downloaded in any of these three formats, though an increasing number of structures do not fit the legacy PDB format. Individual files are easily downloaded into graphics packages from Internet <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a>: </p> <ul><li>For PDB format files, use, e.g., <code>http://www.pdb.org/pdb/files/4hhb.pdb.gz</code> or <code>http://pdbe.org/download/4hhb</code></li> <li>For PDBML (XML) files, use, e.g., <code>http://www.pdb.org/pdb/files/4hhb.xml.gz</code> or <code>http://pdbe.org/pdbml/4hhb</code></li></ul> <p>The "<code>4hhb</code>" is the PDB identifier. Each structure published in PDB receives a four-character alphanumeric identifier, its PDB ID. (This is not a unique identifier for biomolecules, because several structures for the same molecule—in different environments or conformations—may be contained in PDB with different PDB IDs.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viewing_the_data">Viewing the data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_Data_Bank&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Viewing the data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure files may be viewed using one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_open_source_software_packages#Molecule_viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open source software packages">several free and open source computer programs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jmol" title="Jmol">Jmol</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyMOL" title="PyMOL">Pymol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Molecular_Dynamics" title="Visual Molecular Dynamics">VMD</a>, Molstar and <a href="/wiki/RasMol" title="RasMol">Rasmol</a>. Other non-free, <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a> programs include ICM-Browser,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MDL_Chime" title="MDL Chime">MDL Chime</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCSF_Chimera" title="UCSF Chimera">UCSF Chimera</a>, Swiss-PDB Viewer,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> StarBiochem<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a Java-based interactive molecular viewer with integrated search of protein databank), <a href="/wiki/Sirius_visualization_software" title="Sirius visualization software">Sirius</a>, and VisProt3DS<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a tool for Protein Visualization in 3D stereoscopic view in anaglyph and other modes), and <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Studio" title="Discovery Studio">Discovery Studio</a>. The RCSB PDB website contains an extensive list of both free and commercial molecule visualization programs and web browser plugins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_Data_Bank&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_database" title="Crystallographic database">Crystallographic database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">Protein structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction" title="Protein structure prediction">Protein structure prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure_database" title="Protein structure database">Protein structure database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDBREPORT" title="PDBREPORT">PDBREPORT</a> lists all anomalies (also errors) in PDB structures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a>—extracts data from other databases about PDB structures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteopedia" title="Proteopedia">Proteopedia</a>—a collaborative 3D encyclopedia of proteins and other molecules</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_Data_Bank&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwwPDB2019" class="citation journal cs1">wwPDB, Consortium (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6324056">"Protein Data Bank: the single global archive for 3D macromolecular structure data"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i>. <b>47</b> (D1): <span class="nowrap">520–</span>528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgky949">10.1093/nar/gky949</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6324056">6324056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30357364">30357364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=Protein+Data+Bank%3A+the+single+global+archive+for+3D+macromolecular+structure+data&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=D1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E520-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6324056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30357364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgky949&rft.aulast=wwPDB&rft.aufirst=Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6324056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtein+Data+Bank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwwPDB.org" class="citation web cs1">wwPDB.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwpdb.org/about/usage-policies">"wwPDB: Usage Policies"</a>. <i>www.wwpdb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioinformatics" title="Template:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioinformatics" title="Template talk:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioinformatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioinformatics348" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sequence databases: <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Nucleotide_Archive" title="European Nucleotide Archive">European Nucleotide Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_GeneBank" title="China National GeneBank">China National GeneBank</a></li> <li>Secondary databases: <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>, database of protein sequences grouping together <a href="/wiki/UniProt#UniProtKB.2FSwiss-Prot" title="UniProt">Swiss-Prot</a>, <a href="/wiki/UniProt#UniProtKB.2FTrEMBL" title="UniProt">TrEMBL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_Information_Resource" title="Protein Information Resource">Protein Information Resource</a></li> <li>Other databases: <a href="/wiki/BioNumbers" title="BioNumbers">BioNumbers</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protein Data Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>, <a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene Ontology</a></li> <li>Specialised genomic databases: <a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_Genome_Database" title="Saccharomyces Genome Database">Saccharomyces Genome Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlyBase" title="FlyBase">FlyBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/VectorBase" title="VectorBase">VectorBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat_Genome_Database" title="Rat Genome Database">Rat Genome Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHI-base" title="PHI-base">PHI-base</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Arabidopsis_Information_Resource" title="The Arabidopsis Information Resource">Arabidopsis Information Resource</a>, <a href="/wiki/GISAID" title="GISAID">GISAID</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zebrafish_Information_Network" title="Zebrafish Information Network">Zebrafish Information Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(sequence_analysis)" title="Bowtie (sequence analysis)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustal" title="Clustal">Clustal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMBOSS" title="EMBOSS">EMBOSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMMER" title="HMMER">HMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSCLE_(alignment_software)" title="MUSCLE (alignment software)">MUSCLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages" title="Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages">PANGOLIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAMtools" title="SAMtools">SAMtools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Oligonucleotide_Analysis_Package" title="Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package">SOAP suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TopHat_(bioinformatics)" title="TopHat (bioinformatics)">TopHat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Server: <a href="/wiki/ExPASy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExPASy">ExPASy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_(education_platform)" title="Rosalind (education platform)">Rosalind (education platform)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_Biology_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational Biology Department">Computational Biology Department</a> (CBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSBI" title="COSBI">Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology</a> (COSBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_Center_for_Life_Science" title="Database Center for Life Science">Database Center for Life Science</a> (DBCLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> (DDBJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> (EMBL-EBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a> (EMBL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron_Institute" title="Flatiron Institute">Flatiron Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Craig_Venter_Institute" title="J. Craig Venter Institute">J. Craig Venter Institute</a> (JCVI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Molecular_Cell_Biology_and_Genetics" title="Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics">Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics</a> (MPI-CBG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">US National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Genetics" title="National Institute of Genetics">Japanese Institute of Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Bioinformatics_Centre" title="Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre">Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre</a> (NBIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Genome_Center" title="Philippine Genome Center">Philippine Genome Center</a> (PGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Research" title="Scripps Research">Scripps Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformatics" title="Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics</a> (SIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Sanger_Institute" title="Wellcome Sanger Institute">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_Institute" title="Whitehead Institute">Whitehead Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology" title="African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology">African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</a> (ASBCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Bioinformatics_Resource" title="Australia Bioinformatics Resource">Australia Bioinformatics Resource</a> (EMBL-AR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMBnet" title="EMBnet">European Molecular Biology network</a> (EMBnet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Nucleotide_Sequence_Database_Collaboration" title="International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration">International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration</a> (INSDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Biocuration" title="International Society for Biocuration">International Society for Biocuration</a> (ISB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology" title="International Society for Computational Biology">International Society for Computational Biology</a> (ISCB) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology_Student_Council" title="International Society for Computational Biology Student Council">Student Council</a> (ISCB-SC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Genomics_and_Integrative_Biology" title="Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology">Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology</a> (CSIR-IGIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_Bioinformatics" title="Japanese Society for Bioinformatics">Japanese Society for Bioinformatics</a> (JSBi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Computational_Biology_Conference" title="Basel Computational Biology Conference">Basel Computational Biology Conference‎</a> ([BC<sup>2</sup>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computational_Biology" title="European Conference on Computational Biology">European Conference on Computational Biology</a> (ECCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Systems_for_Molecular_Biology" title="Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology">Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology</a> (ISMB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Bioinformatics" title="International Conference on Bioinformatics">International Conference on Bioinformatics</a> (InCoB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computational_Intelligence_Methods_for_Bioinformatics_and_Biostatistics" title="International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics">International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics</a> (CIBB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCB_Africa_ASBCB_Conference_on_Bioinformatics" title="ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics">ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Symposium_on_Biocomputing" title="Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing">Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing</a> (PSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_in_Computational_Molecular_Biology" title="Research in Computational Molecular Biology">Research in Computational Molecular Biology</a> (RECOMB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRAM_(file_format)" title="CRAM (file format)">CRAM format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTA_format" title="FASTA format">FASTA format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTQ_format" title="FASTQ format">FASTQ format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXML_format" title="NeXML format">NeXML format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_file" title="Nexus file">Nexus format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileup_format" title="Pileup format">Pileup format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_(file_format)" title="SAM (file format)">SAM format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_format" title="Stockholm format">Stockholm format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Call_Format" title="Variant Call Format">VCF format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_feature_format" title="General feature format">GFF format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_transfer_format" title="Gene transfer format">GTF format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biobanks" title="List of biobanks">List of biobanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">List of biological databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_database" title="Sequence database">Sequence database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_alignment" title="Sequence alignment">Sequence alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bioinformatics" title="Category:Bioinformatics">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bioinformatics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bioinformatics">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crystallography577" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crystallography" title="Template:Crystallography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crystallography" title="Template talk:Crystallography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crystallography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crystallography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crystallography577" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_crystallography" title="Timeline of crystallography">Timeline of crystallography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallographers" title="Category:Crystallographers">Crystallographers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocrystallography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biocrystallography (page does not exist)">Biocrystallography</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">Unit cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravais_lattice" title="Bravais lattice">Bravais lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">Miller index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_point_group" title="Crystallographic point group">Point group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_lattice" title="Reciprocal lattice">Reciprocal lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_restriction_theorem" title="Crystallographic restriction theorem">Restriction theorem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure_prediction" title="Crystal structure prediction">Structure prediction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Systems26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Hexagonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclinic_crystal_system" title="Triclinic crystal system">Triclinic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">Growth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">Crystallite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equiaxed_crystal" title="Equiaxed crystal">Equiaxed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiveling" title="Fiveling">Fiveling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperiodic_crystal" title="Aperiodic crystal">Aperiodic crystal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">Quasicrystal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase<br />transition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility_gap" title="Miscibility gap">Miscibility gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_polymorphism" title="Crystal polymorphism">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transformation_crystallography" title="Phase transformation crystallography">Phase transformation crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_(materials_science)" title="Segregation (materials science)">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinodal_decomposition" title="Spinodal decomposition">Spinodal decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinier%E2%80%93Preston_zone" title="Guinier–Preston zone">GP-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_ripening" title="Ostwald ripening">Ostwald ripening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">Defects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_boundary" title="Grain boundary">Grain boundary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disclination" title="Disclination">Disclination</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coincidence_site_lattice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coincidence site lattice (page does not exist)">CSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_growth" title="Grain growth">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_grain_growth" title="Abnormal grain growth">Abnormal growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_crystal" title="Perfect crystal">Perfect crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacking_fault" title="Stacking fault">Stacking fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">Dislocation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_dislocation" title="Partial dislocation">Partial dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kink_(materials_science)" title="Kink (materials science)">Kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_slip" title="Cross slip">Cross slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Read_source" title="Frank–Read source">Frank–Read source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottrell_atmosphere" title="Cottrell atmosphere">Cottrell atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peierls_stress" title="Peierls stress">Peierls stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrically_necessary_dislocations" title="Geometrically necessary dislocations">GND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer%E2%80%93Cottrell_junction" title="Lomer–Cottrell junction">Lomer–Cottrell junction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(materials_science)" title="Slip (materials science)">Slip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slip_bands_in_metals" title="Slip bands in metals">Slip bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_defect" title="Interstitial defect">Interstitials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_defect" title="Bjerrum defect">Bjerrum defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenkel_defect" title="Frenkel defect">Frenkel defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigner_effect" title="Wigner effect">Wigner effect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">Vacancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_defect" title="Schottky defect">Schottky defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-center" title="F-center">F-center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Wales_defect" title="Stone–Wales defect">Stone–Wales defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond" title="Crystallographic defects in diamond">Defects in diamond</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragg%27s_law" title="Bragg's law">Bragg's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedel%27s_law" title="Friedel's law">Friedel's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_constancy_of_interfacial_angles" title="Law of constancy of interfacial angles">Steno's law (constancy of interfacial angles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rational_indices" title="Law of rational indices">Law of rational indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_symmetry_(crystallography)" title="Law of symmetry (crystallography)">Law of symmetry</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bragg_plane" title="Bragg plane">Bragg plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald%27s_sphere" title="Ewald's sphere">Ewald's sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin_notation" title="Hermann–Mauguin notation">Hermann–Mauguin notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_factor" title="Structure factor">Structure factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_ellipsoid" title="Thermal ellipsoid">Thermal ellipsoid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/50px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/75px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/100px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystallographic_characterization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystallographic characterization (page does not exist)">Characterisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_crystallography" title="Electron crystallography">Electron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron crystallography">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_crystallography" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography">Nuclear magnetic resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_methods_(crystallography)" title="Direct methods (crystallography)">Direct methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphous_replacement" title="Isomorphous replacement">Isomorphous replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_replacement" title="Molecular replacement">Molecular replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterson_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Patterson map">Patterson map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_retrieval" title="Phase retrieval">Phase retrieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerchberg%E2%80%93Saxton_algorithm" title="Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm">Gerchberg–Saxton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_particle_analysis" title="Single particle analysis">Single particle analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_software" title="Category:Crystallography software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Computational_Project_Number_4" title="Collaborative Computational Project Number 4">CCP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coot_(software)" title="Coot (software)">Coot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrystalExplorer" title="CrystalExplorer">CrystalExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disordered_Structure_Refinement" title="Disordered Structure Refinement">DSR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jana.fzu.cz/">JANA2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEX" title="MTEX">MTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OctaDist" title="OctaDist">OctaDist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olex2" title="Olex2">Olex2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShelXle" title="ShelXle">SHELX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_database" title="Crystallographic database">Databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbao_Crystallographic_Server" title="Bilbao Crystallographic Server">Bilbao Crystallographic Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Structural_Database" title="Cambridge Structural Database">CCDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_Information_File" title="Crystallographic Information File">CIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography_Open_Database" title="Crystallography Open Database">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_Crystal_Structure_Database" title="Inorganic Crystal Structure Database">ICSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diffraction_Data" title="International Centre for Diffraction Data">ICDD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_journals" title="Category:Crystallography journals">Journals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Growth_%26_Design" title="Crystal Growth & Design">Crystal Growth & Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography_Reviews" title="Crystallography Reviews">Crystallography Reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Crystallography" title="Journal of Chemical Crystallography">Journal of Chemical Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Crystal_Growth" title="Journal of Crystal Growth">Journal of Crystal Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallografija" title="Kristallografija">Kristallografija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_Crystalline_Materials" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_New_Crystal_Structures" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_awards" title="Category:Crystallography awards">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hermann_Medal" title="Carl Hermann Medal">Carl Hermann Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Prize" title="Ewald Prize">Ewald Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregori_Aminoff_Prize" title="Gregori Aminoff Prize">Gregori Aminoff Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_organizations" title="Category:Crystallography organizations">Organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography" title="International Union of Crystallography">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Biological_Crystallization" title="International Organization for Biological Crystallization">IOBCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubnikov_Institute_of_Crystallography_RAS" title="Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography RAS">RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mineralogical_Society" title="German Mineralogical Society">DMG</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Associations12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Crystallographic_Association" title="European Crystallographic Association">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Crystallographic_Association" title="French Crystallographic Association">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Crystallographic_Society" title="German Crystallographic Society">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Crystallographic_Association" title="British Crystallographic Association">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crystallographic_Association" title="American Crystallographic Association">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_Society_of_Japan" title="Crystallographic Society of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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