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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1875 comic opera by Gilbert & Sullivan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the comic opera. For the legal institution, see <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trial</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_Jury_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trial by Jury (disambiguation)">Trial by Jury (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_by_Jury_-_Chaos_in_the_Courtroom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Contemporary steel engraving illustrating the operetta. In the court, the defendant, with his guitar, clings to his new love. The jilted bride throws herself into the arms of the counsel while the judge gestures his displeasure and the usher tries in vain to control the ensuing disorder among the jury and spectators." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Trial_by_Jury_-_Chaos_in_the_Courtroom.png/350px-Trial_by_Jury_-_Chaos_in_the_Courtroom.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Trial_by_Jury_-_Chaos_in_the_Courtroom.png/525px-Trial_by_Jury_-_Chaos_in_the_Courtroom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Trial_by_Jury_-_Chaos_in_the_Courtroom.png/700px-Trial_by_Jury_-_Chaos_in_the_Courtroom.png 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption>A scene from Trial by Jury as illustrated in the magazine <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Sporting_and_Dramatic_News" title="Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News">Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News</a> of 1 May 1875</figcaption></figure> Trial by Jury is a <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic opera</a> in one act, with music by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>. It was first produced on 25 March 1875, at London's <a href="/wiki/Royalty_Theatre" title="Royalty Theatre">Royalty Theatre</a>, where it initially ran for 131 performances and was considered a hit, receiving critical praise and outrunning its popular companion piece, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_P%C3%A9richole" title="La Périchole">La Périchole</a>. The story concerns a "<a href="/wiki/Breach_of_promise" title="Breach of promise">breach of promise</a> of marriage" lawsuit in which the <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> and legal system are the objects of lighthearted <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. Gilbert based the libretto of Trial by Jury on an operetta parody that he had written in 1868. The opera premiered more than three years after <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s only previous collaboration, <a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a>, an 1871–72 Christmas season entertainment. In the intervening years, both the author and the composer were busy with separate projects. Beginning in 1873, Gilbert tried several times to get the opera produced before the <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresario</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a> suggested that he collaborate on it with Sullivan. Sullivan was pleased with the piece and promptly wrote the music. As with most Gilbert and Sullivan operas, the plot of Trial by Jury is ludicrous, but the characters behave as if the events were perfectly reasonable. This narrative technique blunts some of the pointed barbs aimed at hypocrisy, especially of those in authority, and the sometimes base motives of supposedly respectable people and institutions. These themes became favourites of Gilbert through the rest of his collaborations with Sullivan. Critics and audiences praised how well Sullivan's witty and good-humoured music complemented Gilbert's satire.<a href="#cite_note-Stedman12930-1">[1]</a> The success of Trial by Jury launched the famous series of 13 collaborative works between Gilbert and Sullivan that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy Operas</a>. After its original production in 1875, Trial by Jury toured widely in Britain and elsewhere and was frequently revived and recorded. It also became popular for benefit performances. The work continues to be frequently played, especially as a companion piece to other short Gilbert and Sullivan operas or other works. According to the theatre scholar <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Kurt Gänzl</a>, it is "probably the most successful British one-act operetta of all time".<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl90-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Before Trial by Jury, <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> had collaborated on one previous opera, <a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis; or, The Gods Grown Old</a>, in 1871. Although reasonably successful, it was a Christmas entertainment, and such works were not expected to endure.<a href="#cite_note-Rees78-3">[3]</a> Between Thespis and Trial by Jury, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> did not collaborate on any further operas, and each man separately produced works that further built his reputation in his own field. Gilbert wrote several short stories, edited the second volume of his comic <a href="/wiki/Bab_Ballads" title="Bab Ballads">Bab Ballads</a>, and created a dozen theatrical works, including <a href="/wiki/Happy_Arcadia" title="Happy Arcadia">Happy Arcadia</a> in 1872; <a href="/wiki/The_Wicked_World" title="The Wicked World">The Wicked World</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Land" title="The Happy Land">The Happy Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Realm_of_Joy" title="The Realm of Joy">The Realm of Joy</a> in 1873; <a href="/wiki/Charity_(play)" title="Charity (play)">Charity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topsyturveydom" title="Topsyturveydom">Topsyturveydom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweethearts_(play)" title="Sweethearts (play)">Sweethearts</a> in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> At the same time, Sullivan wrote various pieces of religious music, including the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Te_Deum" title="Festival Te Deum">Festival Te Deum</a> (1872) and an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(Sullivan)" title="The Light of the World (Sullivan)">The Light of the World</a> (1873), and edited Church Hymns, with Tunes (1874), which included 45 of his own hymns and arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger106-5">[5]</a> Two of his most famous hymn tunes from this period are settings of "<a href="/wiki/Onward,_Christian_Soldiers" title="Onward, Christian Soldiers">Onward, Christian Soldiers</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Nearer,_my_God,_to_Thee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearer, my God, to Thee">Nearer, my God, to Thee</a>" (both in 1872). He also wrote a suite of <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a> (1874) and many <a href="/wiki/Parlour_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlour ballads">parlour ballads</a> and other songs, including three in 1874–75 with words by Gilbert: "The Distant Shore", "Sweethearts" (inspired by <a href="/wiki/Sweethearts_(play)" title="Sweethearts (play)">Gilbert's play</a>) and "The Love that Loves Me Not".<a href="#cite_note-Ainger106-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genesis_of_the_opera">Genesis of the opera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genesis of the opera">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_by_Jury_-_curve_bend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page from a magazine with a short libretto in two columns, illustrated by quaint cartoons, which include a frieze of dancing lawyers and bailiffs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trial_by_Jury_-_curve_bend.jpg/220px-Trial_by_Jury_-_curve_bend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trial_by_Jury_-_curve_bend.jpg/330px-Trial_by_Jury_-_curve_bend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trial_by_Jury_-_curve_bend.jpg/440px-Trial_by_Jury_-_curve_bend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">Gilbert's</a> original sketch of Trial by Jury, published in <a href="/wiki/Fun_(magazine)" title="Fun (magazine)">Fun</a> in 1868</figcaption></figure> The genesis of Trial by Jury was in 1868, when Gilbert wrote a single-page illustrated comic piece for the magazine <a href="/wiki/Fun_(magazine)" title="Fun (magazine)">Fun</a> entitled Trial by Jury: An Operetta. Drawing on Gilbert's training and brief practice as a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, it detailed a "<a href="/wiki/Breach_of_promise" title="Breach of promise">breach of promise</a>" trial going awry, in the process spoofing the law, lawyers and the legal system. (In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, a man could be required to pay compensation should he fail to marry a woman to whom he was engaged.)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The outline of this story was followed in the later opera, and two of its numbers appeared in nearly their final form in Fun. The skit, however, ended abruptly: the moment the attractive <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> stepped into the witness box, the judge leapt into her arms and vowed to marry her, whereas in the opera, the case is allowed to proceed further before this conclusion is reached.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1873, the opera manager and composer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rosa" title="Carl Rosa">Carl Rosa</a> asked Gilbert for a piece to use as part of a season of English opera that Rosa planned to present at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane Theatre</a>; Rosa was to write or commission the music. Gilbert expanded Trial into a one-act <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a>. Rosa's wife, <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Parepa-Rosa" title="Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa">Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa</a>, a childhood friend of Gilbert's, died after an illness in 1874, and Rosa dropped the project.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Later in the same year, Gilbert offered the libretto to the impresario <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a>, but Carte knew of no composer available to set it to music.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Meanwhile, Sullivan may have been considering a return to <a href="/wiki/Light_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light opera">light opera</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cox_and_Box" title="Cox and Box">Cox and Box</a>, his first comic opera, had received a London revival (co-starring his brother, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Sullivan" title="Fred Sullivan">Fred Sullivan</a>) in September 1874. In November, Sullivan travelled to Paris and contacted <a href="/wiki/Albert_Millaud" title="Albert Millaud">Albert Millaud</a>, one of the librettists for <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s operettas. However, he returned to London empty-handed and worked on <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London" title="Gaiety Theatre, London">Gaiety Theatre</a>'s production of <a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By early 1875, Carte was managing <a href="/wiki/Selina_Dolaro" title="Selina Dolaro">Selina Dolaro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royalty_Theatre" title="Royalty Theatre">Royalty Theatre</a>, and he needed a short opera to be played as an afterpiece to Offenbach's <a href="/wiki/La_P%C3%A9richole" title="La Périchole">La Périchole</a>, which was to open on 30 January (with Fred Sullivan in the cast), in which Dolaro starred. Carte had asked Sullivan to compose something for the theatre and advertised in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> in late January: "In Preparation, a New Comic Opera composed expressly for this theatre by Mr. Arthur Sullivan in which Madame Dolaro and <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bromley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellie Bromley">Nellie Bromley</a> will appear."<a href="#cite_note-Ainger108-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> But around the same time, Carte also remembered Gilbert's Trial by Jury and knew that Gilbert had worked with Sullivan to create Thespis. He suggested to Gilbert that Sullivan was the man to write the music for Trial.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger108-13">[13]</a> Gilbert finally called on Sullivan and read the libretto to him on 20 February 1875. Sullivan was enthusiastic, later recalling, "[Gilbert] read it through ... in the manner of a man considerably disappointed with what he had written. As soon as he had come to the last word, he closed up the manuscript violently, apparently unconscious of the fact that he had achieved his purpose so far as I was concerned, inasmuch as I was screaming with laughter the whole time."<a href="#cite_note-Ainger109-17">[16]</a> Trial by Jury, described as "A Novel and Original Dramatic Cantata" in the original promotional material,<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> was composed and rehearsed in a matter of weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger109-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_and_aftermath">Production and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The result of Gilbert and Sullivan's collaboration was a witty, tuneful and very "English" piece, in contrast to the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bawdy" class="extiw" title="wikt:bawdy">bawdy</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">burlesques</a> and adaptations of French <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a> that dominated the London musical stage at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Stedman12930-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_by_Jury_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A programme cover for the Royalty Theatre printed in black and blue with engraved illustrations and decorations. There is a large illustration of the main attraction, La Périchole, but caricatures of Gilbert and Sullivan as cherubs frame a portrait of Selina Dolaro." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Trial_by_Jury_cover.jpg/220px-Trial_by_Jury_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Trial_by_Jury_cover.jpg/330px-Trial_by_Jury_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Trial_by_Jury_cover.jpg/440px-Trial_by_Jury_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>April 1875 programme for <a href="/wiki/La_P%C3%A9richole" title="La Périchole">La Périchole</a> and Trial by Jury. Sullivan and Gilbert are the <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubs</a>.</figcaption></figure> Initially, Trial by Jury, which runs only 30 minutes or so, was played last on a triple bill, on which the main attraction, <a href="/wiki/La_P%C3%A9richole" title="La Périchole">La Périchole</a> (starring Dolaro as the title character, Fred Sullivan as Don Andres and <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Fisher" title="Walter H. Fisher">Walter H. Fisher</a> as Piquillo), was preceded by the one-act <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryptoconchoidsyphonostomata" title="Cryptoconchoidsyphonostomata">Cryptoconchoidsyphonostomata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger109-17">[16]</a> The latter was immediately replaced by a series of other <a href="/wiki/Curtain_raiser" title="Curtain raiser">curtain raisers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger110-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[c]</a> The composer conducted the first night's performance, and the theatre's music director, B. Simmons, conducted thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl95-25">[22]</a> The composer's brother, Fred Sullivan, starred as the Learned Judge, with <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bromley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellie Bromley">Nellie Bromley</a> as the Plaintiff. One of the choristers in Trial by Jury, <a href="/wiki/W._S._Penley" title="W. S. Penley">W. S. Penley</a>, was promoted in November 1875<a href="#cite_note-Ainger114-26">[23]</a> to the small part of the <a href="/wiki/Jury#Composition" title="Jury">Foreman</a> of the Jury and made a strong impact on audiences with his amusing facial expressions and gestures.<a href="#cite_note-Walbrook3840-27">[24]</a> In March 1876, he temporarily replaced Fred Sullivan as the Judge, when Fred's health declined from tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> With this start, Penley went on to a successful career as comic actor, culminating with the lead role in the record-breaking original production of <a href="/wiki/Charley%27s_Aunt" title="Charley's Aunt">Charley's Aunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walbrook3840-27">[24]</a> Fred Sullivan died in January 1877.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s works were then at the height of their popularity in Britain, but Trial by Jury proved even more popular than La Périchole,<a href="#cite_note-Juxtaposition-30">[27]</a> becoming an unexpected hit.<a href="#cite_note-Stedman12930-1">[1]</a> Trial by Jury drew crowds and continued to run after La Périchole closed.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> While the Royalty Theatre closed for the summer in 1875, Dolaro immediately took Trial on tour in England and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The piece resumed at the Royalty later in 1875 and was revived for additional London seasons in 1876 at the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Comique" title="Opera Comique">Opera Comique</a> and in 1877 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Strand_Theatre" title="Royal Strand Theatre">Strand Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Trial by Jury soon became the most desirable supporting piece for any London production, and, outside London, the major British theatrical touring companies had added it to their repertoire by about 1877.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl8990-34">[31]</a> The original production was given a world tour by the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Comique" title="Opera Comique">Opera Comique</a>'s assistant manager <a href="/wiki/Emily_Soldene" title="Emily Soldene">Emily Soldene</a>, which travelled as far as Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl8990-34">[31]</a> Unauthorised "pirate" productions quickly sprang up in America, taking advantage of the fact that American courts did not enforce foreign copyrights.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl95-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ainger114-26">[23]</a> It also became popular as part of the Victorian tradition of "benefit concerts", where the theatrical community came together to raise money for actors and actresses down on their luck or retiring. The <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a> continued to play the work for a century, licensing the piece to amateur and foreign professional companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/J._C._Williamson_Gilbert_and_Sullivan_Opera_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company">J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Since the copyrights to Gilbert and Sullivan works ran out in 1961,<a href="#cite_note-copyright-36">[33]</a> the piece has been available to theatre companies around the world free of royalties. The work's enduring popularity since 1875 makes it, according to theatrical scholar <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Kurt Gänzl</a>, "probably the most successful British one-act operetta of all time".<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl90-2">[2]</a> The success of Trial by Jury spurred several attempts to reunite Gilbert and Sullivan, but difficulties arose. Plans for a collaboration for Carl Rosa in 1875 fell through because Gilbert was too busy with other projects,<a href="#cite_note-Stedman132-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> and an attempted Christmas 1875 revival of Thespis by Richard D'Oyly Carte failed when the financiers backed out.<a href="#cite_note-Stedman132-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Gilbert and Sullivan continued their separate careers, though both continued writing light opera, among other projects: Sullivan's next light opera, <a href="/wiki/The_Zoo" title="The Zoo">The Zoo</a>, opened while Trial by Jury was still playing, in June 1875; and Gilbert's <a href="/wiki/Eyes_and_No_Eyes" title="Eyes and No Eyes">Eyes and No Eyes</a> premiered a month later,<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Princess_Toto" title="Princess Toto">Princess Toto</a> in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Gilbert and Sullivan were not reunited until <a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a> in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger110-22">[20]</a> It was announced that Fred Sullivan would be involved with the next Gilbert and Sullivan opera the following season, but he became ill and died soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Learned Judge (comic <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>)</li> <li>The Plaintiff (<a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>)</li> <li>The Defendant (<a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a> for the Plaintiff (lyric <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>)</li> <li>Usher (<a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>)</li> <li>Foreman of the Jury (<a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>)</li> <li>Associate (silent)</li> <li>First Bridesmaid</li> <li>Chorus of Bridesmaids, Gentlemen of the Jury, Barristers, Attorneys and Public.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synopsis">edit</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; margin-right: 1em; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:22em;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Excerpt from "The Judge's Song"<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <div class="poem"> JUDGE. When I, good friends, was <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the bar</a>,     I'd an appetite fresh and hearty. But I was, as many young <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> are,     An impecunious party. I'd a swallow-tail coat of a beautiful blue –     A brief which I bought of a booby – A couple of shirts, and a collar or two,     And a ring that looked like a ruby! CHORUS. He'd a couple of shirts, and a collar or two, And a ring that looked like a ruby. JUDGE. In <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> I danced a dance,     Like a semi-despondent fury; For I thought I never should hit on a chance     Of addressing a British Jury – But I soon got tired of third-class journeys,     And dinners of bread and water; So I fell in love with a rich attorney's     Elderly, ugly daughter. CHORUS. So he fell in love, etc. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_by_Jury_-_So_I_fell_in_love_with_a_rich_attorney%27s_elderly_ugly_daughter.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing by W. S. Gilbert"><img alt="Drawing by W. S. Gilbert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trial_by_Jury_-_So_I_fell_in_love_with_a_rich_attorney%27s_elderly_ugly_daughter.png/200px-Trial_by_Jury_-_So_I_fell_in_love_with_a_rich_attorney%27s_elderly_ugly_daughter.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trial_by_Jury_-_So_I_fell_in_love_with_a_rich_attorney%27s_elderly_ugly_daughter.png/300px-Trial_by_Jury_-_So_I_fell_in_love_with_a_rich_attorney%27s_elderly_ugly_daughter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trial_by_Jury_-_So_I_fell_in_love_with_a_rich_attorney%27s_elderly_ugly_daughter.png/400px-Trial_by_Jury_-_So_I_fell_in_love_with_a_rich_attorney%27s_elderly_ugly_daughter.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Drawing by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a></figcaption></figure> Drawing by W. S. Gilbert </td></tr></tbody></table> It is 10 a.m. at the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Court of the Exchequer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> where a jury and the public assemble to hear a case of <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_promise" title="Breach of promise">breach of promise</a> of marriage. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_by_Jury_Usher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of a quaint drawing showing the little round faces of jurymen protruding from a box with the word "Jury" on it in large letters. They gaze up at the usher with cowed expressions while he wags his finger at them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Trial_by_Jury_Usher.jpg/220px-Trial_by_Jury_Usher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Trial_by_Jury_Usher.jpg/330px-Trial_by_Jury_Usher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Trial_by_Jury_Usher.jpg/440px-Trial_by_Jury_Usher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>The Usher advises the jury. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a></figcaption></figure> The Usher advises the jury to listen to the broken-hearted Plaintiff's case, adding that they "needn't mind" what the "ruffianly defendant" has to say. He notes, for the record, that "From bias free of every kind, this trial must be tried!" The Defendant (Edwin)<a href="#cite_note-names-46">[d]</a> arrives, and the jurymen greet him with hostility, even though, as he points out, they have as yet no idea of the merits of his case. He candidly tells them that he jilted the Plaintiff because she became a "bore intense" to him, and he then quickly took up with another woman. The jurymen recall their own wayward youth, but as they are now respectable gentlemen they have no sympathy for the Defendant. The Judge enters with great pomp and describes how he rose to his position – by courting a rich attorney's "elderly, ugly daughter". The rich attorney then aided his prospective son-in-law's legal career until the Judge "became as rich as the <a href="/wiki/Gurney%27s_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurney's bank">Gurneys</a>" and "threw over" the daughter. The jury and public are delighted with the Judge, although he has just admitted to the same wrong of which the Defendant is accused.<a href="#cite_note-48">[e]</a> The jury is sworn in, and the Plaintiff (Angelina)<a href="#cite_note-names-46">[d]</a> is summoned. She is preceded into the courtroom by her bridesmaids, one of whom catches the eye of the Judge. However, when Angelina herself arrives in full wedding dress, she instantly captures the heart of both Judge and jury. The Counsel for the Plaintiff makes a moving speech detailing Edwin's betrayal. Angelina feigns distress and staggers, first into the arms of the Foreman of the Jury, and then of the Judge. Edwin counters, explaining that his change of heart is only natural: <div class="poem"> Oh, gentlemen, listen, I pray,     Though I own that my heart has been ranging, Of nature the laws I obey,     For nature is constantly changing. The moon in her phases is found,     The time and the wind and the weather, The months in succession come round,     And you don't find two Mondays together. </div> He offers to marry both the Plaintiff and his new love, if that would satisfy everyone. The Judge at first finds this "a reasonable proposition", but the Counsel argues that from the days of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, it has been "a rather serious crime / To marry two wives at a time"; he labels the crime not "<a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>", but rather "<a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>". Perplexed, everyone in court ponders the "nice dilemma" in a parody of Italian opera ensembles.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley4-49">[44]</a> Angelina desperately embraces Edwin, demonstrating the depth of her love, and bemoans her loss – all in evidence of the large amount of damages that the jury should require Edwin to pay. Edwin, in turn, says he is a smoker, a drunkard, and a bully (when tipsy), and that the Plaintiff could not have endured him even for a day; thus the damages should be small. The Judge suggests making Edwin tipsy to see if he would really "thrash and kick" Angelina, but everyone else (except Edwin) objects to this experiment. Impatient at the lack of progress, the Judge resolves the case by offering to marry Angelina himself. This is found quite satisfactory and the proceedings are concluded with "joy unbounded".<a href="#cite_note-50">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_numbers">Musical numbers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Musical numbers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_Programme_Page_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page of the theatre programme showing, in a box at the centre, the cast and credits of Trial by Jury. It is bordered with illustrations of the action, with, at the top, Angelina embracing the Judge with a manipulative expression, while he appears to be in a quandary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trial_Programme_Page_3.jpg/220px-Trial_Programme_Page_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trial_Programme_Page_3.jpg/330px-Trial_Programme_Page_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trial_Programme_Page_3.jpg/440px-Trial_Programme_Page_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Third page of the 1875 programme</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1. "Hark, the hour of ten is sounding" (Chorus) and "Now, Jurymen, hear my advice" (Usher)</li> <li>1a. "Is this the Court of the Exchequer?" (Defendant)</li> <li>2. "When first my old, old love I knew" (Defendant and Chorus) and "Silence in Court!" (Usher)</li> <li>3. "All hail great Judge!" (Chorus and Judge)</li> <li>4. "When I, good friends, was call'd to the Bar" (Judge and Chorus)</li> <li>5. "Swear thou the Jury" (Counsel, Usher) and "Oh will you swear by yonder skies" (Usher and Chorus)</li> <li>6. "Where is the Plaintiff?" (Counsel, Usher) and "Comes the broken flower" (Chorus of Bridesmaids and Plaintiff)<a href="#cite_note-51">[g]</a></li> <li>7. "Oh, never, never, never, since I joined the human race" (Judge, Foreman, Chorus)</li> <li>8. "May it please you, my lud!" (Counsel for Plaintiff and Chorus)</li> <li>9. "That she is reeling is plain to see!" (Judge, Foreman, Plaintiff, Counsel, and Chorus)</li> <li>10. "Oh, gentlemen, listen, I pray" (Defendant and Chorus of Bridesmaids)</li> <li>11. "That seems a reasonable proposition" (Judge, Counsel, and Chorus)</li> <li>12. "A nice dilemma we have here" (Ensemble)</li> <li>13. "I love him, I love him, with fervour unceasing" (Plaintiff, Defendant and Chorus) and "The question, gentlemen, is one of liquor" (Judge and Ensemble)</li> <li>14. "Oh, joy unbounded, with wealth surrounded" (Ensemble)</li></ul> For clarity, only characters with a major role in each particular song have been listed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Reviews of the first performance of Trial by Jury were uniformly glowing. <a href="/wiki/Fun_(magazine)" title="Fun (magazine)">Fun</a> magazine declared the opera "extremely funny and admirably composed",<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> while the rival <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> magazine wrote that it "is the funniest bit of nonsense your representative has seen for a considerable time", only regretting that it was too short.<a href="#cite_note-Allen30-54">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/News_Chronicle" title="News Chronicle">Daily News</a> praised the author: "In whimsical invention and eccentric humour Mr. W. S. Gilbert has no living rival among our dramatic writers, and never has his peculiar vein of drollery and satire been more conspicuous than in a little piece entitled Trial by Jury".<a href="#cite_note-Allen30-54">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> concluded that the piece illustrated the composer's "great capacity for dramatic writing of the lighter class".<a href="#cite_note-Allen30-54">[47]</a> Many critics emphasised the happy combination of Gilbert's words and Sullivan's music. One noted that "so completely is each imbued with the same spirit, that it would be as difficult to conceive the existence of Mr. Gilbert's verses without Mr. Sullivan's music, as of Mr. Sullivan's music without Mr. Gilbert's verses. Each gives each a double charm."<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> Another agreed that "it seems, as in the great <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagnerian</a> operas, as though poem and music had proceeded simultaneously from one and the same brain."<a href="#cite_note-World226-56">[49]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; margin-right: 1em; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:27em; max-width: 50%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> magazine prematurely anticipated Sullivan's knighthood, publishing a cartoon accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> version of "When I, good friends", from Trial by Jury, that summarised Sullivan's career to that date: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Excerpt from <a href="/wiki/File:Punch_-_Sullivan%27s_knighthood.png" title="File:Punch - Sullivan's knighthood.png">A Humorous Knight</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">["It is reported that after the Leeds Festival Dr. Sullivan will be knighted." Having read this in a column of gossip, a be-nighted Contributor, who has "the Judge's Song" on the brain, suggests the following verse....] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <div class="poem"> As a boy I had such a musical bump,     And its size so struck Mr. HELMORE, That he said, "Though you sing those songs like a trump,     You shall write some yourself that will sell more." So I packed off to Leipsic, without looking back,     And returned in such classical fury, That I sat down with HANDEL and HAYDN and BACH,—     And turned out "Trial by Jury." But <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W.S.G.</a> he jumped for joy     As he said, "Though the job dismay you, Send <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Hall" title="Exeter Hall">Exeter Hall</a> to the deuce, my boy;     It's the haul with me that'll pay you." And we hauled so well, mid jeers and taunts,     That we've settled, spite all temptations, To stick to our Sisters and our Cousins and our Aunts,—     And continue our pleasant relations. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The opening night audience was also delighted by the piece, preferring it even to the Offenbach work: "To judge by the unceasing and almost boisterous hilarity which formed a sort of running commentary on the part of the audience, Trial by Jury suffered nothing whatever from so dangerous a juxtaposition [with a piece by the popular Offenbach]. On the contrary, it may fairly be said to have borne away the palm."<a href="#cite_note-World226-56">[49]</a> A reviewer noted that "Laughter more frequent or more hearty was never heard in any theatre than that which more than once brought the action ... to a temporary standstill."<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> Another paper summed up its popular appeal: "Trial by Jury is but a trifle – it pretends to be nothing more – but it is one of those merry bits of extravagance which a great many will go to see and hear, which they will laugh at, and which they will advise their friends to go and see, and therefore its success cannot be doubtful."<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> Among the actors, special critical praise was reserved for the composer's brother, Fred Sullivan, in the role of the Learned Judge: "The greatest 'hit' was made by Mr. F. Sullivan, whose blending of official dignity, condescension, and, at the right moment, extravagant humour, made the character of the Judge stand out with all requisite prominence, and added much to the interest of the piece."<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> concurred that his portrayal deserved "a special word of praise for its quiet and natural humour."<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> Nelly Bromley (the Plaintiff), <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Fisher" title="Walter H. Fisher">Walter H. Fisher</a> (the Defendant), John Hollingsworth (the Counsel) and others were also praised for their acting.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> Later assessments of the work have been no less positive. In 1907, Gilbert's first biographer, Edith A. Browne, concluded:<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> "In Trial by Jury we find author and composer looking at the humorous side of life from exactly the same point of view, and we at once realise how Gilbert and Sullivan have been able to do for Comic Opera what <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a> has done for Grand Opera by combining words and music so as to make them one." H. M. Walbrook similarly wrote in 1922: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Trial by Jury ... satirizes the procedure in an average breach of promise, and also the insincerity which may sometimes underlie the pose of "respectability." Everything done or sung is ludicrous, and yet beneath it all lies a recognisable substratum of truth. The piece is a riot of laughter. The Judge's ditty, "When first, my friends, I was called to the Bar," [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] is the best-known comic song in the English language. In none of the operas is the genius of Gilbert as an inventor of "comic business" more daringly and irresistibly exhibited. One can see the piece again and again and discover fresh strokes of comicality. Its place in the Gilbert and Sullivan repertory is as secure as ever; and whatever reforms may be hereafter effected in this particular department of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Division" title="King's Bench Division">King's Bench Division</a>, Trial by Jury will probably long continue to be one of the English-speaking world's refreshments.<a href="#cite_note-Walbrook40-63">[56]</a></blockquote> The Gilbert and Sullivan biographer Michael Ainger, writing in 2002, 127 years after the premiere of the opera, explained its enduring appeal: "Nothing could be more serious than a court of law ... and now the world had been turned upside down. The court of law had become the scene of humor and frivolity; the learned judge had shown himself to be as fickle as the defendant, and the justice system turned out to be flawed by human frailty. And Sullivan had grasped the joke.... From the first chords ... Sullivan's music sets the scene of mock-seriousness and proceeds to dance its way through the whole piece."<a href="#cite_note-Ainger109110-64">[57]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_analysis">Impact and analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact and analysis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_by_Jury_sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hand-written musical score with thirteen lines each of treble and bass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Trial_by_Jury_sketch.jpg/220px-Trial_by_Jury_sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Trial_by_Jury_sketch.jpg/330px-Trial_by_Jury_sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Trial_by_Jury_sketch.jpg/440px-Trial_by_Jury_sketch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption>Sullivan's original thematic sketch of Trial by Jury</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> As the first <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a>, Trial by Jury marked an important moment in the history of the Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration, as well as in the careers of each of the two men and in Victorian drama in general. The historian Reginald Allen sums up the historical import of the opera: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Most scholars of the Victorian theatre date the birth of Gilbert & Sullivan opera with the first performance of Trial by Jury.... Some will maintain that there is no single date of comparable importance in the history of the modern lyric theatre than this occasion which first brought together the triumvirate of W. S. Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan, and their catalyst business genius, Richard D'Oyly Carte. The next twenty-five years witnessed the spectacular, worldwide success of this collaboration: the Gilbert & Sullivan operas, initiated by Trial by Jury. Without this spark, who can say that any of the instantaneous hits of G[ilbert] & S[ullivan] that followed would ever have been written?<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Dark" title="Sidney Dark">Sidney Dark</a> and Rowland Grey also give a high value to the importance of Trial by Jury and the operas that followed: "There is not a little historical interest in the genesis of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, the one English contribution of any value to dramatic literature for many generations."<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> In addition, references to the opera continue today in the popular media<a href="#cite_note-68">[h]</a> and even in law cases.<a href="#cite_note-70">[i]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pattern_for_later_Savoy_operas">Pattern for later Savoy operas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pattern for later Savoy operas">edit</a>]</div> Trial by Jury is the only Gilbert and Sullivan opera played in one act and the only theatrical work by W. S. Gilbert without spoken dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-Crowther77-71">[62]</a> However, later Gilbert and Sullivan operas retained a number of patterns seen in Trial. For example, all except <a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a> begin with a chorus number.<a href="#cite_note-72">[63]</a> Also, like Trial by Jury, the later operas generally end with a relatively short finale consisting of a chorus number interspersed with short solos by the principal characters. "Comes the broken flower" (part of No. 3) was the first in a string of meditative "<a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horatian</a>" lyrics, "mingling happiness and sadness, an acceptance and a smiling resignation".<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a> These would, from this point forward, allow the characters, in each of the Savoy operas, an introspective scene where they stop and consider life, in contrast to the foolishness of the surrounding scenes.<a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a> Like both of the tenor's arias in Trial by Jury, tenor arias in later Savoy operas were set in <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">6 8 time</a> so frequently that <a href="/wiki/Anna_Russell" title="Anna Russell">Anna Russell</a>, in her 1953 parody, "How to Write Your Own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera",<a href="#cite_note-75">[66]</a> exclaimed, "the tenor ... according to tradition, must sing an aria in 6 8 time, usually accompanying himself on a stringed instrument".<a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a> In Trial by Jury hypocrisy is revealed as the characters' motivations are held up to satire, and Gilbert mocks the underlying absurdity of the judicial procedures. As Gilbert scholar Andrew Crowther explains, Gilbert combines his criticisms with comic entertainment, which renders them more palatable, while at the same time underlining their truth: "By laughing at a joke you show that you accept its premise."<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> This too would become characteristic of Gilbert's work.<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FredSullivan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photo of an actor in the costume of a judge, with robe and peri-wig, who leans on the bench with a whimsical expression." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/FredSullivan.jpg/220px-FredSullivan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/FredSullivan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fred_Sullivan" title="Fred Sullivan">Fred Sullivan</a> as The Learned Judge</figcaption></figure> The judge's song, "When I, good friends, was called to the Bar" was followed by a string of similar <a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">patter songs</a> that would come to epitomise <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley14-79">[70]</a> In these, often, a "dignified personage [would, just like the Judge,] supply a humorous biography of himself."<a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> Just as in Gilbert's earlier play, <a href="/wiki/The_Palace_of_Truth" title="The Palace of Truth">The Palace of Truth</a>, in these songs, the characters "naïvely reveal their innermost thoughts, unconscious of their egotism, vanity, baseness, or cruelty".<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> Crowther points out that such revelations work particularly well in Trial by Jury, because people commonly expect "characters singing in opera/operetta will communicate at a deeper level of truth than they would in mere speech."<a href="#cite_note-Crowther77-71">[62]</a> In "When I, good friends", the judge outlines the path of corruption that led to his becoming a judge, and this, too, would set the pattern for many of the patter songs in Gilbert and Sullivan operas to follow.<a href="#cite_note-Crowther77-71">[62]</a> One of Gilbert's most notable innovations, first found in Thespis and repeated in Trial by Jury and all of the later Savoy operas, is the use of the chorus as an essential part of the action. In most earlier operas, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">burlesques</a>, and comedies, the chorus had very little impact on the plot and served mainly as "noise or ornament".<a href="#cite_note-DarkGrey6768-82">[73]</a> In the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, however, the chorus is essential, taking part in the action and often acting as an important character in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-DarkGrey6768-82">[73]</a> Sullivan recalled, "Until Gilbert took the matter in hand choruses were dummy concerns, and were practically nothing more than a part of the stage setting. It was in 'Thespis' that Gilbert began to carry out his expressed determination to get the chorus to play its proper part in the performance. At this moment it seems difficult to realise that the idea of the chorus being anything more than a sort of stage audience was, at that time, a tremendous novelty."<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> Another Gilbert innovation, following the example of his mentor, <a href="/wiki/T._W._Robertson" title="T. W. Robertson">T. W. Robertson</a>, was that the costumes and sets were made as realistic as possible:<a href="#cite_note-Stedman129-84">[75]</a> Gilbert based the scenery for the production on the <a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell" title="Clerkenwell">Clerkenwell</a> Sessions House, where he had practised law in the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> The costumes were contemporary, and Angelina and her bridesmaids were dressed in real wedding attire.<a href="#cite_note-Stedman129-84">[75]</a> This attention to detail and careful creation of realistic sets and scenes were typical of Gilbert's stage management and would be repeated in all of Gilbert's work.<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> For instance, when preparing the sets for <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a> (1878), Gilbert and Sullivan visited <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> to inspect ships. Gilbert made sketches of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">H.M.S. Victory</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Vincent_(1815)" title="HMS St Vincent (1815)">H.M.S. St Vincent</a> and created a model set for the carpenters to work from.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a> This was far from standard procedure in Victorian drama, where naturalism was still a relatively new concept, and where most authors had very little influence on how their plays and libretti were staged.<a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> Andrew Crowther places Trial by Jury at the centre of Gilbert's development as a librettist. He notes that in some of Gilbert's early libretti, such as <a href="/wiki/Topsyturveydom" title="Topsyturveydom">Topsyturveydom</a> (1874), the songs simply emphasise the dialogue. In others, such as <a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a> (1871), some songs are relatively disconnected from both the story and characterisation, such as "I once knew a chap" or "Little maid of Arcadee", which simply convey a moral lesson.<a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> In Trial by Jury, however, each song carries the plot forward and adds depth to the characters. In addition, unlike some of Gilbert's more fantastical early plots, "Aside from the ending, nothing essentially improbable happens."<a href="#cite_note-Crowther77-71">[62]</a> Gänzl agrees, writing that "Gilbert's libretto was superior to any of his previous efforts. It was concise, modern and satirical without being impossibly whimsical. Having no spoken dialogue it was perforce tightly constructed and allowed of no interpolation or alteration."<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> Sullivan's development as a comic opera writer, too, would mature with Trial by Jury. Except for incidental music for productions of Shakespeare, he had not written any music for the stage since Thespis. Gänzl wrote that Trial by Jury "brought Sullivan firmly and finally into the world of the musical" stage<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl89-91">[82]</a> and confirmed, after his previous success with <a href="/wiki/Cox_and_Box" title="Cox and Box">Cox and Box</a> and Thespis, that "Sullivan was a composer of light lyric and comic music who could rival Offenbach, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Charles_Lecocq" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Charles Lecocq">Lecocq</a> and any English musician alive."<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl89-91">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_by_Jury_-_A_Nice_Dilemma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Trial_by_Jury_-_A_Nice_Dilemma.jpg/220px-Trial_by_Jury_-_A_Nice_Dilemma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Trial_by_Jury_-_A_Nice_Dilemma.jpg/330px-Trial_by_Jury_-_A_Nice_Dilemma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Trial_by_Jury_-_A_Nice_Dilemma.jpg/440px-Trial_by_Jury_-_A_Nice_Dilemma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="2862" /></a><figcaption>Part of the vocal score of "A nice <a href="/wiki/Dilemma" title="Dilemma">dilemma</a>"</figcaption></figure> Sullivan used the opportunities suggested by Gilbert's satire of the pomp and ceremony of the law to provide a variety of musical jokes.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley4-49">[44]</a> "From the first chords ... Sullivan's music sets the scene of mock-seriousness.... His ... humorous use of the orchestra runs throughout".<a href="#cite_note-Ainger109110-64">[57]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpointing</a> the plaintiff's calculated swooning in "That she is reeling is plain to see!" (No. 9) with a reeling, <a href="/wiki/Minor_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor key">minor-key</a> theme in the string accompaniment, heading up and down the <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger110-22">[20]</a> The instruments are also used to comically set the scene; for instance, he underlines the Counsel's misstatement in the line "To marry two at once is burglaree" with a comic <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a> "sting" in octaves<a href="#cite_note-Ainger110-22">[20]</a> and has the Defendant tune his guitar on stage (simulated by a violin in the orchestra) in the opening to his song.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley10-92">[83]</a> The score also contains two parodies or pastiches of other composers: No. 3, "All hail great Judge" is an elaborate parody of <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> and No. 12, "A nice dilemma", parodies "dilemma" ensembles of Italian opera in the <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a> era; in particular "D'un pensiero" from Act I of <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_sonnambula" title="La sonnambula">La sonnambula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> "A nice dilemma" uses the dominant rhythm and key of "D'un pensiero" and divides up some of the choral lines between the <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">basses</a> and higher voices to create an oom-pa-pa effect common in Italian opera choruses.<a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Productions">Productions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Productions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a></div> After the premiere of Trial by Jury in 1875, <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> companies in London, the British provinces and elsewhere picked it up rapidly, usually playing it as a forepiece or an afterpiece to a French operetta.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl90-2">[2]</a> The first American showings were an unauthorized production by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Oates" title="Alice Oates">Alice Oates</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Arch_Street_Theatre" title="Arch Street Theatre">Arch Street Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on 22 October 1875<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> and another at the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Theatre" title="Manhattan Theatre">Eagle Theatre</a> in New York City on 15 November 1875.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl95-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> The world tour of the original British production took it to America, Australia, and elsewhere by 1876.<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> It was even translated into German, and premièred as Im Schwurgericht, at the <a href="/wiki/Carltheater" title="Carltheater">Carltheater</a> on 14 September 1886, and as Das Brautpaar vor Gericht at Danzer's Orpheum on 5 October 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl967-99">[90]</a> Beginning in 1878 Richard D'Oyly Carte's opera companies (of which there were often several playing simultaneously) usually programmed Trial by Jury as a companion piece to <a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a> or <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[j]</a> In the 1884–85 London production, a <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Transformation_scene" title="Transformation scene">transformation scene</a> was added at the end, in which the Judge and Plaintiff became the <a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a> characters Harlequin and Columbine, and the set was "consumed" by theatrical red fire and flames.<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> From 1894, the year when the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a> established a year-round touring company that had most of the Gilbert and Sullivan works in its repertory, Trial by Jury was always included, except for 1901 to 1903, and then again from 1943 until 1946, when the company played a reduced repertory during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. From 1919, costumes were by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Anderson_(designer)" title="Percy Anderson (designer)">Percy Anderson</a>, and a new touring set was designed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goffin" title="Peter Goffin">Peter Goffin</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a> During the company's 1975 centennial performances of all thirteen Gilbert and Sullivan Operas at the Savoy Theatre, Trial was given four times, as a curtain raiser to The Sorcerer, Pinafore and Pirates and as an afterpiece following The Grand Duke. Before the first of the four performances of Trial, a specially written curtain raiser by <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="William Douglas-Home">William Douglas-Home</a>, called Dramatic Licence, was played by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pratt" title="Peter Pratt">Peter Pratt</a> as Carte, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sandford" title="Kenneth Sandford">Kenneth Sandford</a> as Gilbert and <a href="/wiki/John_Ayldon" title="John Ayldon">John Ayldon</a> as Sullivan, in which Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte plan the birth of Trial in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> Trial by Jury was eliminated from the D'Oyly Carte repertory in 1976 as a cost-saving measure.<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_history">Production history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production history">edit</a>]</div> The following table summarises the main London productions of Trial by Jury up to the time of Sullivan's death in 1900: <table class="wikitable" style="width:77em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Theatre</th> <th>Opening date</th> <th>Closing date</th> <th>Perfs.</th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2">Royalty Theatre<a href="#cite_note-Rollins1-106">[96]</a></td> <td>25 March 1875</td> <td>11 June 1875</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">131</td> <td rowspan="2">This company also played matinées at the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London" title="Gaiety Theatre, London">Gaiety Theatre</a> on 10 April, 17 April, and 24 April 1875.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl95-25">[22]</a> The theatre closed from 13 June through 10 October<a href="#cite_note-Rollins4-107">[97]</a> while the company took Trial by Jury and other operas on a provincial tour.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl89-91">[82]</a> Trial then continued as an afterpiece to French operettas at the Royalty, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Morton_(impresario)" title="Charles Morton (impresario)">Charles Morton</a> as manager and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Clarke" title="Hamilton Clarke">Hamilton Clarke</a> as musical director.<a href="#cite_note-Rollins1-106">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rollins4-107">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="">11 October 1875</td> <td nowrap="">18 December 1875 </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="">Opera Comique<a href="#cite_note-Rollins1-106">[96]</a></td> <td>14 January 1876</td> <td>5 May 1876</td> <td align="center">96</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emily_Soldene" title="Emily Soldene">Emily Soldene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Santley" title="Kate Santley">Kate Santley</a> brought Morton's production to the Opera Comique. Trial was not performed from 13 to 18 March while Fred Sullivan was ill, and the theatre was closed for Easter from 9 to 14 April. Soldene then toured with Trial and other operettas until 28 October.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl90-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rollins4-107">[97]</a> Dolaro and Carte (as manager and musical director), also produced Trial in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> from 24 July to 5 August 1876.<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strand Theatre</td> <td>3 March 1877</td> <td>26 May 1877</td> <td align="center">73</td> <td>Produced "under the immediate direction of the authors". Originally performed as an afterpiece to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Taylor" title="Tom Taylor">Tom Taylor</a>'s comedy Babes and Beetles.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> A tour of this production followed from 27 May to 28 July, produced by Santley. At the same time, from May to September 1877, Santley toured Trial as an afterpiece to an Offenbach operetta.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Opera Comique</td> <td>23 March 1878</td> <td>24 May 1878</td> <td align="center">56</td> <td>Played as an afterpiece to The Sorcerer<a href="#cite_note-Rollins5-111">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savoy Theatre</td> <td>11 October 1884</td> <td>12 March 1885</td> <td align="center">150</td> <td>Played as a forepiece to The Sorcerer<a href="#cite_note-Rollins9-112">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savoy Theatre</td> <td nowrap="">22 September 1898</td> <td>31 December 1898</td> <td align="center">102</td> <td>Played as a forepiece to The Sorcerer<a href="#cite_note-Rollins17-113">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savoy Theatre</td> <td>6 June 1899</td> <td>25 November 1899</td> <td align="center">174</td> <td>Played as a forepiece to H.M.S. Pinafore<a href="#cite_note-Rollins18-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cast1899-115">[105]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The exclusive performing rights to Trial by Jury and the other Gilbert and Sullivan operas were held by the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a> until their expiration in 1961, 50 years after Gilbert's death, and no other professional company was authorised to present the Savoy operas in Britain from 1877 until that date.<a href="#cite_note-copyright-36">[33]</a> The following tables show the casts of the principal original D'Oyly Carte productions and touring companies at approximately 10-year intervals through to the 1975 centenary season.<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[k]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:65em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Role</th> <th>Royalty Theatre 1875<a href="#cite_note-Rollins4-107">[97]</a></th> <th>Strand Theatre 1877<a href="#cite_note-Rollins4-107">[97]</a></th> <th>Opera Comique 1878<a href="#cite_note-Rollins5-111">[101]</a></th> <th>Savoy Theatre 1884<a href="#cite_note-Rollins9-112">[102]</a></th> <th>Savoy Theatre 1898<a href="#cite_note-Rollins17-113">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cast1899-115">[105]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Learned Judge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Sullivan" title="Fred Sullivan">Frederic Sullivan</a></td> <td>J.G. Taylor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Counsel</td> <td>John Hollingsworth<a href="#cite_note-118">[107]</a></td> <td>Charles Parry</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lewis_(actor)" title="Eric Lewis (actor)">Eric Lewis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jones_Hewson" title="Jones Hewson">Jones Hewson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Defendant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Fisher" title="Walter H. Fisher">Walter H. Fisher</a></td> <td>Claude Marius</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Power,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir George Power, 7th Baronet">George Power</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durward_Lely" title="Durward Lely">Durward Lely</a></td> <td>Cory James </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreman</td> <td>Charles Kelleher<a href="#cite_note-CastChange-119">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[109]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._S._Penley" title="W. S. Penley">W. S. Penley</a></td> <td>F. Talbot</td> <td>Arthur Kennett</td> <td>Leonard Russell </td></tr> <tr> <td>Usher</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belville_Robert_Pepper" title="Belville Robert Pepper">Belville R. Pepper</a><a href="#cite_note-CastChange-119">[108]</a></td> <td>Harry Cox</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Clifton" title="Fred Clifton">Fred Clifton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Lugg" title="William Lugg">William Lugg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Passmore" title="Walter Passmore">Walter Passmore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CastChange-119">[108]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>J. Wilbraham</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Childerstone" title="Charles Childerstone">Charles Childerstone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plaintiff</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Bromley" title="Nelly Bromley">Nelly Bromley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lottie_Venne" title="Lottie Venne">Lottie Venne</a></td> <td>Lisa Walton</td> <td>Florence Dysart</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Jay" title="Isabel Jay">Isabel Jay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st Bridesmaid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linda_Verner" title="Linda Verner">Linda Verner</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[110]</a></td> <td>Gwynne Williams</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Grey" title="Sybil Grey">Sybil Grey</a></td> <td>Mildred Baker </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:65em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Role</th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1905 Tour<a href="#cite_note-122">[111]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1915 Tour<a href="#cite_note-123">[112]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1925 Tour<a href="#cite_note-124">[113]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1935 Tour<a href="#cite_note-125">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Learned Judge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Workman" title="Charles H. Workman">Charles H. Workman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sheffield" title="Leo Sheffield">Leo Sheffield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sheffield" title="Leo Sheffield">Leo Sheffield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Granville" title="Sydney Granville">Sydney Granville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Counsel</td> <td>Albert Kavanagh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hobbs_(singer)" title="Frederick Hobbs (singer)">Frederick Hobbs</a></td> <td>Henry Millidge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Rands" title="Leslie Rands">Leslie Rands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Defendant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strafford_Moss" title="Strafford Moss">Strafford Moss</a></td> <td>Dewey Gibson</td> <td>Sidney Pointer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(tenor)" title="Robert Wilson (tenor)">Robert Wilson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreman</td> <td>J. Lewis Campion</td> <td>Frank Steward</td> <td>T. Penry Hughes</td> <td>T. Penry Hughes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Usher</td> <td>Reginald White</td> <td>George Sinclair</td> <td>Joseph Griffin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walker_(baritone)" title="Richard Walker (baritone)">Richard Walker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate</td> <td></td> <td>Allen Morris</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Green" title="Martyn Green">Martyn Green</a></td> <td>C. William Morgan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plaintiff</td> <td>Bessie Mackenzie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Gordon" title="Marjorie Gordon">Marjorie Gordon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Evans" title="Eleanor Evans">Eleanor Evans</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ann_Drummond-Grant" title="Ann Drummond-Grant">Ann Drummond-Grant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st Bridesmaid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Burnege" title="Mabel Burnege">Mabel Burnege</a></td> <td>Ethel Armit</td> <td>Beatrice Elburn</td> <td>Nancy Ray </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:65em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Role</th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1949 Tour<a href="#cite_note-126">[115]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1955 Tour<a href="#cite_note-127">[116]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1965 Tour<a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1975 Tour<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Learned Judge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Watson (singer)">Richard Watson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(actor)" title="John Reed (actor)">John Reed</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Skitch" title="Jeffrey Skitch">Jeffrey Skitch</a></td> <td>Jon Ellison<a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Counsel</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Styler" title="Alan Styler">Alan Styler</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Styler" title="Alan Styler">Alan Styler</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Styler" title="Alan Styler">Alan Styler</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rayner" title="Michael Rayner">Michael Rayner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Defendant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Osborn" title="Leonard Osborn">Leonard Osborn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Fryatt" title="John Fryatt">John Fryatt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Potter" title="Philip Potter">Philip Potter</a></td> <td>Jeffrey Cresswell<a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreman</td> <td>Donald Harris</td> <td>John Banks</td> <td>Anthony Raffell</td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Conroy-Ward" title="James Conroy-Ward">James Conroy-Ward</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Usher</td> <td><a href="/wiki/L._Radley_Flynn" title="L. Radley Flynn">L. Radley Flynn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Cook_(opera_singer)" title="George Cook (opera singer)">George Cook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Cook_(opera_singer)" title="George Cook (opera singer)">George Cook</a></td> <td>John Broad </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate</td> <td>C. William Morgan</td> <td>Keith Bonnington</td> <td>Keith Bonnington</td> <td>William Palmerley </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plaintiff</td> <td>Enid Walsh</td> <td>Kathleen West</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Toye" title="Jennifer Toye">Jennifer Toye</a></td> <td>Marjorie Williams<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st Bridesmaid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Wright" title="Joyce Wright">Joyce Wright</a></td> <td>Margaret Dobson</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Wales" title="Pauline Wales">Pauline Wales</a></td> <td>Rosalind Griffiths </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefit_performances">Benefit performances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Benefit performances">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarringtonJudge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sepia photo of the face of an actor, portraying the judge with an exaggerated expression of distaste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BarringtonJudge.jpg/170px-BarringtonJudge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/BarringtonJudge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a> as the Learned Judge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorc-Pin-Trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sorc-Pin-Trial.jpg/170px-Sorc-Pin-Trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sorc-Pin-Trial.jpg/255px-Sorc-Pin-Trial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sorc-Pin-Trial.jpg/340px-Sorc-Pin-Trial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>Poster advertising operettas by Gilbert & Sullivan; includes Trial by Jury</figcaption></figure> Starting in 1877, Trial by Jury was often given at benefit performances, usually for an actor or actress who had fallen on hard times, but occasionally for other causes. These were glittering affairs, with various celebrities appearing in principal roles or as part of the chorus.<a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> Gilbert himself played the silent role of the Associate on at least four occasions.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> Arthur Sullivan conducted the 1877 benefit for the actor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(actor)" title="Henry Compton (actor)">Henry Compton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl96-135">[124]</a> At the Compton benefit, Penley and <a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a> were members of the Jury, and a number of other famous actors and actresses were in the chorus.<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> Sullivan also conducted the 1889 benefit for Barrington.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Farren" title="Nellie Farren">Nellie Farren</a> benefit, many of the performers listed below sat in the jury or the gallery, and Trial by Jury was followed by a six-hour-long concert. Performances were given by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellaline_Terriss" title="Ellaline Terriss">Ellaline Terriss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Tempest" title="Marie Tempest">Marie Tempest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Coffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayden Coffin">Hayden Coffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roberts_(comedian)" title="Arthur Roberts (comedian)">Arthur Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letty_Lind" title="Letty Lind">Letty Lind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Payne" title="Edmund Payne">Edmund Payne</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a> benefit in 1906 was also a particularly well-attended affair, with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a> numbered among the jury and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> singing, among many star performances.<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:45em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Role</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(actor)" title="Henry Compton (actor)">Henry Compton</a> Drury Lane 1 March 1877<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl96-135">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[l]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Amy_Roselle" title="Amy Roselle">Amy Roselle</a> Lyceum 16 June 1887<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl96-135">[124]</a></th> <th>Rutland Barrington Savoy 28 May 1889<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl96-135">[124]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Farren" title="Nellie Farren">Nellie Farren</a> Drury Lane 17 March 1898<a href="#cite_note-Ganzl96-135">[124]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Judge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Honey" title="George Honey">George Honey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Counsel</td> <td>George Fox</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple_(bass-baritone)" title="Richard Temple (bass-baritone)">Richard Temple</a></td> <td>Alec Marsh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lewis_(actor)" title="Eric Lewis (actor)">Eric Lewis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Defendant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._H._Cummings" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Cummings">W. H. Cummings</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bracy" title="Henry Bracy">Henry Bracy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Courtice_Pounds" title="Courtice Pounds">Courtice Pounds</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Courtice_Pounds" title="Courtice Pounds">Courtice Pounds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreman</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Mr. Burbank</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Usher</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil" title="Arthur Cecil">Arthur Cecil</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Lewis_(bass-baritone)" title="Rudolph Lewis (bass-baritone)">Rudolph Lewis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._H._Denny" title="W. H. Denny">W. H. Denny</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[130]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Passmore" title="Walter Passmore">Walter Passmore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roberts_(comedian)" title="Arthur Roberts (comedian)">Arthur Roberts</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plaintiff</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Rita" title="Pauline Rita">Pauline Rita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ulmar" title="Geraldine Ulmar">Geraldine Ulmar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lottie_Venne" title="Lottie Venne">Lottie Venne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence_Perry" title="Florence Perry">Florence Perry</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Role</th> <th>Princess Christian's Homes of Rest for Disabled Soldiers Drury Lane, 15 May 1900<a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/William_Rignold" title="William Rignold">William Rignold</a> Lyric Theatre 5 December 1902<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a> Drury Lane 12 June 1906<a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Judge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Counsel</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lewis_(actor)" title="Eric Lewis (actor)">Eric Lewis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C._Hayden_Coffin" title="C. Hayden Coffin">C. Hayden Coffin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Defendant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Courtice_Pounds" title="Courtice Pounds">Courtice Pounds</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Childerstone" title="Charles Childerstone">Charles Childerstone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Courtice_Pounds" title="Courtice Pounds">Courtice Pounds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreman</td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._H._Denny" title="W. H. Denny">W. H. Denny</a></td> <td>Fred Kaye</td> <td>Robert Marshall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Usher</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Passmore" title="Walter Passmore">Walter Passmore</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith_Jr." title="George Grossmith Jr.">George Grossmith Jr.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Passmore" title="Walter Passmore">Walter Passmore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Monckton" title="Lionel Monckton">Lionel Monckton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="">Associate's Wife1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Effie_Bancroft" title="Effie Bancroft">Effie Bancroft</a></td> <td>—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Brough" title="Fanny Brough">Fanny Brough</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plaintiff</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence_St._John" title="Florence St. John">Florence St. John</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Evie_Greene" title="Evie Greene">Evie Greene</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Vincent" title="Ruth Vincent">Ruth Vincent</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> 1The role of the Associate's Wife was especially created for the disabled soldiers' benefit performance and does not appear in any standard performances.<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> Trial by Jury has been recorded many times. Of the recordings by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, those recorded in 1927 and 1964 are ranked the best, according to the "Gilbert and Sullivan Discography", edited by Marc Shepherd. The 1961 Sargent and especially the 1995 Mackerras recordings are also rated highly by the Discography.<a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a> The reviewer Michael Walters gives his highest praise to the 1927 recording, but he also likes the 1961 recording.<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a> The Discography recommends the 1982 Brent Walker video, which is paired with <a href="/wiki/Cox_and_Box" title="Cox and Box">Cox and Box</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brent-150">[138]</a> More recent professional productions have been recorded on video by the <a href="/wiki/International_Gilbert_and_Sullivan_Festival" title="International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival">International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[139]</a> <dl><dt>Selected recordings</dt></dl> <ul><li>1927 D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Norris_(conductor)" title="Harry Norris (conductor)">Harry Norris</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[140]</a></li> <li>1961 Sargent/Glyndebourne – <a href="/wiki/Pro_Arte_Orchestra" title="Pro Arte Orchestra">Pro Arte Orchestra</a>, Glyndebourne Festival Chorus, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent" title="Malcolm Sargent">Sir Malcolm Sargent</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[141]</a></li> <li>1964 D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Godfrey" title="Isidore Godfrey">Isidore Godfrey</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[142]</a></li> <li>1975 D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Royston_Nash" title="Royston Nash">Royston Nash</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a></li> <li>1982 Brent Walker Productions video – Ambrosian Opera Chorus, <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Faris" title="Alexander Faris">Alexander Faris</a><a href="#cite_note-Brent-150">[138]</a></li> <li>1995 Mackerras/Telarc – Orchestra and Chorus of the Welsh National Opera, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Sir Charles Mackerras</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[144]</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a> video (modern dress) – Stage Director: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Maunder" title="Stuart Maunder">Stuart Maunder</a>; conductor: Andrew Greene<a href="#cite_note-157">[145]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_changes">Textual changes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Textual changes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_reeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sepia photo showing four characters, the Usher, the Defendant and the Plaintiff swooning in the arms of the Judge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Big_reeling.jpg/300px-Big_reeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Big_reeling.jpg/450px-Big_reeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Big_reeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>The Plaintiff, in "distress", captures the sympathy of the judge and jury. Production with <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Granville" title="Sydney Granville">Sydney Granville</a>, 1919</figcaption></figure> Before the first performance of Trial by Jury, some material was cut, including two songs and a <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a>: a song for the foreman of the jury, "Oh, do not blush to shed a tear", which was to be sung just after "Oh, will you swear by yonder skies"; and a recitative for the Judge and song for the Usher, "We do not deal with artificial crime" and "His lordship's always quits", which came just before "A nice dilemma".<a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a> The melody for "His Lordship's always quits" is known, and it was reused in "I loved her fondly" in The Zoo and later modified into the main tune from "A wand'ring minstrel, I" in <a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a> A few changes were made to the end of "I love him, I love him!" after the first night.<a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a> A third verse for "Oh, gentlemen, listen I pray" was sung, at least on the first night, and part was quoted in a review in the Pictorial World.<a href="#cite_note-161">[149]</a> Trial by Jury underwent relatively minor textual changes after its first run, mainly consisting of insignificant amendments to wording.<a href="#cite_note-162">[150]</a> The most significant changes involve the ending. The original stage directions set up a simple <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>-style tableau: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Judge and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Plaintiff dance back, hornpipe step, and get onto the Bench – the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Bridesmaids take the eight garlands of roses from behind the Judge's desk and draw them across floor of court, so that they radiate from the desk. Two plaster Cupids in bar wigs descend from flies. Red fire.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley38-163">[151]</a></blockquote> This became much more elaborate in the 1884 revival, with the entire set being transformed, and the plaintiff climbing onto the Judge's back "à la fairy". In the 1920s, the plaster cupids were evidently damaged on a tour, and the transformation scene was abandoned completely.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley38-163">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources">Notes, references and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes, references and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Apparently, this refers to another opera that Sullivan was working on for the Royalty: an advertisement in <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a> on 14 March 1875 stated that "In consequence of the continued success of La Périchole, the production of Mr. Sullivan's two-act opera is postponed".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> A gossip column in the Athenæum, dated 13 March 1875, stated that Sullivan was working on new music for a piece at the <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Theatre" title="St James's Theatre">St James's Theatre</a>. From this, McElroy speculates that Sullivan had already begun writing musical numbers for <a href="/wiki/The_Zoo" title="The Zoo">The Zoo</a> before he shifted his energies to Trial by Jury and decided "to salvage them by telling [his librettist] to boil the libretto down to one act and [transfer] the project to another theatre."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> See First edition libretto cover on exhibition at the University of Rochester Libraries.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In 1871 Sullivan had composed his only other "dramatic cantata", <a href="/wiki/On_Shore_and_Sea" title="On Shore and Sea">On Shore and Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The fashion in the late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> was to present long evenings in the theatre, and so Carte preceded his <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy operas</a> with <a href="/wiki/Curtain_raiser" title="Curtain raiser">curtain raisers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-names-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-names_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-names_46-1">b</a> Edwin and Angelina were "a traditional pairing of names of faithful lovers" as far back in English literature as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>'s The Hermit and <a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Wakefield" title="The Vicar of Wakefield">The Vicar of Wakefield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Burgess comments, "The irony of the situation will not go unperceived by the reader."<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> This synopsis is based on the libretto as printed in Bradley, pp. 7–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "Where is the Plaintiff?" has a joke involving echoes of the Usher's "Oh, Angelina", echoing in the courtroom. In D'Oyly Carte productions, the echoes were performed by the defendant with his back to the audience. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> For example, in the British television show <a href="/wiki/Kavanagh_QC" title="Kavanagh QC">Kavanagh QC</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/John_Thaw" title="John Thaw">John Thaw</a>, in the episode "Briefs Trooping Gaily", Kavanagh's colleague Jeremy Aldermarten (<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Jones_(actor)" title="Nicholas Jones (actor)">Nicholas Jones</a>) plays the Judge in an amateur production of Trial by Jury. In another example, in <a href="/wiki/The_Follies_of_1907" title="The Follies of 1907">The Follies of 1907</a>, a scene lifted musical excerpts from Trial and featured a send up of the American justice system in which tenor <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> was put on trial in a parody of the trial of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kendall_Thaw" title="Harry Kendall Thaw">Harry Kendall Thaw</a>, whose "crime of the century" involved the murder of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_White" title="Stanford White">Stanford White</a>, who was having an affair with his wife, the actress <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Nesbit" title="Evelyn Nesbit">Evelyn Nesbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> For example, in the American law suit Askew v. Askew, 22 Cal.App.4th 942 (4th Dist. 1994), the decision includes an extensive reference to Trial by Jury as an introduction to its discussion of suits for breach of promise and "the potential for abuse inherent in such lawsuits".<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> In addition to the London productions mentioned below and early tours mentioned above, Carte toured Trial with The Sorcerer beginning in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> An examination of Rollins and Witts and Gänzl shows that a ten-year interval is sufficient to indicate the bulk of the notable performers who portrayed these roles in authorized productions during that period. Biographies of the persons named below can be found at Stone, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsarchive.net/whowaswho/index.htm">Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 8 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The chorus included leading stars such as <a href="/wiki/W._S._Penley" title="W. S. Penley">W. S. Penley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bishop_(actress)" title="Kate Bishop (actress)">Kate Bishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Terry" title="Marion Terry">Marion Terry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stedman12930-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman12930_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman12930_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman12930_1-2">c</a> Stedman, pp. 129–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganzl90-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl90_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl90_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl90_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl90_2-3">d</a> Gänzl (1986), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees78-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Rees78_3-0">^</a> Rees, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Stedman, pp. 99–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger106-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger106_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger106_5-1">b</a> Ainger, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/consultation%20papers/wpBreachofPromise.htm">"The Law Relating to Breach of Promise of Marriage"</a>, Working Papers, p. 4, Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Law_Reform_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Law Reform Commission (Ireland)">Law Reform Commission</a> (1978) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsarchive.net/bab_ballads/html/trial.html">Trial by Jury: An Operetta</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Fun_(magazine)" title="Fun (magazine)">Fun</a>, 11 April 1868, Gilbert and Sullivan Archive edition, accessed 11 October 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Bradley, pp. 6, 24, 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Stedman, pp. 120–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Ainger, pp. 99–100 and 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Stedman, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Ainger, pp. 107–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger108-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger108_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger108_13-1">b</a> Ainger, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> McElroy, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> McElroy, pp. 51–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger109-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger109_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger109_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger109_17-2">c</a> Ainger, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/gilbert-and-sullivan/details?Print=21">First edition libretto cover</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Young, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Stedman, pp. 128–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger110-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger110_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger110_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger110_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger110_22-3">d</a> Ainger, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Lee Bernard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/classical/Swashbuckling-Savoy-curtainraiser-.4348391.jp">"Swash-buckling Savoy curtain-raiser"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015154331/http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/classical/Swashbuckling-Savoy-curtainraiser-.4348391.jp">Archived</a> 15 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Telegraph" title="Sheffield Telegraph">Sheffield Telegraph</a>, 1 August 2008; and MacQueen-Pope, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganzl95-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl95_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl95_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl95_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl95_25-3">d</a> Gänzl (1986), p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger114-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger114_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger114_26-1">b</a> Ainger, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-Walbrook3840-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walbrook3840_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walbrook3840_27-1">b</a> Walbrook, pp. 38–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Ainger, pp. 113, 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ainger, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-Juxtaposition-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Juxtaposition_30-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, 29 March 1875, quoted and discussed in Ainger, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Ainger, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ainger, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Ainger, pp. 118 and 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganzl8990-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl8990_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl8990_34-1">b</a> Gänzl (1986), pp. 89–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/collect/prompt/jcwill.html">"J.C. Williamson Opera Programs"</a>, (1906 programme), National Library of Australia, Retrieved on 23 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-copyright-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copyright_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-copyright_36-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsarchive.net/gondoliers/doc_67/67docprod.html">l "The 1968 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company Production of The Gondoliers"</a>, reprinted from theatre programme of 29 January 1968, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, Retrieved on 11 March 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stedman132-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman132_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman132_37-1">b</a> Stedman, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Ainger, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ainger, pp. 113–114 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Gänzl (1986), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Crowther, p. 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Gänzl (2021), p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://victorianweb.org/mt/gilbert/judge.html">Full text of "The Judge's Song"</a>, The Victorian Web. Retrieved on 23 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> The "Court of the Exchequer extended its jurisdiction, a breach of promise [could be] tried there by the legal fiction that the wrong done to the plaintiff by the conduct of the <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> made her unable to pay her taxes". See Burgess, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Bradley, p. 6, note to line 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Burgess, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley4-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley4_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley4_49-1">b</a> Bradley, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Gilbert and Sullivan, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Allen (1958), p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen30-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen30_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen30_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen30_54-2">c</a> Allen (1958), p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The Daily News, 27 March 1875, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-World226-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World226_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World226_56-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZIPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA254">"Trial by Jury"</a>, The Musical World, 3 April 1875, p. 226. Retrieved on 17 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Allen (1958), p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Quoted in Gänzl (1986), p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Allen (1958), p. 31, quoting the Daily Telegraph </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Allen (1958), p. 31, quoting <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Allen (1958), pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Browne, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Walbrook40-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Walbrook40_63-0">^</a> Walbrook, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger109110-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger109110_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger109110_64-1">b</a> Ainger, pp. 109–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Allen (1975b), p. iii </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Dark and Grey, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Ommen_van_der_Merwe2009" class="citation book cs1">Ann Ommen van der Merwe (2009). "The First Follies 1907–1909". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DISRvw0CRl0C&q=follies+of+1907">The Ziegfeld Follies: A History in Song</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461731733" title="Special:BookSources/9781461731733"><bdi>9781461731733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Follies+1907%E2%80%931909&rft.btitle=The+Ziegfeld+Follies%3A+A+History+in+Song&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781461731733&rft.au=Ann+Ommen+van+der+Merwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDISRvw0CRl0C%26q%3Dfollies%2Bof%2B1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/4th/22/942.html">"Askew v. Askew (1994)</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California Courts of Appeal</a>, Fourth District, Division Three, 17 February 1994, via <a href="/wiki/Justia" title="Justia">Justia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther77-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther77_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther77_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther77_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther77_71-3">d</a> Crowther, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Bradley, p. 758 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Stedman, p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Stedman, pp. 129–130, 244; Crowther, pp. 133–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Recording and re-issue history available at: Shepherd, Marc (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/mdanna.htm">"How to Write Your Own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera (1953)"</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, Retrieved on 30 July 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Anna Russell Sings! Again? 1953 Columbia Masterworks Mono LP ML4594/ML4733 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Crowther, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Crowther, pp. 78–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley14-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley14_79-0">^</a> Bradley, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Fitzgerald, pp. 25–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Crowther, p. 77, quoting Archer, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-DarkGrey6768-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DarkGrey6768_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DarkGrey6768_82-1">b</a> Dark and Grey, pp. 67–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Lawrence, pp. 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stedman129-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman129_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman129_84-1">b</a> Stedman, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Dark and Grey, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Crowther, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Stedman, pp. 157–158; Crowther, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Crowther, pp. 87–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Crowther, pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Gänzl (1986), p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganzl89-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl89_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl89_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl89_91-2">c</a> Gänzl (1986), p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley10-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley10_92-0">^</a> Bradley, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Bradley, pp. 4 and 12; Burgess, pp. 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Bradley, p. 4; Burgess, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Jacobs, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Gänzl, Kurt</a>. The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, Schirmer Books; 2nd edition (May 2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Prestige, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/5875/libseries.num37.pdf">"D'Oyly Carte and the Pirates"</a>, in Papers Presented at the International Conference Held at the University of Kansas in May 1970", James Helyar (ed.), 1971, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, Lawrence, Kansas, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/gilbert-and-sullivan/details?Print=22">Theatre programme</a> for Soldene English Opera Company's Trial by Jury at Boston's <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre,_Boston_(1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe Theatre, Boston (1871)">Globe Theatre</a>, 28 November 1876, from online exhibition at University of Rochester Libraries. Retrieved on 3 June 2008. Soldene was co-proprietor of the Opera Comique, and this was the grand tour of the original British production. See Gänzl (1986), pp. 89–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganzl967-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl967_99-0">^</a> Gänzl (1986), pp. 96–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Howarth, Paul (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsarchive.net/carte/touring/1878_TJ_SO.pdf">"Comedy Opera Company Ltd. (Under the management of Mr. Richard D'Oyly Carte), Touring Trial by Jury and The Sorcerer"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 15 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Wilson and Lloyd, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Rollins and Witts, Appendix, p. VII </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Forbes, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kenneth-sandford-550525.html">Kenneth Sandford obituary</a>, The Independent, 23 September 2004, accessed 6 April 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Bradley, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins1-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins1_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins1_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins1_106-2">c</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins4-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins4_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins4_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins4_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins4_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins4_107-4">e</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Rollins and Witts, 3rd supplement, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> "Royal Strand Theatre", Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, 3 March 1877, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Rollins and Witts, 3rd supplement, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins5-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins5_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins5_111-1">b</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins9-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins9_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins9_112-1">b</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins17-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins17_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins17_113-1">b</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins18-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Rollins18_114-0">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cast1899-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cast1899_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cast1899_115-1">b</a> 1899 cast: As 1898, except: Counsel – Leonard Russell; Defendant – Charles Childerstone; Foreman – Iago Lewys; Associate – Albert Gater; 1st Bridesmaid – Madge Moyse. (From Rollins and Witts, p. 18) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Rollins and Witts (and supplements). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Stone, David (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/whowaswho/H/HollingsworthJohn.htm">"John Hollingsworth"</a>, Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (1875-1982). Retrieved on 17 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-CastChange-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CastChange_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CastChange_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CastChange_119-2">c</a> Early in April 1875, as shown by the programme pictured above, Mr. C Campbell became the Foreman, Mr. Charles Kelleher became the Usher, and Mr. Pepper became the Associate </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Kelleher appeared in other D'Oyly Carte productions in the 1870s. See Stone, David (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/whowaswho/K/KelleherCharles.htm">"Charles Kelleher"</a>, Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (1875-1982). Retrieved on 17 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Verner took over the role of Plaintiff in July 1875. See Stone, David (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/whowaswho/U-V/VernerLinda.htm">"Linda Verner"</a>, Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (1875-1982). Retrieved on 17 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Rollins and Witts, 1st Supplement, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Rollins and Witts, 3rd Supplement, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> John Reed played the Judge for the two-week Savoy season. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Colin Wright played the Defendant for the two-week Savoy season. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Goss" title="Julia Goss">Julia Goss</a> played the Plaintiff for the two-week Savoy season. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Burgess, pp. 52–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Burgess, pp. 52–53; Gänzl (1986), pp. 96–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganzl96-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl96_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl96_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl96_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl96_135-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzl96_135-4">e</a> Gänzl (1986), p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Ainger, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a>, 1 June 1889, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Davis (1995), Chapter X, letter of 20 March 1898. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Burgess, pp. 56–61 reproduces the programmes for several of these benefits in facsimile. Others are listed in Gänzl (1986), pp. 95–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a>, 4 March 1877, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a>, 1 June 1889 (reporting that Denny, not Lugg was Usher and that the piece was played together with Locked In by Walter Frith (libretto) and James Caldicott (music), starring <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Bond" title="Jessie Bond">Jessie Bond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lewis_(actor)" title="Eric Lewis (actor)">Eric Lewis</a> and Rose Hervey, directed by Barrington) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a>, 18 June 1887, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Burgess, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> "The William Rignold Benefit", <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a>, 13 December 1902, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Gänzl (1986), pp. 97–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Ainger, pp. 380–381 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbj.htm">"Recordings of Trial By Jury (1995)"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 9 August 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Walters, Michael. "Recordings of Trial by Jury (part 2)", W. S. Gilbert Society Journal, Vol. 4, part 3, Issue 29. Summer 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brent-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_150-1">b</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbjwalk.htm">"The Brent Walker Trial By Jury (1982)"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 5 April 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsfestivals.org/shop/professional-shows">"Professional Shows from the Festival"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626161615/http://gsfestivals.org/shop/professional-shows">Archived</a> 26 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Musical Collectibles catalogue website, accessed 15 October 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbj1927.htm">"The 1927 D'Oyly Carte Trial By Jury"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 11 May 2003, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbjsarg.htm">"The Sargent/Glyndebourne Trial By Jury (1961)"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 29 April 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbj1964.htm">"The 1964 D'Oyly Carte Trial By Jury"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 24 August 2008, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbj1975.htm">"The 1975 Trial By Jury"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 23 July 2005 accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbjmack.htm">"The Mackerras/Telarc Trial By Jury (1995)"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 23 October 2001, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Shepherd, Marc and Donald Shirer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbjausto.htm">"The Opera Australia Trial By Jury (2005)"</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 9 July 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Bradley, pp. 20, 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillett,_SelwynRoderick_Spencer2002" class="citation web cs1">Tillett, Selwyn; Roderick Spencer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619222651/http://www.chimesmusicaltheatre.co.uk/Thespis.pdf">"Forty Years of Thespis Scholarship"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chimesmusicaltheatre.co.uk/Thespis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forty+Years+of+Thespis+Scholarship&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Tillett%2C+Selwyn&rft.au=Roderick+Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chimesmusicaltheatre.co.uk%2FThespis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"> p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Bradley, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Allen (1975a), p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Bradley, pp. 6–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley38-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley38_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley38_163-1">b</a> Bradley, pp. 36, 38 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Ainger, Michael (2002). Gilbert and Sullivan – A Dual Biography. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514769-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514769-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+and+Sullivan+%E2%80%93+A+Dual+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514769-8&rft.aulast=Ainger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1958" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Reginald (1958). The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan. London: Chappell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3156011">3156011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Night+Gilbert+and+Sullivan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chappell&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3156011&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1975a" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Reginald (1975a). The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan [Centennial Edition]. London: Chappell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/550681465">550681465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Night+Gilbert+and+Sullivan+%5BCentennial+Edition%5D&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chappell&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F550681465&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1975b" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Reginald (1975b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirarthursulliva0000alle">Sir Arthur Sullivan: Composer and Personage</a>. New York: The Pierpont Morgan Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87598-049-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87598-049-2"><bdi>978-0-87598-049-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Arthur+Sullivan%3A+Composer+and+Personage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Pierpont+Morgan+Library&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87598-049-2&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirarthursulliva0000alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1882" class="citation book cs1">Archer, William (1882). "Mr. W. S. Gilbert". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishdramatis01archgoog">English Dramatists of To-Day</a>. London: Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/963632829">963632829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mr.+W.+S.+Gilbert&rft.btitle=English+Dramatists+of+To-Day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle+and+Rivington&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F963632829&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishdramatis01archgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Bradley, Ian</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeannotate00sull">The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816503-3"><bdi>978-0-19-816503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Annotated+Gilbert+and+Sullivan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816503-3&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteannotate00sull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1907" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Edith A. (1907). Stars of the Stage: W. S. Gilbert. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5866733">5866733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stars+of+the+Stage%3A+W.+S.+Gilbert&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Lane%2C+The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5866733&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Edith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1997" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, A. J. (1997). The Notary and other Lawyers in Gilbert & Sullivan. Hadleigh, Suffolk: Jardine Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9525594-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9525594-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9525594-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notary+and+other+Lawyers+in+Gilbert+%26+Sullivan&rft.place=Hadleigh%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Jardine+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9525594-1-2&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther2000" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Andrew (2000). Contradiction Contradicted – The Plays of W. S. Gilbert. London: Associated University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3839-2"><bdi>978-0-8386-3839-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contradiction+Contradicted+%E2%80%93+The+Plays+of+W.+S.+Gilbert&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3839-2&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1995" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard Harding (ed. Charles Belmont Davis) (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=405">Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3839-2"><bdi>978-0-8386-3839-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+and+Letters+of+Richard+Harding+Davis&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3839-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+Harding+%28ed.+Charles+Belmont+Davis%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinebooks.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fgutbook%2Flookup%3Fnum%3D405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDark1923" class="citation book cs1">Dark, Sidney and Rowland Grey (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpCMTsYMjy0C&pg=PA66">W. S. Gilbert: His Life and Letters</a>. Ayer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-08430-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-08430-0"><bdi>978-0-405-08430-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+S.+Gilbert%3A+His+Life+and+Letters&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=978-0-405-08430-0&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Sidney+and+Rowland+Grey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpCMTsYMjy0C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1899" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Percy Hetherington (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TzoQAAAAYAAJ">The Savoy Opera and the Savoyards</a>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4635323">4635323</a>. <q>Trial by Jury Fisher Sullivan Bromley Pepper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savoy+Opera+and+the+Savoyards&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4635323&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Percy+Hetherington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_TzoQAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGänzl1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Gänzl, Kurt</a> (1986). The British Musical Theatre—Volume I, 1865–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-39839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-39839-5"><bdi>978-0-333-39839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Musical+Theatre%E2%80%94Volume+I%2C+1865%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-333-39839-5&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4nzl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGänzl2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Gänzl, Kurt</a> (2021). Gilbert and Sullivan: The Players and the Plays. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-8545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-8545-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-8545-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+and+Sullivan%3A+The+Players+and+the+Plays&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-8545-4&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4nzl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert,_W._S.Sullivan,_Arthur1912" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, W. S. & Sullivan, Arthur (1912). Trial by Jury (Vocal Score). London: Chappell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48594935">48594935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+by+Jury+%28Vocal+Score%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chappell&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48594935&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1929" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Isaac (1929). The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan, or The 'Compleat' Savoyard. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758343552">758343552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Gilbert+and+Sullivan%2C+or+The+%27Compleat%27+Savoyard&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758343552&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1986" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Arthur (1986). Arthur Sullivan: A Victorian Musician. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282033-4"><bdi>978-0-19-282033-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Sullivan%3A+A+Victorian+Musician&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-282033-4&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Arthur (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirarthursulliva00lawruoft">Sir Arthur Sullivan, Life Story, Letters and Reminiscences</a> (1907 ed.). London: Duffield. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303888">1303888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Arthur+Sullivan%2C+Life+Story%2C+Letters+and+Reminiscences&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1907&rft.pub=Duffield&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1303888&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirarthursulliva00lawruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy1984" class="citation journal cs1">McElroy, George C. (1984). "Whose Zoo; or, When Did The Trial Begin?". Nineteenth Century Theatre Research. 12: 39–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth+Century+Theatre+Research&rft.atitle=Whose+Zoo%3B+or%2C+When+Did+The+Trial+Begin%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=39-54&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacQueen-Pope1947" class="citation book cs1">MacQueen-Pope, W. J. (1947). Carriages at Eleven. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/155797891">155797891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carriages+at+Eleven&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F155797891&rft.aulast=MacQueen-Pope&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollinsR._John_Witts1962" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Cyril; R. John Witts (1962). The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504581419">504581419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+D%27Oyly+Carte+Opera+Company+in+Gilbert+and+Sullivan+Operas%3A+A+Record+of+Productions%2C+1875%E2%80%931961&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504581419&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=R.+John+Witts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"> Also, four supplements, privately printed.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStedman1996" class="citation book cs1">Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816174-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816174-3"><bdi>0-19-816174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+S.+Gilbert%2C+A+Classic+Victorian+%26+His+Theatre&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-816174-3&rft.aulast=Stedman&rft.aufirst=Jane+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalbrook1922" class="citation book cs1">Walbrook, H. M. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsarchive.net/books/walbrook/index.html">Gilbert & Sullivan Opera: A History and A Comment</a>. London: F. V. White. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3303311">3303311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+%26+Sullivan+Opera%3A+A+History+and+A+Comment&rft.place=London&rft.pub=F.+V.+White&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3303311&rft.aulast=Walbrook&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsarchive.net%2Fbooks%2Fwalbrook%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFrederic_Lloyd1984" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Robin; Frederic Lloyd (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gilbertsullivano00wils">Gilbert & Sullivan – The Official D'Oyly Carte Picture History</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54113-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54113-6"><bdi>978-0-394-54113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+%26+Sullivan+%E2%80%93+The+Official+D%27Oyly+Carte+Picture+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-394-54113-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Frederic+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgilbertsullivano00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1971" class="citation book cs1">Young, Percy M. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirarthursulliva0000unse">Sir Arthur Sullivan</a>. London: J. M. Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-03934-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-03934-2"><bdi>0-460-03934-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Arthur+Sullivan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-460-03934-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Percy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirarthursulliva0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrial+by+Jury" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_by_Jury&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Trial_by_Jury" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Trial by Jury">Trial by Jury</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/W._S._Gilbert#Trial_by_Jury_(1875)" class="extiw" title="q:W. S. 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title="commons:Category:Trial by Jury">Trial by Jury</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/trial/html/index.html">Trial by Jury at The Gilbert & Sullivan Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/tbj.htm">Trial by Jury at The Gilbert & Sullivan Discography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsarchive.net/trial/reviews/times75.html">Opening night review in The Times, published 29 March 1875</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-8oH57yPd4">Video of Trial by Jury (23 minutes)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Green" title="Martyn Green">Martyn Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_(American_TV_program)" title="Omnibus (American TV program)">Omnibus</a> (1953)</li></ul> <div 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_(opera)" title="Patience (opera)">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ida" title="Princess Ida">Princess Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddigore" title="Ruddigore">Ruddigore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gondoliers" title="The Gondoliers">The Gondoliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia,_Limited" title="Utopia, Limited">Utopia, Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Duke" title="The Grand Duke">The Grand Duke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Carte" title="Helen Carte">Helen Carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Rupert D'Oyly Carte">Rupert D'Oyly Carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Bridget D'Oyly Carte">Bridget D'Oyly Carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan">Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gilbert_and_Sullivan_Festival" title="International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival">International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert_bibliography" title="W. S. Gilbert bibliography">W. S. Gilbert bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_W._S._Gilbert_dramatic_works" title="List of W. S. Gilbert dramatic works">dramatic works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Arthur_Sullivan" title="List of compositions by Arthur Sullivan">List of compositions by Arthur Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grim%27s_Dyke" title="Grim's Dyke">Grim's Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan">People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:Works about Gilbert and Sullivan">Works about Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adaptations_of_works_by_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:Adaptations of works by Gilbert and Sullivan">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gilbert_and_Sullivan_performing_groups" title="Category:Gilbert and Sullivan performing groups">Performing groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sullivan operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cox_and_Box" title="Cox and Box">Cox and Box</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sapphire_Necklace" title="The Sapphire Necklace">The Sapphire Necklace</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contrabandista" title="The Contrabandista">The Contrabandista</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zoo" title="The Zoo">The Zoo</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddon_Hall_(opera)" title="Haddon Hall (opera)">Haddon Hall</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chieftain" title="The Chieftain">The Chieftain</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Stone" title="The Beauty Stone">The Beauty Stone</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_of_Persia" title="The Rose of Persia">The Rose of Persia</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_Isle" title="The Emerald Isle">The Emerald Isle</a> (1901) w/ <a href="/wiki/Edward_German" title="Edward German">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:Gilbert and Sullivan">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Gilbert and Sullivan">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250903#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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