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<span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebel_campaigns_and_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebel_campaigns_and_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rebel campaigns and strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebel_campaigns_and_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor_Jing's_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor_Jing's_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emperor Jing's responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor_Jing's_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Main campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other theaters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="تمرد الدول السبعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمرد الدول السبعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_los_Siete_Estados" title="Rebelión de los Siete Estados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de los Siete Estados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9bellion_des_sept_%C3%89tats" title="Rébellion des sept États – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rébellion des sept États" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%B4%88%EC%B9%A0%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="오초칠국의 난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오초칠국의 난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Tujuh_Negara" title="Pemberontakan Tujuh Negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Tujuh Negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_dei_Sette_Regni" title="Rivolta dei Sette Regni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta dei Sette Regni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%89%E6%A5%9A%E4%B8%83%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" title="呉楚七国の乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="呉楚七国の乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_syv_staters_oppr%C3%B8r" title="De syv staters opprør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De syv staters opprør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Восстание семи уделов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание семи уделов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھەڵگەرانەوەکەی حەوت ویلایەتەکەی ھان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵگەرانەوەکەی حەوت ویلایەتەکەی ھان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobuna_Sedam_dr%C5%BEava" title="Pobuna Sedam država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pobuna Sedam država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F_7_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="กบฏ 7 รัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กบฏ 7 รัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%E1%BA%A1n_b%E1%BA%A3y_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Loạn bảy nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Loạn bảy nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="七國之亂 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="七國之亂" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="七国之乱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="七国之乱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="七國之亂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="七國之亂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="七国之乱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">Seven Warring States</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">154 BC rebellion against the Han dynasty of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Rebellion of the Seven States</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States.png/260px-Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States.png/390px-Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States.png/520px-Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><br />Map showing the Rebellion of Seven States during the Han dynasty</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>154 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Eastern China</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Han victory, further centralization of imperial power</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Seven States</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoxi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaoxi Kingdom">Jiaoxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaodong_Kingdom" title="Jiaodong Kingdom">Jiaodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichuan_Kingdom" title="Zichuan Kingdom">Zichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinan Kingdom">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Emperor Jing of Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yafu" title="Zhou Yafu">Zhou Yafu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dou_Ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dou Ying (page does not exist)">Dou Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guang" title="Li Guang">Li Guang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Pi_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Pi (prince)">Liu Pi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 360,000 troops</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>200,000 Wu troops</li> <li>300,000 troops from the other states</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> All troops either deserted, or were captured or killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Rebellion of the Seven States</b> or <b>Revolt of the Seven Kingdoms</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">七国之乱</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">七國之亂</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qī Guózhī Luàn</span></i>) took place in 154 BC against the rule of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Emperor Jing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> by its <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">regional semi-autonomous kings</a>, to resist the emperor's attempt to centralize the government further.<sup id="cite_ref-rdc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was crushed by the Han Imperial forces within three months, and the powers of the Imperial Court grew exponentially afterward. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, Liu Bang—<a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Emperor Gaozu of Han</a>—created princely titles for many of his relatives in certain territories that accounted for between approximately one-third to one-half of the empire. This was an attempt to consolidate <a href="/wiki/Liu" title="Liu">Liu</a> family rule over the parts of China that were not ruled directly from the capital under the <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commandery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">郡县</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">郡縣</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jùnxiàn</span></i>) system.<sup id="cite_ref-thkoo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thkoo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Emperor Wen</a>, these princes were still setting their own laws, but in addition they were minting their own coins (albeit with Emperor Wen's approval) and collecting their own taxes. Many princes were effectively ignoring the imperial government's authority within their own principalities. When <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Emperor Jing</a> became emperor in 157 BC, the rich principality of Wu was especially domineering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Han_soldiers_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Western_Han_soldiers_4.jpg/300px-Western_Han_soldiers_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Western_Han_soldiers_4.jpg/450px-Western_Han_soldiers_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Western_Han_soldiers_4.jpg/600px-Western_Han_soldiers_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a> miniature pottery infantry (foreground) and cavalry (background); in 1990, when the tomb complex of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Emperor Jing of Han</a> (<i>r</i>. 157–141 BC) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Wang Zhi">Empress Wang Zhi</a> (d. 126 BC) was excavated north of <a href="/wiki/Yangling_District" title="Yangling District">Yangling</a>, over 40,000 miniature pottery figures were unearthed. All of them were one-third life size, smaller than the 8,000-some fully life size soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> buried alongside the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">First Emperor of Qin</a>. Smaller miniature figurines, on average 60 centimeters (24 in) in height, have also been found in various royal Han tombs where they were placed to guard the deceased tomb occupants in their afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Emperor Jing already had an inimical relationship with his cousin-once-removed <a href="/wiki/Liu_Pi,_Prince_of_Wu" title="Liu Pi, Prince of Wu">Liu Pi, Prince of Wu</a>, the nephew of his grandfather, Han founder Emperor Gaozu. The principality of Wu enjoyed, among other natural resources, abundant copper and salt supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 179-175 BC, when Emperor Jing was still Crown Prince Qi, Liu Pi's heir apparent Liu Xian (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">劉賢</span>) had been on an official visit to the capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and they competed in a <i><a href="/wiki/Liubo" title="Liubo">liubo</a></i> board game. During arguments over the game, Liu Xian offended Crown Prince Qi, who beat him to death with the board. Liu Pi hated Emperor Jing for causing the death of Liu Xian.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Jing's key advisor <a href="/wiki/Chao_Cuo" title="Chao Cuo">Chao Cuo</a> suggested using as excuses offenses that the princes had committed which had generally been ignored by Emperor Wen, that he cut down the sizes of the principalities to make them less threatening. Chao explicitly contemplated the possibility that Wu and other principalities might rebel, but justified the action by asserting that if they were going to rebel, it would be better to let them rebel earlier than later when they might be more prepared. </p><p>Emperor Jing, in 154 BC, thus ordered the following punishments: </p> <ul><li>He carved out the <a href="/wiki/Donghai_Commandery" title="Donghai Commandery">commandery of Donghai</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Principality of Chu</a> (modern northern <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), based on <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wu,_Prince_of_Chu" title="Liu Wu, Prince of Chu">Liu Wu, Prince of Chu</a>, being caught drinking during the mourning period for <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bo" title="Empress Dowager Bo">Empress Dowager Bo</a>.</li> <li>He carved out the <a href="/wiki/Changshan_Commandery" title="Changshan Commandery">commandery of Changshan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Han_dynasty_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao (Han dynasty kingdom)">Principality of Zhao</a> (modern central and southern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), based on an unspecified offence.</li> <li>He carved out six counties from the <a href="/wiki/Jiaoxi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaoxi Kingdom">principality of Jiaoxi</a> (roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), based on Liu Ang, the Prince of Jiaoxi, embezzling funds from the sales of titles intended for paying border patrol costs.</li> <li>Carving out the commanderies of Kuaiji<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Zhang<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Wu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Principality of Wu</a>, based on various offences by Liu Pi, the Prince of Wu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellion">Rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinastia_han,_lastra_parietale_a_uso_funerario_con_scena_di_caccia,_206_a.c.-220_dc._ca,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dinastia_han%2C_lastra_parietale_a_uso_funerario_con_scena_di_caccia%2C_206_a.c.-220_dc._ca%2C_02.JPG/250px-Dinastia_han%2C_lastra_parietale_a_uso_funerario_con_scena_di_caccia%2C_206_a.c.-220_dc._ca%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dinastia_han%2C_lastra_parietale_a_uso_funerario_con_scena_di_caccia%2C_206_a.c.-220_dc._ca%2C_02.JPG/375px-Dinastia_han%2C_lastra_parietale_a_uso_funerario_con_scena_di_caccia%2C_206_a.c.-220_dc._ca%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dinastia_han%2C_lastra_parietale_a_uso_funerario_con_scena_di_caccia%2C_206_a.c.-220_dc._ca%2C_02.JPG/500px-Dinastia_han%2C_lastra_parietale_a_uso_funerario_con_scena_di_caccia%2C_206_a.c.-220_dc._ca%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>Wall fragment from a Chinese tomb, with an incised <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> decoration showing a hunting scene with <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC - 220 AD) <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130019.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130019.JPG/220px-Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130019.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130019.JPG/330px-Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130019.JPG/440px-Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130018.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130018.JPG/220px-Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130018.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130018.JPG/330px-Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130018.JPG/440px-Han_Guangling_Tomb_Museum_-_Queens_Tomb_-_chariot_and_horses_-_P1130018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Ceramic statues</a> of horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> from the tomb of the wife of Liu Xu (劉胥), Prince Li of Guangling (廣陵厲王), a son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> who committed suicide 53 BC</div></div></div></div> <p>In response to these actions, Liu Pi organized a rebellion. The seven actively participating princes were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Pi,_Prince_of_Wu" title="Liu Pi, Prince of Wu">Liu Pi</a> (劉濞), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Wu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wu,_Prince_of_Chu" title="Liu Wu, Prince of Chu">Liu Wu</a> (劉戊), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Chu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Chu</a>.</li> <li>Liu Ang (劉卬), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Jiaoxi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaoxi Kingdom">Jiaoxi</a>.</li> <li>Liu Xiongqu (劉雄渠), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Jiaodong_Kingdom" title="Jiaodong Kingdom">Jiaodong</a>.</li> <li>Liu Xian (劉賢), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Zichuan_Kingdom" title="Zichuan Kingdom">Zichuan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Piguang" title="Liu Piguang">Liu Piguang</a> (劉辟光), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Jinan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinan Kingdom">Jinan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Sui" title="Liu Sui">Liu Sui</a> (劉遂), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Zhao</a>.</li></ul> <p>Two other principalities—<a href="/wiki/Qi_Commandery" title="Qi Commandery">Qi</a> (modern central <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jibei_Kingdom" title="Jibei Kingdom">Jibei</a> (modern northwestern <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>)--agreed to join but neither actually did. Liu Jianglü (劉將閭), Prince of Qi, changed his mind at the final moment and chose to resist the rebel forces, and Liu Zhi (劉志), Prince of Jibei, was put under house arrest by the commander of his guards and prevented from joining the rebellion. </p><p>Three other princes were asked to join but either refused or merely did not join: </p> <ul><li>Liu An (劉安), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Huainan_Kingdom" title="Huainan Kingdom">Huainan</a> (roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>)</li> <li>Liu Ci (劉賜), Prince of Lujiang (roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>)</li> <li>Liu Bo (劉勃), Prince of Hengshan (roughly part of modern <a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>).</li></ul> <p>The seven princes also requested help from the southern independent kingdoms of Donghai (modern <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>), and the powerful <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in the north. Donghai and Minyue sent troops to participate in the campaign, but the Xiongnu, after initially promising to do so, did not. </p><p>The seven princes claimed that Chao Cuo was aiming to wipe out the principalities and that they would be satisfied if Chao were executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebel_campaigns_and_strategies">Rebel campaigns and strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rebel campaigns and strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four principalities on the periphery of Qi aimed to conquer Qi and divide it. Zhao forces headed west but stayed within the borders to wait for Wu and Chu forces, which were considered the main force in the rebellion. </p><p>Liu Pi, the Prince of Wu, had several strategies suggested to him that he considered:- </p> <ul><li>A suggestion by Tian Lubo (田祿伯) to have two main forces—one to be led by Liu Pi himself, attacking the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Liang">Principality of Liang</a> (modern eastern <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), and one to be led by Tian that would head west by the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Hanshui)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han River (Hanshui)">Han River</a> to make a surprise attack directly on the capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>.</li> <li>A suggestion by a Gen. Huan (桓) to ignore all cities on the way and leapfrog to attack <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and seize the plentiful food and weapons supply near Luoyang.</li> <li>A suggestion (probably by Liu Pi's heir apparent Liu Ju (劉駒)) to concentrate the forces to attack Liang and destroy it first.</li></ul> <p>Liu Pi accepted the final suggestion, concerned that if he gave Tian a large force he might rebel, and that Huan's plan was too dangerous. Wu and Chu forces therefore concentrated against <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Realm of Liang">Liang</a>, against Emperor Jing's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wu,_the_prince_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Wu, the prince of Liang">Liu Wu, the prince of Liang</a>, whose forces initially suffered devastating defeats, forcing Liu Wu to withdraw to his capital of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Suiyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Suiyang">Suiyang</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), which the Wu and Chu forces then proceeded to besiege. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor_Jing's_responses"><span id="Emperor_Jing.27s_responses"></span>Emperor Jing's responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emperor Jing's responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with instructions left by Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing commissioned <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yafu" title="Zhou Yafu">Zhou Yafu</a> as the commander of his armed forces to face the main rebel force—the joint forces of Wu and Chu. He commissioned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Ji,_marquis_of_Quzhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Ji, marquis of Quzhou (page does not exist)">Li Ji</a> (酈寄), the Marquess of Quzhou, to attack Zhao, and Gen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luan_Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luan Bu (page does not exist)">Luan Bu</a> (欒布) to try to relieve the siege of Qi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dou_Ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dou Ying (page does not exist)">Dou Ying</a> (竇嬰) was put in command of Li and Luan's forces, to coordinate them at his headquarters set at <a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_campaign">Main campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wu and Chu forces continued to attack Liang's capital <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Suiyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Suiyang">Suiyang</a> fiercely. Zhou Yafu suggested to Emperor Jing that the proper strategy was not to engage Wu and Chu forces head on because, in particular, Chu forces were known for their ferocity and excellent mobility. Rather, his plan was to let <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Realm of Liang">Liang</a> take the brunt of the attack, bypass Liang, and cut off the Wu and Chu supply lines to starve the rebel forces. Emperor Jing agreed, and Zhou set out from the capital Chang'an to join his main forces, already gathered at Yingyang. Wu and Chu prepared assassins on the way between Chang'an and Yingyang to assassinate Zhou, but Zhou, having been warned by the soldier Zhao She (趙涉), went by a circuitous route and avoided the assassins. </p><p>After taking command of his forces, Zhou headed toward Changyi (昌邑, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jining,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jining, Shandong">Jining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>) to prepare to cut off the Wu and Chu supply routes. At this time Liang appeared to be in great danger, and Prince <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wu,_prince_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Wu, prince of Liang">Liu Wu</a> sent messenger after messenger to seek immediate assistance from Zhou, which Zhou ignored. Emperor Jing, concerned for his brother, ordered Zhou to head to Liang immediately to save it. Zhou refused, and instead sent a cavalry force to cut off the Wu and Chu supply lines. The strategy was effective. Wu and Chu, unable to capture Liang quickly due to the strong defence put up by the prince's Gen. Han Anguo (韓安國) and Gen. Zhang Yu (張羽), headed northeast to attack Zhou. Zhou refused to engage in a direct battle with Wu and Chu forces, but rather concentrated on defending his camp. After being unable to get a decisive victory over Zhou, the Wu and Chu forces began to suffer from starvation and collapsed. Liu Pi fled to Donghai; Donghai killed him and sought peace with Han. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wu,_the_prince_of_Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Wu, the prince of Chu">Liu Wu, the prince of Chu</a>, committed suicide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_theaters">Other theaters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other theaters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_bronze_helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Han_bronze_helmet.jpg/220px-Han_bronze_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Han_bronze_helmet.jpg/330px-Han_bronze_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Han_bronze_helmet.jpg/440px-Han_bronze_helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Iron helmet, <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> period</figcaption></figure> <p>The only other theater that Wu forces engaged in was a small one. Liu Pi's guest Zhou Qiu (周丘) was looked down on by Liu Pi, but he, with Liu Pi's approval, had some successes with a surprising plan he hatched. He headed to his home town <a href="/wiki/Xiapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiapi">Xiapi</a> and, under the guise of being an imperial messenger, had the county magistrate killed and took over the county's militia. He then persuaded the people of the county to join the rebellion, and they headed north and had victories over the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chengyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Chengyang">Principality of Chengyang</a> (modern southeastern <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>). However, after hearing that Liu Pi had been defeated, Zhou was so taken by anxiety that he died. </p><p>Meanwhile, four principalities were besieging the Qi capital <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a>. Liu Jianglü, the Prince of Qi, considered surrendering, but his resolve to resist was strengthened when his messenger Lu (路), who had been captured by the four princes, told him from under the walls of the capital to resist (even though he was under threat from the four princes to persuade Prince Jianglü to surrender). Eventually, Luan Bu and Cao Qi (曹奇), the Marquess of Pingyang, arrived and defeated the four principalities, but at the same time also discovered that Qi had initially been part of the conspiracy. Unable to explain himself, Prince Jianglü committed suicide, but Emperor Jing, having compassion on him, permitted his son Liu Shou (劉壽) to inherit the principality. </p><p>Not so fortunate were the princes of the four rebelling principalities. The general sent to suppress them, Han Tuidang (韓頹當), the Marquess of Gonggao, wrote a letter to Liu Ang, the Prince of Jiaoxi, threatening him with utter destruction if he did not surrender. Prince Ang did so and was allowed to commit suicide. The other three princes were captured and executed. The four principalities were seized by the central government. </p><p>The final principality to be destroyed was Zhao. While Li Ji was initially unable to prevail in besieging the Zhao capital of Handan (modern <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), Zhao's hopes were virtually lost when Xiongnu forces, realizing Zhao was about to be defeated, chose not to join in the battle. When Luan returned from Qi he attacked Handan with Li and was able to capture it by breaking a levee to flood the walls of Handan. Liu Sui, the Prince of Zhao, committed suicide. </p><p>Liu Zhi, the Prince of Jibei, who initially wished to join the rebellion, did not share their fate. His official Gongsun Huo (公孫獲) was able to persuade <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wu,_the_prince_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Wu, the prince of Liang">Liu Wu, the prince of Liang</a>, that Liu Zhi had only pretended to join the rebellion and had in fact contributed to the rebellion's defeat. With Liu Wu's intercession, Prince Zhi was spared and he was instead given the Principality of Zaichuan. </p><p>In all, the initially ferocious rebellion lasted only three months before being defeated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor Gaozu had initially created imperial princes with independent military powers with an eye to having them protect the dynasty from outside. By the time of Emperor Jing, however, they were already creating problems by their refusal to follow the imperial government's laws and orders. Had the seven princes prevailed in this conflict, in all likelihood the Han dynasty would have collapsed into a loose confederation of states. In the aftermath of the rebellion, while the principality system was maintained, the powers of the princes were gradually reduced and the sizes of the principalities reduced as well, under Emperor Jing and his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a>. With the longevity of the Han dynasty, the Chinese mindset of it being normal to have a unified empire rather than divided states started to settle in.<sup id="cite_ref-thkoo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thkoo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Commandery" title="Wu Commandery">Wu Commandery</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang Commandery was later renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danyang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danyang Commandery (page does not exist)">Danyang Commandery</a>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, it was erroneously listed as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuzhang_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuzhang Commandery (page does not exist)">Yuzhang Commandery</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rdc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rdc_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny" title="Rafe de Crespigny">de Crespigny, Rafe</a> (November 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/0e1785f26bcc23beca9fd21f54ef4a81.pdf">"An Outline of the Local Administrations of the Later Han Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chung-chi Journal</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718173750/http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/7/700117.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chung-chi+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Outline+of+the+Local+Administrations+of+the+Later+Han+Empire&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1967-11&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhkjo.lib.hku.hk%2Farchive%2Ffiles%2F0e1785f26bcc23beca9fd21f54ef4a81.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion+of+the+Seven+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thkoo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thkoo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thkoo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelly_H._Koo1920" class="citation journal cs1">Telly H. Koo (1920). "The Constitutional Development of the Western Han Dynasty". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>40</b>. American Oriental Society: <span class="nowrap">170–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F593418">10.2307/593418</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/593418">593418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Development+of+the+Western+Han+Dynasty&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F593418&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F593418%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Telly+H.+Koo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion+of+the+Seven+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paludan, Ann. (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., pp 34–36, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05090-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05090-2">0-500-05090-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Allard,_Yan_Sun,_Kathryn_M._Linduff2018" class="citation book cs1">Francis Allard, Yan Sun, Kathryn M. Linduff (2018). <i>Memory and Agency in Ancient China: Shaping the Life History of Objects</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108472579" title="Special:BookSources/9781108472579"><bdi>9781108472579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Agency+in+Ancient+China%3A+Shaping+the+Life+History+of+Objects&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781108472579&rft.au=Francis+Allard%2C+Yan+Sun%2C+Kathryn+M.+Linduff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion+of+the+Seven+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehnke_Kinney2004" class="citation book cs1">Behnke Kinney, Anne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0Lz0uAT_ygC&pg=PA67"><i>Representations of Childhood and Youth in Early China</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804747318" title="Special:BookSources/9780804747318"><bdi>9780804747318</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representations+of+Childhood+and+Youth+in+Early+China&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780804747318&rft.aulast=Behnke+Kinney&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0Lz0uAT_ygC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion+of+the+Seven+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang Ji">Zhuang Ji</a></li></ul> <div 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="History of the Han dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate" title="Feast at Swan Goose Gate">Feast at Swan Goose Gate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Clan_disturbance" title="Lü Clan disturbance">Lü Clan disturbance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rebellion of the Seven States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses" title="War of the Heavenly Horses">War of the Heavenly Horses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Gojoseon" title="Han conquest of Gojoseon">Han conquest of Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">Southward expansion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han_campaigns_against_Minyue" title="Han campaigns against Minyue">Han–Minyue War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">Han conquest of Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Dian" title="Han conquest of Dian">Han conquest of Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">First Chinese domination of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">Second Chinese domination of Vietnam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Eyebrows" title="Red Eyebrows">Red Eyebrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lulin" title="Lulin">Lulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengjia" title="Chengjia">Chengjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disasters_of_the_Partisan_Prohibitions" title="Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions">Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="End of the Han dynasty">End of the Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Battle of Red Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman,_horse_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of a Han Dynasty ceramic horse"><img alt="Close-up of a Han Dynasty ceramic horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/100px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/150px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg/200px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_painted_figure_of_a_cavalryman%2C_horse_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Society and culture of the Han dynasty">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Horse_of_Gansu" title="Flying Horse of Gansu">Flying Horse of Gansu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals_of_Huainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Immortals of Huainan">Eight Immortals of Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" title="Mawangdui Silk Texts">Mawangdui Silk Texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luxuriant_Dew_of_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals">Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yiwu_Zhi" title="Yiwu Zhi">Yiwu Zhi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">Old Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_poetry" title="Han poetry">Han poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(poetry)" title="Fu (poetry)">Fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Military of the Han dynasty">military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(early)#Han_Dynasty,_Xin_Dynasty_and_Shu_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (early)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provinces_and_commanderies_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of provinces and commanderies of the Han dynasty">Provinces and commanderies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translation of government titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_coinage" title="Han dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Han dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Huan" title="Ding Huan">Ding Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shi" title="Du Shi">Du Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tuo" title="Hua Tuo">Hua Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoxia_Hong" title="Luoxia Hong">Luoxia Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang Zhongjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Script_Texts" title="Ancient Script Texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunheng" title="Lunheng">Balanced Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiben" title="Shiben">Book of Origins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation" title="Book on Numbers and Computation">Book on Numbers and Computation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fangyan_(book)" title="Fangyan (book)">Fangyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingui_Yaol%C3%BCe" title="Jingui Yaolüe">Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" title="The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huangdi Neijing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanghan_Lun" title="Shanghan Lun">Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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