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Bailey | image = Joseph Weldon Bailey.jpg | caption = Joseph Bailey c. 1910 to 1915 | birth_date = {{birth date|1862|10|6}} |jr/sr = United States Senator |state = [[Texas]] |term_start = March 4, 1901 |term_end = January 3, 1913 |preceded = [[Horace Chilton]] |succeeded = [[Rienzi M. Johnston]] |order1 = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority Leader]] |deputy1 = |term_start1 = March 4, 1897 |term_end1 = March 3, 1899 |predecessor1 = ''Office Established'' |successor1 = [[James D. Richardson]] |state2 = [[Texas]] |district2 = [[Texas's 5th congressional district|5th]] |term_start2= March 4, 1891 |term_end2 = March 3, 1901 |predecessor2= [[Silas Hare]] |successor2= [[Choice B. Randell]] | birth_name = Joseph Weldon Bailey | birth_place = [[Crystal Springs, Mississippi]], [[Confederate States of America|C.S.A.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1929|4|13|1862|10|6}} | death_place = [[Sherman, Texas]], U.S. | resting_place=Fairview Cemetery in [[Gainesville, Texas|Gainesville]], Texas, U.S. | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Lawyer and politician | nationality = American | alma_mater=[[University of Mississippi]] | party =[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] }} '''Joseph Weldon Bailey Sr.''' (October 6, 1862 – April 13, 1929), was a [[United States senator]], member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], lawyer, and [[Bourbon Democrat]] who was famous for his speeches extolling [[Conservative (politics)|conservative]] causes of his time, such as opposition to [[woman suffrage]] or restrictions on [[child labor]]. He served as a Congressional Representative between 1891 and 1901, and as the [[Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority leader]] from 1897 until 1899. In 1901, he was elected to the Senate, serving until 1913. Historian Elna C. Green says that Bailey "was known in Texas as a rigorous defender of [[states' rights]], [[constitutional conservatism]], and governmental economy. His opponents considered him the symbol of privilege and [[Political corruption|corruption]] in government."<ref name=Green>{{cite journal|last1=Green|first1=Elna M.|title=From Antisuffragism to Anti-Communism: The Conservative Career of Ida M. Darden|journal=[[Journal of Southern History]]|volume=65|issue=2|date=1999|page=291|doi=10.2307/2587365 |jstor=2587365}}</ref> == Biography == Born in [[Crystal Springs, Mississippi|Crystal Springs]] in [[Copiah County, Mississippi|Copiah County]] outside [[Jackson, Mississippi]], Bailey attended the [[University of Mississippi]] at [[Oxford, Mississippi|Oxford]], where in 1879 he joined the prestigious Delta Psi fraternity (AKA St. Anthony Hall). He graduated with a law degree from [[Cumberland University]] in 1883 and was [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admitted to the bar]] in Mississippi that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TSHA {{!}} Bailey, Joseph Weldon|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/bailey-joseph-weldon|access-date=2022-01-31|website=www.tshaonline.org}}</ref> He moved to [[Gainesville, Texas]], in 1885, where he continued to practice law. He had been politically active as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] in both Mississippi and his new home and had a reputation as an excellent public speaker who promoted [[Jeffersonian democracy]]. He was elected to the House in 1891 and quickly distinguished himself as leading advocate for [[free silver]], which contributed to his election as [[Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives]] in 1897.<ref name="Holcomb1968">{{cite thesis |last=Holcomb |first=Bob Charles |date=June 1968 |title=Senator Joe Bailey, Two Decades of Controversy |publisher=Texas Technical College |page=86}}</ref> He exerted considerable influence on his colleagues, but also struggled to unify his divided caucus.<ref name="Caro1990">{{cite book|last=Caro|first=Robert A.|author-link=Robert Caro|title=[[The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power]]|year=1990|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-679-72945-7|page=47}}</ref> On April 14, 1897, some House Democrats, led by [[David A. De Armond]] sought to block a three day adjournment, a maneuver understood as a repudiation of Bailey's cooperative relationship with Republican Speaker [[Thomas Brackett Reed]].{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=118}} Bailey's most severe disappointment as minority leader came in 1898, when he argued that congressmen who had accepted commissions to serve in the army without resigning from Congress had violated the [[Ineligibility Clause]] of the Constitution.{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=166}} Despite Bailey's advocacy, a majority of Democrats opposed a motion to consider a resolution which would have removed several members from Congress who had simultaneously held commissions during the [[Spanish–American War]].{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=166}} The next day, Bailey declared that he would not be a candidate for minority leader in the next Congress.{{sfn|Holcomb|1968|p=166}} He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1901. His political career was tarnished by an assault against Senator [[Albert J. Beveridge]], an Indiana Republican. Subsequent investigations brought to light suspicious income and financial ties that Bailey had to the burgeoning oil industry. Nevertheless, financial allegations against Bailey in 1906 threatened his reelection to the Senate, a task then the prerogative of the Texas legislature, rather than party voters.<ref name="Caro1990"/> His tenure ended on January 3, 1913 when he resigned his Senate seat.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAILEY, Joseph Weldon, (1862 - 1929)|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000044|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> After his defeat by [[Pat M. Neff]] in the Democratic [[governor of Texas|gubernatorial]] [[Partisan primary|primary]] in 1920, Bailey moved to [[Dallas]] to practice law. On April 13, 1929, he died in a courtroom in [[Sherman, Texas]], having just sat down after completing an argument.<ref>{{cite news |title=J. W. Bailey dies trying a lawsuit |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/04/14/95923219.html?pageNumber=29 |access-date=5 January 2023 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=14 April 1929 |pages=29}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Acheson, Sam Hanna. ''Joe Bailey, The Last Democrat'' (New York, 1932) * Gould, Lewis. ''Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era'' (U of Texas Press, 1973), == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{CongBio|B000044|name=BAILEY, Joseph Weldon|inline=1}} * {{Handbook of Texas|id=fba10|name=Joseph Weldon Bailey}} * {{cite BDA1906 |wstitle= Bailey, Joseph W. |volume= 1 |page= 184 |short=1}} * {{Find a Grave|7785562}} {{bioguide}} {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{succession box | title=[[Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority Leader]] | before=New Title | after=[[James D. Richardson]]<br />Tennessee | years=1897–1899 }} {{US House succession box | state = Texas | district =5 | before = [[Silas Hare]] | after = [[Choice B. Randell]] | years = 1891&ndash;1901 }} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{succession box | title=[[List of United States Senators from Texas|U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Texas]] | before=[[Horace Chilton]] | after=[[Rienzi Melville Johnston|Rienzi M. Johnston]] | years=1901&ndash;1913 }} {{s-end}} {{USSenTX}} {{USHouseMinLead}} {{USHouseDemLead}} {{Portalbar|Biography|Mississippi|Texas|Law|Politics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Joseph W.}} [[Category:1862 births]] [[Category:1929 deaths]] [[Category:Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives]] [[Category:People from Crystal Springs, Mississippi]] [[Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Texas]] [[Category:People from Gainesville, Texas]] [[Category:Politicians from Dallas]] [[Category:University of Mississippi alumni]] [[Category:Texas lawyers]] [[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas]] [[Category:19th-century American lawyers]] [[Category:Bourbon Democrats]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a 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