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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BB_Kian" title="Hû Kian – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hû Kian" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BE)" title="Фу Дзиен (Сюенджао) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фу Дзиен (Сюенджао)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B" title="སྤྲི་སྟིམ་ཛ་ཡ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྲི་སྟིམ་ཛ་ཡ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA_Ji%C4%81n" title="Fú Jiān – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fú Jiān" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jian" title="Fu Jian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fu Jian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA_Ji%C4%81n" title="Fú Jiān – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fú Jiān" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EA%B2%AC" title="부견 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부견" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jian" title="Fu Jian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fu Jian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85" title="苻堅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="苻堅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA_Ji%C4%81n" title="Fú Jiān – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fú Jiān" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_(II)" title="Фу Цзянь (II) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фу Цзянь (II)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA_Ji%C4%81n" title="Fú Jiān – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fú Jiān" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%83)" title="Фу Цзянь (Шицзу) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фу Цзянь (Шицзу)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_Ki%C3%AAn" title="Phù Kiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phù Kiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6%E5%AE%A3%E6%98%AD%E5%B8%9D" title="前秦宣昭帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="前秦宣昭帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%BB%E5%9D%9A" title="苻坚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苻坚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85" title="苻堅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="苻堅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%BB%E5%9D%9A" title="苻坚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苻坚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Ji%C4%81n&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Jiān">Fu Jiān</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the third ruler of Former Qin. For the founding emperor, see <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(317%E2%80%93355)" title="Fu Jian (317–355)">Fu Jian (317–355)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Special:EditPage/Fu Jian (337–385)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fu+Jian%22+337%E2%80%93385">"Fu Jian" 337–385</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fu+Jian%22+337%E2%80%93385+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fu+Jian%22+337%E2%80%93385&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fu+Jian%22+337%E2%80%93385+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fu+Jian%22+337%E2%80%93385">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fu+Jian%22+337%E2%80%93385&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Heavenly King of Great Qin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin<br />前秦宣昭帝</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_King" title="Heavenly King">Heavenly King</a> of Great Qin</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_(%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85%29.jpg/220px-Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85%29.jpg/330px-Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85%29.jpg/440px-Harvard_drs_49802792_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8_v.1_%28%E8%8B%BB%E5%A0%85%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3113" data-file-height="4938" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">357–385</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Prince of Donghai</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">354–357</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Pú Jiān (蒲堅)<br />337</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 16, 385<span style="display:none">(385-10-16)</span> (aged 47–48)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Gou" title="Empress Gou">Empress Gou</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princess_Qinghe_of_Former_Yan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princess Qinghe of Former Yan (page does not exist)">Princess Qinghe of Former Yan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB_(%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95)" class="extiw" title="zh:清河公主 (前燕)">zh</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a>, 6 other sons and 4 daughters</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Fú Jiān (苻堅)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"> <ul><li>Yǒngxīng (永興): 357–359</li> <li>Gānlù (甘露): 359–364</li> <li>Jiànyuán (建元): 365–385</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_King" title="Heavenly King">Heavenly King</a> of Great Qin (大秦天王)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Xuānzhāo (宣昭皇帝, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "responsible and accomplished") (by Former Qin)<br />Heavenly King Zhuanglie (壯烈天王) (by <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a>)<br />Emperor Wenzhao (文昭皇帝) (by <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shìzǔ (世祖)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fu (Pu)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xiong" title="Fu Xiong">Fu Xiong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Gou" title="Empress Dowager Gou">Princess Consort Gou</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fu Jian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">苻堅</span>; 337 –16 October 385), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Yonggu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">永固</span></span>) or <b>Wenyu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文玉</span></span>), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> as the <b>Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前秦宣昭帝</span></span>), was the third <a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">monarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>-led Chinese <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin dynasty</a>, ruling as <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_King" title="Heavenly King">Heavenly King</a>. Under his reign, the Former Qin unified Northern China by conquering the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Province">Yi Province</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>), until he was repelled at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a> in 383. Following this defeat, the Former Qin state disintegrated and Fu was assassinated in 385 by <a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a>, his former subordinate who then founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin dynasty</a>. He was considered by traditional histories to be a virtuous and just ruler, who, ironically, by sparing too many of his enemies after defeating them, led to his own downfall. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fu Jian was born in 337, when the family name was still Pu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒲</span></span>), to <a href="/wiki/Fu_Xiong" title="Fu Xiong">Fu Xiong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻雄</span></span>) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Gou" title="Empress Dowager Gou">Lady Gou</a>. His grandfather <a href="/wiki/Fu_Hong" title="Fu Hong">Pu Hong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒲洪</span></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Di_(Wu_Hu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Di (Wu Hu)">Di</a> chieftain and a major general for <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a>, serving under the violent emperor <a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a>, who did however accord Pu great respect. Later, during Later Zhao's collapse, Pu Hong changed his name to Fu Hong, and planned a conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> region, but was poisoned by the general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qiu" title="Ma Qiu">Ma Qiu</a>. He was succeeded by his son, Fu Jian's uncle <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(317%E2%80%93355)" title="Fu Jian (317–355)">Fu Jian (317–355)</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻健</span></span>), who advanced west to conquer the Guanzhong region and the surrounding provinces, and established Former Qin in 351. In this, he was ably assisted by Fu Jian's father Fu Xiong, whom he created the Prince of Donghai. In 354, while on a campaign, Fu Xiong died. As the son of Fu Xiong's wife, Fu Jian inherited the title of Prince of Donghai, even though he had at least one older brother, Fu Fa (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻法</span></span>), who was created the Prince of Qinghe. Fu Jian developed the reputation of being filial and far-sighted, as well as being knowledgeable and able. </p><p>As Fu Jian grew older, he received some military responsibilities under his cousin <a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a>, who succeeded Former Qin's founding emperor after his death in 355. In 357, when <a href="/wiki/Yao_Xiang" title="Yao Xiang">Yao Xiang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姚襄</span></span>), a major <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> chief, attacked Former Qin, hoping to conquer it, Fu Jian was one of the generals who fought him and defeated him, capturing and executing him on the battlefield. Yao Xiang's brother <a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a> surrendered. Initially, the lead general Fu Huangmei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">苻黃眉</span></span>) the Prince of Guangping wanted to put Yao Chang to death, but Fu Jian interceded, and Yao Chang was spared. </p><p>Fu Sheng's reign was one filled with violence, caprice, and cruelty. As he killed official after official in his administration, all of the nobles and officials became fearful of being the next target. A number of officials tried to persuade Fu Jian to overthrow Fu Sheng, and it was in the planning stages that Fu Jian, under the introduction of the official Lü Polou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">呂婆樓</span></span>), met <a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a>, with whom he immediately developed a friendship. Fu Jian planned to act against Fu Sheng but hesitated, since Fu Sheng was a powerful warrior. However, after news leaked that Fu Sheng had planned to kill Fu Jian and his brother Fu Fa, Fu Jian and Fu Fa took immediate action and attacked the palace while Fu Sheng was in a drunken stupor. Fu Sheng's guards surrendered without a fight, and Fu Jian put Fu Sheng to death and took over the throne. He did not, however, take imperial title as Fu Sheng had, but claimed the title "Heavenly King" (<i><a href="/wiki/Tian_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tian Wang">Tian Wang</a></i>). He posthumously honored his father Fu Xiong as an emperor, and he honored his mother Lady Gou as an <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a>. His wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gou" title="Empress Gou">Lady Gou</a> was created empress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_with_the_assistance_of_Wang_Meng">Reign with the assistance of Wang Meng</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign with the assistance of Wang Meng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of Fu Jian's reign, in addition to Wang Meng, he had several other top advisors—his brothers Fu Fa and <a href="/wiki/Fu_Rong" title="Fu Rong">Fu Rong</a> the Duke of Yangping, his son <a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a> the Duke of Changle, and his mother Empress Dowager Gou's lover Li Wei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李威</span></span>). It was with Li's support that Wang's position became increasingly important, eventually becoming one of prime minister status. This was particularly the case when, around new year 358, Empress Dowager Gou, apprehensive of Fu Fa's growing authority, forced him to commit suicide. Senior officials, mostly of Di ethnicity, were often jealous of Wang, but whatever conflict they engaged with Wang always resulted in Wang's prevailing over them, since Wang was favored by Fu Jian. Wang, with Fu Jian's support, established rule of law throughout the empire, and he even executed the founding emperor's honored but corrupt brother-in-law, Qiang De (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">強德</span></span>), despite Fu Jian's desire to pardon Qiang. It was described that the empire was ruled efficiently and justly during this period. Fu Jian was also recorded as having the cruel laws of Fu Sheng's reign and the extravagance. He also encouraged his officials to recommend talented people for posts, and rewarded or punished them based on whether the people they recommended performed their jobs well. It was described that Former Qin officials were therefore all highly competent and responsible. </p><p>In 364, Fu Jian conferred titles on <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tianxi" title="Zhang Tianxi">Zhang Tianxi</a>, the nominal <a href="/wiki/Jin_Dynasty_(265-420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Dynasty (265-420)">Jin</a> vassal who was the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a>, making him a Former Qin vassal as well. In late 365, however, Zhang Tianxi disavowed that status and cut off relations with Former Qin. </p><p>Later in 364, Fu Sheng's brother Fu Teng the Duke of Ru'nan rebelled, but was captured and executed. Wang, concerned about four other brothers of Fu Sheng (Fu You (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻幼</span></span>) the Duke of Huai'nan, Fu Liu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻柳</span></span>) the Duke of Jin, Fu Sou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻廋</span></span>) the Duke of Wei, and Fu Wu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻武</span></span>) the Duke of Yan), suggested to Fu Jian to have all of them killed. Fu Jian refused. </p><p>Late in 364, Fu Jian tried to restore the early Jin system by permitting the dukes—his brothers, sons, and cousins—to commission their own assistants. However, he cancelled the plans when some of the dukes retained rich merchants to serve as their assistants purely on account of their wealth. </p><p>In 365, after the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> regent <a href="/wiki/Murong_Ke" title="Murong Ke">Murong Ke</a> captured the important Jin city of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, he postured as if about to attack Former Qin. Fu Jian personally readied his troops to face Murong Ke, but no attack from Murong Ke actually occurred. </p><p>Late in 365, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> chiefs Cao Gu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">曹轂</span></span>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Weichen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Weichen (page does not exist)">Liu Weichen</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉衛辰</span></span>) rebelled together, and Fu Jian personally attacked them, capturing Liu and forcing Cao's surrender—but, in the first instance of such actions that would lead to disaster decades later, allowed Cao and Liu to continue to command their troops. Later that year, Fu You rebelled but was killed in battle by Li, who had stayed at the capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> with Fu Jian's <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> Fu Hong (苻宏, note different character than Fu Jian's grandfather). </p><p>In 367, after Murong Ke's death and replacement by the far less capable <a href="/wiki/Murong_Ping" title="Murong Ping">Murong Ping</a>, Fu Jian began plans to conquer Former Yan. He would soon, however, have to contend with the possibility that his empire would be the one so conquered, as in winter of that year, Fu Liu (at Puban (蒲阪, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng,_Shanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuncheng, Shanxi">Yuncheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>)), Fu Sou (at Shancheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陝城</span></span>), in modern <a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>)), Fu Wu (at Anding (安定, in modern <a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>)), and Fu Jian's brother Fu Shuang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻雙</span></span>) the Duke of Zhao (at Shanggui (上邽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>)), rebelled together, offering to submit to Former Yan and seeking Former Yan aid. However, Murong Ping refused assistance. Fu Jian sent forces to attack the four rebellious dukes separately. Fu Wu and Fu Shuang were quickly defeated and killed, followed by Fu Liu and Fu Sou. </p><p>In 369, the paramount Jin general <a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a> launched a major attack against Former Yan, reaching Fangtou (枋頭, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), in the vicinity of Former Yan's capital <a href="/wiki/Ye,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye, China">Yecheng</a>. In panic, Former Yan sought assistance from Former Qin, promising that if Former Qin launched troops to assist, it would cede the Luoyang region to Former Qin. Most Former Qin officials opposed, but Wang advised Fu Jian that he had to make sure that Huan would not conquer Former Yan—because Former Qin would not be able to stand up to Jin if Jin destroyed Former Yan. Fu Jian thus launched troops, which arrived after Former Yan's general <a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a> had already dealt Huan one defeat, but the Former Qin forces, in conjunction with Former Yan, did deal Huan another major defeat. However, Former Yan reneged on its promise to cede the Luoyang region, and Fu Jian put Wang in charge of a 60,000-men force against Former Yan. Wang's campaign seemed even more promising after Murong Chui, fearful of Murong Ping's jealousy and the emperor <a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">Murong Wei</a>'s mother <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Kezuhun" title="Empress Dowager Kezuhun">Empress Dowager Kezuhun</a>'s hatred toward him, defected to Former Qin. </p><p>In spring 370, Wang first advanced on Luoyang and forced its surrender. He then advanced on Hu Pass (壺關, in modern <a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), defeating all Former Yan resistance on the way. He then captured Jinyang (晉陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>). Murong Ping led a 300,000-men strong force against Wang, but apprehensive of Wang, he stopped at Lu River (潞川, in modern Changzhi as well). Wang soon arrived to prepare to face off against him. Meanwhile, Murong Ping made the worst display of his corruption at this time—keeping guards at forests and streams, disallowing commoners and even his own soldiers from cutting firewood or fishing unless they paid a usage fee in either money or silk. He soon had a stash of wealth, but completely lost the morale of his soldiers. Murong Wei, hearing this, sent a messenger to rebuke him and ordering him to distribute the wealth to the soldiers, but the damage was done. In winter 370, the armies engaged, and despite the numerical advantage that Murong Ping had, Wang crushed him, and Murong Ping fled back to Yecheng by himself. Murong Wei abandoned Yecheng and tried to flee to the old capital Helong (和龍, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>), but was captured on the way. Fu Jian pardoned him but had him formally surrender with his officials, ending Former Yan. </p><p>Initially, Fu Jian put Wang Meng in charge of all of the conquered Former Yan territory, as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>. He relocated Murong Wei and his clan, as well as a large number of his <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> people, to the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> region, in the heart of Former Qin. In 372, he summoned Wang back to the capital to resume his post as prime minister, while putting Fu Rong in charge of the eastern empire. Wang's authority was described to be so great that Fu Jian himself had little need to worry about the affairs of state. </p><p>Fu Jian continued to carry out campaigns that were intended to eventually unite all of China. In 373, he launched a campaign against Jin's western region, conquering modern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Meanwhile, many Former Qin officials, including Wang, became concerned about the large number of Xianbei people that he placed in the heart of the empire and how many Xianbei officials, including those of Former Yan's imperial Murong clan, he put in charge of important posts, and they largely urged him to reduce the authority of Xianbei officials. He refused. In 375, Wang became gravely ill, and he, on his death bed, suggested to Fu Jian to stop the campaigns against Jin while not trusting the Xianbei and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> officials as much as he has done. After Wang died, however, Fu Jian did not agree with his last words and continued to bestow authority on the Xianbei and Qiang officials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Wang_Meng's_death"><span id="After_Wang_Meng.27s_death"></span>After Wang Meng's death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After Wang Meng's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian continued to carry out his campaigns to try to unite the empire. These campaigns, while largely successful, were, according to historical resources, draining on the resources of the empire and of the people, and wore out his troops. Further, Fu Jian, who was known for thrifty living in his early years, began to spend somewhat extravagantly on palace designs. Further, one of Wang's focus areas—to keep the governmental officials honest and competent—appeared to have been ignored, as one began to see false governmental reports in historical records. For example, in 382, Former Qin suffered a major <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a> infestation that required a failed extermination effort throughout You (幽州, modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), Qing (青州, modern central and eastern <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), Ji (冀州, modern central Hebei), and Bing (并州, modern <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) Provinces—and yet the governmental records paradoxically recorded that these provinces, except You Province, received large yields on their crop fields, and that the locusts did not infest the hemp and bean plants, a fairly impossible scenario. This suggested that government officials were no longer reporting statuses of their provinces honestly but were only making reports that pleased Fu Jian and the high level officials. This might be because Fu Jian, after Wang's death, felt that he had to personally oversee everything, and was burdening himself with too many tasks, as evidenced in an edict that he issued in 376 indicating that his workload was burdening him so much that half of his hair turned white. </p><p>In fall 376, Fu Jian launched a major attack against Former Liang, after its ruler Zhang Tianxi refused to show submission by visiting the Former Qin capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and further killed Fu Jian's messengers. Zhang's generals, who were displeased with the young favorites that he had installed in the regime, either surrendered or were defeated easily, and in less than a month, Zhang was forced to surrender, and Former Liang's territory (modern central and western <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>) were annexed to Former Qin. Just two months later, Fu Jian launched another major campaign against <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a> and, in light of the recent assassination of its prince <a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Shiyijian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuoba Shiyijian">Tuoba Shiyijian</a> by his son Tuoba Shijun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">拓拔寔君</span></span>), conquered it as well, although he permitted Tuoba Shiyijian's grandson <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Gui</a> to remain under the care of tribal chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Kuren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Kuren (page does not exist)">Liu Kuren</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉庫仁</span></span>) and be the eventual <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to the Dai throne. </p><p>In 378, Fu Jian sent Fu Pi, Murong Wei, and Gou Chang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苟萇</span></span>) to attack the important Jin border city of Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xiangfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangfan">Xiangfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>). At Gou's suggestion, Fu Pi ordered that Xiangyang be surrounded to force it into submission at minimal losses, but Fu Jian, unhappy at his son's slow pace in capturing the city, ordered Fu Pi to either capture the city by spring 379 or commit suicide. Fu Pi therefore launched a major assault on the city, capturing it in spring 379. Weixing (魏興, in modern <a href="/wiki/Ankang" title="Ankang">Ankang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) also fell. At the same time, however, another army sent by Fu Jian, commanded by Peng Chao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彭超</span></span>), after capturing Pengcheng (彭城, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), was defeated by the Jin general <a href="/wiki/Xie_Xuan" title="Xie Xuan">Xie Xuan</a> and forced to abandon Pengcheng. </p><p>In 380, Fu Jian's cousin Fu Luo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻洛</span></span>) the Duke of Xingtang, who felt slighted by not being sufficiently rewarded for his victories against Dai in 376 and believed that Fu Jian had worn out his troops, rebelled. He was, however, crushed by the general <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a> and captured, but Fu Jian did not kill him but only exiled him. (This was heavily criticized by historians, who believed that Fu Jian, by not executing Fu Luo and several others in similar situations, encouraged future rebellions that eventually brought down his empire.) </p><p>Also in 380, Fu Jian carried out a historically controversial decision to distribute his Di people—a small minority in his empire—to various regions of the empire, under the command of his sons and other generals. He probably intended to have them serve as a stabilizing force throughout the empire, but the short-term result was that the heart of the empire, Guanzhong, was left with few Di and filled with Xianbei and Qiang, which would eventually cause a destabilizing effect. He also summoned his brother Fu Rong back to the capital and take over posts previously held by Wang Meng. Fu Pi replaced Fu Rong in his responsibilities as viceroy over the eastern empire. </p><p>In late 382, Fu Jian again planned to conquer Jin. Most of the important officials opposed—including the prime minister Fu Rong. However, the campaign was supported by Murong Chui and Yao Chang, and Fu Jian became intent to carrying it out, and when an official raised the point that the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> was difficult to cross, he made the remarks, "We have so many soldiers that, if they threw down their whips, it would be enough to stop the flow of the Yangtze." </p><p>In 383, Fu Jian sent Lü on a campaign to Xiyu (西域, modern Xinjiang and former Soviet <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asia</a>), where some of the kingdoms had submitted to Former Qin as vassals but some had not. Lü's campaign would last several years and be quite successful—but by the time it was complete, Fu Jian would be dead and Former Qin would be near destruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Fei_River">Battle of Fei River</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Fei River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a></div> <p>In 383, Fu Jian launched the campaign, under Fu Rong's command, despite Fu Rong's opposition. After initial victories, capturing the Jin city of Shouyang (壽陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), the Former Qin advance troops would suffer some losses at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Xie_Xuan" title="Xie Xuan">Xie Xuan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Laozhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Laozhi (page does not exist)">Liu Laozhi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉牢之</span></span>), and the armies would be stalemated at the Fei River (which no longer exists, but likely flowed through modern Lu'an, near the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a>), with the Former Qin forces to the west of the river and the Jin forces to the east. Xie Xuan suggested to Fu Rong that he retreat west to allow Jin forces to cross, and Fu Jian and Fu Rong agreed, but as the retreat started, the Former Qin forces panicked and could not be stopped. Fu Rong, trying to calm the troops, suddenly had his horse fall under him, and he was killed by Jin forces, which further led to a complete collapse of Former Qin forces. Fu Jian himself was hit by a stray arrow, and was forced to flee to Murong Chui, whose army was one of the few that did not collapse. Murong Chui's son <a href="/wiki/Murong_Bao" title="Murong Bao">Murong Bao</a> and brother <a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a> tried to persuade him to kill Fu Jian and reestablish Yan, but Murong Chui refused, escorting Fu Jian safely back to Luoyang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Battle_of_Fei_River">After the Battle of Fei River</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After the Battle of Fei River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murong Chui, while not willing to resort to murder due to Fu Jian's earlier kindness to him, did decide, however, to try to reestablish Yan. Under the pretense of wanting to calm the people of the eastern empire, he persuaded Fu Jian to allow him to lead an army northeast, despite opposition by <a href="/wiki/Quan_Yi" title="Quan Yi">Quan Yi</a>. As Murong Chui arrived at Yecheng, he and Fu Pi suspected each other but each ruled out suggestions by their respective subordinates to ambush the other. As, at this time, the <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a> chief Zhai Bin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">翟斌</span></span>) rebelled against Former Qin, with assistance with Murong Chui's nephew Murong Feng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">慕容鳳</span></span>), and attacked Luoyang, and Fu Pi sent Murong Chui south to relieve Luoyang, with the Di general Fu Feilong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻飛龍</span></span>) as his assistant. On the way to Luoyang, Murong Chui ambushed Fu Feilong and slaughtered his Di soldiers, but still wrote an explanation to Fu Jian. In spring 384, however, Murong Chui would join Zhai and claim the title Prince of Yan, establishing <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>. He soon captured many cities in the eastern empire, although Yecheng and Luoyang held out against him. </p><p>Meanwhile, Murong Chui's nephew and Murong Wei's brother <a href="/wiki/Murong_Hong" title="Murong Hong">Murong Hong</a>, upon hearing news of Murong Chui's uprising, gathered some Xianbei soldiers and started his own rebellion within Guanzhong, claiming his old Former Yan title of Prince of Jibei and starting <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a>. Fu Jian sent his brother Fu Rui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻叡</span></span>) the Duke of Julu, assisted by Yao Chang, against Murong Hong. Murong Hong, in fear, was about to leave Guanzhong, and Fu Rui was intent on cutting off his escape route, despite Yao's suggestion to let the Xianbei leave. Instead, Murong Hong, forced into combat, defeated and killed Fu Rui. When Yao sent messengers to the capital to report the defeat, Fu Jian, for reasons unknown, got so angry that he killed Yao's messengers—causing Yao to panic and flee with Qiang soldiers. Yao then declared himself "the Prince of Qin of Ten Thousand Years" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">萬年秦王</span></span>), establishing <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, Murong Hong advanced on Chang'an, and he was joined by another brother, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Chong" title="Murong Chong">Murong Chong</a>. He demanded that Fu Jian escort Murong Wei to him, and Murong Wei, while pledging allegiance to Fu Jian, secretly send messengers to Murong Hong urging him to attack Chang'an, although Murong Hong was then murdered by his own generals and replaced with Murong Chong, who claimed the title of crown prince. Meanwhile, Fu Jian himself led an army against Yao, but was unsuccessful. Fu Jian's son Fu Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻暉</span></span>) the Duke of Pingyuan then abandoned Luoyang to come to Chang'an's aid, and all of the eastern empire was lost except for Yecheng. Meanwhile, Jin also launched campaigns, and would recapture the modern <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> region by early 385, as well as capturing much of the Former Qin territory south of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, although Jin forces under Xie Xuan would at times be in temporary alliance with Fu Pi against Later Yan as well. </p><p>In late 384, Murong Wei tried to kill Fu Jian at a feast, and after this was discovered, Fu Jian put him and the other Xianbei inside Chang'an to death. Murong Chong, upon hearing this news, declared himself emperor in early 385. He would continue to deal Fu Hui defeats, and Fu Hui, in anger over the defeats and Fu Jian's rebukes in light of the defeats, committed suicide. With Murong Chong surrounding Chang'an, Chang'an fell into a terrible famine. Fu Jian decided that he would lead an army out of the city to try to capture food supplies, and he left his crown prince Fu Hong in charge of the city, but as soon as he left, the city fell, and Fu Hong fled to Jin. </p><p>Meanwhile, Fu Jian himself took his army to Wujiang Mountain (五將山, in modern <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), but was surrounded and captured by Later Qin forces and taken to Xinping (新平, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) and imprisoned there with his concubine Consort Zhang, his son Fu Shen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻詵</span></span>) the Duke of Zhongshan, and his daughter Fu Bao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻寶</span></span>) and Fu Jin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻錦</span></span>). Yao Chang tried to persuade him to ceremonially pass the throne to him, but Fu Jian, angry at Yao's betrayal, refused. He also killed Fu Bao and Fu Jin, reasoning that he did not want to let Yao's followers humiliate them. In fall 385, Yao sent his soldiers to strangle Fu Jian. Consort Zhang and Fu Shen committed suicide. Even Later Qin soldiers mourned Fu Jian, however, and Yao, in order to pretend as if he did not put Fu Jian to death, posthumously honored him as <b>Heavenly King Zhuanglie</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">壯烈天王</span></span>), although that <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> would not be adopted by Fu Pi, who took the imperial throne upon hearing Fu Jian's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_information">Personal information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Father <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xiong" title="Fu Xiong">Fu Xiong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻雄</span></span>), Prince Jingwu of Donghai and brother of <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(317%E2%80%93355)" title="Fu Jian (317–355)">Fu Jian (317–355)</a>, posthumously honored as Emperor Wenhuan</li></ul></li> <li>Mother <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Gou" title="Empress Dowager Gou">Empress Dowager Gou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Gou" title="Empress Gou">Empress Gou</a> (created 357)</li></ul></li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">Concubines</a> <ul><li>Consort Zhang</li> <li>Consort Murong, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a></li></ul></li> <li>Children <ul><li>Fu Hong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻宏</span></span>), the Crown Prince (created 357)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻丕</span></span>), the Duke of Changle (created 357), later emperor</li> <li>Fu Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻暉</span></span>), Duke Dao of Pingyuan (created 357, committed suicide 385)</li> <li>Fu Rui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻叡</span></span>), Duke of Julu (killed by <a href="/wiki/Murong_Hong" title="Murong Hong">Murong Hong</a> of Western Yan 384)</li> <li>Fu Xi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻熙</span></span>), the Duke of Guangping (created 357)</li> <li>Fu Lin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻琳</span></span>), the Duke of Hejian (killed by <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> forces 384)</li> <li>Fu Shen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻詵</span></span>), the Duke of Zhongshan (committed suicide 385)</li> <li>Fu Bao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻寶</span></span>), Princess (executed 385)</li> <li>Fu Jin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苻錦</span></span>), Princess (executed 385)</li> <li>Princess Shunyang, wife of Yang Bi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楊璧</span></span>)</li> <li>A daughter, wife of <a href="/wiki/Yang_Ding_(Chouchi)" title="Yang Ding (Chouchi)">Yang Ding</a>, later leader of <a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/59"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFu+Jian+%28337%E2%80%93385%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Xuanzhao of (Former) Qin</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">House of Fu</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 337</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 385</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Emperor of Former Qin</a> </b><br />357–385 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="5"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> </b></i><br />357–385<br /><span style="font-size: 90%;">Reason for succession failure:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xiaowu of Jin">Emperor Xiaowu of Jin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tianxi" title="Zhang Tianxi">Zhang Tianxi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chong" title="Murong Chong">Murong Chong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">Murong Wei</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Template talk:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sixteen Kingdoms monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han</a> (304–347)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Li_Te" title="Li Te">Li Te</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Li_Liu_(Cheng-Han)" title="Li Liu (Cheng-Han)">Li Liu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiong" title="Li Xiong">Li Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ban" title="Li Ban">Li Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(emperor)" title="Li Qi (emperor)">Li Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shou" title="Li Shou">Li Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shi_(emperor)" title="Li Shi (emperor)">Li Shi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Fan_Ben" title="Fan Ben">Fan Ben</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a> (304–329)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu He (Han-Zhao)">Liu He</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Can" title="Liu Can">Liu Can</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jin_Zhun" title="Jin Zhun">Jin Zhun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao" title="Liu Yao">Liu Yao</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xi_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Xi (Han-Zhao)">Liu Xi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a> (318–376)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gui" title="Zhang Gui">Zhang Gui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shi_(Former_Liang)" title="Zhang Shi (Former Liang)">Zhang Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Mao" title="Zhang Mao">Zhang Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(prince)" title="Zhang Jun (prince)">Zhang Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chonghua" title="Zhang Chonghua">Zhang Chonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yaoling" title="Zhang Yaoling">Zhang Yaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuo" title="Zhang Zuo">Zhang Zuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuanjing" title="Zhang Xuanjing">Zhang Xuanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tianxi" title="Zhang Tianxi">Zhang Tianxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> (319–351)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hong" title="Shi Hong">Shi Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Shi_(emperor)" title="Shi Shi (emperor)">Shi Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zun" title="Shi Zun">Shi Zun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jian" title="Shi Jian">Shi Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhi" title="Shi Zhi">Shi Zhi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Liu_Xian_(Later_Zhao)" title="Liu Xian (Later Zhao)">Liu Xian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a> (337–370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">Murong Wei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> (351–394)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(317%E2%80%93355)" title="Fu Jian (317–355)">Fu Jiàn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Sheng_(Former_Qin)" title="Fu Sheng (Former Qin)">Fu Sheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fu Jiān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Pi" title="Fu Pi">Fu Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Deng" title="Fu Deng">Fu Deng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Dou_Chong" title="Dou Chong">Dou Chong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Chong" title="Fu Chong">Fu Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> (384–409)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Bao" title="Murong Bao">Murong Bao</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Murong_Xiang" title="Murong Xiang">Murong Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Lin" title="Murong Lin">Murong Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Han" title="Lan Han">Lan Han</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Sheng" title="Murong Sheng">Murong Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Xi" title="Murong Xi">Murong Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Murong Yun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a> (384–417)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Chang" title="Yao Chang">Yao Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Hong" title="Yao Hong">Yao Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin</a> (385–431)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Guoren" title="Qifu Guoren">Qifu Guoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Gangui" title="Qifu Gangui">Qifu Qiangui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Chipan" title="Qifu Chipan">Qifu Chipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qifu_Mumo" title="Qifu Mumo">Qifu Mumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a> (386–403)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Shao" title="Lü Shao">Lü Shao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zuan" title="Lü Zuan">Lü Zuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Long" title="Lü Long">Lü Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang</a> (397–414)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Wugu" title="Tufa Wugu">Tufa Wugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Lilugu" title="Tufa Lilugu">Tufa Lilugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa_Rutan" title="Tufa Rutan">Tufa Rutan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> (397–460)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Ye" title="Duan Ye">Duan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mengxun" title="Juqu Mengxun">Juqu Mengxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mujian" title="Juqu Mujian">Juqu Mujian</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Juqu_Wuhui" title="Juqu Wuhui">Juqu Wuhui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Juqu_Anzhou" title="Juqu Anzhou">Juqu Anzhou</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> (398–410)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chao" title="Murong Chao">Murong Chao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a> (400–421)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gao" title="Li Gao">Li Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xin_(Western_Liang)" title="Li Xin (Western Liang)">Li Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xun_(Western_Liang)" title="Li Xun (Western Liang)">Li Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia</a> (407–431)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Bobo" title="Helian Bobo">Helian Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Chang" title="Helian Chang">Helian Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helian_Ding" title="Helian Ding">Helian Ding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a> (407–436)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yun_(emperor)" title="Gao Yun (emperor)">Gao Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Ba" title="Feng Ba">Feng Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Hong" title="Feng Hong">Feng Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi</a> (296–443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Maosou" title="Yang Maosou">Yang Maosou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Nandi" title="Yang Nandi">Yang Nandi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Yi_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Yi (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Chu_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Chu (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Guo_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Guo (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Jun_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Jun (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Shi_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Shi (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Shi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Tong_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Tong (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Tong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Cuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Cuan (page does not exist)">Yang Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Ding_(Chouchi)" title="Yang Ding (Chouchi)">Yang Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Sheng_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Sheng (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Xuan_(Chouchi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Xuan (Chouchi) (page does not exist)">Yang Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Baozong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Baozong (page does not exist)">Yang Baozong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Nandang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Nandang (page does not exist)">Yang Nandang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Baochi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Baochi (page does not exist)">Yang Baochi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai</a> (310–376)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu" title="Tuoba Yilu">Tuoba Yilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Pugen" title="Tuoba Pugen">Tuoba Pugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Tuoba_Pugen" title="Son of Tuoba Pugen">Son of Tuoba Pugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yul%C3%BC" title="Tuoba Yulü">Tuoba Yulü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Heru" title="Tuoba Heru">Tuoba Heru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Hena" title="Tuoba Hena">Tuoba Hena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yihuai" title="Tuoba Yihuai">Tuoba Yihuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Hena" title="Tuoba Hena">Tuoba Hena</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Yihuai" title="Tuoba Yihuai">Tuoba Yihuai</a> <small>(2nd reign)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_Shiyiqian" title="Tuoba Shiyiqian">Tuoba Shiyiqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> (350–352)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ran_Zhi" title="Ran Zhi">Ran Zhi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duan Qi (350–356)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Kan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> (384–394)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Hong" title="Murong Hong">Murong Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chong" title="Murong Chong">Murong Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Sui" title="Duan Sui">Duan Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yi" title="Murong Yi">Murong Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yao" title="Murong Yao">Murong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Zhong" title="Murong Zhong">Murong Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Yong" title="Murong Yong">Murong Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei</a> (388–392)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Liao" title="Zhai Liao">Zhai Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Zhao" title="Zhai Zhao">Zhai Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huan Chu (403–404)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Shu (405–413)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Zong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967998#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063724007">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16332263">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/245168/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWDTWjMHjjmbJR3gHKVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88244436">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1374722">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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