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> <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palaungic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_pal%C3%A1unguicas" title="Lenguas paláunguicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas paláunguicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_palaungiques" title="Langues palaungiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues palaungiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_pal%C3%A1ungicas" title="Linguas paláungicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas paláungicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EC%9B%85%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="팔라웅어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔라웅어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaun%C5%A1ki_jezici" title="Palaunški jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Palaunški jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Palaungiko" title="Sasao a Palaungiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Palaungiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Palaung" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Palaung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Palaung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightcoral;">Palaungic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–Palaungic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Palaungic</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Palaungic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Palaungic">Proto-Palaungic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2331">east2331</a></code></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(East Palaungic)</span><br /><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2791">west2791</a></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(West Palaungic)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langues_Palaungiques.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Langues_Palaungiques.png/300px-Langues_Palaungiques.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Langues_Palaungiques.png/450px-Langues_Palaungiques.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Langues_Palaungiques.png/600px-Langues_Palaungiques.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="730" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map (in French) of Palaungic languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Palaungic</b> or <b>Palaung–Wa languages</b> are a group of nearly 30 <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>, with scholars disagreeing on exactly which languages to include in the classification. They are spoken in scattered pockets across an inland region of Southeast Asia, centered on the borders between Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and China. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonological_developments">Phonological developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonological developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the Palaungic languages lost the contrastive <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voicing</a> of the ancestral Austroasiatic consonants, with the distinction often shifting to the following vowel. In the Wa branch, this is generally realized as <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a> vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>; in Palaung–Riang, as a two-way <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Register_tones_and_contour_tones" title="Tone (linguistics)">register tone</a> system. The <a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic languages</a> have <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Register_tones_and_contour_tones" title="Tone (linguistics)">contour tone</a> — the <a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U language</a>, for example, has four tones, <i>high, low, rising, falling,</i> — but these developed from vowel length and the nature of final consonants, not from the voicing of initial consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homeland">Homeland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homeland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that the Palaungic <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a> (homeland) was in what is now the border region of <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sipsongpanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipsongpanna">Sipsongpanna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, China. The <a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a> homeland was adjacent to the Palaungic homeland, resulting in many lexical borrowings among the two branches due to intense contact. Sidwell (2014) suggests that the word for 'water' (Proto-Palaungic *ʔoːm), which <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Diffloth" title="Gérard Diffloth">Gérard Diffloth</a> had used as one of the defining <a href="/wiki/Lexical_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical Innovation">lexical innovations</a> for his Northern Mon-Khmer branch, was likely borrowed from Palaungic into Khmuic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffloth_&_Zide_(1992)"><span id="Diffloth_.26_Zide_.281992.29"></span>Diffloth & Zide (1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diffloth & Zide (1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Palaungic family includes at least three branches, with the position of some languages as yet unclear. Lamet, for example, is sometimes classified as a separate branch. The following classification follows that of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Diffloth" title="Gérard Diffloth">Diffloth</a> & Zide (1992), as quoted in Sidwell (2009:131). </p> <ul><li>Western Palaungic (Palaung–Riang) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shwe language">Shwe</a> (Gold Palaung, De'ang)</li> <li>De'ang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale language">Pale</a> (Silver Palaung, Ruching)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumai language">Rumai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a> proper, <a href="/wiki/Yinchia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinchia language">Yinchia</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a> (perhaps in Palaung–Riang)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Palaungic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angku language">Angku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kon_Keu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon Keu language">Kon Keu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemie language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtao language">Samtao</a> (Samtau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a> (Pouma)</li></ul></li> <li>Lametic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a> (Xmet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Con language">Con</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li>Lawa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_language" class="mw-redirect" title="La language">La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraok language">Paraok</a> (Standard Wa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalo language">Khalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awa_language_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awa language (China)">Awa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Some researchers include the <a href="/wiki/Mangic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangic languages">Mangic languages</a> as well, instead of grouping them with the <a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sidwell_(2010)"><span id="Sidwell_.282010.29"></span>Sidwell (2010)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sidwell (2010)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following classification follows the branching given by Sidwell (2010, ms).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a> (Khano)</li> <li>Palaungic proper <ul><li>Western (Riang–Palaung) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a> (De'ang: Shwe / Gold Palaung, Pale / Ruching / Silver Palaung, Rumai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a> (Riang, Yinchia)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a> (P'uman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a> (Kha Kior, <a href="/wiki/Con_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Con language">Con</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kon_Keu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon Keu language">Kon Keu</a> (Angku)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mong_Lue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mong Lue language">Mong Lue</a> (Tai Loi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_Sa-aak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muak Sa-aak language">Muak Sa-aak</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a> (Xmet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a> (Samtao)</li> <li>Lawa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umpai_Lawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpai Lawa language">Umpai Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Luang_Lawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bo Luang Lawa language">Bo Luang Lawa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraok language">Paraok</a> (Standard Wa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalo language">Khalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awa_language_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awa language (China)">Awa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meung_Yum_language" title="Meung Yum language">Meung Yum</a><sup id="cite_ref-Myant_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myant-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phung_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phung-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaiq_language" title="Savaiq language">Savaiq</a><sup id="cite_ref-Myant_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myant-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phung_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phung-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Sidwell (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes an additional branch, consisting of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit–Khang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quang_Lam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quang Lam language">Quang Lam</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sidwell_(2015)"><span id="Sidwell_.282015.29"></span>Sidwell (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sidwell (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidwell (2015:12) provides a revised classification of Palaungic. <a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit–Khang</a> is clearly Palaungic, but contains many <a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a> loanwords. Sidwell (2015:12) believes it likely groups within East Palaungic. On the other hand, Sidwell (2015) considers <a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danaw</a> to be the most divergent Palaungic language. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danaw</a></li> <li>West Palaungic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a> (Dara’ang, Da’ang, Palay, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumai language">Rumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a> (Riang-Lang, Riang-Sak, etc.)</li></ul></li> <li>East Palaungic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraok language">Praok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awa_language_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awa language (China)">Awa</a>, Vo, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a> (Lawa Bo Luang, Lavua/Luwa, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Bulang</a> (Bulang, Plang/Samtao, Kawa, Kontoi, etc.)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a>: <a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a>/Kemie, Muak/<a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a>, etc.</li> <li>Lameet: <a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lameet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Con_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Con language">Con</a>, Lua/Khamet</li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit–Khang</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">(Kha)bit</a>, Buxing, <a href="/wiki/Quang_Lam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quang Lam language">Quang Lam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Khang</a>/Khao, <a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexical_innovations">Lexical innovations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lexical innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnostic Palaungic lexical innovations as identified by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a> (2021) are:<sup id="cite_ref-WOL-MSEA-11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WOL-MSEA-11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Palaungic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Palaungic">Proto-Palaungic</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austroasiatic">Proto-Austroasiatic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>‘eye’</td> <td>*ˀŋaːj</td> <td>*mat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fire’</td> <td>*ŋal</td> <td>*ʔɔːs~*ʔuːs </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘laugh’</td> <td>*kəɲaːs</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Palaungic_language" title="Proto-Palaungic language">Proto-Palaungic language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2015" class="citation book cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2015). <i>The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon</i>. München: Lincom Europa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaungic+Languages%3A+Classification%2C+Reconstruction+and+Comparative+Lexicon&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvantesson1991" class="citation book cs1">Svantesson, Jan-Olof (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616053616/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1991hu.pdf">"Hu – A Language with Unorthodox Tonogenesis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Davidson, J. H. C. S. (ed.). <i>Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H. L. Shorto</i>. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. pp. 67–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7286-0183-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7286-0183-4"><bdi>0-7286-0183-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1991hu.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hu+%E2%80%93+A+Language+with+Unorthodox+Tonogenesis&rft.btitle=Austroasiatic+Languages%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+H.+L.+Shorto&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67-80&rft.pub=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7286-0183-4&rft.aulast=Svantesson&rft.aufirst=Jan-Olof&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fsvantesson1991hu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2010" class="citation web cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611042638/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf">"Three Austroasiatic Branches and the ASJP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Draft). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Austroasiatic+Branches+and+the+ASJP&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femail.eva.mpg.de%2F~wichmann%2FSidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> (Fig. 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Hall, Elizabeth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126092900/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Ellie_Hall_Thesis.pdf"><i>A Phonology of Muak Sa-aak</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Ellie_Hall_Thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Phonology+of+Muak+Sa-aak&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=Payap+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.payap.ac.th%2Fgraduate%2Flinguistics%2Ftheses%2FEllie_Hall_Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myant-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myant_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myant_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyint_Myint_Phyu2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Myint Myint Phyu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020032802/http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Myint_Myint_Phyu_Thesis.pdf"><i>A Sociolinguistic Survey of Selected Meung Yum and Savaiq Varieties</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Myint_Myint_Phyu_Thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Selected+Meung+Yum+and+Savaiq+Varieties&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=Payap+University&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Myint+Myint+Phyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.payap.ac.th%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Flinguistics_students%2FMyint_Myint_Phyu_Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phung-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phung_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phung_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhung_Wei_Ping2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Phung Wei Ping (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129123544/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Wendy_Phung_Thesis.pdf"><i>A Phonological Description of Meung Yum and Phonological Comparison of Meung Yum with Three Wa Dialects in China</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Wendy_Phung_Thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Phonological+Description+of+Meung+Yum+and+Phonological+Comparison+of+Meung+Yum+with+Three+Wa+Dialects+in+China&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=Payap+University&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Phung+Wei+Ping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.payap.ac.th%2Fgraduate%2Flinguistics%2Ftheses%2FWendy_Phung_Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidwell2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidwell2014_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203083335/http://www.academia.edu/11935141/Khmuic_classification_and_homeland">"Khmuic Classification and Homeland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1): 47–56. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11935141/Khmuic_classification_and_homeland">the original</a> on 2016-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=Khmuic+Classification+and+Homeland&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-56&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11935141%2FKhmuic_classification_and_homeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WOL-MSEA-11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WOL-MSEA-11_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2021" class="citation book cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic Languages". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 179–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110558142-011">10.1515/9783110558142-011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classification+of+MSEA+Austroasiatic+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=179-206&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110558142-011&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2010" class="citation conference cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealsxx.uzh.ch/downloads/sidwell.pdf"><i>Proto Palaungic Phonology: Reconstructing Vowel Lengths and Qualities in a Partially Restructured System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SEALS 20 (Abstract).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proto+Palaungic+Phonology%3A+Reconstructing+Vowel+Lengths+and+Qualities+in+a+Partially+Restructured+System&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sealsxx.uzh.ch%2Fdownloads%2Fsidwell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Darren C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209114317/http://www.mksjournal.org/mks42gordon.pdf">"A Selective Palaungic Linguistic Bibliography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>42</b>: xiv–xxxiii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mksjournal.org/mks42gordon.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-02-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Selective+Palaungic+Linguistic+Bibliography&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=xiv-xxxiii&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Darren+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mksjournal.org%2Fmks42gordon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheesemanHallGordon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cheeseman, Nathaniel; Hall, Elizabeth; Gordon, Darren (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282651601_Palaungic_Linguistic_Bibliography_with_Selected_Annotations">"Palaungic Linguistic Bibliography with Selected Annotations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>44</b>: i–liv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=Palaungic+Linguistic+Bibliography+with+Selected+Annotations&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=i-liv&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Cheeseman&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft.au=Hall%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282651601_Palaungic_Linguistic_Bibliography_with_Selected_Annotations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2015" class="citation book cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2015). <i>The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon</i>. München: Lincom Europa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaungic+Languages%3A+Classification%2C+Reconstruction+and+Comparative+Lexicon&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalaungic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaungic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai">RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6714-B@view">Palaungic languages in RWAAI Digital Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austroasiatic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaco%CA%BC_language" title="Kacoʼ language">Kacoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahnar_language" title="Bahnar language">Bahnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavi_language" title="Lavi language">Lavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jru%27_language" title="Jru' language">Jru'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laven_language" title="Laven language">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%27_language" title="Su' language">Su'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juk_language" title="Juk language">Juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaheun_language" title="Nyaheun language">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuan_language" title="Sapuan language">Sapuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_language" title="Oi language">Oi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brao_language" title="Brao language">Brao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_language" title="Alak language">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_language" title="Tampuan language">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrau_language" title="Chrau language">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%CA%BCong_language" title="Raʼong language">Raʼong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnong_language" title="Mnong language">Mnong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel-Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a> (East)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Katu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuong_language" title="Phuong language">Phuong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viet-Muong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese dialects">Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ tiếng Việt">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese language in China">in China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kinh_t%E1%BA%A1i_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" class="extiw" title="vi:Tiếng Kinh tại Trung Quốc">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0y_language" title="Mày language">Mày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri_language" title="Kri language">Kri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavưng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phong–Liha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phong_language" title="Phong language">Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liha_language" title="Liha language">Liha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phay-Pram</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prai_language" title="Prai language">Prai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_language" title="Mal language">Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksingmul_language" title="Ksingmul language">Ksingmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCdu_language" title="Oʼdu language">Oʼdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniang_language" title="Kniang language">Phong-Kniang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_language" title="Pear language">Pear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western<br />(Chong)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Central Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language_of_Pursat" title="Samre language of Pursat">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasong_dialect" title="Kasong dialect">Kasong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suoy_language" title="Suoy language">Suoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Somray</a> (Northern Chong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Western Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–<br />Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharam_language" title="Maharam language">Maharam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meung_Yum_language" title="Meung Yum language">Meung Yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaiq_language" title="Savaiq language">Savaiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit-Khang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lamet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kherwarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mundaric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korwa_language" title="Korwa language">Korwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asur_language" title="Asur language">Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birjia_language" title="Birjia language">Birjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birhor_language" title="Birhor language">Birhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koda_language" title="Koda language">Koda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turi_language" title="Turi language">Turi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agariya_language" title="Agariya language">Agariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Santalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Bangladesh)" title="Kol language (Bangladesh)">Kol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sora-Gorum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorum_language" title="Gorum language">Gorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juray_language" title="Juray language">Juray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhi_language" title="Lodhi language">Lodhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gutob-Remo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_language" title="Bonda language">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutob_language" title="Gutob language">Gutob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gta%CA%BC_language" title="Gtaʼ language">Gtaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juang_language" title="Juang language">Juang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaura-Teresa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancowry_language" title="Nancowry language">Nancowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorta_language" title="Camorta language">Camorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katchal_language" title="Katchal language">Katchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic</a> (Northern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senoic_languages" title="Senoic languages">Senoic</a> (Central)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semelaic (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i> (unclassified; possibly a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Khe_dialect" title="Khmer Khe dialect">Khmer Khe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a> (Pakan)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Austroasiatic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Palaungic_language" title="Proto-Palaungic language">Proto-Palaungic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Khmeric_language" title="Proto-Khmeric language">Proto-Khmeric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Munda_language" title="Proto-Munda language">Proto-Munda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li><li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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