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William C. Cramer - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cramer_v._Chiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cramer_v._Chiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cramer v. 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1922–2003)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William C. Cramer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Cato_Cramer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/William_Cato_Cramer.jpg/220px-William_Cato_Cramer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/William_Cato_Cramer.jpg/330px-William_Cato_Cramer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/William_Cato_Cramer.jpg/440px-William_Cato_Cramer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="805" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1955&#160;–&#32;January 3, 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Courtney_W._Campbell" title="Courtney W. Campbell">Courtney W. Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Bill Young</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Florida01&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span> (1955–1963)<br /><span data-sort-value="Florida12&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span> (1963–1967)<br /><span data-sort-value="Florida08&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span> (1967–1971)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">Florida House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida" title="Pinellas County, Florida">Pinellas County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1951–1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/County_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="County attorney">County attorney</a> for Pinellas County</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1953–1954</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Cato Cramer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-08-04</span>)</span>August 4, 1922<br /><a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 18, 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-10-18)</span> (aged&#160;81)<br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pasadena,_Florida" title="South Pasadena, Florida">South Pasadena, Florida</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Woodlawn Memory Gardens in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a>, Florida</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1949–2003)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (before 1949)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">(1) Alice J. Cramer (divorced)<br /> (2) Sarah Ellen Bromelow Cramer (married ca. 1992–2003, his death)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">St. Petersburg, Florida</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_College" title="St. Petersburg College">St. Petersburg Junior College</a> <p><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Attorney</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Cato Cramer Sr.</b> (August 4, 1922 – October 18, 2003), was an American attorney and politician, elected in 1954 as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>. He was the first Florida <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> elected to Congress since 1880, shortly after the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era in the United States">Reconstruction</a>. He was re-elected, serving without interruption until 1970. </p><p>In Congress, Cramer became a ranking member of the Roads subcommittee of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Public_Works" title="United States House Committee on Public Works">Committee on Public Works</a>, and influenced national highway policy at a time of major expansion, ensuring that Interstates were kept toll-free. He gained extra funding to link Tampa and Miami, in a federal interstate project built in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-whitneyworks_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitneyworks-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was instrumental in the revival of the Republican Party in Florida through the mid-20th century, taking advantage of the state's changing demographics and new Republican migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, and attracting Cuban Americans and other minorities to the party.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1964, Cramer represented the state for 20 years on the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> and served as its counsel for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long absence of Republican officials from state office and weakened condition of the party were due to suppression of black and Republican voting in the 19th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement</a> of African Americans at the turn of the century, as they had constituted the majority of the Republican Party. Most were not able to vote for decades. They re-entered the political system by gaining the power to vote after passage of the federal <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-valelly146-147_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cramer was born in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>; when he was three years old, his parents relocated the family to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>. Located on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida" title="Pinellas County, Florida">Pinellas County</a>, in the early 21st century it has become the fourth-largest city in the state. Cramer attended the <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public segregated schools</a> and graduated from <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_High_School" title="St. Petersburg High School">St. Petersburg High School</a>, where he waged his first political campaigns by running for student government. He attended <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_College" title="St. Petersburg College">St. Petersburg Junior College</a>, the first public <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community college</a> in Florida. Cramer grew up with a strong work ethic: as a teenager, he worked a variety of jobs. Before entering the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a> to complete a 4-year degree, he worked as a bellhop at a resort hotel in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Cramer enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. With his degree, he was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Gunnery_officer" title="Gunnery officer">gunnery officer</a> and fought to liberate France during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the war, he served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a> until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> That same year, Cramer graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>. In 1948, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts, and returned to St. Petersburg. He entered the private practice of law. </p><p>As part of getting established, Cramer married Alice of <a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan, Alabama</a>. They had three children together before divorcing decades later. </p><p>In 1949, Cramer switched his partisan affiliation from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> to Republican at the urging of his law partner, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldner" title="Herman Goldner">Herman Goldner</a>. He later was elected as mayor of St. Petersburg. At the time, statewide voter registration in Florida was some fourteen-to-one Democratic,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> largely because of <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement</a> of African Americans as voters since the turn of the century by discriminatory application of the state constitution and subsequent laws.<sup id="cite_ref-valelly146-147_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They had comprised the majority of the Republican Party at that time. The party was hollowed out in the state and across the South, as all the other states also achieved disenfranchisement of African Americans, which withstood early court challenges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Florida_political_divisions">Florida political divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Florida political divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Florida had an uneven population distribution and unusual shape. Democratic <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factions</a> lost dominance of the Pinellas County area as state demographics changed. The state attracted new migrants from the North and its urbanization also resulted in change: urbanites have been unwilling to accept domination by a few party leaders. <a href="/wiki/V.O._Key,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="V.O. Key, Jr.">V.O. Key, Jr.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a>, described Florida elections in the years prior to these changes as "personality-oriented within narrow ideological boundaries."<sup id="cite_ref-hathorn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hathorn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the one-party Democratic state, competitive races occurred only in the primaries. </p><p>In the 1940s and 1950s, new Republicans settled in the state, mostly white migrants, often retirees, from the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">American Midwest</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States_(U.S._Census_Bureau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern United States (U.S. Census Bureau)">northeastern</a> states. They challenged Democratic domination in Pinellas County and other locations known for their concentration of retirees.<sup id="cite_ref-hathorn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hathorn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migration of such business executives and senior citizens began to change the partisan profile of the Pinellas County area, and other popular destinations, such as Miami on the Atlantic coast. In 1928, Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert C. Hoover">Herbert C. Hoover</a> helped to carry Pinellas County Republicans to victory in county races for <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_judge" title="County judge">county judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assessor_(property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assessor (property)">assessor</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida State Senate">state senator</a>. In 1948, Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> won Pinellas, <a href="/wiki/Sarasota_County,_Florida" title="Sarasota County, Florida">Sarasota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida" title="Orange County, Florida">Orange</a> counties and a third of the statewide vote.<sup id="cite_ref-hathorn_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hathorn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shifts in the larger state were reflected in presidential voting in 1952 and 1956, when the ticket of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>-<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> carried the state. In 1960, 1968, and 1972, Nixon prevailed in Florida as the presidential nominee, attracting votes from many who still voted Democratic for local and state positions. Following passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, which provided for federal enforcement of rights, African Americans were able to register and vote again and did so in increasing numbers. They generally affiliated with the national Democratic Party. Texan Democrat <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> won the state in 1964, as did <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> in 1976. Carter also gained votes as a Southern favorite son, and attracted <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> and historically Democratic voters, and African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_legislative_service">State legislative service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: State legislative service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950, Cramer ran for the <a href="/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">Florida House of Representatives</a>. He was also the campaign manager for the Pinellas County Republican slate, none of whose fourteen members had previously sought office. The Republicans decried inefficient government and "boss-type" politics, organized the <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a>, and offered a unified ticket. All but one of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">GOP</a> candidates were elected. Cramer became the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> "<a href="/wiki/Titular_ruler" title="Titular ruler">titular head</a>" of the Pinellas County party. Nearly a quarter century later, in 1974 the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida Republican State Executive Committee</a> honored Cramer as Florida's "Mr. Republican," a designation once given at the national level to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1967, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa Tribune">Tampa Tribune</a></i> humorously paraphrased the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of John">Book of John</a> to emphasize Cramer's role in the state GOP: "In the beginning there was the party, and the party was with Bill Cramer, and the party was Bill Cramer."<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Cramer's two Republican legislative colleagues in 1951 named him <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">minority leader</a>, the Democrats teased them for "caucusing in a phone booth."<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Because the Florida legislature operates under the rules of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, Cramer was able to assert political "minority rights;" he raised his personal and the party visibility in state politics. In the state House, Cramer defended <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior colleges</a> from challenges waged by the four-year institutions. Having attended a two-year institution, Cramer considered junior colleges essential to lower-cost educational opportunities for state residents. Cramer worked to establish the state's first anti-crime commission, but the Democrats refused to name any Republicans to the panel.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Run_for_Congress">Run for Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Run for Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Cramer ran for a seat in the U.S. House against <a href="/wiki/Courtney_W._Campbell" title="Courtney W. Campbell">Courtney W. Campbell</a>, a Democratic businessman from <a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater</a> and a former member of the state highway board. There was no <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a> in the race, so it was open. Having spent $25,000 in a handshaking tour of Pinellas, <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida" title="Hillsborough County, Florida">Hillsborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida" title="Pasco County, Florida">Pasco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hernando_County,_Florida" title="Hernando County, Florida">Hernando</a> counties, Cramer benefited from the national Eisenhower-Nixon ticket but lost by 0.7 percent. He was appointed as the Pinellas County <a href="/wiki/County_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="County attorney">attorney</a>, serving for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, with a stronger organization, Cramer ran again and unseated Campbell by the same 0.7 percent margin by which he had lost in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cramer found that the $40,000 he spent in 1954 was insufficient for advertising in the still new medium of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, but the state party had contributed several thousand dollars to his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._406_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._406-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenure">Tenure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._F._Sikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. F. Sikes">Robert L. F. Sikes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crestview,_Florida" title="Crestview, Florida">Crestview</a> depicted his fellow Democrat Courtney Campbell as "hard-working, dedicated, and capable" but ineffective in public speaking. He noted, "Cramer was articulate, a successful lawyer, and he already enjoyed some recognition in public life. In my effort to help Campbell, I said that Cramer, serving in a Democratic Congress, would be like a lost ball in high weeds. Bill never let me forget that statement, although subsequently we became good friends."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer represented <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 1st congressional district">Florida's 1st congressional district</a> from 1955 to 1963. <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Reapportionment">Reapportionment</a> placed him in the <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 12th congressional district">12th district</a> from 1963 to 1967. Another reapportionment assigned him to the <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 8th congressional district">8th district</a> for his final two terms in office, 1967 to 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cramer had a mixed record on civil rights during his time in congress. In 1957, Cramer joined four other southern Republican House colleagues, including <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alger" title="Bruce Alger">Bruce Alger</a> of Texas and <a href="/wiki/Joel_T._Broyhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel T. Broyhill">Joel T. Broyhill</a> of Virginia, in seeking a conference with President Eisenhower to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Integration_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock Integration Crisis">Little Rock Integration Crisis</a>. They wanted to persuade the president to remove federal troops that he had sent there to maintain order, but Eisenhower kept troops in the city for the remainder of the 1957-1958 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cramer joined other Southern Congressmen in signing the 1956 anti-desegregation <a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and voted against the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Acts of 1957</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">1960</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but Cramer did not vote on the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the initial House version of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but voted against its final passage after amended in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In time, Cramer became the <a href="/wiki/Ranking_minority_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranking minority member">ranking minority member</a> on the then-named <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure" title="United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure">House Public Works Committee</a>. He was a ranking member of the Roads subcommittee and was influential in federal highway policy at a time of extensive expansion of federal investment. Cramer addressed corruption in highway politics, worked to keep Interstates toll-free, and ensured that highway funds were kept to invest in roads. He battled proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_State_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine State Parkway">Sunshine State Parkway</a> in Florida. As it was constructed parallel to designated Interstate routes, it threatened to draw off traffic and make the highways unfeasible. Using his influence on a federal project in the state, Cramer secured funding for the additional mileage to provide a link between Tampa Bay and Miami via <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Florida" title="Interstate 75 in Florida">Interstate 75</a>. It had not been authorized in the original federal project and funding. This route passed through St. Petersburg so he got his hometown covered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer was also vice chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican Conference</a>, which became more influential as representation increased from southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republican_National_Committee">Republican National Committee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Republican National Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, after nine years in the House, Cramer was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a>, a position that he held for 20 consecutive years, including 14 years after he left Congress. In 1964, he also headed the presidential delegate slate pledged to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_M._Goldwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry M. Goldwater">Barry M. Goldwater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. Cramer said that Goldwater asked him to circumvent the party "regulars" led by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander_(Florida_politician)" title="Harold Alexander (Florida politician)">Harold Alexander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Fairfield_Brown" title="Tom Fairfield Brown">Tom Brown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a> because the state leadership had been too passive in trying to develop the party. The Republican primary was competitive, but the "regulars" narrowly won over Cramer and his insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._406_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._406-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer was a delegate or alternate delegate to each <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> from 1952 to 1984. As a 20-year RNC member, he also served as the committee's general counsel for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gurney" title="Edward Gurney">Edward Gurney</a> was a transplanted <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New Englander</a> who settled in <a href="/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida" title="Winter Park, Florida">Winter Park</a>. He was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House in 1962. He initially joined Cramer and the insurgents during the primaries but then withdrew his backing. The Brown regular forces narrowly won the primary in 1964. Cramer said that the insurgents might have won if Goldwater had continued to back them.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._407_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._407-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispute_with_Kirk">Dispute with Kirk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Dispute with Kirk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Florida, 1964 was the year when a Republican candidate for U.S. Senator polled 36.1% in the general election, another sign of changing politics. It was a strong showing for relative newcomer <a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Claude R. Kirk, Jr.</a>, a Democrat-turned-Republican from California, as he ran against veteran Democratic U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Spessard Holland</a>, a former governor and head of the Florida Democratic establishment. Trying to build up recognition and support, Kirk appealed to Cramer to address meetings held during the delegate and national committeeman races, and thus became acquainted with Republican party activists.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._407_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._407-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, Kirk returned for another campaign and scored a huge upset to become <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">governor</a>, defeating Democrat <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Robert_King_High" title="Robert King High">Robert King High</a>. Kirk won majorities in 56 of the 67 counties.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During this campaign, a schism developed between Cramer and Kirk. Years later, in a 1988 interview, Kirk said that Cramer had not given him any assistance in either the 1964 or 1966 campaigns. He thought it was because Cramer wanted the gubernatorial nomination. The two men offered conflicting interpretations of these times.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._408_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._408-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer said that he urged Kirk to merge his gubernatorial campaign in Pinellas County with the regular Republican party organization. But, Kirk organized a separate entity in order to maximize crossover support from Democrats unhappy with the nomination of Mayor High. Cramer recalled this disagreement over strategy as the "first indication that Kirk intended to do his own thing and attempt to form his own organization within the Republican Party in Florida. I didn't get the signal at the time, but it became very obvious later, particularly when he attempted to defeat me as national committeeman in 1968."<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._408_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._408-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Cramer's aid, Kirk overlooked him when planning his inauguration. He asked U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gurney" title="Edward Gurney">Edward Gurney</a> to serve as chairman of the inauguration, although Gurney had played no role in Kirk's campaign. In 1968, Governor Kirk dispatched his staff to the Republican state convention in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a> to push for Cramer's ouster as national committeeman. As governor, he believed he was leader of the party and wanted his own man representing the state to the national committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._409_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._409-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cramer said, "I was about the only person at the time who stood in his way from taking total control."<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._409_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._409-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer believed he had earned the loyalty of the state's organizational Republicans: "I had proved myself an effective congressman. I was on the House leadership as vice chairman of the Republican Conference and was ranking member on the House Public Works Committee."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1968_Senate_election">1968 Senate election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: 1968 Senate election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968 three-term US Representative <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gurney" title="Edward Gurney">Edward Gurney</a> sought the Florida U.S. Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Democrat <a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a>. Former Governor <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">LeRoy Collins</a>, an ally of retiring President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, was the Democratic nominee. Cramer and Gurney were prospective primary opponents until Cramer yielded to Gurney. They based this on an understanding that Gurney would thereafter back Cramer for the other Senate seat, which was expected to be vacated by Spessard Holland in 1970. According to Cramer, Gurney "pledged his support to me, and I did to him, and we shook hands."<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._410_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._410-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer's former law partner <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldner" title="Herman Goldner">Herman Goldner</a>, former mayor of Saint Petersburg, opposed Gurney in the primary but received few votes. Gurney defeated Democrat Collins for the US Senate in the general election, having carried all but four counties. Gurney and Cramer crisscrossed the state to work on building the Republican Party. </p><p>Cramer and Gurney had worked well as colleagues but were not friends. Kirk named Gurney's Orlando law firm as the counsel for the Florida Turnpike Authority, at a $100,000 annual retainer. Cramer's law firm received no state business.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970_Senate_election">1970 Senate election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: 1970 Senate election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the fall of 1969, Cramer declared his candidacy for the Senate; Holland announced his retirement as expected. President Nixon encouraged Cramer's candidacy in 1970: "Bill, the Senate needs you, the country needs you, the people need you–now run."<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._410_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._410-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1970 the Senate rejected Judge <a href="/wiki/G._Harrold_Carswell" title="G. Harrold Carswell">G. Harrold Carswell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a> as Nixon's second consecutive <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (politics)">conservative</a> nominee to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. He had been newly appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a>, but his federal judicial service began under Eisenhower. Gurney and Holland, both Carswell supporters, were dismayed by his rejection.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expecting to benefit over the uproar in Florida over the rejection of Judge Carswell, political aides suggested that Carswell resign from the bench and run for Holland's Senate seat. Gurney claimed that he was unaware that Cramer had considered running for the Senate in 1968 and had deferred to Gurney, with the expectation that Cramer would run for the other Senate seat in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk_p._411_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk_p._411-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Governor Kirk and Gurney endorsed Carswell, and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Florida" title="Lieutenant Governor of Florida">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Osborne" title="Ray C. Osborne">Ray C. Osborne</a>, a Kirk ally from St. Petersburg, abandoned his own challenge to Cramer. Years later, Kirk said that he "should have stuck with Osborne," and not encouraged Carswell to run. Kirk said that he had not "created" Carswell's candidacy, as often depicted by the media.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Carswell said that he had no knowledge of a "gentlemen's agreement" between Gurney and Cramer and that he had considered running for the Senate even before he was nominated to the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk_p._411_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk_p._411-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1970 Carswell said that his failure to be confirmed to the Court was because of the "dark evil winds of liberalism" and the "northern press and its knee-jerking followers in the Senate."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Nixon did not voice support for either candidate during the Carswell-Cramer primary contest. Deputy Press Secretary <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lee_Warren" title="Gerald Lee Warren">Gerald Lee Warren</a> said that Nixon had "no knowledge and no involvement" in Carswell's candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Carswell secured endorsements from nationally known actors <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a>, and retained <a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Richard Viguerie</a>, the direct mail specialist from <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia (U.S. state)">Virginia</a>, to raise funds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer gave up his House seat to run for the Senate. His former district assistant <a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Charles William "Bill" Young</a> of St. Petersburg, then the Florida Senate minority leader, ran to succeed Cramer and won. Young was continuously re-elected to the seat until his death on October 18, 2013. At the time of his death, Young was the longest-serving Republican member of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._413_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._413-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The congressional district, whose number varied over the years, remained Republican until the 2016 election. </p><p>In the primary campaign, Cramer stressed his amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> to prohibit <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">forced busing</a> to achieve racial balance in public schools. He raised questions about Carswell's concurrence in two Fifth Circuit busing edicts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At first, Carswell ignored Cramer's charges; then he spoke out against busing."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reporter from the <i>Miami Herald</i> compared Carswell's speeches to "legal opinions" aimed more at Senators <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Kennedy">Edward M. Kennedy</a> of Massachusetts and <a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Birch Bayh</a> of Indiana, who had worked against his confirmation, than to Florida Republican primary voters. As a circuit judge, Carswell was bound by high court precedent, and after 1968, the federal courts had decreed busing as a tool to pursue racial balance in schools. </p><p>Like Cramer, Kirk was identified with anti-busing forces. He had been unable, in 1970, to halt a desegregation plan in <a href="/wiki/Manatee_County,_Florida" title="Manatee County, Florida">Manatee County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At a time of cultural change and social unrest, Cramer went beyond the busing issue in his speeches to attack "cop killers, bombers, burners, and racial revolutionaries who would destroy America."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer said that he had had a friendly acquaintance with Carswell prior to the 1970 campaign, but he later viewed the jurist as "a pawn" of kingmakers Kirk and Gurney. Cramer attributed his Senate nomination to his grassroots support and Carswell's lack of campaign experience. Carswell, however, claimed that his support among Democrats would have been considerable had Florida, like <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, used an <a href="/wiki/Open_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Open primary">open primary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Republican primary held on September 8, 1970, Cramer polled 220,553 votes to Carswell's 121,281. A third candidate, businessman George Balmer, received 10,974 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Party_Leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Republican Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Hugh Scott</a> of Pennsylvania, who opposed Carswell's confirmation to the Supreme Court, said that Carswell "was asking for it, and he got what he deserved."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Florida_gubernatorial_election">Florida gubernatorial election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Florida gubernatorial election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republican Party primary for the governorship had a challenge to incumbent governor Kirk waged by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Eckerd" title="Jack Eckerd">Jack Eckerd</a>. A Pennsylvania native and businessman, Eckerd had relocated to Florida after World War II where he operated and expanded a large chain of drugstores. Eckerd warned that the renomination of Kirk would produce a Republican fiasco in the fall campaign. In a primary endorsement, the <i>Miami Herald</i> depicted Eckerd as "an efficient campaigner with the ability to bring people together constructively ... [Eckerd has] a common touch, dedication to high principle, and organizing genius."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Though he voted in the primary for Eckerd, Cramer took no public position. </p><p>Also in the gubernatorial Republican primary race was state senator <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Bafalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis A. Bafalis">L. A. "Skip" Bafalis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach</a>, later a U.S. representative. Kirk received 172,888 primary ballots, but Bafalis's 48,378 votes were sufficient to require a <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">runoff</a> with Eckerd, who received 137,731. Kirk prevailed in the runoff, 199,943 to Eckerd's 152,327,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> after he obtained Bafalis' reluctant endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer said that he "customarily" avoided involvement in primaries outside of his own race, but Kirk claimed that Cramer assisted Eckerd and strongly criticized the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_pp,_414-415_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_pp,_414-415-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divided_party">Divided party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Divided party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Carswell and Eckerd endorsed Cramer and Kirk, they were not active in the fall campaign. Unlike the Republicans, Democratic State Senators <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida" title="Lakeland, Florida">Lakeland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>, had healed philosophical division within their own ranks. Republican Representative <a href="/wiki/Louis_Frey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Frey, Jr.">Louis Frey, Jr.</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida" title="Winter Park, Florida">Winter Park</a>, addressing the Republican state convention in Orlando implored the factions to unite for the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Askew ran for governor and Chiles for US Senator. "Askew and Chiles form a logical team. Kirk and Cramer don't," said the <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a>,</i> noting the "uneasy alliance" between the Republican nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In its endorsement of the Democrats, the <i>Miami Herald</i> said that Askew had "captured the imagination of a state that plainly deserves new leadership." </p><p>Kirk ridiculed his opponent Askew as "a momma's boy who wouldn't have the courage to stand up under the fire of the legislators" and a "nice sweet-looking fellow chosen by liberals ... to front for them."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Such rhetoric helped to reinvigorate the Democratic coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._416_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._416-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cramer_v._Chiles">Cramer v. Chiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Cramer v. Chiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the general election campaign for the US Senate seat, Cramer questioned Democrat <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a>' votes in the state senate on several matters regarding insurance. One law increased automobile liability rates by 50 percent over two years, and another raised premiums for school bus insurance, at a time that Chiles' insurance agency in Lakeland held the policy on the <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida" title="Polk County, Florida">Polk County</a> School Board. Such "conflict-of-interest" issues seemed to have little political effect.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The "self-made" Cramer depicted Chiles as coming from a "silver spoon" background (his net worth was $300,000, which adjusted to inflation would’ve made Chiles a millionaire in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), but the media did not address questions about the candidates' personal wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reporters focused on "Walkin' Lawton"'s 92-day, 1,000-mile trek from the <a href="/wiki/Florida_panhandle" title="Florida panhandle">Florida panhandle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Key_Largo,_Florida" title="Key Largo, Florida">Key Largo</a>. Before the walk, termed a "public relations stroke of genius," Chiles had name recognition by only 5 percent of voters; afterward, he had gained widespread and often uncritical recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_Democrat" title="Tallahassee Democrat">Tallahassee Democrat</a></i> forecast correctly that Chiles's "weary feet and comfortable hiking boots" would carry the 40-year-old "slow-country country lawyer" with "back-country common sense and methodical urbane political savvy" to victory over his opponent Bill Cramer.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer could not match Chiles' public appeal. A Cramer aide said it was difficult "selling experience. It's not a sexy thing."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With "shoe leather and a shoestring budget," Chiles presented himself as a "problem solver who doesn't automatically vote 'No' on every issue."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer later said that he should have demanded more debates and rebuffed the walking tactic: </p> <blockquote><p>I never could get that turned around. He was walking, and I was running. But the press was enamored with the walk ... Every time he was asked a question about where he stood, he would quote somebody that he met on the campaign trail to state what he was to do when he got to the Senate consistent with what that constituent had said. The basic approach gave him more credibility to his walk, which had nothing to do with his qualifications for the Senate but gave him free publicity and appealed to the 'little man.'<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/The_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="The environment">environment</a> a national concern by 1970, Chiles announced his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Florida_Barge_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross Florida Barge Canal">Cross Florida Barge Canal</a>. This had originally been supported by every member of the Florida congressional delegation. The project, one-third completed, was cancelled early in 1971; the area is now a protected <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a> corridor. Chiles endorsed federal funding to remove waste from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Apopka" title="Lake Apopka">Lake Apopka</a> in central Florida, which was known for its <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a> fish. Cramer received little credit from environmentalists, although he had drafted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1956&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 (page does not exist)">Water Pollution Control Act of 1956</a> and had sponsored legislation to protect <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a>, stop <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">beach erosion</a>, dredge harbors, and remove oil spills. Instead, Cramer critics accused him of having weakened anti-pollution laws. Cramer questioned Chiles' opposition to a proposed <a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">severance tax</a> on <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mining, which particularly affected <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of protecting the environment continued to attract more support in Florida. By 1974, a survey showed Floridians favored limits on development, and 60 percent urged more government funding for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a> initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970 Republican primary, all major papers in Florida except the pro-Carswell <i>Tallahassee Democrat</i> had supported Cramer's nomination, but in the general election against Chiles, Cramer was supported by only three publications—in Orlando, Fort Myers, and Pasco County.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cramer failed to pin the "liberal" label on Chiles.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> observed that Chiles and Askew "convey amiable good ol' boy qualities with moderate-to-liberal aspirations that do not strike fear into the hearts of conservatives."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chiles was also supported by the retiring Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Spessard Holland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Chiles said that Cramer could bring "Nixon, Agnew, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald W. Reagan">Reagan</a>, and anybody else he wants. [of top Republican officials] ... I'll take Holland on my side against all of them."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1960s, a period of protests against the Vietnam War and other social unrest, Cramer had introduced an anti-riot measure as an addition to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>. It made police assault a federal crime and federalized as conspiracy those rioters who crossed state lines to commit riots. This passed the House by 389-25. The law was lauded at Cramer rallies by Vice President Agnew and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a>. Five of the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a> defendants were prosecuted under this law (all were acquitted), as was professor and activist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> in a separate arrest and trial in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer said achieving a Republican-majority Senate could result in the removal of controversial Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> as the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>. He had long opposed the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In response, Chiles noted that if Republicans controlled the Senate, other southern Democrats would also forfeit committee chairmanships earned and long controlled through their seniority.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nixon_campaigning_in_Florida">Nixon campaigning in Florida</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Nixon campaigning in Florida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his presidential papers, Nixon, who campaigned for Cramer in Miami Beach, Palm Beach, St. Petersburg, and Tallahassee, cited the congressman's sponsorship of "significant legislation to stop bombing and riots" and his record on the environment, senior citizens, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon claimed that more Republicans were needed in Congress to bring an "honorable end" to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, to maintain America's international presence, and to halt "permissiveness, <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, and busing." The Democratic congressional majorities, reaffirmed after the 1970 elections, soon prompted Nixon to claim an "ideological majority", or a bipartisan coalition of conservatives and moderates to pass his programs.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Critical of dissenting youth, Nixon reminded the "silent majority" in St. Petersburg that "the impossible dream in most countries is possible in America."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Making the first presidential appearance in Tallahassee since <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, Nixon plugged "neighborhood schools" and renounced busing for the "sole purpose of achieving racial balance" as contrary to law and "quality education."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Though Chiles also opposed busing, he attracted <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> support by declaring Cramer's antibusing amendment as "just talk" and "an emotional issue." Cramer challenged Chiles' vote in the Florida Senate to give court-imposed busing orders "the status of state law." Chiles proposed <a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">magnet schools</a> to negate busing conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._421_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._421-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Nixon-Agnew "road show," polls showed Chiles and Askew with pre-election leads larger than three-to-two. Cramer insisted that the polls reflected only the views of the media.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._421_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._421-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The GOP was weakened when partisans of former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">governor</a> <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Wallace">George C. Wallace</a> of Alabama, the 1968 <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> nominee, endorsed Askew and Chiles. Kirk had earlier said that Wallace was "a racist" and a "flaming liberal" trying to thwart the emergence of the Republican Party in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><i>The St. Petersburg Times</i> found Kirk trailing Askew by 22 points in Pinellas County, while Cramer led Chiles in his home county by only seven points. The survey showed Kirk with 51 percent support from Republicans, compared to Cramer's 75 percent support from the party regulars.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970_election_results">1970 election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: 1970 election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cramer polled 772,817 votes (46.1 percent), gaining crossover votes of 61,716 more ballots than the number of registered Republicans in Florida. Chiles' 902,438 tabulation (53.9 percent) was less than half of registered Democrats, but he gained majorities in 55 counties, compared to 13 counties tilting to Cramer.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most of the Democratic electorate sat out what political analysts thought was one of the most contested Senate general elections in Florida history. Robert Sikes speculated that some primary supporters of Farris Bryant may have defected to Cramer, and a number of Republicans may have sat out the election, too.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democrat Askew won all but nine counties to defeat Kirk for the governorship, 984,305 to 746,243. Cramer polled 26,574 more votes than Kirk and carried five counties which Kirk lost: Broward, <a href="/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida" title="Collier County, Florida">Collier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Florida" title="Martin County, Florida">Martin</a>, Pasco, and Pinellas. Cramer had 11,000 more votes than Chiles in Pinellas County, when Republicans outnumbered registered Democrats there by more than 3,000. Kirk and Cramer each won seven counties, <a href="/wiki/Indian_River_County,_Florida" title="Indian River County, Florida">Indian River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida" title="Lake County, Florida">Lake</a>, Manatee, Orange, <a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Florida" title="Osceola County, Florida">Osceola</a>, Sarasota, and <a href="/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida" title="Seminole County, Florida">Seminole</a>. Kirk took two counties lost by Cramer, <a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Florida" title="Clay County, Florida">Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Johns,_Florida" title="St. Johns, Florida">St. Johns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer, Edward Gurney, and Kirk differ on the reasons for their party's 1970 debacle. As a factor in his loss, Cramer cited his reliance on an out-of-state <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> firm not well versed in Florida politics. He has said that the $350,000 spending limit then in effect for elections did not permit sufficient television advertising. Cramer believed very much that the intraparty schism hurt his campaign. </p><p>But, in 1970 the GOP fared poorly across the South. The exception was <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, where Republican U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> was elected to the U.S. Senate. Defeated Southern Republicans included U.S. Representatives <a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">Albert W. Watson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> ally seeking the governorship of South Carolina; and <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Herbert Walker Bush">George Herbert Walker Bush</a>, running a second time from Texas for the U.S. Senate but losing to <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_M._Bentsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd M. Bentsen">Lloyd M. Bentsen</a>. Meanwhile, Republican <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a> was unseated in Arkansas by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Dale_Bumpers" title="Dale Bumpers">Dale Bumpers</a>. </p><p>Gurney blamed the 1970 defeat in Florida on the inability of the Republican nominees to attract cross-over Democratic support. Kirk said no Republican could have won statewide that year because Askew and Chiles had commanded the majority coalition in the state. The Democrats found that "fresh faces and new looks outweighed age and experience." They gained extensive support from working-class whites, blacks (who were voting in higher numbers), <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> (including retirees from the North), <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a>, urban residents, and rural voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Tampa_Tribune,_June_18,_1967_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tampa_Tribune,_June_18,_1967-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two months after the general election, tensions between Cramer and Gurney resumed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._E._%22Tommy%22_Thomas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="L. E. &quot;Tommy&quot; Thomas (page does not exist)">L. E. "Tommy" Thomas</a>, an automobile dealer from <a href="/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida" title="Panama City, Florida">Panama City</a> who was supported by Cramer, gained the Florida state Republican chairmanship, defeating the Gurney-endorsed Duke Crittenden of Orlando. Three congressmen friendly with Cramer, <a href="/wiki/J._Herbert_Burke" title="J. Herbert Burke">J. Herbert Burke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood</a>, Louis Frey of Orlando, and Bill Young of St. Petersburg, and <a href="/wiki/Paula_Hawkins_(politician)" title="Paula Hawkins (politician)">Paula Hawkins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maitland,_Florida" title="Maitland, Florida">Maitland</a>, drafted a letter to President Nixon urging that Cramer, not Gurney, be the patronage advisor in Florida. Gurney quickly arranged a "peace" meeting with his intraparty rivals, and they never mailed the letter.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurney retired as senator in 1974. He later failed in an effort to regain his former House seat. He was charged and acquitted of taking $300,000 in kickbacks from federal housing contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cramer never again sought public office and declined to consider an appointment as a federal judge. Based on his long experience in Washington, DC, he opened a law practice (Cramer &amp; Matthews) with offices in Washington, D.C. and Miami. The Florida office was run by his partner, F. Lawrence Matthews. Their offices were in the first high rise in downtown Miami (1 Biscayne Tower). In 1973, he and Matthews served as unpaid advisers to <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford, Jr.">Gerald R. Ford, Jr.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> for confirmation as vice president following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Spiro_T._Agnew" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiro T. Agnew">Spiro T. Agnew</a> from the Nixon administration. They appeared with Ford at the Senate confirmation hearings. Cramer also aided in talks when President Ford decided to pardon previous president <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a> after his resignation following the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He continued on the Republican National Committee until 1984. Cramer <a href="/wiki/Lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyist">lobbied</a> Congress and the executive branch on behalf of several foreign governments, including that of President <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. </p><p>In 1979, Cramer was selected by the Ford administration to head the first trade mission to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> after the normalization of relations. Cramer represented the Republican National Committee when the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal (politics)">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a> unsuccessfully fought the delegate formula dating from 1972, when Cramer had been chair of the RNC Rules Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._424_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._424-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fall of 1988, his former House colleague <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> was elected as president, and Cramer returned to St. Petersburg. He established another law practice and became involved in real estate with his friend and former aide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Inscoe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Inscoe (page does not exist)">Jack Inscoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._424_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._424-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Florida GOP made little headway during the 1970s. Republicans lost the Gurney Senate seat in 1974 but regained it in 1980. The party did not win the governorship until 1986, when the former Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a> was elected as the state's first ever <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> chief executive. Martinez was unseated in 1990 by former U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a>, who won the first of two consecutive terms as governor. By 1989, Florida Republican gained their first majority among members of the state's congressional delegation. The Florida GOP made gains in party registration during the 1980s, having majorities of registered party members in twelve counties. In October 1988, Republicans numbered 2,360,434, compared to 3,264,105 for the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Time and circumstance often measure a man's future. Quite often if you aspire to something, it becomes more unattainable because you are seeking it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite>William C. Cramer</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fraternal_and_civic_activities">Fraternal and civic activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Fraternal and civic activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cramer was a member of <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_College" title="St. Petersburg College">St. Petersburg College</a> Alumni Association Board of Directors, the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMVETS" title="AMVETS">AMVETS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks" title="Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks">Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moose_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Moose International">Moose International</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">Shriners</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cramer died at the age of eighty-one in <a href="/wiki/South_Pasadena,_Florida" title="South Pasadena, Florida">South Pasadena</a>, Florida, from complications of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>. He was survived by his second wife of eleven years, the former Sarah Ellen (née Bromelow) Hilber. He and his first wife Alice had three sons together before their divorce: William C. Cramer, Jr., who became an attorney and car dealer in Panama City; Mark C. Cramer, an attorney in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, North Carolina; and Allyn Walters Cramer, a car dealer in <a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan, Alabama</a> (his mother's hometown); two stepsons, Richard D. Hilber of St. Petersburg and Jason E. Hilber of <a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Florida" title="Odessa, Florida">Odessa</a>, Florida; and eight grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cramer is interred at Woodlawn Memory Gardens in St. Petersburg. </p><p>The William C. Cramer Post Office in St. Petersburg is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Billy Hathorn says that the Cramer-Kirk schism so damaged the growth of the Republican Party in the state that it took years to recover. He believes that the party lost an opportunity in the 1970 campaign, when it lost the governorship and a US Senate seat.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._426_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._426-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> But that year Democratic candidates swept the entire South, and it took years for the shift among conservative whites to the Republican Party to take place. After the 1970 schism, the Florida GOP were confronted by the continued success for years of noncontroversial Democrats considered to be "moderates." But since the late 20th century, more voters in Florida have shifted to register and vote Republican, supporting their candidates for statewide leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._426_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._426-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-whitneyworks-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitneyworks_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1562&amp;context=etd">"Justin C. Whitney, "Florida expressways and the public works career of Congressman William C. Cramer," 2008, University of South Florida, posted at Scholar Commons, accessed 11 February 2016"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+C.+Whitney%2C+%22Florida+expressways+and+the+public+works+career+of+Congressman+William+C.+Cramer%2C%22+2008%2C+University+of+South+Florida%2C+posted+at+Scholar+Commons%2C+accessed+11+February+2016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1562%26context%3Detd&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/27/us/william-c-cramer-81-a-leader-of-gop-resurgence-in-south.html">"Wolfgang Saxon, "William C. Cramer, 81, a Leader of G.O.P. Resurgence in South", October 27, 2003"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Wolfgang+Saxon%2C+%22William+C.+Cramer%2C+81%2C+a+Leader+of+G.O.P.+Resurgence+in+South%22%2C+October+27%2C+2003&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F27%2Fus%2Fwilliam-c-cramer-81-a-leader-of-gop-resurgence-in-south.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-valelly146-147-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valelly146-147_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valelly146-147_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Valelly, Richard M. (October 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4__EYITWk4C&amp;dq=Effects+of+southern+black+disfranchisement+on+1912+presidential+election&amp;pg=PA128"><i>The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226845272" title="Special:BookSources/9780226845272"><bdi>9780226845272</bdi></a> &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Two+Reconstructions%3A+The+Struggle+for+Black+Enfranchisement&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2009-10-02&amp;rft.isbn=9780226845272&amp;rft.aulast=Valelly&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4&#95;_EYITWk4C%26dq%3DEffects%2Bof%2Bsouthern%2Bblack%2Bdisfranchisement%2Bon%2B1912%2Bpresidential%2Belection%26pg%3DPA128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30150884?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Billy Hathorn, "Cramer v. Kirk: The Florida Republican Schism of 1970"</a>, <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>, LXVII, No. 4 (April 1990), p. 404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Cramer, <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>, p. 697</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hathorn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hathorn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hathorn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hathorn_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30150884?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Billy Hathorn, "Cramer v. Kirk: The Florida Republican Schism of 1970"</a>, <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>, LXVII, No. 4 (April 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," pp. 404-405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._405_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Florida, General election returns, November 4, 1952, and November 2, 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._406-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._406_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._406_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._F._Sikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. F. Sikes">Robert Lee Fulton Sikes</a>, <i>He-Coon: The Bob Sikes Story</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>, Florida, 1985), p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Osro_Cobb" title="Osro Cobb">Osro Cobb</a>, <i>Osro Cobb of Arkansas: Memoirs of Historical Significance</i>, Carol Griffee, ed. (<a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>: Rose Publishing Company, 1989), p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal56-1349188">"Southern Congressmen Present Segregation Manifesto"</a>. <i>CQ Almanac</i>. 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CQ+Almanac&amp;rft.atitle=Southern+Congressmen+Present+Segregation+Manifesto&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqalmanac%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dcqal56-1349188&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42">"HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&amp;rft.atitle=HR+6127.+CIVIL+RIGHTS+ACT+OF+1957.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F85-1957%2Fh42&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/h102">"HR 8601. PASSAGE. -- House Vote #102 -- Mar 24, 1960"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&amp;rft.atitle=HR+8601.+PASSAGE.+--+House+Vote+%23102+--+Mar+24%2C+1960&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F86-1960%2Fh102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128">"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE. -- House Vote #128 -- Feb 10, 1964"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&amp;rft.atitle=H.R.+7152.+PASSAGE.+--+House+Vote+%23128+--+Feb+10%2C+1964&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fh128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/h193">"S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&amp;rft.atitle=S.J.+RES.+29.+CONSTITUTIONAL+AMENDMENT+TO+BAN+THE+USE+OF+POLL+TAX+AS+A+REQUIREMENT+FOR+VOTING+IN+FEDERAL+ELECTIONS.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F87-1962%2Fh193&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87">"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT. -- House Vote #87 -- Jul 9, 1965"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&amp;rft.atitle=TO+PASS+H.R.+6400%2C+THE+1965+VOTING+RIGHTS+ACT.+--+House+Vote+%2387+--+Jul+9%2C+1965&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F89-1965%2Fh87&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113">"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR … -- House Vote #113 -- Aug 16, 1967"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&amp;rft.atitle=TO+PASS+H.R.+2516%2C+A+BILL+TO+ESTABLISH+PENALTIES+FOR+%E2%80%A6+--+House+Vote+%23113+--+Aug+16%2C+1967&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F90-1967%2Fh113&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1968/h295">"TO PASS H. RES. 1100, A RESOLUTION PROVIDING THAT IMMEDIATELY ON THE ADOPTION OF THIS RESOLUTION, THE BILL (H.R. 2516) PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR INTERFERING WITH ANY PERSON IN THE PERFORMANCE OF HIS CIVIL RIGHTS, AND MAKING CERTAIN ANTIRIOT LEGISLATION, SHALL, TOGETHER WITH A SENATE AMENDMENT THERETO, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR DISCRIMINATION IN THE SALE OR RENT OF HOUSING, BE TAKEN FROM THE SPEAKER'S TABLE, TO THE END THAT SAID AMENDMENT IS AGREED TO. -- House Vote #295 -- Apr 10, 1968"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&amp;rft.atitle=TO+PASS+H.+RES.+1100%2C+A+RESOLUTION+PROVIDING+THAT+IMMEDIATELY+ON+THE+ADOPTION+OF+THIS+RESOLUTION%2C+THE+BILL+%28H.R.+2516%29+PRESCRIBING+PENALTIES+FOR+INTERFERING+WITH+ANY+PERSON+IN+THE+PERFORMANCE+OF+HIS+CIVIL+RIGHTS%2C+AND+MAKING+CERTAIN+ANTIRIOT+LEGISLATION%2C+SHALL%2C+TOGETHER+WITH+A+SENATE+AMENDMENT+THERETO%2C+PROVIDING+PENALTIES+FOR+DISCRIMINATION+IN+THE+SALE+OR+RENT+OF+HOUSING%2C+BE+TAKEN+FROM+THE+SPEAKER%27S+TABLE%2C+TO+THE+END+THAT+SAID+AMENDMENT+IS+AGREED+TO.+--+House+Vote+%23295+--+Apr+10%2C+1968&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F90-1968%2Fh295&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney (2008), Abstract: "Federal expressways and public works of Cramer," p.ii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._407-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._407_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._407_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Florida, General election returns, November 8, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._408-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._408_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._408_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._409-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._409_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._409_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._410-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._410_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._410_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk, p. 414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, April 9, 26, and July 15, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk_p._411-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk_p._411_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk_p._411_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._411_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>, September 4, 1970; <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News &amp; World Report">U.S. News &amp; World Report</a></i>, September 7, 1970, pp. 34-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, April 21, 23, 29 and September 9, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," p. 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._413-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._413_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>, September 21, 1970, p. 39; <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</a></i>, September 21, 1970, pp. 16-17; <i><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_Democrat" title="Tallahassee Democrat">Tallahassee Democrat</a></i>, September 6, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, July 31, 1970, <i>Miami Herald</i>, September 4, 1970; <i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, September 6, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miami Herald</i>, September 5, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, August 31, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 414; <i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, September 4, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Florida, Primary election returns, September 8, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, September 10, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miami Herald</i>, September 6, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Florida, Primary election returns September 8 and 29, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tallahassee Democrat,</i> September 12, 14, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_pp,_414-415-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_pp,_414-415_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cramer v. Kirk, pp. 414-415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", pp. 415-416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miami Herald</i>, October 1, 11, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miami Herald</i> and <i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, October 30, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._416-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._416_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miami Herald</i>, October 10, 1970; <i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, October 10, 18, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/">"Inflation Calculator &#124; Find US Dollar's Value from 1913-2022"</a>. <i>www.usinflationcalculator.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.usinflationcalculator.com&amp;rft.atitle=Inflation+Calculator+%26%23124%3B+Find+US+Dollar%27s+Value+from+1913-2022&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usinflationcalculator.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miami Herald</i>, October 23, 1970; <i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, November 1, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamis, <i>Two-Party South</i>, p. 185; <i>Miami Herald</i>, September 9, 1970; <i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, September 6 and November 1, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, November 1, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, November 1, 1970; <i>Miami Herald</i>, September 4, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miami Herald</i>, September 9 and October 29, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk" p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Bass and Walter DeVries, <i>The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945</i> (New York, 1976), p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numan V. Bartley and Hugh D. Graham, <i>Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction</i> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, 1975), pp. 146-147; <i>Miami Herald</i>, October 27, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, October 11, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cramer v. Kirk</i>, p. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, September 30, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 1971), p. 950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nixon Papers</i>, pp. 951-956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nixon Papers</i>, p. 962; <i>The New York Times</i>, October 30, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tallahassee Democrat</i>, October 28, 29, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._421-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._421_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._421_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," p. 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Thimmesch, <i>The Condition of Republicanism</i> (New York, 1968), p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk," pp., 421-422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Florida, General election returns, November 3, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tampa_Tribune,_June_18,_1967-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tampa_Tribune,_June_18,_1967_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tampa Tribune</i>, June 18, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tampa Tribune</i>, June 13, 1971; <i>Miami Herald</i>, September 27, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamis, <i>Two-Party South</i>, p. 293; Bass and DeVries, <i>The Transformation of Southern Politics</i>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._424-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._424_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._424_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cramer.html">"Cramer"</a>. Political Graveyard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cramer&amp;rft.pub=Political+Graveyard&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgraveyard.com%2Fbio%2Fcramer.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+C.+Cramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._426-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._426_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_v._Kirk,_p._426_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cramer v. Kirk", p. 426</span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Courtney_W._Campbell" title="Courtney W. Campbell">Courtney W. Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 1st congressional district">Florida's 1st congressional district</a> </b><br />1955–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._F._Sikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. F. Sikes">Robert L. F. Sikes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold">New district</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 12th congressional district">Florida's 12th congressional district</a> </b><br />1963–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Dante Fascell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ray_Matthews" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Ray Matthews">Donald R. Matthews</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 8th congressional district">Florida's 8th congressional district</a> </b><br />1967–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Charles William "Bill" Young</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Claude R. Kirk, Jr.</a> (1964)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Nominee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominee">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1970 United States Senate election in Florida">1970</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold">Dr. John Grady (1976)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Cramer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8003698">William C. Cramer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida" title="List of United States representatives from Florida">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Florida Territory&#39;s at-large congressional district">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marion_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Joseph Marion Hernández">Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._White" title="Joseph M. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Downing" title="Charles Downing">Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Levy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s at-large congressional district">At-large</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carrington_Cabell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Carrington Cabell">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Brockenbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carrington_Cabell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Carrington Cabell">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Maxwell" title="Augustus Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sydney_Hawkins" title="George Sydney Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Memorial_Hamilton" title="Charles Memorial Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_T._Walls" title="Josiah T. Walls">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_L._Niblack" title="Silas L. Niblack">Niblack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Purman" title="William J. Purman">Purman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_T._Walls" title="Josiah T. Walls">Walls</a> (served concurrently)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%27Engle" title="Claude L&#39;Engle">L'Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sears" title="William J. Sears">Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Green" title="Robert A. Green">Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/100px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/150px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/200px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida01&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Purman" title="William J. Purman">Purman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._M._Davidson" title="Robert H. M. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory_II" title="Stephen Mallory II">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Sparkman" title="Stephen M. Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Drane" title="Herbert J. Drane">Drane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hardin_Peterson" title="J. Hardin Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_B._McMullen" title="Chester B. McMullen">McMullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtney_W._Campbell" title="Courtney W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Sikes" title="Bob Sikes">Sikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Hutto" title="Earl Hutto">Hutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Miller_(Florida_politician)" title="Jeff Miller (Florida politician)">J. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Gaetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida02&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_T._Walls" title="Josiah T. Walls">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_J._Finley" title="Jesse J. Finley">Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Bisbee_Jr." title="Horatio Bisbee Jr.">Bisbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_J._Finley" title="Jesse J. Finley">Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_A._Hull" title="Noble A. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Bisbee_Jr." title="Horatio Bisbee Jr.">Bisbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_J._Finley" title="Jesse J. Finley">Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Bisbee_Jr." title="Horatio Bisbee Jr.">Bisbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dougherty_(Florida_politician)" title="Charles Dougherty (Florida politician)">Dougherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bullock" title="Robert Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Merian_Cooper" title="Charles Merian Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wyche_Davis" title="Robert Wyche Davis">R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Clark_(politician)" title="Frank Clark (politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Green" title="Robert A. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_H._Price" title="Emory H. Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bennett_(politician)" title="Charles E. Bennett (politician)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Fuqua" title="Don Fuqua">Fuqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Grant" title="James W. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Peterson" title="Pete Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Boyd" title="Allen Boyd">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Southerland_(Florida_politician)" title="Steve Southerland (Florida politician)">Southerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Graham" title="Gwen Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Dunn" title="Neal Dunn">Dunn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida03&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bailey_Lamar" title="William Bailey Lamar">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dannite_H._Mays" class="mw-redirect" title="Dannite H. Mays">Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Wilson" title="Emmett Wilson">E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kehoe" title="Walter Kehoe">Kehoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Smithwick" title="John H. Smithwick">Smithwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_A._Yon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom A. Yon">Yon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Sikes" title="Bob Sikes">Sikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bennett_(politician)" title="Charles E. Bennett (politician)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrine_Brown" title="Corrine Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Yoho" title="Ted Yoho">Yoho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat_Cammack" title="Kat Cammack">Cammack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida04&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sears" title="William J. Sears">Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bryan_Owen" title="Ruth Bryan Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mark_Wilcox" title="J. Mark Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Cannon" title="Pat Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Lantaff" title="Bill Lantaff">Lantaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Fascell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syd_Herlong" title="Syd Herlong">Herlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Chappell" title="Bill Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_James_(politician)" title="Craig James (politician)">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillie_Fowler" title="Tillie Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ander_Crenshaw" title="Ander Crenshaw">Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherford_(Florida_politician)" title="John Rutherford (Florida politician)">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Bean" title="Aaron Bean">Bean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida05&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hendricks" title="Joe Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syd_Herlong" title="Syd Herlong">Herlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gurney" title="Edward Gurney">Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Frey_Jr." title="Louis Frey Jr.">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunter" title="Bill Gunter">Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kelly_(Florida_politician)" title="Richard Kelly (Florida politician)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McCollum" title="Bill McCollum">McCollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Thurman" title="Karen Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginny_Brown-Waite" title="Ginny Brown-Waite">Brown-Waite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Nugent" title="Rich Nugent">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrine_Brown" title="Corrine Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Lawson" title="Al Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherford_(Florida_politician)" title="John Rutherford (Florida politician)">Rutherford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida06&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Rogers" title="Dwight L. Rogers">D. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rogers_(politician)" title="Paul Rogers (politician)">P. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Stearns" title="Cliff Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Waltz" title="Michael Waltz">Waltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida07&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Haley" title="James A. Haley">Haley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mica" title="John Mica">J. Mica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Murphy" title="Stephanie Murphy">S. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Mills" title="Cory Mills">Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida08&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ray_Matthews" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Ray Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Haley" title="James A. Haley">Haley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ireland" title="Andy Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McCollum" title="Bill McCollum">McCollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Keller" title="Ric Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Grayson" title="Alan Grayson">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_(Florida_politician)" title="Daniel Webster (Florida politician)">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Posey" title="Bill Posey">Posey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida09&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Fuqua" title="Don Fuqua">Fuqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rogers_(politician)" title="Paul Rogers (politician)">P. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Frey_Jr." title="Louis Frey Jr.">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bilirakis" title="Michael Bilirakis">M. Bilirakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Bilirakis" title="Gus Bilirakis">G. Bilirakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Grayson" title="Alan Grayson">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Soto" title="Darren Soto">Soto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida10&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Herbert_Burke" title="J. Herbert Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skip_Bafalis" title="Skip Bafalis">Bafalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ireland" title="Andy Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_(Florida_politician)" title="Daniel Webster (Florida politician)">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Demings" title="Val Demings">Demings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Frost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida11&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gurney" title="Edward Gurney">Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rogers_(politician)" title="Paul Rogers (politician)">P. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mica" title="Dan Mica">D. Mica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bacchus" title="Jim Bacchus">Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Davis_(Florida_politician)" title="Jim Davis (Florida politician)">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Castor" title="Kathy Castor">Castor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Nugent" title="Rich Nugent">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_(Florida_politician)" title="Daniel Webster (Florida politician)">Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida12&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Fascell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Herbert_Burke" title="J. Herbert Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Stack" title="Edward J. Stack">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw_(politician)" title="Clay Shaw (politician)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lewis_(American_politician)" title="Tom Lewis (American politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canady" title="Charles Canady">Canady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Putnam" title="Adam Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ross_(politician)" title="Dennis Ross (politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Bilirakis" title="Gus Bilirakis">Bilirakis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida13&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lehman_(Florida_politician)" title="William Lehman (Florida politician)">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Mack_III" title="Connie Mack III">Mack III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Miller_(Florida_politician)" title="Dan Miller (Florida politician)">D. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Buchanan" title="Vern Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jolly" title="David Jolly">Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Crist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Paulina_Luna" title="Anna Paulina Luna">Luna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida14&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mica" title="Dan Mica">D. Mica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston_(American_politician)" title="Harry Johnston (American politician)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Mack_IV" title="Connie Mack IV">Mack IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Castor" title="Kathy Castor">Castor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida15&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Fascell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw_(politician)" title="Clay Shaw (politician)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bacchus" title="Jim Bacchus">Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Weldon" title="Dave Weldon">Weldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Posey" title="Bill Posey">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_A._Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis A. Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Spano" title="Ross Spano">Spano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Franklin_(politician)" title="Scott Franklin (politician)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Lee" title="Laurel Lee">Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida16&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Smith" title="Lawrence J. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lewis_(American_politician)" title="Tom Lewis (American politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Foley" title="Mark Foley">Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Mahoney" title="Tim Mahoney">Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rooney_(Florida_politician)" title="Tom Rooney (Florida politician)">T. Rooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Buchanan" title="Vern Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida17&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 17th congressional district">17th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lehman_(Florida_politician)" title="William Lehman (Florida politician)">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_P._Meek" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie P. Meek">C. Meek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Meek" title="Kendrick Meek">K. Meek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederica_Wilson" title="Frederica Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rooney_(Florida_politician)" title="Tom Rooney (Florida politician)">T. Rooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Steube" title="Greg Steube">Steube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida18&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ros-Lehtinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Florida_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Florida politician)">P. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mast" title="Brian Mast">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Franklin_(politician)" title="Scott Franklin (politician)">Franklin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida19&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Fascell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston_(American_politician)" title="Harry Johnston (American politician)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wexler" title="Robert Wexler">Wexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Deutch" title="Ted Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Radel" title="Trey Radel">Radel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Clawson" title="Curt Clawson">Clawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rooney" title="Francis Rooney">F. Rooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Donalds" title="Byron Donalds">Donalds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida20&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 20th congressional district">20th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Deutsch" title="Peter Deutsch">Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcee_Hastings" title="Alcee Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Cherfilus-McCormick" title="Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick">Cherfilus-McCormick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida21&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_21st_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 21st congressional district">21st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Lincoln Díaz-Balart">L. Díaz-Balart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mario Díaz-Balart">M. Díaz-Balart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Deutch" title="Ted Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Frankel" title="Lois Frankel">Frankel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mast" title="Brian Mast">Mast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida22&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 22nd congressional district">22nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw_(politician)" title="Clay Shaw (politician)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klein" title="Ron Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_West_(politician)" title="Allen West (politician)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Frankel" title="Lois Frankel">Frankel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Deutch" title="Ted Deutch">Deutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Frankel" title="Lois Frankel">Frankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida23&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 23rd congressional district">23rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcee_Hastings" title="Alcee Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Moskowitz" title="Jared Moskowitz">Moskowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida24&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_24th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 24th congressional district">24th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Feeney" title="Tom Feeney">Feeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Kosmas" title="Suzanne Kosmas">Kosmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Adams" title="Sandy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederica_Wilson" title="Frederica Wilson">F. Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida25&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_25th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 25th congressional district">25th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mario Díaz-Balart">M. Díaz-Balart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rivera" title="David Rivera">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mario Díaz-Balart">M. Díaz-Balart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida26&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_26th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 26th congressional district">26th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Garcia" title="Joe Garcia">Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Curbelo" title="Carlos Curbelo">Curbelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell" title="Debbie Mucarsel-Powell">Mucarsel-Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_A._Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Carlos A. Giménez">Giménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mario Díaz-Balart">M. Díaz-Balart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida27&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_27th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 27th congressional district">27th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ros-Lehtinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elvira_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Elvira Salazar">Salazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Florida28&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_28th_congressional_district" title="Florida&#39;s 28th congressional district">28th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_A._Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Carlos A. 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