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Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-111900 apercu surlignable"><p>The ECHR is an international treaty for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. All 46 member countries of the Council of Europe, 27 of which are EU Member States, have ratified the ECHR and are committed to the regional system of protection that it establishes. It is a system based on subsidiarity, in that it requires the States Parties to the ECHR to apply the convention domestically, while keeping an avenue for individual applications directly to the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) open, for the event that the Convention rights of an individual physical or legal person have been violated and the individual has failed to achieve redress for an alleged violation in spite of having exhausted all domestic remedies. States Parties are bound by the decisions and judgments of the Court. If a violation of the ECHR is found, execution frequently implies payment of <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/damages">damages</a> to the victim, and amending the relevant national legislation or its implementation to prevent the violation from recurring.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-111900 texte surlignable"><p>The ECHR has dealt with over one million individual applications since it was established in 1950. (In force since 1953.) Very few of these applications were made by legal persons and most of them have concerned other rights than those normally associated with competition law, i.e. Article 6 (right to a fair trial), Article 13 (right to an effective remedy), as well as Article 1 of the 1st Protocol (protection of property). This is not surprising, considering the ECHR’s origins in the will to prevent for the future such atrocities as occurred before and during World War II – i.e. mainly the rights covered by Articles 2 (right to life), 3 (prohibition of torture), 4 (prohibition of slavery and forced labour), and 5 (right to liberty and security) – and the totalitarian regimes associated with them. These origins are manifested in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the principles of which the ECHR implements regionally in Europe.</p> <p>Although most applications under the ECHR pertain to physical persons, it is nevertheless worth noting that the applicants in several cases of jurisprudential significance are companies or shareholders of companies, that no doubt have had reason to consider not only their own compliance with relevant regulation, but also the compliance of the relevant State and its authorities with international obligations, including the ECHR. In <i>Dubus S.A. v. France</i> (5242/04), the applicant was an investment company that was investigated and later disciplinary sanctioned by the French Banking Commission.</p> <p>The fact that ECHR is applicable also for issues related to the coercive powers of public authority pertaining to competition law, is demonstrated through several instances of the Court’s caselaw. The <i>ratione materiae</i> relevant to competition law is likely to be linked to national sanctions procedures under competition regulations. The Court has viewed procedures, regardless of how they are categorized under national law, whereby public authorities exercise coercion vis-à-vis individuals (physical or legal) as falling under the first paragraph of Article 6. The right to the peaceful enjoyment of private property, Article 1 of the 1st Protocol, could also be of relevance here.</p> <p>The ECHR operates through <i>subsidiarity</i>, in that it allocates the main responsibility for enforcing the obligations arising from the Convention clearly with its States Parties themselves – it regards the Court as a court of last resort. Only when the States Parties have failed to implement the obligations does the ECHR system and its Court intervene in the process. Subsidiarity presents a procedural aspect, requiring individuals to exhaust domestic remedies before seizing the Court, and a substantive aspect, namely the presumption that States are generally in a better position to assess the necessity and proportionality of acts that may have interfered with specific rights. The execution under the ECHR system portrays a trilateral relationship between the Court, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers (CM) and national authorities, where execution measures are detailed in the judgment first and the supervision of the execution measures by the national authorities is subsequently carried out by CM.</p> <p>The text of the Convention has been amended and supplemented over the seven decades of its existence, through 16 different protocols. Throughout this time, the Court has developed the processes and interpretative methods for establishing the standards emerging from the Convention in ways that reflect the societal developments in the States Parties over time. In establishing its living instrument doctrine, the Court stated that the ECHR “must be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions.” (<i>Tyrer v. United Kingdom</i> (5856/72) § 31.) Another important concept applied in jurisprudence is <i>European consensus</i>, which refers to the degree of uniformity in the legal frameworks of the States Parties on a specific issue. The Court engages this concept to justify a wide <i>margin of appreciation</i> – another central principle in ECHR jurisprudence – given to States Parties, in the absence of a consensus, and to justify the development of new standards where there is an emerging consensus among States Parties.</p> <p>As more than half of the States Parties to the ECHR are also EU Member States, the relationship between the two sets of treaty obligations is of paramount importance for several areas of law, including competition law. Significant for this relationship is the jurisprudence evolving from the judgment in <i>Bosphorus v. Ireland</i>, (45036/98) where the Court established that ECHR States Parties that also have membership obligations to the EU (or another international organisation) are fully liable under ECHR for “acts and omissions of its organs regardless of whether the act or omission in question was a consequence” of the obligations stemming from, in this case, EU membership. (§ 153) While reiterating full ECHR liability, the Court also stressed the “need to secure the proper functioning of international organisations” (§ 150) and it is the consequence of these two statements (cf. §§ 155 – 156) that has since been referred to as the Bosphorus presumption, an assumption of compliance, when reviewing the way obligations under e.g. EU law, that somehow approaches the rights under ECHR, have been implemented. As with assumptions in general, it remains in place throughout the review, and if nothing in the review suggests otherwise, it will be assumed throughout.</p> <p>The Court applies a similar approach to the relationship between obligations of States Parties to the ECHR, and their obligations stemming from the UN Charter. In <i>Al-Jedda v. the United Kingdom</i> [GC] (27021/08) the Court established the presumption that the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), acting under the UN Charter, would not impose any obligations on UN member states in breach of fundamental principles of human rights. (§ 102) In subsequent cases applying this presumption, the Court has found no normative conflict between UNSC resolutions and the ECHR, while finding a violation of ECHR with the manner in which a State Party was implementing the UNSC measures. (See e.g. <i>Nada v. Switzerland</i> [GC] (10593/08), and <i>Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc. v. Switzerland</i> [GC] (5809/08).)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-111900 reference"><p><i>Fortum Corporation v. Finland</i> (32559/96)</p> <p><i>Lilly v. France</i> (53892/00)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2011/Case-Comments-1190/Art-6-p-1-CEDH-The-European-Court"><i>Menarini Diagnostics v. Italy</i> (43509/08)</a></p> <p><i>Dubus S.A. v. France</i> (5242/04)</p> <p><i>Tyrer v. United Kingdom</i> (5856/72)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-111900 jurisprudence"><p>Forrester, I, ”A challenge for Europe’s judges: the review of fines in competition cases”, <i>European Law Review</i>, 2011, 36(2).</p> <p>Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), <i>La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance</i>, coll."Régulations & Compliance", <i>Journal of Regulation & Compliance</i> (JoRC) et Dalloz.</p> <p>Morgan de Rivery, E., Chassaing, E, <i>Competition law and the ECHR: An overview of ECHR and EU case law</i>, 19 April 2016, e-Competitions ECHR, Art. N° 79009.</p> <p>Spano, R., “The Future of the European Court of Human Rights—Subsidiarity, Process-Based Review and the Rule of Law” in <i>Human Rights Law Review</i>, Volume 18, Issue 3, September 2018.</p> <p>Teleki, C., “Due Process and Fair Trial in EU Competition Law. The Impact of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights”, <i>Nijhoff Studies in European Union Law</i>, Volume: 18, 2021.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/erik-wennerstrom" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton163256-54879.png?1711434628) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Erik Wennerström</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>1826</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Erik Wennerström, </span> <span class="entry-title">European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86013</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">1826</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86013 texte surlignable"><p>The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, better known as the European Convention on Human Rights, was opened for signature in Rome on 4 November 1950 and came into force in 1953. It was the first instrument to give effect to certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and make them binding. Since its adoption in 1950 the Convention has been amended a number of times and supplemented with many rights in addition to those set forth in the original text. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/echr_convention_eng.pdf?40466/486d29215a0df045b8dbab7f56a9929b62482066131ae8909d12a70c5524769a" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Court of Human Rights</strong></a></p> <p>Although the EU Courts appraise the legality of EU acts in light of the ECHR, the fact remains that such acts are essentially shielded from ECtHR scrutiny. This is because the EU is not a signatory to the ECHR, and Member State implementation of EU law, to a large extent, remains protected from oversight by the ECtHR. Under the current state of the law, as a non-signatory to the Convention, the EU cannot be brought before the ECtHR. The EU’s accession to the ECHR, as previously considered during the 1990s, would be the most obvious way of holding the EU accountable before the ECtHR. However, under the realm of the Maastricht version of the Treaties, the Court of Justice considered, in Opinion 2/94, that the European Community was not competent to accede to the ECHR. In particular, the EC legal system did not, at that time, contain any legal provision enabling the EC to take measures in the field of human rights.In addition, Member State implementation of EU law is largely protected from ECtHR scrutiny. <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/bulletin/special-issues/echr/">Excerpt from the e-Competitions special issue "Competition law and the ECHR: An overview of ECHR and EU case law"</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1olW9uyjRN6Zlq1RT6LF5AqHW9a/ob5egGMOCPK/zL5OY4VaESrU6vosIms2YPv84mxPyGimZoiSQDI220Dgy8eUOW63lBAXk3o5ABid0Xo2MN7mkmQm9JX+NtD3knlp5LVahD7+Y5VDj81eVQreey8QoGA0BkzKUV2UgDfUVGK7JOUCAzwl3o531WVjJDXbQrTqYAlJLkddyfFybTSrw+qeg+MlwOaykP2j0HSWwl7h+6RF4drXAXMl0IRnalSo/Z6w2aWJx51TbrSTmncVgj+dL5yrj/D4eHEUkXEUtiHE7U92qGqI7C4KjinkZ97bYT4iq+3IhKWmGqVGGvzE9ZfBL0tslPJxI' data-origin="//en/dictionary/echr"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/dawn-raids-advocate-general-medina-considers-that-searches-of-emails-by" rel="bookmark"><strong>Dawn raids</strong>: Advocate General Medina considers that searches of emails by competition authorities are compatible with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights without prior judicial authorisation (<em>Imagens Médicas Integradas e.a</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-19T22:00:00Z">20 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119285 introduction entry-content"> <p>On June 20, 2024, Advocate General Laila Medina presented her conclusions in joined cases C-258/23 (Imagens Médicas Integradas), C-259/23 (Synlabhealth II) and C-260/23 (SIBS-Sociedade Gestora de Participações Sociais and others).which follow three references for preliminary rulings from the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/european-court-of-human-rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2023/the-european-court-of-human-rights-holds-that-the-transmission-of-data-lawfully" rel="bookmark">The European Court of Human Rights holds that the transmission of data lawfully obtained by the Dutch Public Prosecution Service to the Dutch Competition Authority does not violate the right to privacy and the right to an effective remedy <em>(Burando / Port Invest)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-15T22:00:00Z">16 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112613 introduction entry-content"> <p>Burando Holding B.V. and Port Invest v. the Netherlands (applications nos. 3124/16 and 3205/16) <br class='autobr' /> The applicant companies, Burando Holding B.V. and Port Invest B.V., are two Dutch companies involved in the collection of waste liquids from ships in the Rotterdam region. At the time of the events, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/european-court-of-human-rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2023/the-european-court-of-human-rights-holds-that-transmission-of-data-lawfully" rel="bookmark">The European Court of Human Rights holds that the transmission of data lawfully obtained by the Dutch Public Prosecution Service to the Dutch Competition Authority does not violate the right to privacy and the right to an effective remedy <em>(Janssen de Jong)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-15T22:00:00Z">16 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112614 introduction entry-content"> <p>Janssen de Jong Groep B.V. and Others v. the Netherlands (no. 2800/16) <br class='autobr' /> The applicant companies, Janssen de Jong Groep B.V., Janssen de Jong Infra B.V. and Janssen de Jong Infrastructuur Nederland B.V., are three Netherlands-based companies. Janssen de Jong Groep B.V. is the sole shareholder of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/european-court-of-human-rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2023/the-european-court-of-human-rights-holds-that-the-transmission-of-data-lawfully-112615" rel="bookmark">The European Court of Human Rights holds that the transmission of data lawfully obtained by the Dutch Public Prosecution Service to the Dutch Competition Authority does not violate the right to privacy and the right to an effective remedy <em>(Ships Waste Oil Collector)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-15T22:00:00Z">16 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112615 introduction entry-content"> <p>Ships Waste Oil Collector B.V. v. the Netherlands (no. 2799/16) <br class='autobr' /> The applicant company, Ships Waste Oil Collector B.V., is a company based in the Netherlands involved in the collection of waste liquids from ships in the Rotterdam region. <br class='autobr' /> The case concerns the transmission of data, lawfully (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacquelyn-maclennan">Jacquelyn MacLennan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bram-vereecken">Bram Vereecken</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/aron-senoner">Aron Senoner</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/echr/eu-competition-law-and-the-charter-of-fundamental-rights-an-overview-of-eu-and-en" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law and the Charter of Fundamental Rights: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-12-02T23:00:00Z">3 December 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96586 introduction entry-content"><p>Fundamental rights are an integral element of the rule of the law, and any system which purports to respect the rule of law must be seen to respect the fundamental rights of the individuals subject to it. At this particular moment, with the COVID-19 pandemic, fundamental rights are an issue of special debate and concern.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pierre-bichet">Pierre Bichet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2020/the-eu-court-of-justice-confirms-that-the-general-court-is-not-bound-to-accept" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice confirms that the General Court is not bound to accept a request for the examination of witnesses when it has sufficiently proven that an undertaking took part in an anti-competitive agreement <em>(Silver Plastics)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-21T22:00:00Z">22 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97766 introduction entry-content"> <p>Witness Hearings In Competition Cases – The Silver Plastics Judgment* <br class='autobr' /> On 22 October 2020, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) confirmed in Silver Plastics that the General Court (GC) is not bound to accept a request for the examination of witnesses when it has sufficiently proven that an (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/general-court-of-the-european-union-101310">General Court of the European Union</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2020/the-eu-general-court-annuls-in-part-the-commission-s-inspection-decisions" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court annuls in part the Commission’s inspection decisions following suspicions of anticompetitive practices by several French undertakings in the distribution sector <em>(Casino, Guichard-Perrachon / Achats Marchandises Casino) (Intermarché Casino Achats) (Les Mousquetaires / ITM Entreprises)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-04T22:00:00Z">5 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97023 introduction entry-content"> <p>The General Court annuls in part the Commission’s inspection decisions following suspicions of anticompetitive practices by a number of French undertakings in the distribution sector* The Commission has failed to show that it had sufficiently strong evidence to suspect exchanges of information (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ian-forrester">Ian Forrester</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-forwood">Nicholas Forwood</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/rights-of-defence/due-process-in-european-law-a-post-judicial-view-en" rel="bookmark">Due process in European law: a post-judicial view</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-09-02T22:00:00Z">3 September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96503 introduction entry-content"> <p>We each began professional life as advocates, zealous in our support of the causes upon which we were engaged. Each of us had the huge good fortune to work on big cases with good teachers, giants of the bar, and then the even huger fortune to work in professional maturity with skilled colleagues (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/alertes/dawn-raids-the-french-court-of-cassation-specifies-the-regime-for-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Dawn raids:</strong> The French Civil Supreme Court specifies the regime for the notification of documents during a dawn raid performed to a third person implicated and involved in an incidental dawn raid (<em>Whirlpool</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-06-12T22:00:00Z">13 June 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91880 introduction entry-content"> <p>The rights of defence from the point of view of equality of arms and the right to an effective remedy have recently been abused in the context of an appeal procedure against the conduct of an incidental home visit, but the Court of Cassation has just restored them in a ruling of 13 June last. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bernadette-quigley">Bernadette Quigley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/suzanne-kingston">Suzanne Kingston</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2017/the-irish-supreme-court-upholds-the-high-court-judgement-restraining-the" rel="bookmark">The Irish Supreme Court upholds the High Court judgement restraining the Competition Authority from reviewing certain electronic documents seized in a dawn raid <em>(CRH)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-05-28T22:00:00Z">29 May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92516 introduction entry-content"> <p>Introduction <br class='autobr' /> On 29 May 2017, the Irish Supreme Court handed down a judgment in the case of CRH plc, Irish Cement Limited & Séamus Lynch v The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission in relation to the application of the statutory powers of entry, search, seizure and retention of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/alertes/right-to-respect-for-home-and-correspondence-the-european-court-of-human-rights" rel="bookmark"><strong>Right to respect for home and correspondence</strong>: The European Court of Human Rights authorizes broad and non-specific seaches and seizures, including email searches <i>(Janssen-Cilag)</i></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-04-12T22:00:00Z">13 April 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84823 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 13 April 2017, the European Court of Human Rights issued a judgment in the case of the Decision in the case of Janssen-Cilag SAS v France on the basis of which it was called upon to rule once again on the compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights of the heavy investigation under (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/oecd">OECD</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2016/the-oecd-holds-a-session-on-promoting-competition-and-protecting-human-rights-en" rel="bookmark">The OECD holds a session on promoting competition and protecting human rights</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-11-30T23:00:00Z">1 December 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85505 introduction entry-content"> <p>The first session of the 2016 OECD Global Forum on Competition focused on "Promoting competition, protecting human rights" during its first session. Competition law enforcement depends on an effective system of human rights, most obviously the right to property, the right to contract and rights (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-morgan-de-rivery">Eric Morgan de Rivery</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-chassaing-11042">Etienne Chassaing</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/echr/Competition-law-and-the-ECHR-An" rel="bookmark">Competition law and the ECHR: An overview of ECHR and EU case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-19T07:49:24Z">19 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-79009 introduction entry-content"> <p>I. Introduction <br class='autobr' /> This Foreword, in its 2013 version, illustrated the relationship between the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the European Union (EU) treaties under the well-known adage: “je t’aime, moi non plus” . Over two years later, nothing is new under the sun. <br class='autobr' /> The EU and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/catherine-derrig">Catherine Derrig</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/treacy">Laura Treacy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2016/the-irish-high-court-finds-that-the-irish-competition-and-consumer-protection" rel="bookmark">The Irish High Court finds that the Competition Authority has exceeded its dawn raid powers in seizing digital material in bulk <em>(CRH)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-04T22:00:00Z">5 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-81464 introduction entry-content"> <p>Introduction <br class='autobr' /> In CRH plc v The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission the Irish High Court found that the Irish Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (“CCPC”) had exceeded its dawn raid powers in seizing digital material in bulk. The High Court granted orders preventing the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-citron">Peter Citron</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2015/the-european-court-of-justice-clarifies-the-ban-of-fishing-expeditions-during" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice clarifies the ban of "fishing expeditions" during dawn raids <i>(Deutsche Bahn)</i></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-17T22:00:00Z">18 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-74050 introduction entry-content"> <p>Dawn raids – EU’s highest court prevents circumvention of the ban on using dawn raids for fishing expeditions* <br class='autobr' /> The Court of Justice of the European Union has now delivered its judgment in the Deutsche Bahn case. This case concerns important practical principles which govern the conduct of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/echr?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhW9pyjRwPOkHmcUidJmw7gaXQ3VAflWycCEGqDVJTQRvziE7/9R6xYG6k8FDuLgpjaYT/lZG/LjhH6hPfPQqnpZLTuilrNRoR402UgWa9mVjpEvqA4R0Tv11++cK1o+vNP6+k8NgyP+MyPx07AwU54+8IMjUC1nQAH4xrI1EdtXI1D9h4csgNPQHUrzfGAzybfcbThxqskNnxtXHdGxtVqj8xP5UhR5BY+OBR9wu2bKEiGgx27euylTdKC3ffbrkYvjXEYHa4Nx8PIxwp2vTwuZgnNV4vGiLkf7m8quAWsku05GrXKxqz/z/qNthKzHeZFIzdbZBAMHayCE+6aGOQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/echr"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Julie-Rondu">Julie Rondu</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2019/livres/dawn-raids-under-challenge-due-process-aspects-on-the-european-commission-s-89464" rel="bookmark">Dawn Raids Under Challenge: Due Process Aspects on the European Commission’s Dawn Raid Practices, Helene ANDERSSON</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89464 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. 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Whilst there has been a great - some would say excessive - deal of papers on due process issues, less, if none attention has been paid to the rules and remedies that govern conflicts of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/george-a-cumming">George A. Cumming</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/livres/merger-decisions-and-the-rules-of-procedure-of-the-european-community-courts" rel="bookmark">Merger Decisions and the Rules of Procedure of the European Community Courts, George CUMMING</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105054 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. 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Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. I <small>Article 102 TFEU: The Case for a Remedial Enforcement Model along the Lines of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-12-11T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">12 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2012</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">GO TO TABLE OF CONTENT 341William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume I Article 102 TFEU: The Case for a Remedial Enforcement Model along the Lines of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act JEAN-FRANCOIS BELLIS jfbellis@vbb.com Partner, Van Bael & Bellis Professor, (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/echr#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button 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href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2024/interview/margrethe-vestager-eu-commission-the-legacy-interview-confidence-in-eu-121361"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2409683958 png" 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