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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;padding:0;margin-top:-0.25rem;width:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:0.5rem;margin-right:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;}}.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:2.0625rem;vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;max-width:7rem;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 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off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;position:relative;display:block;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;padding:1rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:auto;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:absolute;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js .ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{display:none;}.ssrcss-n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper{min-width:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:100%;}.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{display:inline-block;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;border-radius:50%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:8.5rem;text-align:left;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:2rem;height:2rem;vertical-align:-0.6875rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;vertical-align:-0.5625rem;}}.ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;}}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct#more-menu-button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:3rem;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media ( min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}}.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#000000;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;color:#000000;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media ( min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li{padding-right:1.25rem;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#141414;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 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1);}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 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18.75rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' 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on;background:#963CE1;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wzssl9-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-1j9vurq-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#E6E8EA;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}}.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 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on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;padding:0.5rem;cursor:pointer;color:#141414;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle{background-color:#E6E8EA;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle{min-height:3.375rem;}}.ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-1rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}}.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;}}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:3.375rem;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:disabled{opacity:0.2;cursor:auto;}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:active:enabled{position:relative;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;background:#8214E1;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:focus:enabled{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;}.ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1em;height:1em;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:-0.125em;}.ssrcss-9etswz-PanelWrapper{padding:0.75rem;display:block;}.ssrcss-177890g-StyledTitleArea{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;padding-bottom:1rem;white-space:pre-line;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-177890g-StyledTitleArea{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1wj93vq-ImageWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wj93vq-ImageWrapper{width:33%;display:block;margin:0 0;background-image:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/website/assets/static/bitesize/secondary-sparks.c3c51d65badcfa64c8da.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;-webkit-background-position:right center;background-position:right center;}}.ssrcss-fq0xf0-Zone-StandardZone{height:100%;margin:0 auto;}.ssrcss-5t889z-PageWrapper{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;color:#141414;margin-top:0;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-5t889z-PageWrapper{margin-top:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1vd2y3y-ContainerWithSidebarWrapper{display:grid;grid-gap:1rem;grid-template-columns:18.75rem minmax(0, 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href="/bitesize/examspecs/zxjk4j6" class="ssrcss-4c83jz-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">AQA</a></li></ul><h1 id="main-heading" type="normal" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-wdtf7t-Heading e10rt3ze0">American society in the 1920s - AQA<span class="ssrcss-lezm6o-Subheading e1t29nfy3">The Red Scare</span></h1><p class="ssrcss-106ae9-Summary e1t29nfy2">During the 1920s American society was very divided. 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this guide</h2></div><ol class="ssrcss-1paw11t-TabsList eias33z4"><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/revision/1" class="ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink eias33z1"><div class="ssrcss-v2jpjw-TabContent eias33z2"><div class="ssrcss-1kfu1l0-IconWrapper eias33z5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M8.6 1.6c-3.1 0-5 1.8-5 5v18.9c0 3.1 1.8 5 5 5h19.7V6.1h-2.2v21.7H8.2c-1.2 0-2.3-1-2.3-2.3s1-2.3 2.3-2.3h15.3V1.6z"></path></svg></div><span class="ssrcss-53qv48-LabelWrap eias33z0">Revise</span></div></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/video" class="ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink eias33z1"><div class="ssrcss-1ucpzri-TabContent eias33z2"><div class="ssrcss-1kfu1l0-IconWrapper eias33z5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30z"></path></svg></div><span class="ssrcss-53qv48-LabelWrap eias33z0">Video</span></div></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/test" class="ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink eias33z1"><div class="ssrcss-1ucpzri-TabContent eias33z2"><div class="ssrcss-1kfu1l0-IconWrapper eias33z5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.2 1C9.3 1 3.4 6 3.4 12.8c0 6.7 5.9 11.8 13.8 11.8S31 19.6 31 12.8 25.1 1 17.2 1m-1.606 14.197v.306h2.615v-.306q0-.389.143-.695.142-.327.49-.633a7.5 7.5 0 0 1 .919-.715q.858-.593 1.389-1.185t.776-1.266.245-1.491q0-1.225-.613-2.104-.612-.899-1.736-1.369-1.102-.49-2.635-.49-1.062 0-2.063.225a7.4 7.4 0 0 0-1.879.694V8.64a7.2 7.2 0 0 1 1.696-.735 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 1.736-.225q1.123 0 1.756.49.654.47.654 1.287 0 .346-.082.633-.061.286-.265.552-.185.265-.531.592-.327.307-.879.735-.674.531-1.062 1.001-.367.45-.531.98a4.8 4.8 0 0 0-.143 1.247m.327 4.922q.408.225.98.225t.98-.225q.41-.225.613-.613.225-.408.225-.878 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class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">The immigrant experience</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/revision/3" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">The Red Scare</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/revision/4" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">The experiences of African Americans</span></a></li></ol></div></nav></div></div><div data-testid="grid-wrapper" aria-live="polite" class="ssrcss-o09sa2-ArticleGridWrapper e107fkov1"><div spacing="7" class="ssrcss-6fqtmn-Stack e1y4nx260"><section id="gridBlock-0" data-stack-active="true" class="ssrcss-1wo0c1w-SectionWrapper enh46943"><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-menu-item-id="3"><div data-component="menu-heading-block" class="ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper e1okin9t0"><h2 id="3">The Red Scare</h2></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>In the early 1920s <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="paranoia glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>paranoia</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">paranoid</span></span><span>Believing, unreasonably, that people are against you in some way.</span></span></span></span></span> spread about the alleged potential national threat of certain recent immigrants and <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="radicals. glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>radicals.</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">radical</span></span><span>Having extreme views.</span></span></span></span></span> It was said that these people had political ideas that went against the conventional American values of democracy and <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="capitalism. glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>capitalism.</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">capitalism</span></span><span>An economic system based on privately owned, as opposed to state-controlled, businesses and the creation of profit.</span></span></span></span></span> This period was known as the Red Scare.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><h3>The development of the Red Scare</h3></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>Following are the key developments of the Red Scare and the impacts they had on American fears:</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><ul><li><strong>World War One </strong>- The war increased nationalistic feeling, which often created <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="xenophobia. glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>xenophobia.</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">xenophobic</span></span><span>Fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners.</span></span></span></span></span> A culture developed of perceiving immigrants as a threat.</li> <li><strong>The Russian Revolution of 1917</strong> - In Russia the Bolshevik political party, whose members believed in <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="communism, glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>communism,</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">communism </span></span><span>An economic system in which all means of production such as tools, factories and raw materials, are owned by the community as a whole. Each individual contributes according to their ability and receives according to their needs. This means there is no hierarchy of social class.</span></span></span></span></span> successfully overthrew the government. This was followed by a <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="civil war glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>civil war</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">civil war</span></span><span>When different groups of people within the same country come into conflict with each other.</span></span></span></span></span> between the communist Red Army and the anti-communist White Army. Some countries, including America, were concerned about the spread of communism and sent troops to support the White Army. Many feared that immigrants from Russia, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe intended to overthrow the government in America. This is why the period was known as the Red Scare.</li> <li><strong>Labour strikes</strong> - The post-World War One <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="economic slump glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>economic slump</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">economic slump</span></span><span>A period when the economy of a country is not doing well.</span></span></span></span></span> made tensions between employers and <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="trade unions glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>trade unions</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">trade union</span></span><span>A trade union is a type of organisation whose main purpose is to represent the interests of employees in a specific type of business.</span></span></span></span></span> worse. From 1919, industrial unrest increased and several strikes occurred, including a <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="general strike glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>general strike</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">general strike</span></span><span>Industrial action that involves all or most of the main industries in a particular place (city or country).</span></span></span></span></span> in Seattle. This industrial unrest was viewed as other example of political radicalism. It contributed to fears that radicals were plotting a revolution.</li> <li><strong>Anarchist violence</strong> - There was a deep fear of <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="anarchists glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>anarchists</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">anarchist</span></span><span>Someone who believes that society should be free from any government.</span></span></span></span></span> in America as some used extreme violence as part of their politics. In 1901 President William McKinley was shot dead by an anarchist.</li></ul></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><h3>The Palmer Raids</h3></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>The widespread fear of <strong>political radicals</strong> increased in <strong>1919</strong> when anarchists sent bombs to leading political figures. Several of the bombs were intercepted before they could do any harm, but some bombs did explode. In 1920, on Wall Street, New York, a bomb <strong>killed 38 people</strong>. No one was found guilty of this attack but the fear of communism and anarchism rose after the event.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>The home of the US <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Attorney General, glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>Attorney General,</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">Attorney General</span></span><span>The head lawyer of the federal government of the USA. This person is the main advisor to the president on all legal issues.</span></span></span></span></span> A Mitchell Palmer, was bombed in July 1919. Palmer claimed that there were many communists already in America and even a few in <span data-testid="inline-glossary-term-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1otbeo0-StyledGlossaryTerm e1k79ohp2"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Congress. glossary" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-iore0f-StyledGlossaryTermButton e1k79ohp0"><dfn>Congress.</dfn><span class="ssrcss-4l8rpx-IconWrapper e1k79ohp1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15m-2.2-5.5V12.7h4.4v12.9h-4.4zM16 10c-1.7 0-2.7-.9-2.7-2.4s1-2.4 2.7-2.4 2.7.9 2.7 2.4-1 2.4-2.7 2.4"></path></svg></span></button><span hidden="" role="definition" data-right-aligned="false" class="ssrcss-1wx2igf-PanelComponentWrapper e10dlypf0"><span class="ssrcss-jb6c73-PanelContainer e10dlypf5"><span class="ssrcss-1owbfp3-CloseButtonWrapper e10dlypf2"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close</span></span></button></span><span class="ssrcss-1le1ci-PanelContentWrapper e10dlypf3"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wkrrk1-TitleWrapper e10dlypf1"><span class="ssrcss-w94na4-TitleText e10dlypf4">Congress</span></span><span>The legislative body of the US government, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.</span></span></span></span></span> In response, the government became determined to get rid of communists and anarchists in America.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>A series of harsh raids against suspected political radicals and organisations led to thousands of people being <strong>arrested without trial</strong>. Hundreds of political radicals, such as the anarchist Emma Goldman, were deported. Goldman had immigrated to the USA in 1885, but her speeches and writings went against conventional American values and political ideals. She was sent back to Russia in late 1919.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><h3>The Sacco and Vanzetti case</h3></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>The political paranoia created by the Palmer Raids showed intolerance and abuses of power in US democracy.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p><strong>Nicola Sacco</strong> and <strong>Bartolomeo Vanzetti</strong> were Italian-born anarchists. They were charged with robbery and murder. During their trial in May <strong>1921</strong>, the evidence presented against them was weak. Both said they were innocent and their defence team had 107 witnesses who had seen them somewhere else at the time of their alleged crime. However, <strong>Judge Webster Thayer</strong> said that although Vanzetti may not have actually committed the crime, he was "nevertheless morally culpable, because he is the enemy of our existing institutions".</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>Even with limited evidence, the jury found Sacco and Vanzetti guilty and sentenced them to death. There were widespread protests against the verdict, including in the UK. In 1925, another man, <strong>Celestino Madeiros</strong>, admitted to the crime. However, in 1927 Sacco and Vanzetti were given the death penalty.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1tohiex-ComponentWrapper eumsyy51"><figure class="ssrcss-181d9i9-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><img alt="A group of men travel in a car, while one man shouts through a megaphone. The car is covered in 'Save Sacco and Vanzetti' banners" sizes="(min-width: 1008px) 1280px,(min-width: 600px) 624px,(min-width: 320px) 320px" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0bqsj7w.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0bqsj7w.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0bqsj7w.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0bqsj7w.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/624xn/p0bqsj7w.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0bqsj7w.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/976xn/p0bqsj7w.jpg 976w" title="" class="ssrcss-12x2rbi-Image edrdn950"/></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-11b8pqw-StyledFigureCaption e1xtk7to0"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260">A 'Save Sacco and Vanzetti' protest in London</div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div></section></div><div style="height:0;overflow:hidden;width:100%"></div><div class="ssrcss-y11yry-NavigationWrapper e1r8rc346"><div class="ssrcss-ov4rjl-LinkWrapper e1r8rc345"><a href="/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/revision/4" class="ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks e1r8rc344"><div class="ssrcss-1wrtz69-DirectionLabelWrapper e1r8rc343">Next page<div class="ssrcss-qk2e5i-IconWrapper e1r8rc342"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M21.6 14.3 5.5 31h6.4l14.6-15L11.9 1H5.5l16.1 16.7z"></path></svg></div></div><span class="ssrcss-2d6z1u-LinkTitle e1r8rc341">The experiences of African Americans</span><div class="ssrcss-7m07pq-LinkDescription e1r8rc340"></div></a></div><div class="ssrcss-ov4rjl-LinkWrapper e1r8rc345"><a href="/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/revision/2" class="ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks e1r8rc344"><div class="ssrcss-1wrtz69-DirectionLabelWrapper e1r8rc343"><div class="ssrcss-qk2e5i-IconWrapper 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the 1920s - AQA - GCSE History Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize\",\"description\":\"Learn about and revise the divisions in American society during the 1920s with BBC Bitesize GCSE History - AQA.\",\"image\":{\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0bqsj5h.jpg\",\"alt\":\"\"},\"contentId\":\"38d7bfba-ddf4-4e43-b46e-4a9cba6dc047\",\"productionNation\":\"eng\",\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-04-06T09:01:59.711404Z\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-04-06T09:01:59.711404Z\",\"home\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/ontologies/passport/home/Bitesize\",\"locators\":{\"canonicalUrl\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z7spn9q/revision/1\"},\"attributions\":[{\"title\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize\"},{\"title\":\"History\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/zj26n39\"}],\"topicOfStudy\":{\"id\":\"z22fvwx\",\"label\":\"America, 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Issues of morality, immigration, politics and race highlighted key fundamental differences. These tensions deeply affected people’s lives and experiences.\",\"menuMetadata\":[{\"id\":\"1\",\"text\":\"Prohibition\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"2\",\"text\":\"The immigrant experience\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"3\",\"text\":\"The Red Scare\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"4\",\"text\":\"The experiences of African Americans\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"}],\"grid\":{\"data\":[[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"Prohibition\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"1\"}}],[{\"type\":\"video-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"Explore how racism, the fear of communism and criminality divided American society in the 1920s.\",\"title\":\"America in the 1920s: A divided society\",\"holdingImage\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0bydwrh.jpg\",\"vpid\":\"p0f9dbvn\",\"duration\":188,\"isoDuration\":\"PT3M8S\",\"transcriptDownload\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zw83g7h/transcript\",\"playerMode\":\"full\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Prohibition was the name given to the period from 1920 to 1933 when the \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"manufacture\\\" data-description=\\\"Articles or goods produced by workers in secondary industries from raw materials.\\\">manufacture\\u003c/glossaryterm> and consumption of alcohol were banned across America by the \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"federal\\\" data-description=\\\"Part of the government of the USA as a whole rather than relating to an individual state.\\\">federal\\u003c/glossaryterm> government. Supporters of Prohibition saw it as a noble cause. However, it ultimately failed and had to be \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"repealed\\\" data-description=\\\"When a law is officially withdrawn.\\\">repealed.\\u003c/glossaryterm>\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":0}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>Reasons for Prohibition\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":1}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>There were several groups of people who wanted alcohol to be banned from American society. These included:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":2}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>\\u003cstrong>Social \\u003c/strong>\\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"campaigner\\\" data-description=\\\"Someone who participates in an organised activity in order to bring about change in society.\\\">campaigners\\u003c/glossaryterm> who worried about the social impact of drunkenness, crime, violence and domestic abuse.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>\\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"temperance\\\" data-description=\\\"Refraining from alcoholic drinks.\\\">Temperance\\u003c/glossaryterm> societies such as the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union which opposed alcohol for religious and moral reasons.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Some \\u003cstrong>business leaders\\u003c/strong> who believed that alcohol lessened the efficiency of their workers.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>The \\u003cstrong>Anti-Saloon League\\u003c/strong> which was the most successful group to organise politically to put pressure on the government to ban alcohol.\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":3}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>These groups that wanted to ban alcohol were known as ‘dries’. Groups that wanted to keep the freedom to consume alcohol were known as ‘wets’.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":4}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>Passage of the 18th Amendment\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":5}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>President Herbert Hoover called Prohibition "the Noble Experiment". Its supporters believed that problems in society caused by alcohol could be solved by \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"government legislation \\\" data-description=\\\"Laws made by the government.\\\">government legislation.\\u003c/glossaryterm>\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":6}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>\\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Congress\\\" data-description=\\\"The legislative body of the US government, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.\\\">Congress\\u003c/glossaryterm> agreed the \\u003cstrong>1919 Volstead Act\\u003c/strong> to implement Prohibition. This became federal law through the \\u003cstrong>18th Amendment\\u003c/strong> in January 1920. The \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"amendment\\\" data-description=\\\"A change made to the US Constitution after it came into force in 1789.\\\">amendment\\u003c/glossaryterm> made illegal the "manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating liquors", which were defined as drinks with at least 0.5 per cent alcohol by volume.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":7}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>The failure of Prohibition\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":8}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cdiv>\\u003cinline-image recipe=\\\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0bqsj5h.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"A group of people raising their glasses with one man ringing a bell, signifying the end of prohibition\\\" caption=\\\"People celebrating the end of Prohibition, circa 1933\\\">\\u003c/inline-image>\\u003cp>One clear problem was that \\u003cstrong>Prohibition was very unpopular\\u003c/strong>. Many people believed Prohibition went against the principle of personal liberty, so they ignored and disobeyed the law.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/div>\",\"groupPosition\":9}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Bootleggers smuggled alcohol into America from abroad. Distillers illegally produced alcohol known as moonshine. Illegal bars and nightclubs known as \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"speakeasy\\\" data-description=\\\"A bar that sold alcoholic beverages illegally during Prohibition in the 1920s.\\\">speakeasies\\u003c/glossaryterm> grew in popularity. In New York City there were twice as many bars in 1929 than before Prohibition began.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":10}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>President Herbert Hoover set up a \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"commission\\\" data-description=\\\"A group of people who are asked to investigate something.\\\">commission\\u003c/glossaryterm> to look at the impact of Prohibition. This became known as the Wickersham Commission. It reported in 1929 that Prohibition was not working. The reasons for this were:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":11}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>prohibition was almost \\u003cstrong>impossible to enforce\\u003c/strong>. In 1920, there were only around 1,500 enforcement agents. Their job was to catch and prosecute people who broke the Prohibition law. However, they were poorly paid and were often open to \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"bribery\\\" data-description=\\\"Giving and receiving money or anything valuable as a way of influencing the actions of politicians or people in public in any office. \\\">bribery\\u003c/glossaryterm>\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>many offenders went \\u003cstrong>unpunished\\u003c/strong> or were even protected by enforcement officials\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>it was very difficult to prevent \\u003cstrong>alcohol\\u003c/strong> being \\u003cstrong>smuggled\\u003c/strong> into America, as the country has long borders\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>many Americans did not support Prohibition and they still continued to drink at home or in \\u003cstrong>speakeasies\\u003c/strong>\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":12}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>However, the most serious problem was the growth of organised crime.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":13}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>Organised crime\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":14}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The biggest unintended consequence of Prohibition was the huge increase in \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"organised crime\\\" data-description=\\\"Organised illegal activities.\\\">organised crime\\u003c/glossaryterm> and the growth of powerful gangsters and gangs. For example:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":15}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>the illegal alcohol trade offered huge \\u003cstrong>profits\\u003c/strong> for \\u003cstrong>gangs\\u003c/strong> that could control this trade\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>gangsters such as the notorious \\u003cstrong>Al Capone\\u003c/strong>, in Chicago, had reportedly earned around $60 million (around £700 million today) by the mid-1920s\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>gangs used \\u003cstrong>violence\\u003c/strong> to dominate key areas of the country in order to protect their profits. They would often murder members of rival gangs\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>towards the end of the 1920s, there had been hundreds of \\u003cstrong>gang-related murders\\u003c/strong> in Chicago alone\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":16}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Much of the criminal activity went unpunished as there was widespread \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"corruption\\\" data-description=\\\"Dishonest behaviour.\\\">corruption\\u003c/glossaryterm> across the legal, justice and political systems.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":17}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>To many people, it seemed that Prohibition was doing more harm than good. It was finally ended in \\u003cstrong>1933\\u003c/strong>.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":18}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"The immigrant experience\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"2\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>American Immigration\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":19}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Native Americans are \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"indigenous\\\" data-description=\\\"Native to the area.\\\">indigenous\\u003c/glossaryterm> to America, and African Americans were enslaved and forcefully taken to America. Americans first came to America through immigration.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":20}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>America initially had an \\u003cstrong>open-door\\u003c/strong> immigration policy. This meant that \\u003cstrong>immigration\\u003c/strong> was positively \\u003cstrong>encouraged\\u003c/strong> as it enabled the nation to develop and prosper.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":21}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Between 1836 and 1914, around \\u003cstrong>30 million Europeans\\u003c/strong> migrated to the United States. The idea of the \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"American dream\\\" data-description=\\\"The idea that everyone in the USA has the chance to be successful and happy if they work hard.\\\">American dream\\u003c/glossaryterm> filled many immigrants with hope that they could enjoy a better life. There were several other \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"pull factor\\\" data-description=\\\"A factor which attracts people to move to a new place.\\\">pull factors\\u003c/glossaryterm> that attracted immigrants to America:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":22}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>there were lots of job opportunities in America’s growing industries\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>land was cheap to buy and very \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"fertile\\\" data-description=\\\"When soil is rich in nutrients.\\\">fertile\\u003c/glossaryterm>\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>people could practise any religion freely\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":23}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>The immigrant experience\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":24}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Most of the immigrants had travelled to America \\u003cstrong>by sea\\u003c/strong>, and most arrived on Ellis Island near New York. In 1914, around 878,000 immigrants were processed there. Immigrants underwent a series of \\u003cstrong>medical tests\\u003c/strong>. Anyone suffering from a disease was kept on Ellis Island, for a period of quarantine, or had to return home. Immigrants were also questioned about their work and financial situation to make sure they would be able to support themselves in society.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":25}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>For many who passed these inspections, America was a land of opportunity, and they became successful. For example:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":26}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>Many people thrived in \\u003cstrong>business\\u003c/strong> and American \\u003cstrong>politics\\u003c/strong>. Scottish-born Andrew Carnegie was the wealthiest American industrialist for a number of years. By the time of his death in 1919, he had given away a vast amount of his wealth to charities and other good causes.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Large \\u003cstrong>ethnic communities\\u003c/strong> developed in big cities. For example, many Italians lived together and formed the area of Little Italy in New York.\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":27}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>However, life was also difficult for many new immigrants:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":28}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>\\u003cstrong>Living conditions\\u003c/strong> were difficult, with many immigrant communities developing into slums. This was because they were \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"discrimination\\\" data-description=\\\"To treat someone differently or unfairly because they belong to a particular group.\\\">discriminated\\u003c/glossaryterm> when seeking housing or simply couldn’t afford decent housing.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Many immigrant groups found themselves living in \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"ghetto\\\" data-description=\\\"A poor part of a city that is usually occupied by a minority group, sometimes purpose built.\\\">ghettoes.\\u003c/glossaryterm> This isolation led to further ignorance of their cultures and traditions among other Americans. This then led, in part, to the continuation of prejudiced and racist views in society.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Many had little option other than to work in \\u003cstrong>low-status\\u003c/strong> and \\u003cstrong>low-skilled\\u003c/strong> jobs for \\u003cstrong>low wages\\u003c/strong>. Some businesses took advantage of their need and recruited immigrants into positions involving both \\u003cstrong>long hours\\u003c/strong> and low pay.\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":29}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>Backlash against immigration\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":30}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>In the early 20th century, the mood turned against certain groups of immigrants.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":31}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>World War One\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":32}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>During and after World War One (1914-1918), some extreme forms of \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"nationalism\\\" data-description=\\\"Strong feelings of identification with your nation or the political view that your nation is superior.\\\">nationalism\\u003c/glossaryterm> gave rise to \\u003cstrong>anti-German feeling\\u003c/strong>. The study of the German language was removed from some school curriculums and immigrants of German origin were viewed as potential traitors.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":33}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>Racial prejudice\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":34}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Increasingly there was a distinction being made between old immigrants, who tended to be \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"WASPs\\\" data-description=\\\"Refers to the group known as White Anglo Saxon Protestants. \\\">WASPs,\\u003c/glossaryterm> and new immigrants. This new wave of immigration developed from the mid-19th century into the 1920s. The immigrants included Catholics, from Ireland and Southern Europe (eg Italy), as well as migrants from Eastern Europe and China. They were portrayed by some as a \\u003cstrong>threat to American society\\u003c/strong> and its values.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":35}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>Economic rivalry\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":36}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>A \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"recession\\\" data-description=\\\"A time of temporary economic decline when trade and industrial activity are reduced.\\\">recession\\u003c/glossaryterm> from 1920 to 1921 created a shortage of jobs. Immigrants were often blamed by \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"trade union\\\" data-description=\\\"A trade union is a type of organisation whose main purpose is to represent the interests of employees in a specific type of business.\\\">trade unions\\u003c/glossaryterm> and workers for ‘stealing’ jobs from Americans.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":37}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>Laws restricting immigration\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":38}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>In response to the backlash, \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Congress\\\" data-description=\\\"The legislative body of the US government, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.\\\">Congress\\u003c/glossaryterm> passed new laws designed to impose limits on the number of ‘undesirable’ immigrants coming to America. The following laws illustrate how it could be concluded that America was becoming a less tolerant and more \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"xenophobic\\\" data-description=\\\"Fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners.\\\">xenophobic\\u003c/glossaryterm> society:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":39}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>In 1917 the \\u003cstrong>Immigration Act\\u003c/strong> used literacy tests to exclude immigrants with low reading ability. It also banned immigration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>In 1921 the \\u003cstrong>Emergency Quota Act\\u003c/strong> set a limit of 357,000 immigrants per year.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>In 1924 the \\u003cstrong>National Origins Act\\u003c/strong> further reduced immigration, to only 150,000 people per year. It also set a quota based on birthplace. Only 2 per cent of the total population of any overseas group already in the USA in 1890 could come into the country.\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":40}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"The Red Scare\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"3\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>In the early 1920s \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"paranoid\\\" data-description=\\\"Believing, unreasonably, that people are against you in some way.\\\">paranoia\\u003c/glossaryterm> spread about the alleged potential national threat of certain recent immigrants and \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"radical\\\" data-description=\\\"Having extreme views.\\\">radicals.\\u003c/glossaryterm> It was said that these people had political ideas that went against the conventional American values of democracy and \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"capitalism\\\" data-description=\\\"An economic system based on privately owned, as opposed to state-controlled, businesses and the creation of profit.\\\">capitalism.\\u003c/glossaryterm> This period was known as the Red Scare.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":41}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>The development of the Red Scare\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":42}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Following are the key developments of the Red Scare and the impacts they had on American fears:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":43}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>\\u003cstrong>World War One \\u003c/strong>- The war increased nationalistic feeling, which often created \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"xenophobic\\\" data-description=\\\"Fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners.\\\">xenophobia.\\u003c/glossaryterm> A culture developed of perceiving immigrants as a threat.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>\\u003cstrong>The Russian Revolution of 1917\\u003c/strong> - In Russia the Bolshevik political party, whose members believed in \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"communism \\\" data-description=\\\"An economic system in which all means of production such as tools, factories and raw materials, are owned by the community as a whole. Each individual contributes according to their ability and receives according to their needs. This means there is no hierarchy of social class.\\\">communism,\\u003c/glossaryterm> successfully overthrew the government. This was followed by a \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"civil war\\\" data-description=\\\"When different groups of people within the same country come into conflict with each other.\\\">civil war\\u003c/glossaryterm> between the communist Red Army and the anti-communist White Army. Some countries, including America, were concerned about the spread of communism and sent troops to support the White Army. Many feared that immigrants from Russia, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe intended to overthrow the government in America. This is why the period was known as the Red Scare.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>\\u003cstrong>Labour strikes\\u003c/strong> - The post-World War One \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"economic slump\\\" data-description=\\\"A period when the economy of a country is not doing well.\\\">economic slump\\u003c/glossaryterm> made tensions between employers and \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"trade union\\\" data-description=\\\"A trade union is a type of organisation whose main purpose is to represent the interests of employees in a specific type of business.\\\">trade unions\\u003c/glossaryterm> worse. From 1919, industrial unrest increased and several strikes occurred, including a \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"general strike\\\" data-description=\\\"Industrial action that involves all or most of the main industries in a particular place (city or country).\\\">general strike\\u003c/glossaryterm> in Seattle. This industrial unrest was viewed as other example of political radicalism. It contributed to fears that radicals were plotting a revolution.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>\\u003cstrong>Anarchist violence\\u003c/strong> - There was a deep fear of \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"anarchist\\\" data-description=\\\"Someone who believes that society should be free from any government.\\\">anarchists\\u003c/glossaryterm> in America as some used extreme violence as part of their politics. In 1901 President William McKinley was shot dead by an anarchist.\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":44}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>The Palmer Raids\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":45}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The widespread fear of \\u003cstrong>political radicals\\u003c/strong> increased in \\u003cstrong>1919\\u003c/strong> when anarchists sent bombs to leading political figures. Several of the bombs were intercepted before they could do any harm, but some bombs did explode. In 1920, on Wall Street, New York, a bomb \\u003cstrong>killed 38 people\\u003c/strong>. No one was found guilty of this attack but the fear of communism and anarchism rose after the event.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":46}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The home of the US \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Attorney General\\\" data-description=\\\"The head lawyer of the federal government of the USA. This person is the main advisor to the president on all legal issues.\\\">Attorney General,\\u003c/glossaryterm> A Mitchell Palmer, was bombed in July 1919. Palmer claimed that there were many communists already in America and even a few in \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Congress\\\" data-description=\\\"The legislative body of the US government, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.\\\">Congress.\\u003c/glossaryterm> In response, the government became determined to get rid of communists and anarchists in America.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":47}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>A series of harsh raids against suspected political radicals and organisations led to thousands of people being \\u003cstrong>arrested without trial\\u003c/strong>. Hundreds of political radicals, such as the anarchist Emma Goldman, were deported. Goldman had immigrated to the USA in 1885, but her speeches and writings went against conventional American values and political ideals. She was sent back to Russia in late 1919.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":48}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>The Sacco and Vanzetti case\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":49}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The political paranoia created by the Palmer Raids showed intolerance and abuses of power in US democracy.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":50}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Nicola Sacco\\u003c/strong> and \\u003cstrong>Bartolomeo Vanzetti\\u003c/strong> were Italian-born anarchists. They were charged with robbery and murder. During their trial in May \\u003cstrong>1921\\u003c/strong>, the evidence presented against them was weak. Both said they were innocent and their defence team had 107 witnesses who had seen them somewhere else at the time of their alleged crime. However, \\u003cstrong>Judge Webster Thayer\\u003c/strong> said that although Vanzetti may not have actually committed the crime, he was "nevertheless morally culpable, because he is the enemy of our existing institutions".\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":51}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Even with limited evidence, the jury found Sacco and Vanzetti guilty and sentenced them to death. There were widespread protests against the verdict, including in the UK. In 1925, another man, \\u003cstrong>Celestino Madeiros\\u003c/strong>, admitted to the crime. However, in 1927 Sacco and Vanzetti were given the death penalty.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":52}}],[{\"type\":\"image-block\",\"data\":{\"alt\":\"A group of men travel in a car, while one man shouts through a megaphone. The car is covered in 'Save Sacco and Vanzetti' banners\",\"caption\":\"A 'Save Sacco and Vanzetti' protest in London\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0bqsj7w.jpg\",\"title\":\"\"}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"The experiences of African Americans\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"4\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Slavery was abolished in America via the 13th \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"amendment\\\" data-description=\\\"A change made to the US Constitution after it came into force in 1789.\\\">Amendment\\u003c/glossaryterm> in 1865. \\u003cstrong>African Americans\\u003c/strong> were given \\u003cstrong>citizenship\\u003c/strong> in \\u003cstrong>1868\\u003c/strong>, and in 1870 African American men gained the right to vote. However, laws, the justice system, social customs and violence continued to be used against African Americans, denying them full access to these rights and freedoms.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":53}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>Segregation\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":54}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>The southern states\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":55}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>There were many Americans who believed in \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"white supremacy \\\" data-description=\\\"The racist belief that white people are superior to people of other races.\\\">white supremacy\\u003c/glossaryterm> and refused to see African Americans as equals. Black Americans in the southern states suffered more discrimination than those in the north due to what were known as the \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Jim Crow laws\\\" data-description=\\\"The laws that introduced segregation in the US South (the laws that kept black people and white people apart).\\\">Jim Crow laws.\\u003c/glossaryterm> These laws enforced \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"segregation\\\" data-description=\\\"This meant that white people and black people had to live separately. The areas of society affected by segregation included churches, hospitals, theatres and schools.\\\">segregation,\\u003c/glossaryterm> which meant that white people and black people had to live separately. This meant:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":56}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>African Americans could not use the same facilities as white Americans\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>despite being citizens, African Americans were \\u003cstrong>segregated\\u003c/strong> in the US military\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>the justice system protected the rights of white Americans and maintained segregation\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>\\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"sharecroppers\\\" data-description=\\\"Farmers who had to pay to use land by giving a proportion of their produce to the owner.\\\">sharecroppers\\u003c/glossaryterm> in the South were economically exploited and kept in poverty\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":57}}],[{\"type\":\"infographic-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"Highlighted are the main ‘Jim Crow’ states where African Americans faced the worst discrimination. However, Jim Crow laws were not limited to these states. African Americans faced discrimination, violence and racist laws throughout the USA.\",\"title\":\"\",\"text\":\"\",\"alt\":\"A map showing some states that enacted Jim Crow laws: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia\",\"bamMetadata\":{\"small\":{\"url\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zcbhsk7/small\"},\"medium\":{\"url\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zcbhsk7/medium\"},\"large\":{\"url\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zcbhsk7/large\"}}}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>It was difficult for African Americans to change these laws as they were restricted from voting in elections. Barriers were put in place to prevent them \\u003cstrong>voting\\u003c/strong> and gaining \\u003cstrong>political representation\\u003c/strong> and power. For example, to vote a person had to pay a poll tax. As many African Americans were too poor to pay the tax, they were unable to vote. Proof of the ability to read was also necessary, and reading the difficult extracts in the provided texts was difficult for those with \\u003cstrong>low literacy levels\\u003c/strong>, which was also a result of thier poor living conditions.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":58}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>These barriers could also cause difficulties for poorer white Americans. However, in seven states, voters could be exempt if their \\u003cstrong>ancestors\\u003c/strong> had held the right to vote before the American Civil War (1861-1865). This so-called \\u003cstrong>grandfather clause\\u003c/strong> in effect only applied to white people, as before the war most African Americans were enslaved and had no voting rights.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":59}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>The northern states\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":60}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>African Americans migrated north in ever-increasing numbers in what became known as the \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Great Migration\\\" data-description=\\\"The movement of six million African Americans between 1916-1970 out of the rural south into the urban cities of the North and West.\\\">Great Migration.\\u003c/glossaryterm> They settled in growing industrial cities, such as Chicago, Detroit and New York.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":61}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Even though the \\u003cstrong>Jim Crow laws\\u003c/strong> did not exist in the North, life was still hard for African Americans there. They faced \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"discrimination\\\" data-description=\\\"To treat someone differently or unfairly because they belong to a particular group.\\\">discrimination\\u003c/glossaryterm> and exploitation. Due to a combination of racism and poor education, their work was often in low-paid menial jobs. Their wages did not match those of white people doing the same job. This meant that most lived in the poorest areas of the cities.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":62}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>The Ku Klux Klan and racial terror\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":63}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Ku Klux Klan\\\" data-description=\\\"A white supremacist organisation that used violence and intimidation to target black, immigrant, Jewish and Catholic people. Its members believe, based on incorrect and unscientific ideas about evolution, that white people are superior and should therefore hold the power in society.\\\">Ku Klux Klan\\u003c/glossaryterm> (KKK) was a racist \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"terrorist\\\" data-description=\\\"Someone who uses violence for political reasons, usually to spread fear.\\\">terrorist\\u003c/glossaryterm> organisation. It began in the southern states at the end of the American Civil War to maintain white supremacy. It declined in the last decades of the 19th century, only to revive after 1915. This was partly due to the popularity of DW Griffith’s film \\u003cem>Birth of a Nation,\\u003c/em> which was released in 1915. In the film the KKK is portrayed sympathetically.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":64}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Its membership surged after World War One, growing to around 5 million in 1925. Its members came from across America, and they openly paraded in the capital city of Washington, DC, in 1926. Most of its members were White Anglo-Saxon Protestants \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"WASPs\\\" data-description=\\\"Refers to the group known as White Anglo Saxon Protestants. \\\">(WASPs)\\u003c/glossaryterm> who believed in the supremacy of the original European immigrants to America, most of whom had been Protestant.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":65}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>African Americans were typically the main targets of extreme violence from the KKK. Its members committed acts of \\u003cstrong>intimidation, violence and murder. \\u003c/strong> Jewish and Catholic people were also terrorised, attacked and murdered by members of the KKK.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":66}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>Resistance and activism\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":67}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cdiv>\\u003cinline-image recipe=\\\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0bqsj8b.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"A photograph of Ida B Wells\\\" caption=\\\"Ida B Wells\\\">\\u003c/inline-image>\\u003cp>One horrific form of violence used by the KKK and other white supremacists against African Americans was \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"lynching\\\" data-description=\\\"Executing someone (usually by hanging) without a legal trial.\\\">lynching.\\u003c/glossaryterm> Frequently it was done under the claim of an alleged offence, but without holding a legal trial. In most instances these brutal murders were not stopped or investigated by the police. In total, over \\u003cstrong>400 black Americans\\u003c/strong> were lynched by the KKK throughout the 1920s.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/div>\",\"groupPosition\":68}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>There had been \\u003cstrong>campaigns against lynching\\u003c/strong> going back to the late 19th century, most notably by the activist and journalist Ida B Wells. She campaigned for a \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"federal\\\" data-description=\\\"Part of the government of the USA as a whole rather than relating to an individual state.\\\">federal\\u003c/glossaryterm> anti-lynching bill. This bill was not passed, but she helped to raise awareness of the injustice of lynching through her writings. In \\u003cstrong>1909\\u003c/strong> she became a co-founder of the civil rights organisation the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"NAACP\\\" data-description=\\\"The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was created in 1909 to eliminate race-based discrimination across the United States of America.\\\">(NAACP),\\u003c/glossaryterm> which campaigned and pressed for African American equality.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":69}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>Marcus Garvey and the UNIA-ACL\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":70}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Another form of resistance came from affirming \\u003cstrong>black pride\\u003c/strong> and culture. For example, \\u003cstrong>Marcus Garvey\\u003c/strong>, a Jamaican man living in the USA, founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) in 1914. It created its own weekly newspaper to publicise its ideas, created businesses and held international conventions. At its peak in the early 1920s it had over 1,900 branches worldwide, with the majority in the USA.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":71}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Garvey encouraged African Americans to be proud of their African heritage. He believed that they should return to their 'rightful homeland' of Africa, where his aim was to start a \\u003cstrong>new country\\u003c/strong>. Garvey’s ideas were a huge inspiration for other activists in the 1960s.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":72}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>The Harlem Renaissance\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":73}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cdiv>\\u003cinline-image recipe=\\\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0bqsj93.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"A group of African American girls smiling and laughing on a pavement\\\" caption=\\\"African American children in \\u003cstrong>Harlem\\u003c/strong>, New York City, in 1925\\\">\\u003c/inline-image>\\u003cp>Despite enduring racism, segregation and violence, African Americans thrived and created cultures and successful communities. Harlem was a black district in New York. It became the centre of a cultural revival known as the Harlem Renaissance. It was a place where intellectuals, artists, musicians, poets and writers flourished. Black cultural pride, politics and activism also grew.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/div>\",\"groupPosition\":74}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jazz clubs\\u003c/strong> like the Cotton Club in Harlem were very popular in the 1920s. Due to segregation laws, only white audiences were allowed. 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