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</div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/South_Pole" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:South_Pole" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Pole" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Geographic South Pole. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="South Pole (disambiguation)">South Pole (disambiguation)</a>.</div> The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies <a href="/wiki/Antipode_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipode (geography)">antipodally</a> on the opposite side of Earth from the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, at a distance of 20,004 km (12,430 miles) in all directions. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">two points</a> where <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's axis of rotation</a> intersects its surface. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pole-south.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pole-south.gif/310px-Pole-south.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pole-south.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330"></a><figcaption><div><ol><li>South Geographic Pole</li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South Magnetic Pole">South Magnetic Pole</a> (2007)</li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Geomagnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South Geomagnetic Pole">South Geomagnetic Pole</a> (2005)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole of Inaccessibility">South pole of inaccessibility</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_Southpole_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geographic_Southpole_crop.jpg/280px-Geographic_Southpole_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geographic_Southpole_crop.jpg/420px-Geographic_Southpole_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geographic_Southpole_crop.jpg/560px-Geographic_Southpole_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="773"></a><figcaption>The Geographic South Pole is marked by the stake on the right</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg/310px-Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg/465px-Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg/620px-Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="6400"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> image showing Antarctica and the South Pole in 2005</figcaption></figure> Situated on the continent of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, it is the site of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a>, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/South_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South Magnetic Pole">South Magnetic Pole</a>, the position of which is defined based on <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>. The South Pole is the center of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Pole&params=90_S_0_E_">90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geography">1 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ceremonial_South_Pole">1.1 Ceremonial South Pole</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Historic_monuments">1.2 Historic monuments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Amundsen's_Tent">1.2.1 Amundsen's Tent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Argentine_Flagpole">1.2.2 Argentine Flagpole</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Exploration">2 Exploration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pre-1900">2.1 Pre-1900</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#1900%E2%80%931950">2.2 1900–1950</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#1950%E2%80%93present">2.3 1950–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate_and_day_and_night">3 Climate and day and night</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Time">4 Time</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna">5 Flora and fauna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg/220px-Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg/220px-Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg/330px-Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg/440px-Ceremonial_South_Pole.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Ceremonial South Pole in 1998.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg/220px-Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg/220px-Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg/330px-Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg/440px-Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Ceremonial South Pole as of February 2008.</figcaption></figure> For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axis of rotation</a> intersects its surface (the other being the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">Geographic North Pole</a>). However, Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small "wobbles" (<a href="/wiki/Polar_motion" title="Polar motion">polar motion</a>), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work. The <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinate">geographic coordinates</a> of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to "grid north", which points northward along the <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">prime meridian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>. The Geographic South Pole is presently located on the continent of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, although this has not been the case for all of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth's history</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>. It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 m (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (810 mi) from the nearest open sea at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a>. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 m (8,900 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> is actually near sea level.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2">[2]</a> The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 m (33 ft) per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> down towards the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg/220px-Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1557"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg/220px-Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg/330px-Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg/440px-Garmin_at_90_Deg_South_-_South_Pole.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a> <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> receiver showing 90 Deg South – the South Pole</figcaption></figure>The Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> to compensate for the movement of the ice.<a href="#cite_note-antarcticsun2006-4">[4]</a> The sign records the respective dates that <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert F. Scott</a> reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as "9,301 FT.".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site.<a href="#cite_note-antarcticsun2006-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_South_Pole">Ceremonial South Pole</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ceremonial South Pole" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">South Pole Station</a>. It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short barber pole, surrounded by the flags of the original <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> signatory <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_monuments">Historic monuments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historic monuments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg/220px-Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="635"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg/220px-Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg/330px-Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg/440px-Saludo_a_la_Bandera_Argentina_durante_la_Operaci%C3%B3n_90.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Argentinian soldiers saluting the flag after erecting the pole in 1965</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amundsen's_Tent">Amundsen's Tent</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amundsen's Tent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica">Historic Site or Monument</a> (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atcm-8">[8]</a> The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.5 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentine_Flagpole">Argentine Flagpole</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Argentine Flagpole" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Flag#Flagpoles" title="Flag">flagpole</a> erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the <a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_90" title="Operación 90">First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition</a> has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica">Historic Site or Monument</a> (HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ats-10">[10]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exploration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History of Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">List of Antarctic expeditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1900">Pre-1900</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-1900" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica, with the first[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] being the Russian expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Mikhail Lazarev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The first landing was probably just over a year later when English-born American captain <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">John Davis</a>, a sealer, set foot on the ice.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a> claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> while <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a>, in his expedition of 1839–1843, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole; He was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1950">1900–1950</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1900–1950" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg/220px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="3280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg/220px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg/330px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg/440px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Hanssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a> (photo by fifth member <a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a>).</figcaption></figure> British explorer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery Expedition</a> of 1901–1904 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adrian_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Adrian Wilson">Edward Wilson</a>, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (<a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a>) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Roald Amundsen and his party</a> on 14 December 1911. Amundsen named his camp <a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a> and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole <a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Vidde" class="mw-redirect" title="King Haakon VII Vidde">King Haakon VII Vidde</a> in honour of King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII of Norway</a>. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a>, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold. In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a>, was frozen in <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">pack ice</a> and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made. US Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd">Richard Evelyn Byrd</a>, with the assistance of his first pilot <a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Bernt Balchen</a>, became the first person to fly over the South Pole on 29 November 1929. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–present">1950–present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1950–present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPSM.05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SPSM.05.jpg/280px-SPSM.05.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SPSM.05.jpg/280px-SPSM.05.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SPSM.05.jpg/420px-SPSM.05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SPSM.05.jpg/560px-SPSM.05.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a>. The ceremonial pole and flags can be seen in the background, slightly to the left of center, below the tracks behind the buildings. The actual geographic pole is a few more meters to the left. The buildings are raised on stilts to prevent snow build-up.</figcaption></figure> It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole, when a party led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">George J. Dufek</a> of the US Navy landed there in an R4D-5L Skytrain (<a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">C-47 Skytrain</a>) aircraft. The US <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a> was established by air over 1956–1957 for the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2">[2]</a> After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole overland (albeit with some air support) were <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> (4 January 1958) and <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">Vivian Fuchs</a> (19 January 1958) and their respective parties, during the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a>. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola, <a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Twistleton-Wykeham_Fiennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranulph Twistleton-Wykeham Fiennes">Fiennes</a>. The first group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Jones_(scientist)" title="Lois Jones (scientist)">Lois Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_R._McSaveney" title="Eileen R. McSaveney">Eileen McSaveney</a>, Kay Lindsay, and Terry Tickhill in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1978–79, Michele Eileen Raney became the first woman to winter at the South Pole.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a> Subsequent to the establishment, in 1987, of the logistic support base at <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Hills_Base_Camp" title="Patriot Hills Base Camp">Patriot Hills Base Camp</a>, the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions. On 30 December 1989, <a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">Arved Fuchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Reinhold Messner</a> were the first to traverse Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help, using only skis and the help of wind.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Two women, <a href="/wiki/Tori_Murden" title="Tori Murden">Victoria E. Murden</a> and Shirley Metz, reached the pole by land on 17 January 1989.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Inlet" title="Hercules Inlet">Hercules Inlet</a> and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American <a href="/wiki/Todd_Carmichael" title="Todd Carmichael">Todd Carmichael</a> of 39 days and seven hours, and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The fastest solo, unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole by a female was performed by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_McKeand" title="Hannah McKeand">Hannah McKeand</a> from the UK in 2006. She made the journey in 39 days 9 hours 33 minutes. She started on 19 November 2006 and finished on 28 December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the 2011–12 summer, separate expeditions by Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Gamme" title="Aleksander Gamme">Aleksander Gamme</a> and Australians <a href="/wiki/Cas_and_Jonesy" title="Cas and Jonesy">James Castrission and Justin Jones</a> jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back. The two expeditions started from <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Inlet" title="Hercules Inlet">Hercules Inlet</a> a day apart, with Gamme starting first, but completing according to plan the last few kilometers together. As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On 28 December 2018, Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lou_Rudd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lou Rudd (page does not exist)">Lou Rudd</a> became the first Briton to cross the Antarctic unassisted via the south pole, and the second person to make the journey in 56 days.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On 10 January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Mollie_Hughes" title="Mollie Hughes">Mollie Hughes</a> became the youngest person to ski to the pole, aged 29.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Climate_and_day_and_night">Climate and day and night</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate and day and night" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate of Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">Midnight sun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">Polar night</a></div> During winter (May through August), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and is completely dark apart from moonlight. In summer (November through February), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky, reaching a maximum of approximately 23.5° around the December solstice because of the approximately 23.5° tilt of the earth's axis. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a>, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The South Pole is at an altitude of 9,200 feet (2,800 m) but feels like 11,000 feet (3,400 m).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Centripetal force from the spin of the planet throws the atmosphere toward the equator. The South Pole is colder than the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> primarily because of the elevation difference and for being in the middle of a continent.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The North Pole is a few feet from sea level in the middle of an ocean. In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole in January average at −25.9 °C (−15 °F). As the six-month "day" wears on and the sun gets lower, temperatures drop as well: they reach −55 °C (−67 °F) around sunset (late March) and sunrise (late September). In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at around −60 °C (−76 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on Christmas Day, 2011,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and the lowest was −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) on 23 June 1982<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> (for comparison, the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a> on 21 July 1983, though −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) was measured indirectly by satellite in <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> between <a href="/wiki/Dome_A" title="Dome A">Dome A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dome_F" title="Dome F">Dome F</a> in August 2010<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>). Mean annual temperature at the South Pole is –49.5 °C (–57.1 °F).<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> The South Pole has an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">ice cap climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">EF</a>). It resembles a desert, receiving very little precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 7 cm (2.8 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen–Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against their sides. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.7 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.6 (−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.7 (−16.1) </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.8 (−18.0) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.1 (−13.2) </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.8 (−19.8) </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.9 (−29.0) </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.5 (−26.5) </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.3 (−20.7) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.1 (−13.2) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.9 (−2.0) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.3 (9.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.0 (−14.8) </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.9 (−36.2) </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−49.6 (−57.3) </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−53.0 (−63.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−53.6 (−64.5) </td> <td style="background: #0000BF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−54.5 (−66.1) </td> <td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−55.2 (−67.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−54.9 (−66.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−54.4 (−65.9) </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−48.4 (−55.1) </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.2 (−33.2) </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.3 (−15.3) </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−45.8 (−50.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.4 (−19.1) </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−40.9 (−41.6) </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−53.7 (−64.7) </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−57.8 (−72.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000AC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−58.0 (−72.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000A7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−58.9 (−74.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000A3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−59.8 (−75.6) </td> <td style="background: #0000A3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−59.7 (−75.5) </td> <td style="background: #0000A6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−59.1 (−74.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−51.6 (−60.9) </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.2 (−36.8) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.0 (−18.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−49.5 (−57.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.6 (−21.3) </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−43.1 (−45.6) </td> <td style="background: #0000B3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−56.8 (−70.2) </td> <td style="background: #00009D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−60.9 (−77.6) </td> <td style="background: #000099; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−61.5 (−78.7) </td> <td style="background: #000092; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−62.8 (−81.0) </td> <td style="background: #00008F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−63.4 (−82.1) </td> <td style="background: #000090; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−63.2 (−81.8) </td> <td style="background: #000098; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−61.7 (−79.1) </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−54.3 (−65.7) </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−40.1 (−40.2) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.1 (−20.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−52.2 (−62.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.1 (−42.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000A7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−58.9 (−74.0) </td> <td style="background: #000066; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−71.1 (−96.0) </td> <td style="background: #000051; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−75.0 (−103.0) </td> <td style="background: #00003F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−78.3 (−108.9) </td> <td style="background: #000026; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−82.8 (−117.0) </td> <td style="background: #000032; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−80.6 (−113.1) </td> <td style="background: #000039; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−79.3 (−110.7) </td> <td style="background: #000039; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−79.4 (−110.9) </td> <td style="background: #000061; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−72.0 (−97.6) </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−55.0 (−67.0) </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.1 (−42.0) </td> <td style="background: #000026; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−82.8 (−117.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.3 (0.09) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.6 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.2 </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.3 </td> <td style="background: #1E1EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.2 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.5 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.7 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.6 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">203.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">497.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">406.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #404040; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">390.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">558.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">616.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,698.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #3F3F3F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures, 1981–2010, extremes 1957–present)<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (precipitation 1957–1988 and sun 1978–1993),<a href="#cite_note-DWD-40">[40]</a> NOAA (snowy days data, 1961–1988)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-41">[41]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Time">Time</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Time" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> In most places on Earth, local time is determined by <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the perceived position of the Sun in the sky (for example, at midday the Sun is roughly perceived to be at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole, where the Sun is seen to rise and set only once per year with solar elevation varying only with day of the year, not time of day. There is no <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a> reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Time">New Zealand Time</a> (UTC+12/UTC+13). This is because the US flies its resupply missions ("<a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a>") out of <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, which is supplied from <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Off-course <a href="/wiki/South_polar_skua" title="South polar skua">south polar skuas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_petrel" title="Snow petrel">snow petrels</a> are occasionally seen there.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 2000 it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> had been detected living in the South Pole ice.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Scientists published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Research" title="Gondwana Research">Gondwana Research</a> that evidence had been found of <a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur" title="Feathered dinosaur">dinosaurs with feathers</a> to protect the animals from the extreme cold. The <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> had been found over 100 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Koonwarra,_Victoria" title="Koonwarra, Victoria">Koonwarra</a>, Australia, but in <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> which had accumulated under a lake which had been near to the South Pole millions of years ago.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">List of Antarctic expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quest.nasa.gov/antarctica/background/cara/movpole.html">"Moving the South Pole"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716140440/http://quest.nasa.gov/antarctica/background/cara/movpole.html">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA Quest </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a>, National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved 22 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geography+Realm&rft.atitle=Which+Country+Has+the+Most+Time+Zones%3F&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographyrealm.com%2Fcountry-time-zones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Pole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Mark Sabbatini, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/2002-2003/2003_01_05.pdf">"Non-human life form seen at Pole"</a>, The Antarctic Sun, 5 January 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/827063.stm">"Snow microbes found at South Pole"</a>, BBC News, 10 July 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessie_Yeung2019" class="citation web cs1">Jessie Yeung (14 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/14/australia/feathered-dinosaur-australia-intl-hnk-scli-scn/index.html">"There used to be fluffy dinosaurs at the South Pole"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 14 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=There+used+to+be+fluffy+dinosaurs+at+the+South+Pole&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.au=Jessie+Yeung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F11%2F14%2Faustralia%2Ffeathered-dinosaur-australia-intl-hnk-scli-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Pole" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Pole" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:South Pole">South Pole</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Pole#Q933" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:South Pole">South Pole</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/spo/livecamera.html">NOAA South Pole Webcam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventure-antarctica.de/tag/panorama/">360° Panoramas of the South Pole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428185409/http://www.adventure-antarctica.de/tag/panorama/">Archived</a> 28 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://confluence.org/confluence.php?lat=-90&lon=0&visit=1">Images of this location</a> are available at the <a href="/wiki/Degree_Confluence_Project" title="Degree Confluence Project">Degree Confluence Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905040819/http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/gallery/SPO">South Pole Photo Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100426023311/http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1843">Poles</a> by the Australian Antarctic Division</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/">The Antarctic Sun</a> – Online news source for the U.S. Antarctic Program</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigdeadplace.com/">Big Dead Place</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625002841/http://www.bigdeadplace.com/">Archived</a> 25 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6281839.stm">UK team makes polar trek history</a> – BBC News article on first expedition to Pole of Inaccessibility without mechanical assistance</li> <li>Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/my-south-polar-expedition/">South Pole Expedition</a>, and read more about the recording on [australianscreen online].</li> <li>The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sounds_of_Australia" title="Sounds of Australia">Sounds of Australia</a> registry in 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&oldid=1242679999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&oldid=1242679999</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 August 2024, at 03:53 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidpool" title="Suidpool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suidpool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdpol" title="Südpol – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südpol" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B3" title="ደቡብ ዋልታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡብ ዋልታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%BEende_%C3%BE%C7%A3re_eaxe" title="Sūþende þǣre eaxe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūþende þǣre eaxe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="القطب الجنوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القطب الجنوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Sud" title="Polo Sud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polo Sud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81" title="কুমেৰু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কুমেৰু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_Sur" title="Polu Sur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polu Sur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nub_q%C3%BCtb%C3%BC" title="Cənub qütbü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənub qütbü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="جنوب قوطبو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوب قوطبو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Kelod" title="Kutub Kelod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kutub Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="দক্ষিণ মেরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ মেরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Salatan" title="Kutub Salatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kutub Salatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-ke%CC%8Dk" title="Lâm-ke̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-ke̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Көньяҡ полюс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ полюс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Паўднёвы полюс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвы полюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Паўднёвы полюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвы полюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan_na_Polo" title="Habagatan na Polo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Habagatan na Polo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Южен полюс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южен полюс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siidpoi" title="Siidpoi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Siidpoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_pol" title="Južni pol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južni pol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennahel_ar_Su" title="Pennahel ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pennahel ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Sud" title="Pol Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pol Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%C4%95" title="Кăнтăр полюсĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр полюсĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="South Pole" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_p%C3%B3l" title="Jižní pól – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní pól" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegwn_y_De" title="Pegwn y De – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pegwn y De" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydpolen" title="Sydpolen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydpolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdpol" title="Südpol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südpol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5unapoolus" title="Lõunapoolus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõunapoolus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νότιος Πόλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιος Πόλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_sur" title="Polo sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polo sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_poluso" title="Suda poluso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda poluso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoburua" title="Hegoburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8" title="قطب جنوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطب جنوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="South Pole" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4le_Sud" title="Pôle Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pôle Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdpoal" title="Súdpoal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súdpoal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pol_Theas" title="An Pol Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pol Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Sur" title="Polo Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polo Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="ЗӀилбухера дунен шод – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀилбухера дунен шод" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%BB%9E" title="南極點 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="南極點" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9%EC%A0%90" title="남극점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Հարավային բևեռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային բևեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="दक्षिणी ध्रुव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिणी ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polovi_ju%C5%BEne_polutke" title="Polovi južne polutke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polovi južne polutke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_polo" title="Suda polo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suda polo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagatan_nga_Ungto" title="Abagatan nga Ungto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abagatan nga Ungto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Selatan" title="Kutub Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kutub Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Sud" title="Polo Sud – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polo Sud" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-South_Pole" title="I-South Pole – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-South Pole" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urp%C3%B3llinn" title="Suðurpóllinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suðurpóllinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_sud" title="Polo sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polo sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="הקוטב הדרומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקוטב הדרומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Kidul" title="Kutub Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kutub Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಧ್ರುವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಧ್ರುವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Къыбыла полюс – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къыбыла полюс" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სამხრეთი პოლუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი პოლუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Оңтүстік полюс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік полюс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennaghel_an_Soth" title="Pennaghel an Soth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pennaghel an Soth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncha_ya_kusini" title="Ncha ya kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ncha ya kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemsera_Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr" title="Cemsera Başûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cemsera Başûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%8E%D0%BB" title="Түштүк уюл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк уюл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polus_australis" title="Polus australis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polus australis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidpols" title="Dienvidpols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidpols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdpol" title="Südpol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Südpol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_a%C5%A1igalis" title="Pietų ašigalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų ašigalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuudpoeal" title="Zuudpoeal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuudpoeal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9li-sark" title="Déli-sark – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Déli-sark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Јужен Пол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужен Пол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendrontany_Atsimo" title="Tendrontany Atsimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendrontany Atsimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ദക്ഷിണധ്രുവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണധ്രുവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="दक्षिण ध्रुव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ობჟათე პოლუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე პოლუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="قطب جنوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قطب جنوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="جنوب قطب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوب قطب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Selatan" title="Kutub Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kutub Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Selatan" title="Kutub Selatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kutub Selatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Өмнөд туйл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд туйл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တောင်ဝင်ရိုးစွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်ဝင်ရိုးစွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidpool" title="Zuidpool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidpool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="दक्षिणी ध्रुव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिणी ध्रुव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E7%82%B9" title="南極点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Къилба полюс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилба полюс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdpuul_(eerd)" title="Süüdpuul (eerd) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüdpuul (eerd)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydpolen" title="Sydpolen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sydpolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rpolen" title="Sørpolen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørpolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2l_Sud" title="Pòl Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pòl Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_qutb" title="Janubiy qutb – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy qutb" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਧਰੁਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਧਰੁਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimolan_%E2%80%99Apocok" title="Notimolan ’Apocok – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Notimolan ’Apocok" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="جنوبی قطب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی قطب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2l_Sud" title="Pòl Sud – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pòl Sud" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdpool" title="Süüdpool – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süüdpool" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biegun_po%C5%82udniowy" title="Biegun południowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biegun południowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Sul" title="Polo Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polo Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%BCp_qutub%C4%B1" title="Cenüp qutubı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cenüp qutubı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polul_Sud" title="Polul Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polul Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urin_qhipa" title="Urin qhipa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urin qhipa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Южный пол – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Южный пол" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Южный полюс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южный полюс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Соҕуруу полюс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруу полюс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="قطب جنوبی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قطب جنوبی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_sud" title="Polu sud – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polu sud" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli_i_Jugut" title="Poli i Jugut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poli i Jugut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polu_Sud" title="Polu Sud – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Polu Sud" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දක්ෂිණ ධ්‍රැවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Pole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="ڏاکڻي قطب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏاکڻي قطب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%BD_p%C3%B3l" title="Južný pól – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južný pól" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_te%C4%8Daj" title="Južni tečaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južni tečaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirifka_Koonfur" title="Cirifka Koonfur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cirifka Koonfur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جەمسەری باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەمسەری باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Јужни пол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни пол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_pol" title="Južni pol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni pol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4napa" title="Etelänapa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelänapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydpolen" title="Sydpolen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydpolen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog_Polo" title="Timog Polo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog Polo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தென் துருவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென் துருவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_sud" title="Pole sud – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pole sud" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Көньяк котып – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк котып" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ขั้วโลกใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขั้วโลกใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%A9_%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B" title="ᏧᎦᎾᏩ ᏩᏍᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᎦᎾᏩ ᏩᏍᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Kutbu" title="Güney Kutbu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Kutbu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_pol%C3%BDus" title="Günorta polýus – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta polýus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuung_A%CC%B1tak_Swanta" title="Tsuung A̱tak Swanta – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tsuung A̱tak Swanta" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Південний полюс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південний полюс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="قطب جنوبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قطب جنوبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89_%D9%82%DB%87%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%BE" title="جەنۇبى قۇتۇپ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەنۇبى قۇتۇپ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvinaba" title="Suvinaba – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suvinaba" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Nam Cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5un%C3%B5naba" title="Lõunõnaba – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõunõnaba" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5" title="南極 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南極" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katungtungan_Salatan" title="Katungtungan Salatan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katungtungan Salatan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottub_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Dottub Bëj-saalum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dottub Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81" title="南极 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南极" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="דרום פאלוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום פאלוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5" title="南極 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南極" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97it%C5%AB_puolios" title="Pėitū puolios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitū puolios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E7%82%B9" title="南极点 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南极点" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cf%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%8D_agan%CC%84_Osiki" title="Ọfọkọ agan̄ Osiki – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọfọkọ agan̄ Osiki" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_Kidul" title="Kutub Kidul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kutub Kidul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 August 2024, at 03:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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