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the personality trait, see <a href="/wiki/Cooperativeness" title="Cooperativeness">Cooperativeness</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cooperative (disambiguation)">Cooperative (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Co-op" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Co-op_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Co-op (disambiguation)">Co-op (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically-controlled <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enterprise" class="extiw" title="wikt:Enterprise">enterprise</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ica-principles-1">[1]</a> Cooperatives are democratically controlled by their members, with each member having one vote in electing the board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> They differ from <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectives</a> in that they are generally built from the bottom-up, rather than the top-down.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Cooperatives may include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperatives</a>: businesses owned and managed by the people who work there</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer cooperative">Consumer cooperatives</a>: businesses owned and managed by the people who consume goods and/or services provided by the cooperative</li> <li>Producer cooperatives: businesses where producers pool their output for their common benefit <ul><li>e.g. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing cooperatives</a> where members pool their purchasing power</li> <li>Multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups. For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors.</li> <li>Second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform cooperatives</a> that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services.</li></ul><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/220px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/330px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/440px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168"></a><figcaption>The volunteer board of a retail <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">consumers' cooperative</a>, such as the former <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Swindon_%26_Gloucester_Co-operative_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford, Swindon & Gloucester Co-operative Society">Oxford, Swindon & Gloucester Co-op</a>, is held to account at an annual general meeting of members.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> The Research published by the <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a> found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The turnover of the largest three hundred cooperatives in the world reached $2.2 <a href="/wiki/Trillion_(short_scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion (short scale)">trillion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Worker cooperatives are typically more productive<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and economically <a href="/wiki/Resilience_(organizational)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resilience (organizational)">resilient</a> than many other forms of enterprise, with twice the number of co-operatives (80%) surviving their first five years compared with other business <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> models (44%) according to data from United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-uk.coop-7">[7]</a> The largest worker owned cooperative in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a> (founded by Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">José María Arizmendiarrieta</a>), has been in continuous operation since 1956.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Cooperatives frequently have social goals, which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities. As an example of this, in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Retail_co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail co-operative">retail co-operatives</a> in the UK invested 6.9% of their pre-tax profits in the communities in which they trade, compared to 2.4% for rival supermarkets.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Since 2002, cooperatives have been distinguishable on the Internet through the use of a <a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a> domain. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a> (ICA) introduced the Cooperative Marque, meaning ICA cooperatives and <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Credit_Unions" title="World Council of Credit Unions">WOCCU</a> credit unions can also be identified through a coop <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">ethical consumerism</a> label. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins_and_history">1 Origins and history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Meaning">2 Meaning</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Identity">2.1 Identity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Co-op_principles_and_values">2.1.1 Co-op principles and values</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Co-op_Marque_and_domain">2.1.2 Co-op Marque and domain</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Cooperatives_as_legal_entities">2.2 Cooperatives as legal entities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Cooperative_share_capital">2.3 Cooperative share capital</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Types_of_cooperatives">3 Types of cooperatives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Consumers'_cooperative">3.1 Consumers' cooperative</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Retail_cooperative">3.1.1 Retail cooperative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Housing_cooperative">3.1.2 Housing cooperative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Utility_cooperative">3.1.3 Utility cooperative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Credit_unions,_cooperative_banking_and_cooperative_insurance">3.1.4 Credit unions, cooperative banking and cooperative insurance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Community_co-operative">3.1.5 Community co-operative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Worker_cooperative">3.2 Worker cooperative</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Business_and_employment_cooperative">3.2.1 Business and employment cooperative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Purchasing_cooperative">3.3 Purchasing cooperative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Producer_cooperative">3.4 Producer cooperative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Multi-stakeholder_cooperatives">3.5 Multi-stakeholder cooperatives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Social_cooperative">3.5.1 Social cooperative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#SCIC">3.5.2 SCIC</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Multi-stakeholding_in_retailing">3.5.3 Multi-stakeholding in retailing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#New_generation_cooperative">3.5.4 New generation cooperative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Other">3.6 Other</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Platform_cooperative">3.6.1 Platform cooperative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Volunteer_cooperative">3.6.2 Volunteer cooperative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Federal_or_secondary_cooperative">3.7 Federal or secondary cooperative</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Cooperative_union">3.7.1 Cooperative union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Cooperative_political_movements">3.7.2 Cooperative political movements</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-30"><a href="#UK">3.7.2.1 UK</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Working_conditions">4 Working conditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Wages">4.1 Wages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Stability_of_contracts">4.2 Stability of contracts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Workload">4.3 Workload</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Internal_democracy">4.4 Internal democracy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Suggestions_to_improve_internal_democracy_within_a_cooperative">4.4.1 Suggestions to improve internal democracy within a cooperative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Legal_status_of_cooperative_workers:_employees_or_employed?">4.5 Legal status of cooperative workers: employees or employed?</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#The_problem_of_labour_fraud">4.6 The problem of labour fraud</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Suggestions_to_improve_workers'_conditions_within_a_cooperative">4.7 Suggestions to improve workers' conditions within a cooperative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Economic_performance">5 Economic performance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Job_productivity">5.1 Job productivity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Economic_stability">5.2 Economic stability</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#In_Europe">5.2.1 In Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#In_North_America">5.2.2 In North America</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-45"><a href="#In_the_United_States_of_America">5.2.2.1 In the United States of America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-46"><a href="#In_Canada">5.2.2.2 In Canada</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Cooperative_financing">6 Cooperative financing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Self_financing_(social_base)">6.1 Self financing (social base)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Capital_by_members">6.1.1 Capital by members</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Social_loans">6.1.2 Social loans</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Cooperative_resources">6.2 Cooperative resources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Gross_profits">6.2.1 Gross profits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Proceeds_from_assets">6.2.2 Proceeds from assets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#Balance_sheet_assets">6.2.3 Balance sheet assets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Financial_grants">6.3 Financial grants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="#Donations">6.3.1 Donations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="#Crowdfunding">6.3.2 Crowdfunding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#Foundations_and_Governments_financing">6.3.3 Foundations and Governments financing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59"><a href="#Challenge_grants">6.3.4 Challenge grants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Lending">6.4 Lending</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-61"><a href="#Concessional/Flexible_Loans">6.4.1 Concessional/Flexible Loans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-62"><a href="#Crowdlending">6.4.2 Crowdlending</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-63"><a href="#Social_bonds">6.4.3 Social bonds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="#Equity_investments">6.5 Equity investments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-65"><a href="#Direct_equity_investment">6.5.1 Direct equity investment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-66"><a href="#Financing_members">6.5.2 Financing members</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-67"><a href="#Other_forms_of_equity_investments">6.5.3 Other forms of equity investments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Redistribution_of_profit">6.6 Redistribution of profit</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-69"><a href="#Capital_reinvestment">6.6.1 Capital reinvestment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-70"><a href="#Patronage_refund">6.6.2 Patronage refund</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-71"><a href="#Dividends">6.6.3 Dividends</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-72"><a href="#Unallocated_Retained_Earnings,_or_%22cushion_fund%22">6.6.4 Unallocated Retained Earnings, or "cushion fund"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-73"><a href="#Redistribution_of_losses">6.7 Redistribution of losses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-74"><a href="#Make_use_of_the_%22cushion_funds%22">6.7.1 Make use of the "cushion funds"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-75"><a href="#Allocate_the_losses_to_the_members">6.7.2 Allocate the losses to the members</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-76"><a href="#Job_satisfaction">7 Job satisfaction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-77"><a href="#Women_in_cooperatives">8 Women in cooperatives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-78"><a href="#Cooperatives_in_popular_culture">9 Cooperatives in popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-79"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-80"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-81"><a href="#Bibliography">12 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-82"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement_in_China" title="History of the cooperative movement in China">History of the cooperative movement in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium (ancient Rome)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History of insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_law#History" title="Labour law">Labour law § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></div> Cooperation dates back as far as human beings have been organizing for mutual benefits. Tribes were organized as cooperative structures, allocating jobs and resources among each other, only trading with the external communities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In alpine environments, trade could only be maintained in organized cooperatives to achieve a useful condition of artificial roads such as <a href="/wiki/Viamala" title="Viamala">Viamala</a> in 1472.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Pre-industrial Europe is home to the first cooperatives from an industrial context.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide. In the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, post-<a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> forms of cooperation between workers and owners that are expressed today as "<a href="/wiki/Profit_sharing" title="Profit sharing">profit sharing</a>" and "surplus sharing" arrangements existed as far back as 1795.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The key ideological influence on the Anglosphere branch of the cooperative movement, however, was a rejection of the charity principles that underpinned welfare reforms when the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> radically revised its <a href="/wiki/Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a> in 1834. As both state and church institutions began to routinely distinguish between the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor, a movement of friendly societies grew throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> based on the principle of mutuality, committed to self-help in the welfare of working people.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_(1771_-_1858)_by_John_Cranch,_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="369"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> (1771–1858) was a social reformer and a pioneer of the cooperative movement.</figcaption></figure> In 1761, the <a href="/wiki/Fenwick_Weavers%27_Society" title="Fenwick Weavers' Society">Fenwick Weavers' Society</a> was formed in <a href="/wiki/Fenwick,_East_Ayrshire" title="Fenwick, East Ayrshire">Fenwick, East Ayrshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> to sell <a href="/wiki/Discounts_and_allowances" title="Discounts and allowances">discounted</a> <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a> to local workers.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Its services expanded to include assistance with savings and loans, emigration and education. In 1810, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, from Newtown in mid-<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and his partners purchased the <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a> mill from Owen's father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/David_Dale" title="David Dale">David Dale</a>, and proceeded to introduce better labour standards, including discounted retail shops where profits were passed on to his employees. Owen left New Lanark to pursue other forms of cooperative organization and develop coop ideas through writing and lecture. Cooperative communities were set up in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, although ultimately unsuccessful. In 1828, <a href="/wiki/William_King_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William King (doctor)">William King</a> set up a newspaper, The Cooperator, to promote Owen's thinking, having already set up a cooperative store in Brighton.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Also in 1810, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Duncan_(minister)" title="Henry Duncan (minister)">Rev. Henry Duncan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ruthwell" title="Ruthwell">Ruthwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian Church</a> in Dumfriesshire, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly society</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">cooperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">depository institution</a> at which his poorest parishioners could hold <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings accounts</a> accruing interest for <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">sickness and old-age</a>, which was the first established <a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings bank</a> that would be merged into the <a href="/wiki/Trustee_Savings_Bank" title="Trustee Savings Bank">Trustee Savings Bank</a> between 1970 and 1985.<a href="#cite_note-lloyds-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-GFS-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a>, founded in 1844, is usually considered the first successful cooperative enterprise, used as a model for modern coops, following the '<a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>'. A group of 28 weavers and other artisans in <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, England set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. Within ten years there were over a thousand cooperative societies in the United Kingdom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da,_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D,_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe,_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg/220px-Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg/220px-Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg/330px-Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg/440px-Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The statue of Samuel Jurkovič, national awakener and founder of first cooperative in Central Europe (Spolok Gazdovský) in Rača, Bratislava</figcaption></figure> "Spolok Gazdovský" (The Association of Administrators or The Association of Farmers) founded in 1845 by Samuel Jurkovič, was the first cooperative in Europe (<a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a>). The cooperative provided a cheap loan from funds generated by regular savings for members of the cooperative. Members of cooperative had to commit to a moral life and had to plant two trees in a public place every year. Despite the short duration of its existence, until 1851, it thus formed the basis of the cooperative movement in Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Slovak national thinker <a href="/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr" title="Ľudovít Štúr">Ľudovít Štúr</a> said about the association: "We would very much like such excellent constitutions to be established throughout our region. They would help to rescue people from evil and misery. A beautiful, great idea, a beautiful excellent constitution!"<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Other events such as the founding of a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly society</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a> in 1832 were key occasions in the creation of organized labor and consumer movements.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Friendly Societies established forums through which <a href="/wiki/One_member,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One member, one vote">one member, one vote</a> was practiced in organisation decision-making. The principles challenged the idea that a person should be an owner of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> before being granted a political voice. Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century (and then repeatedly every twenty years or so) there was a surge in the number of cooperative organisations, both in commercial practice and civil society, operating to advance democracy and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> as a political principle.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Friendly Societies and consumer cooperatives became the dominant form of organization among working people in Anglosphere <a href="/wiki/Industrial_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial societies">industrial societies</a> prior to the rise of trade unions and industrial factories. Weinbren reports that by the end of the 19th century, over 80% of British working age men and 90% of Australian working age men were members of one or more Friendly Society.<a href="#cite_note-Weinbren-24">[24]</a> From the mid-nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual organisation">mutual organisations</a> embraced these ideas in economic enterprises, firstly among tradespeople, and later in cooperative stores, educational institutes, financial institutions and industrial enterprises. The common thread (enacted in different ways, and subject to the constraints of various systems of national law) is the principle that an enterprise or association should be owned and controlled by the people it serves, and share any surpluses on the basis of each member's cooperative contribution (as a producer, labourer or consumer) rather than their capacity to invest financial capital.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a> was the first international association formed (1895) by the cooperative movement.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It includes the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Credit_Unions" title="World Council of Credit Unions">World Council of Credit Unions</a>. The International Cooperative Alliance was founded in London, England on 19 August 1895 during the 1st Cooperative Congress.<a href="#cite_note-ica.coop-26">[26]</a> In attendance were delegates from cooperatives from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, England, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, India, Italy, Switzerland, Serbia, and the US.<a href="#cite_note-ica.coop-26">[26]</a> A second organization formed later in Germany: the International <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Raiffeisen</a> Union. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cooperative_Business_Association" title="National Cooperative Business Association">National Cooperative Business Association</a> (NCBA CLUSA; the abbreviation of the organization retains the initials of its former name, Cooperative League of the USA) serves as the <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">sector</a>'s oldest national membership association. It is dedicated to ensuring that cooperative businesses have the same opportunities as other businesses operating in the country and that consumers have access to cooperatives in the marketplace. In 1945 <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Ilmari Virtanen</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/AIV_fodder" title="AIV fodder">AIV silage</a>. This invention improved milk production and created a method of preserving butter, the AIV salt, which led to increased Finnish butter exports. He had started his career in chemistry in <a href="/wiki/Valio" title="Valio">Valio</a>, a cooperative of dairy farmers in which he headed the research department for 50 years and where all his major inventions were first put to practice. Cooperative banks were first to adopt online banking. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Federal_Credit_Union" title="Stanford Federal Credit Union">Stanford Federal Credit Union</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1996 <a href="/wiki/OP_Financial_Group" title="OP Financial Group">OP Financial Group</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative bank">cooperative bank</a>, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By 2004 a new association focused on worker co-ops was founded, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federation_of_Worker_Cooperatives" title="United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives">United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives</a>. The cooperative movement has been fueled globally by ideas of <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a>. Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that suggests an expansion of decision-making power from a small minority of corporate shareholders to a larger majority of public stakeholders. There are many different approaches to thinking about and building economic democracy. Anarchists are committed to <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> and have focused on local organization, including locally managed cooperatives, linked through confederations of unions, cooperatives and communities. Marxists, who as socialists have likewise held and worked for the goal of democratizing productive and reproductive relationships, often placed a greater strategic emphasis on confronting the larger scales of human organization. As they viewed the capitalist class to be politically, militarily and culturally mobilized for the purpose of maintaining an exploitable working class, they fought in the early 20th century to appropriate from the capitalist class the society's collective political capacity in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">the state</a>. Though they regard the state as an unnecessarily oppressive institution, Marxists considered appropriating national and international-scale capitalist institutions and resources (such as the state) to be an important first pillar in creating conditions favorable to solidaristic economies.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">declining influence of the USSR</a> after the 1960s, socialist strategies pluralized, though economic democratizers have not as yet established a fundamental challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of global <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Meaning">Meaning</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meaning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity"> Identity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Co-op_principles_and_values">Co-op principles and values</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Co-op principles and values" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many cooperatives follow the seven <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>:<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <ol><li>Voluntary and open membership</li> <li>Democratic member control, with each member having one vote.</li> <li>Economic participation by members</li> <li>Autonomy and independence</li> <li>Education, training and information</li> <li>Cooperation among cooperatives</li> <li>Concern for community</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Co-op_Marque_and_domain">Co-op Marque and domain</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Co-op Marque and domain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_international_co-op_marque.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Blue_international_co-op_marque.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Blue_international_co-op_marque.png" data-width="200" data-height="125" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Co-op Marque, a symbol used by co-operatives internationally</figcaption></figure> Since 2002, <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">ICA</a> cooperatives and <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Credit_Unions" title="World Council of Credit Unions">WOCCU</a> <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a> could be distinguished by use of a <a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a> domain. In 2014, ICA introduced the Global Cooperative Marque<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> for use by ICAs<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Cooperative members and by WOCCU's Credit Union members so they can be further identified<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> by their coop <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">ethical consumerism</a> label. The marque is used today by thousands of cooperatives in more than a hundred countries.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The .coop domain and Co-operative Marque were designed as a new symbol of the global cooperative movement and its collective identity in the digital age. The Co-operative Marque and domain is reserved just for co-operatives, credit unions and organisations that support co-operatives; is distinguished by its ethical badge that subscribes to the seven ICA Cooperative Principles and Co-op Values. Co-ops can be identified on the Internet through the use of the .coop <a href="/wiki/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">suffix of internet addresses</a>. Organizations using .coop domain names must adhere to the basic co-op values. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperatives_as_legal_entities">Cooperatives as legal entities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cooperatives as legal entities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet,_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6319" data-file-height="4004"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg/440px-Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cooperative of agricultural products of <a href="/wiki/Alginet" title="Alginet">Alginet</a>, 1963</figcaption></figure> A cooperative is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal entity</a> owned and democratically controlled by its members. Members often have a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its employees.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The legal entities have a range of social characteristics. Membership is open, meaning that anyone who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join. Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member's level of participation in the cooperative, for instance, by a dividend on sales or purchases, rather than according to <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> invested.<a href="#cite_note-Identity-40">[40]</a> Cooperatives may be classified as either worker, consumer, producer, purchasing or housing cooperatives.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> They are distinguished from other forms of incorporation in that profit-making or economic stability are balanced by the interests of the community.<a href="#cite_note-Identity-40">[40]</a> There are specific forms of incorporation for cooperatives in some countries, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or by guarantee, partnerships or unincorporated associations. In the UK they may also use the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society" title="Industrial and provident society">industrial and provident society</a> structure. In the US, cooperatives are often organized as non-capital stock corporations under state-specific cooperative laws. Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a>, which are divided among the members according to their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of according to the value of their capital shareholdings (as is done by a <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperative_share_capital">Cooperative share capital</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cooperative share capital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The cooperative share capital<a href="#cite_note-tepa-44">[44]</a> or co-operative share capital (in short cooperative capital<a href="#cite_note-tepa-44">[44]</a> or co-operative capital) is the form of capital that the cooperative accumulates from the paid participation shares of its members.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-tepa-44">[44]</a> The total amount of participation shares the paid to the cooperative constitutes the cooperative capital.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The co-operative share capital is usually non-withdrawable and indivisible to the cooperative members.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Types_of_cooperatives">Types of cooperatives</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of cooperatives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg/220px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="179"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 105px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg/220px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg/330px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City, is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg/220px-Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="3102"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg/220px-Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg/330px-Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg/440px-Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The two largest supermarkets chains in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Migros" title="Migros">Migros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coop_(Switzerland)" title="Coop (Switzerland)">Coop</a>, are cooperatives. The third largest bank, <a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_(Switzerland)" title="Raiffeisen (Switzerland)">Raiffeisen</a>, is a cooperative as well.</figcaption></figure> The top 300 largest cooperatives were listed in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a>. 80% were involved in either <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">finance</a>, or retail and more than half were in the United States, Italy, or France. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumers'_cooperative">Consumers' cooperative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consumers' cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">Consumers' cooperative</a></div> A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers. Members vote on major decisions and elect the board of directors from among their own number. The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North-West of England by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the local shops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retail_cooperative">Retail cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retail cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Retail cooperatives are retailers, such as grocery stores, owned by their customers. They should not be confused with retailers' cooperatives, whose members are retailers rather than consumers. In Singapore, Italy, and Finland the company with the largest market share in the grocery store sector is a consumer owned cooperative.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In Switzerland both the largest and the second largest retailer are consumer owned cooperatives.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Housing_cooperative">Housing cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Housing cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing cooperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building cooperative</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperative</a> is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> (share capital co-op) reflecting their equity in the cooperative's real estate or have membership and occupancy rights in a <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> cooperative (non-share capital co-op), and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent. Housing cooperatives come in three basic equity structures <ul><li>In market-rate housing cooperatives, members may sell their shares in the cooperative whenever they like for whatever price the market will bear, much like any other residential property. Market-rate co-ops are very common in New York City.</li> <li>Limited equity housing cooperatives, which are often used by <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a> developers, allow members to own some equity in their home, but limit the sale price of their membership share to that which they paid.</li> <li>Group equity or zero-equity housing cooperatives do not allow members to own equity in their residences and often have rental agreements well below market rates.</li></ul> Members of a building cooperative (in Britain known as a self-build housing cooperative) pool resources to build housing, normally using a high proportion of their own labor. When the building is finished, each member is the sole owner of a homestead, and the cooperative may be dissolved. This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Building_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Building societies">building societies</a>, which however, developed into "permanent" <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual</a> <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings and loan">savings and loan</a> organisations, a term which persisted in some of their names (such as the former Leeds Permanent). Nowadays such self-building may be financed using a step-by-step <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> which is released in stages as the building is completed. The term may also refer to worker cooperatives in the building trade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Utility_cooperative">Utility cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Utility cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility cooperative</a></div> A utility cooperative is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">consumers' cooperative</a> that is tasked with the delivery of a <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a> such as electricity, water or telecommunications services to its members. <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">Profits</a> are either reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of "patronage" or "capital credits", which are essentially <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a> paid on a member's investment into the cooperative. In the United States, many cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Utilities Service</a>. In the case of electricity, cooperatives are generally either generation and transmission (G&T) co-ops that create and send power via the transmission grid or local distribution co-ops that gather electricity from a variety of sources and send it along to homes and businesses. In Tanzania, it has been proven that the cooperative method is helpful in water distribution. When the people are involved with their own water, they care more because the quality of their work has a direct effect on the quality of their water.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Credit_unions,_cooperative_banking_and_cooperative_insurance">Credit unions, cooperative banking and cooperative insurance</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Credit unions, cooperative banking and cooperative insurance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg/220px-Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg/220px-Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg/330px-Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg/440px-Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank" title="The Co-operative Bank">The Co-operative Bank</a>'s head office in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The statue in front is of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, a pioneer in the cooperative movement.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit unions</a> are cooperative <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a> owned and controlled by their members. Credit unions provide to its members the same services as banks but are considered <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> organizations and adhere to <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">cooperative principles</a>. Credit unions originated in mid-19th-century Germany through the efforts of pioneers <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Schulze-Delitzsch" title="Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch">Franz Herman Schulze'Delitzsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a>. The concept of financial cooperatives crossed the Atlantic at the turn of the 20th century, when the caisse populaire movement was started by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Desjardins_(co-operator)" title="Alphonse Desjardins (co-operator)">Alphonse Desjardins</a> in Quebec, Canada. In 1900, from his home in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vis,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévis, Quebec">Lévis</a>, he opened North America's first credit union, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Desjardins" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Desjardins">Mouvement Desjardins</a>. Eight years later, Desjardins provided guidance for the first credit union in the <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Credit unions in the United States">United States</a>, where there are now about 7,950 active status federally insured credit unions, with almost 90 million members and more than $679 billion on deposit. Financial cooperatives hold a significant market share in Europe and Latin America, as well as a few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. They also have a strong presence in Asia, Australia, and the United States. According to the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU), there were 68,882 financial cooperatives in 109 countries in 2016, serving more than 235 million members, with total assets exceeding 1.7 trillion dollars. The WOCCU's data do not include some major financial cooperative networks in Europe, such as Germany, Finland, France, Denmark, and Italy. In many high-income economies, financial cooperatives hold significant market shares of the banking sector.<a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-54">[54]</a> According to the European Association of Cooperative Banks, the market share of cooperative banks in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) credit market by the end of 2016 was 37% in Finland, 45% in France, 33% in Germany, 43% in the Netherlands, and 22% in Canada. In Germany, Volksbanken-Raiffeisen banks have a market share of approximately 21% of domestic credit and domestic deposits. In the Netherlands, Rabobank holds 34% of deposits, and in France cooperative banks (Crédit Agricole, Crédit Mutuel and BPCE Group) possess more than 59% of domestic credit and 61% of domestic deposits. In Finland, OP financial group holds 35% and 38% of domestic credit and deposits, respectively, and in Canada, Desjardins holds around 42% of domestic deposits and 22% of domestic credit.<a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-54">[54]</a> There are many types of cooperative financial institutions with different names across the world, including financial cooperatives ('cooperativa financiera' is the Spanish term used in Latin America), cooperative banks, credit unions, and savings and credit cooperatives ('cooperativa de ahorro y crédito' in Spanish or 'coopérative d'épargne et de credit' in French-speaking countries).<a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-54">[54]</a> Cooperative banking networks, which were nationalized in Eastern Europe, continued as cooperative institutions. In Poland, the SKOK (Spółdzielcze Kasy Oszczędnościowo-Kredytowe) network grew to serve over 1 million members via 13,000 branches,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] and was[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] larger than the country's largest conventional bank.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, there is a clear distinction between <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">mutual savings banks</a> (Sparbank) and true <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit unions">credit unions</a> (Andelsbank).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The oldest cooperative banks in Europe, based on the ideas of Friedrich Raiffeisen, are joined[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in the 'Urgenossen'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community_co-operative">Community co-operative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Community co-operative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A community cooperative is owned and governed by members of a local geographical community. It is established to meet the community's needs by providing goods or services that are not available or affordable through traditional market channels. This is distinct from meeting individuals' needs as individuals. The aim of a community cooperative is often to create a more equitable and sustainable economy that serves the needs of local residents, rather than generating profits for external shareholders. By working together and pooling resources, members can often achieve economies of scale, negotiate better prices, and develop services that better meet the needs of their community. Community cooperatives can also help to build social capital and foster a sense of community ownership and pride. They have been successful vehicles for rural development in the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> in Ireland and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_co-operatives_in_the_Highlands_and_Islands_of_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community co-operatives in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (page does not exist)">Highlands and Islands</a> of Scotland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worker_cooperative">Worker cooperative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Worker cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cooperative" title="Special:EditPage/Cooperative">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cooperative%22">"Cooperative"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cooperative%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cooperative%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cooperative%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cooperative%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cooperative%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A worker cooperative or producer cooperative is a cooperative owned and democratically controlled by its "worker-owners". In a pure worker cooperative, only the workers own shares of the business on a <a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one person, one vote</a> basis, though hybrid forms exist in which consumers, community members or investors also own some shares (though these shares may or may not have voting power). In practice, control by worker-owners may be exercised through individual, collective or majority ownership by the workforce, or the retention of individual, collective or majority voting rights. A worker cooperative, therefore, has the characteristic that the majority of its workforce owns shares, and the majority of shares are owned by the workforce. Membership is not always compulsory for employees, but generally, only employees can become members either directly (as shareholders) or indirectly through membership of a trust that owns the company. The impact of political ideology on practice constrains the development of cooperatives in different countries. In India, there is a form of workers' cooperative which insists on compulsory membership for all employees and compulsory employment for all members. That is the form of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coffee_House" title="Indian Coffee House">Indian Coffee Houses</a>. This system was advocated by the Indian communist leader <a href="/wiki/A._K._Gopalan" title="A. K. Gopalan">A. K. Gopalan</a>. In places like the UK, common ownership (indivisible collective ownership) was popular in the 1970s. Cooperative Societies only became legal in Britain after the passing of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Provident_Societies_Partnership_Act_1852" title="Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act 1852">Slaney's Act</a> in 1852. In 1865 there were 651 registered societies with a total membership of well over 200,000. There are now more than 400 worker cooperatives in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Suma_(co-operative)" title="Suma (co-operative)">Suma Wholefoods</a> being the largest example with a turnover of £24 million. There also exist some pseudo-cooperatives, such as the John Lewis Partnership, where profits are distributed to the workers, but at the discretion of a senior elected board. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_and_employment_cooperative">Business and employment cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Business and employment cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Business and employment cooperatives (BECs) are a subset of worker cooperatives that represent a new approach to providing support to the creation of new businesses. Like other business creation support schemes, BEC's enable budding entrepreneurs to experiment with their business idea while benefiting from a secure income. The innovation BECs introduce is that once the businesses are established, the entrepreneurs are not forced to leave and set up independently, but can stay and become full members of the cooperative. The micro-enterprises then combine to form one multi-activity enterprise whose members provide a mutually supportive environment for each other. BECs thus provide budding business people with an easy transition from inactivity to self-employment, but in a collective framework. They open up new horizons for people who have ambition but who lack the skills or confidence needed to set off entirely on their own – or who simply want to carry on an independent economic activity but within a supportive group context.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchasing_cooperative">Purchasing cooperative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Purchasing cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing cooperative</a></div> A "purchasing cooperative" is a type of cooperative arrangement, often among businesses, to agree to aggregate demand to get lower prices from selected suppliers. Retailers' cooperatives are a form of purchasing cooperative. Major purchasing cooperatives include <a href="/wiki/Best_Western" title="Best Western">Best Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACE_Hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE Hardware">ACE Hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/CCA_Global_Partners" title="CCA Global Partners">CCA Global Partners</a>. Agricultural service cooperatives provide various services to their individual farming members, and to agricultural production cooperatives, where production resources such as land or machinery are pooled and members farm jointly.<a href="#cite_note-Cobia-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supply</a> cooperatives aggregate purchases, storage, and distribution of farm inputs for their members. By taking advantage of volume discounts and using other <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economies of scale</a>, supply cooperatives bring down members' costs. Supply cooperatives may provide seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, fuel, and farm machinery. Some supply cooperatives also operate machinery pools that provide mechanical field services (e.g., plowing, harvesting) to their members. Examples include the American cranberry-and-grapefruit cooperative <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Spray_(cooperative)" title="Ocean Spray (cooperative)">Ocean Spray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farm">collective farms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibbutzim">kibbutzim</a> in Israel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producer_cooperative">Producer cooperative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Producer cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Producer cooperatives have producers as their members and provide services involved in moving a product from the point of production to the point of consumption. Unlike worker cooperatives, they allow businesses with multiple employees to join. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishery_cooperative" title="Fishery cooperative">fishery cooperatives</a> are such examples. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_marketing" title="Agricultural marketing">Agricultural marketing</a> cooperatives operate a series of interconnected activities involving planning production, growing and <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvesting</a>, grading, packing, transport, storage, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, distribution and sale. Agricultural marketing cooperatives are often formed to promote specific commodities. Commercially successful agricultural marketing cooperatives include India's <a href="/wiki/Amul" title="Amul">Amul</a> (dairy products), which is the world's largest producer of milk and milk products, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Farmers_of_America" title="Dairy Farmers of America">Dairy Farmers of America</a> (dairy products) in the United States, and Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/FELDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FELDA">FELDA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>). Producer cooperatives may also be organized by small businesses for pooling their savings and accessing capital, for acquiring supplies and services, or for marketing products and services. Producer cooperatives among urban artisans were developed in the mid-19th-century in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Schulze-Delitzsch" title="Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch">Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch</a>, who also promoted changes to the legal system (the Prussian Genossenschaftsgesetz of 1867) that facilitated such cooperatives.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> At about the same time, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a> developed similar cooperatives among rural people.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-stakeholder_cooperatives">Multi-stakeholder cooperatives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multi-stakeholder cooperatives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Multi-stakeholder cooperatives include representation from different stakeholder groups, such as both consumers and workers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_cooperative">Social cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social cooperative</a></div> Cooperatives traditionally combine social benefit interests with capitalistic property-right interests. Cooperatives achieve a mix of social and capital purposes by democratically governing distribution questions by and between equal but not controlling members. Democratic oversight of decisions to equitably distribute assets and other benefits means capital ownership is arranged in a way for social benefit inside the organization. External societal benefit is also encouraged by incorporating the operating-principle of cooperation between co-operatives. In the final year of the 20th century, cooperatives banded together to establish a number of <a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">social enterprise</a> agencies that have moved to adopt the multi-stakeholder cooperative model. In the years 1994–2009 the EU and its member nations gradually revised national accounting systems to "make visible" the increasing contribution of <a href="/wiki/Social_economy" title="Social economy">social economy</a> organizations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A particularly successful form of multi-stakeholder cooperative is the Italian "social cooperative", of which some 11,000 exist.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> "Type A" social cooperatives bring together providers and beneficiaries of a social service as members. "Type B" social cooperatives bring together permanent workers and previously unemployed people who wish to integrate into the labor market. They are legally defined as follows: <ul><li>no more than 80% of profits may be distributed, interest is limited to the bond rate, and dissolution is altruistic (assets may not be distributed)</li> <li>the cooperative has legal personality and limited liability</li> <li>the objective is the general benefit of the community and the social integration of citizens</li> <li>those of type B integrate disadvantaged people into the labour market. The categories of disadvantage they target may include physical and mental disability, drug and alcohol addiction, developmental disorders and problems with the law. They do not include other factors of disadvantage such as unemployment, race, sexual orientation or abuse.</li> <li>type A cooperatives provide health, social or educational services</li> <li>various categories of stakeholder may become members, including paid employees, beneficiaries, volunteers (up to 50% of members), financial investors and public institutions. In type B cooperatives at least 30% of the members must be from the disadvantaged target groups</li> <li>voting is one person one vote</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SCIC">SCIC</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: SCIC" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The SCIC – Société coopérative d'intérêt collective (co-operative society of collective interest) is a type of multi-stakeholder co-operative structure introduced in France in 1982. A SCIC must have at least three different categories of members, including users and employees. Other stakeholder groups that may be represented are volunteers, public authorities and other individual or corporate supporters. Voting is on a 'one member, one vote' basis, though voting in colleges is also provided for under certain circumstances. SCICs must have a 'general interest' objective. Public bodies can subscribe for up to 20% of the capital. The status allows an association to convert into a co-operative without having to change its legal form. The relative rigidity of the structure, combined with the government's failure to grant tax relief, has limited its take-up.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multi-stakeholding_in_retailing">Multi-stakeholding in retailing</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Multi-stakeholding in retailing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Multi-stakeholder co-operatives also exist in the retail sector. An example is Färm,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> a Belgian wholefood retailing cooperative founded in 2015 which favours organic and local produce. It operates 16 shops, of which 11 are in Brussels. Categories of members: The cooperative brings together all the participants in the food chain from farm to fork, represented by six different categories of members: <ul><li>A Investors: the people providing the financial means necessary to achieve the enterprise's ambitions, currently four of the project's founders. This category holds 94% of the shares but only exercises 50% of the votes. The board will consider applications from people wishing to invest in excess of €25,000;</li> <li>B Managers: the members of Färm's management;</li> <li>C Workers: members of staff working at Färm, who currently number 36;</li> <li>D Sympathisers: clients and people who want to support the project without having a contractual or commercial relationship with it. Anyone can become part of this category by buying shares worth a minimum of €105 (currently 5 shares of €21), and a maximum of €5,000. As of September 2020 the cooperative was not accepting new members;</li> <li>E Suppliers and producers: there is no obligation to hold shares in order to collaborate commercially with Färm, but the enterprise finds it nice that the two groups support each other;</li> <li>F Supporters: self-employed people who have opened a store under the Färm brand.</li></ul> Governance Each member has one vote. The members elect the board of 10 at the annual general meeting. Each category of members has at least one board member to represent them. An innovative governance provision ensure that no one group of members can dominate the others. In practice board decisions are taken by consensus. In the event of a vote, each director has one vote, and except where the cooperative's registered or internal rules provide otherwise, decisions are taken by simple majority of those present or represented. But in the event of a tie, if the votes of a group of voters all belong to the same category, the votes of the other categories prevail. To ensure that members are committed to the cooperative's values, vision and objectives, to guarantee its long-term finance and to limit financial speculation, shares are not transferable for a period of four years. Members receive a 2% discount on purchases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_generation_cooperative">New generation cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New generation cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> New generation cooperatives (NGCs) are an adaptation of traditional cooperative structures to modern, capital intensive industries. They are sometimes described as a hybrid between traditional co-ops and limited liability companies or public benefit corporations. They were first developed in California and spread and flourished in the US <a href="/wiki/Mid-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-West">Mid-West</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> They are now common in Canada where they operate primarily in agriculture and food services, where their primary purpose is to <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">add value</a> to <a href="/wiki/Primary_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary products">primary products</a>. For example, producing <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, pasta from <a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">durum wheat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Goat%27s_milk_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat's milk cheese">gourmet cheese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Goat%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat's milk">goat's milk</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platform_cooperative">Platform cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Platform cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform cooperative</a></div> A platform cooperative, or platform co-op, is a cooperatively owned, democratically governed business that establishes a computing platform, and uses a protocol, website or mobile app to facilitate the sale of goods and services. Platform cooperatives are an alternative to venture capital-funded platforms insofar as they are owned and governed by those who depend on them most—workers, users, and other relevant stakeholders. Proponents of platform cooperativism claim that, by ensuring the financial and social value of a platform circulate among these participants, platform cooperatives will bring about a more equitable and fair digitally mediated economy in contrast with the extractive models of corporate intermediaries. Platform cooperatives differ from traditional cooperatives not only due to their use of digital technologies, but also by their contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a> for the purpose of fostering an equitable social and economic landscape. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volunteer_cooperative">Volunteer cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Volunteer cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A volunteer cooperative is a cooperative that is run by and for a network of volunteers, for the benefit of a defined membership or the general public, to achieve some goal. Depending on the structure, it may be a <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organization</a>, which is operated according to the principles of cooperative governance. The most basic form of volunteer-run cooperative is a <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary association</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">lodge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_club" title="Social club">social club</a> may be organized on this basis. A volunteer-run co-op is distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperative</a> in that the latter is by definition <a href="/wiki/Employee-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee-owned corporation">employee-owned</a>, whereas the volunteer cooperative is typically a <a href="/wiki/Non-stock_corporation" title="Non-stock corporation">non-stock corporation</a>, volunteer-run <a href="/wiki/Consumer_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer cooperative">consumer co-op</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Service organization">service organization</a>, in which workers and beneficiaries jointly participate in management decisions and receive discounts on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sweat_equity" title="Sweat equity">sweat equity</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_or_secondary_cooperative">Federal or secondary cooperative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Federal or secondary cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Federation">Cooperative Federation</a></div> In some cases, cooperative societies find it advantageous to form <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">cooperative federations</a> in which all of the members are themselves cooperatives. Historically, these have predominantly come in the form of cooperative wholesale societies, and cooperative unions. Cooperative federations are a means through which cooperative societies can fulfill the sixth <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_among_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation among cooperatives">cooperation among cooperatives</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">ICA</a> noting that "Cooperatives serve their members most effectively and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local, regional and international structures." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Co-operative_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Co-operative Federations">List of Co-operative Federations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooperative_union">Cooperative union</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cooperative union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A second common form of cooperative federation is a cooperative union, whose objective (according to Gide) is "to develop the spirit of solidarity among societies and... in a word, to exercise the functions of a government whose authority, it is needless to say, is purely moral." <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">International Cooperative Alliance</a> are examples of such arrangements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooperative_political_movements">Cooperative political movements</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cooperative political movements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In some countries with a strong cooperative sector, such as the UK, cooperatives may find it advantageous to form political groupings to represent their interests. The British <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a>, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Commonwealth_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Commonwealth Federation">Cooperative Commonwealth Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> are prime examples of such arrangements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="UK">UK</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: UK" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/British_cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="British cooperative movement">British cooperative movement</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> in the early 20th century to represent members of <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">consumers' cooperatives</a> in Parliament, which was the first of its kind. The Co-operative Party now has a permanent electoral pact with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> meaning someone cannot be a member if they support a party other than Labour. <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> also run a credit union that is constituted as a co-operative, called the 'Plaid Cymru Credit Union'.<a href="#cite_note-UCPCCU-63">[63]</a> UK cooperatives retain a strong market share in <a href="/wiki/Co-op_(supermarket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op (supermarket)">food retail</a>, insurance, banking, funeral services, and the travel industry in many parts of the country, although this is still significantly lower than other business models.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Former leader of the British Labour Party <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> has publicly expressed support for worker cooperatives.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Working conditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Cooperatives have been traditionally seen as an alternative to the traditional business model, in which a capitalist has the private ownership of the monetary capital and of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and workers have to sell their <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a> to the capitalist to earn a salary. Cooperatives are often said to offer better <a href="/wiki/Working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Working conditions">working conditions</a> than regular firms.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[66]</a> This is demonstrated by the fact that cooperatives have a lower turnover rate (rate of workers leaving a firm) compared to regular firms.<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> However, cooperatives do not always show improved working conditions compared to traditional businesses. In fact, the different nature of cooperatives imply that the nature of the working conditions within the cooperatives is also different. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunle_Akingbola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunle Akingbola (page does not exist)">Kunle Akingbola</a>, working conditions are "the core elements of work relationships determined by the social, psychological, and physical factors that influence the workplace and the interaction that employees experience at work" and "typically include the nature of employment, working hours, job characteristics, compensation, work interactions, physical work environment, and written and unwritten work expectations".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pam_a_Pam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pam a Pam (page does not exist)">Pam a Pam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:6-69">[69]</a> a cooperative has good working conditions when it has stable contracts, working days consistent with the volume of tasks, and offers a higher salary than the established in the collective agreement of the sector. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wages">Wages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2021, Hanson and Purushinkaya performed a survey on working conditions of cooperatives in the US,<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> in which cooperativists expressed that they were making wages above the minimum for good living conditions. According to the report, they received, on average, 3.52 $/hour more than at their previous job. Research shows that, in the US, the 77% of the cooperatives have a 1:1 or 2:1 <a href="/wiki/Wage_ratio" title="Wage ratio">top-to-bottom pay ratio</a>, whereas the average large corporation in the US has a CEO-to-worker pay ratio of 303:1.<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> This means that in worker's cooperatives there is much more distribution of wealth between the members of the cooperatives, which means that workers that are at the bottom of the organizational pyramid make more money than workers that are at the bottom of the pyramid but that are in conventional firms. Research also shows that the effect of output price changes on wage variations is positive for both conventional firms (CF) and cooperatives (WC), but larger in WCs than in CFs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> This means that, because the distribution of wealth is much greater in WCs, an increase in the benefits of a WC usually is reflected in a proportional increase in the wages, whereas in CF this increase in the wages is much smaller (since the wealth is accumulated by people in the higher position, or is saved for new corporate investments). However, the fact that the wealth is distributed between the already hired workers has the downside of preventing the cooperatives of hiring more workers, thus having a rate of creation of new jobs that is lower than CF. However, in WC changes on output prices does not translate in more employment, whereas in CF it does (CF create less employment).<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> Research shows that in times of crisis, employment and wages are more protected in WC than in conventional firms;<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> since the focus of WCs is on protecting employment and because the workers that control the WC do not want to lose their jobs, WC are generally more willing to protect them. This does not happen so much in CF, where the focus is on maintaining the margin of benefits and not employment, which is considered a cost in times of crisis. Research also shows that the difference of wages between workers hired by the cooperative and workers that are members of the cooperative is small (a worker can work for the cooperative but not be a member of it).<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> Two explanations have been proposed: the first one is that the spirit of cooperativism also extends to hired workers; and the second that sometimes employees are needed for highly skilled jobs, which provides them with strong bargaining power enabling them to defend their employment positions and to compensate for their lack of formal control rights over the firm.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability_of_contracts">Stability of contracts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Stability of contracts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The formation of cooperatives has been used many times to create jobs in economically depressed sites. The communalization of wealth in poor areas often allows them to make the first investment in capital, which allows them to set the cooperative and start having benefits, thus producing an inflow of wealth in the community, which then is redistributed within the members of the cooperatives. This scheme of using cooperatives to create wealth and job opportunities in depressed areas has been famously used, for example, by the <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a>, which has provided long term stable jobs for the population of <a href="/wiki/Mondragon,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondragon, Spain">Mondragon (Euskadi)</a> since the mid 50s. The focus that cooperatives have in protecting jobs is reflected in research. Hanson and Prushinkaya have showed that, in the US, turnover rates are lower in WC than in CF (the turnover rate is the percentage of employees leaving a company within a certain period of time).<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> Jobs at workers' cooperatives tend to be longer term.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> There are several explanations for this: higher compensation and wages for workers; higher job satisfaction; greater adaptability to crisis and economic difficulties, etc. Research shows that WC show higher adaptability to crisis and economic hardships than CF.<a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[72]</a> During negative demand shocks, WCs contain employment drop and allow a greater downward wage adjustment<a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[72]</a> (the workers themselves decided to lower their own wages to keep the jobs). Another adaptability mechanism is the mutual support between WCs.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[73]</a> The case of Cooperativa Mondragón is paradigmatic in this sense: during the 80s, some cooperatives were experiencing financial difficulties, and Mondragon redeployed workers in the struggling co-operatives to ones that were better off.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[73]</a> Those who were not redeployed were given income assistance that equaled 80% of their salary.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[73]</a> The central control structure of Mondragon allowed for this to happen. This would have been unlikely to happen in unorganized and autonomous co-operatives.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[73]</a> This same scheme to save employment prevented <a href="/wiki/Fagor" title="Fagor">Fagor</a> cooperative workers from losing their jobs when Fagor went bankrupt: they were relocated to other cooperatives of the Mondragon group.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workload">Workload</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Workload" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Overworking due to the need for competitiveness applies to cooperatives as well. Some authors argue that the limitation of working hours in a cooperative should only apply for non-members workers of the coop (hired workers), whereas member workers should be allowed to work as much as they want, allowing the cooperative to collectively take those kind of decisions if they only apply to member workers.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_democracy">Internal democracy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Internal democracy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></div>According to Pam a Pam,<a href="#cite_note-:6-69">[69]</a> having internal democracy is not limited to having communal spaces of debate and decision making, but also ensuring that the participation in those spaces is not limited by issues of positionality, privilege, or rank.<a href="#cite_note-:6-69">[69]</a> For example, one of the basic issues with internal democracy is to make sure that every worker has access to all the information of the cooperative, and that is aware of every debate that is happening within the cooperative. It is important to make sure that all important decisions are taken in formal spaces, and avoid using informal spaces in which not everyone might be present to take those decisions. This issue of having access and voice in the formal spaces for decision making of the cooperative becomes more important the bigger the cooperative gets. Research shows that, in larger cooperatives, member participation is lower than in smaller cooperatives, and there is a deterioration of internal democracy and working conditions for cooperative members and employees.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Kaswan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Kaswan (page does not exist)">Mark Kaswan</a> describes <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a>'s theory concerning cooperatives as: "[T]he cooperative structure alters the socio-economic relations of their members, aligning their interests with one another on the basis of a strong principle of equality. It is this alignment of interests on the basis of equality that gives cooperatives their strongly democratic character."<a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a> According to Kaswan himself, internal democracy is mostly defined by the type and the size of the cooperative.<a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a> Mark Kaswan argues that the type of activity developed by a cooperative is one of the main factors that determines how democratic it is. For example, in worker cooperatives, the workers spend a lot of time in contact with each other, having a high level of both interaction and interdependency. In consumer's cooperatives, both the frequency and the intensity of the encounters is lower, thus reducing their democratic participation.<a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a> The size of the cooperative is considered to be one of the most important factors for internal democracy. For example, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a> argues that, as paraphrased by Kaswan, "assembly-style direct democracy can only effectively function in fairly small organisations".<a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Kaswan states: "Increasing size also increases the complexity of management. [...] This can lead to the problem of 'managerialism', or the development of powerful officials whose concerns and interests may be different from those of common members." If the manager is already a worker-member of the cooperative, the problem might be resolved; but if the manager is hired specifically for managerial purposes, some hierarchies can arise. The contradiction with the issue of size comes with the social impact of the cooperative: greater size usually means greater social impact, but also has a toll on internal democracy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suggestions_to_improve_internal_democracy_within_a_cooperative">Suggestions to improve internal democracy within a cooperative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Suggestions to improve internal democracy within a cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>. (April 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Facilitation of all meetings/assemblies is rotated among all members of the coop; training and coaching in facilitation will be provided.</li> <li>Permanent and external facilitation (from a specialized process work paradigm external coop) on emotions, conflicts of power, informal hierarchies.</li> <li>Any decision made by a coop member can be recalled if 50% of coop members request it.</li> <li>Create a space where members can propose improvements and a committee reviews and prioritizes them.</li> <li>Revise periodically how the flow of information goes, and see if there are individuals or segments of the coop excluded from this flow, for whatever reason (lack of proper access, unclear messages, technical jargon, excessive workload, etc.), and define collective measures to define what is relevant information (and what is not) and guarantee a full access to it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status_of_cooperative_workers:_employees_or_employed?">Legal status of cooperative workers: employees or employed?</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Legal status of cooperative workers: employees or employed?" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is a legal debate on whether to consider being a member of a cooperative as a formal worker or not. For instance, it has been claimed that "the relationship of the worker-member with their cooperative should be considered as distinct from that of conventional wage-based dependent work and self-employed work". Some authors argue that cooperatives should have their own legal status differentiated from the legal status of a conventional firm, in order for them to get recognition and adapt the law to its unique features.<a href="#cite_note-:12-78">[78]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, lawyers have debated whether the relationship between members in the worker cooperative also constitute an employment relationship to which the rules governing pais dependent work are applicable. Some say yes, mainly based on the argument that participation in the management and direction is not incompatible with the condition of subordination and that the individual is subordinated to the majority vote. However, other interpretations say that the link between members and the worker cooperatives is not a labor relation. In many law cases it has been widely adopted that the size of the cooperative is decisive for this question since the personal contribution of members is more important in small cooperatives. In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> determines whether a worker is an independent contractor by considering the degree that the worker:<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <ul><li>Receives less extensive instructions on the work to be done, but not how it should be done;</li> <li>Receives training from the business about required procedures and methods;</li> <li>Has significant investment in the work;</li> <li>Is not reimbursed for some business expenses;</li> <li>Has the opportunity to realize a profit or incur a loss;</li> <li>Receives benefits from the business;</li> <li>Has a written contract that shows the relationship the worker and business intend.</li></ul> The following factors are generally considered when determining whether an employment relationship exists under the FLSA: <ul><li>Is the worker performing work that is an integral part of the business?</li> <li>Do the worker's managerial skills affect the worker's opportunity for both profit and loss?</li> <li>What kinds of investment does the worker make in facilities and equipment compared to the employer?</li> <li>Does the worker exercise independent business judgement and initiative?</li> <li>Is the relationship with the employer indefinite, which suggests an ongoing employee relationship?</li> <li>What kind of control does the employer have about how the work is performed, pay amounts, hours worked, and whether the worker is free to also work for others and hire helpers?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_problem_of_labour_fraud">The problem of labour fraud</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: The problem of labour fraud" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> However, the recognition of cooperatives as different entities than conventional firms sometimes creates a legal void that has been used regularly for labour fraud.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> For example, in Spain, cooperatives are not subjected to the sectoral collective agreements of each sector.<a href="#cite_note-:5-80">[80]</a> In some cases, businesses take the form of a cooperative to avoid being subjected to collective agreements gained through trade unionism and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, thus being able to pay lower or have worse labor conditions than the ones stipulated in the collective agreement, while at the same time retaining the same power and salary pyramids.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> Many cooperatives are accused of being instruments to be used to lay off workers, to out-source and to exploit workers and small producers. The "cooperativatisation" of both public and private sector activities in some countries has been accompanied by a deterioration of working conditions. This is due both to the perversion of the cooperative form and to weak labour regulations applied to these kinds of work forms.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> Usually, the law establishes that a cooperative is required to have a minimum percentage of workers-owners (usually 33%). Cooperatives can hire workers that are not part of the cooperative, but the law usually establishes a maximum amount of time that they can work in the cooperative without being members of it; after that, cooperatives are legally obliged to make those workers part of the cooperative. Some cooperatives commit labour fraud because they either have a smaller percentage of cooperativised workers than mandated by law, or they have people working without becoming members for more time than legally allowed.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In Spain, since the law does not subject cooperatives to the collective agreements or to the <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Spain" title="Social security in Spain">social security</a> regulations, the following scheme has been used: if a business wants to pay less than what the sector agreement of its economic sector establishes, the business can create a cooperative, which is not subjected to it, hire all the workers using that cooperative, and then outsource the activity to this cooperative. In this way, instead of having to hire all the workers directly (thus having to pay the Social Security fees and the minimum wage established by the collective agreement), the company only has to use the cooperative as a <a href="/wiki/Shell_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell company">shell company</a>, and in this way it does not have to pay according to the agreement, and since the workers are hired by the cooperative and not by the company, they are not subject to the either the sector agreement or social security.<a href="#cite_note-:5-80">[80]</a> This is the case, for example, of Spain's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servicarne_Coop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Servicarne Coop (page does not exist)">Servicarne Coop</a>, hired by meat industries such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coren_(meat_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coren (meat company) (page does not exist)">Coren</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sada_(meat_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sada (meat company) (page does not exist)">Sada</a>, which according to the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a> "does not carry out a cooperative activity" and "has not been established with the purpose of fulfilling the objectives set forth in the Cooperatives Law [...] but only with the aim of obtaining certain benefits that are linked to it, creating a merely formal appearance of a cooperative", for example, to avoid paying the Social Security fees.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Potential solutions to this fraudulent usage of workers' cooperatives have been suggested, such as covering the legal void that allows this to happen,<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> creating cooperative federations that ensure the cooperative identity and its regular functioning, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggestions_to_improve_workers'_conditions_within_a_cooperative">Suggestions to improve workers' conditions within a cooperative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Suggestions to improve workers' conditions within a cooperative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>. (April 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Flexible scheduling.</li> <li>Remote work for all staff, with the possibility to do the full working week that way, but also putting some mandatory in-person moments for everyone (conflict resolution, first meetings with new employees, farewell for leaving employees, conflict resolution, strategically and/or politically relevant and/or difficult meetings, celebrations in the coop).</li> <li>All time on worker cooperative business is paid.</li> <li>Equal pay for all positions (assuming a balanced share of responsibility and job complexity).</li> <li>40 days of vacation (at least).</li> <li>Safe and regenerative working place. Applications based on biomimicry and biophilia to promote natural, healthy and diverse environments (different places for calmness, meditation, creativity, stimuli, team bond generation, individual reflection, exercise, connection with nature, water, plants, art, etc.).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economic_performance">Economic performance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economic performance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_productivity">Job productivity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Job productivity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In general terms, research shows that productivity in worker's cooperatives is higher than in conventional firms. For example, Fakhfakh et al. (2012)<a href="#cite_note-:9-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[66]</a> show that in several industries, conventional firms would produce more with their current levels of employment and capital when they adopted the employee-owned firms' way of organising. One explanation is that commitment to the cause causes more productivity. The fact that employees can participate in decision-making motivates them to be more involved with the objectives of the cooperative. Another explanation is that the collective work environment enhances job satisfaction, thus augmenting productivity. Research has shown that collectivists working in simulated collectivist cultures do in fact produce more cooperative behavior than do individualists (i.e., those low in collectivism) in these cultures.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Furthermore, it has been argued that collectivists' ideological commitment to the group members yields higher levels of motivation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Consequently, in addition to making turnover less likely, high collectivism in the WC environment should translate to high performance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_stability">Economic stability</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economic stability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">Economic stability</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Capital_and_the_Debt_Trap" title="Capital and the Debt Trap">Capital and the Debt Trap</a> reports that "cooperatives tend to have a longer life than other types of enterprise, and thus a higher level of entrepreneurial sustainability". This <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resilient" class="extiw" title="wikt:resilient">resilience</a> has been attributed to how cooperatives share risks and rewards between members, how they harness the ideas of many and how members have a tangible ownership stake in the business. Additionally, "cooperative banks build up <a href="/wiki/Counter-cyclical" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-cyclical">counter-cyclical</a> buffers that function well in case of a crisis," and are less likely to lead members and clients towards a <a href="/wiki/Debt_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt trap">debt trap</a> (p. 216). This is explained by their more democratic governance that reduces <a href="/wiki/Perverse_incentive" title="Perverse incentive">perverse incentives</a> and subsequent contributions to <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubbles</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A 2012 report published by CICOPA (Europe) showed that in France and Spain, worker cooperatives and social cooperatives "have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A 2013 report by <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a> concluded that <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">cooperative banks</a> outperformed their competitors during the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. The cooperative banking sector had 20% market share of the European banking sector, but accounted for only 7 percent of all the write-downs and losses between the third quarter of 2007 and the first quarter of 2011. Cooperative banks were also over-represented in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in all of the 10 countries included in the report.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A 2017 report published by the Office for National Statistics found that, in the UK, the rate of survival of cooperatives after 5 years was 80 percent compared with only 41 percent for other enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-uk.coop-7">[7]</a> A further study found that after 10 years, 44 percent of cooperatives were still in operation, compared with only 20 percent for other enterprises. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_North_America">In North America</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: In North America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_the_United_States_of_America">In the United States of America</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: In the United States of America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">History of cooperatives in the United States</a></div> In a 2007 study by the World Council of Credit Unions, the five-year survival rate of cooperatives in the United States was found to be 90% in comparison to 3–5% for traditional businesses.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit unions</a>, a type of cooperative bank, had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the financial crisis<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 and 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Public trust in credit unions stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and small businesses are five times less likely to be dissatisfied with a credit union than with a big bank.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Canada">In Canada</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: In Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_Canada" title="History of cooperatives in Canada">History of cooperatives in Canada</a></div> A 2010 report by the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export in Québec found the five-year survival rate and ten-year survival rate of cooperatives in Québec to be 62% and 44% respectively compared to 35% and 20% for conventional firms.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Another report by the BC-Alberta Social economy Research Alliance found that the three-year survival rate of cooperatives in Alberta to be 81.5% in comparison to 48% for traditional firms.<a href="#cite_note-wisc.edu-95">[95]</a> Another report by the aforementioned Research Alliance found that in British Columbia, the five-year survival rates for cooperatives between 2000 and 2010 to be 66.6% in comparison to conventional businesses that had 43% and 39% in the years 1984 and 1993 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-wisc.edu-95">[95]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Cooperative_financing">Cooperative financing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Cooperative financing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The issue of finance in cooperativism is one of the most importance. Since the failure rates of cooperatives are lower than for conventional firms,<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-84">[84]</a> the financing schemes used by them are at least as successful as for conventional firms. One of the success factors lies in the fact that cooperatives use a different arrange of financing schemes <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self_financing_(social_base)">Self financing (social base)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Self financing (social base)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluca_Salvatori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluca Salvatori (page does not exist)">Gianluca Salvatore</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Bodini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riccardo Bodini (page does not exist)">Riccardo Bodini</a>, self-financing schemes include the act and the practice of using one's own capital to provide funding for an enterprise. The main advantage of self-financing is that it sets the cooperative free from outside influence and debt, but the capacity to expand the coop might be constrained by the lack of capital.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_by_members">Capital by members</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Capital by members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital (economics)</a></div> This is the main form of financing in cooperatives. Usually, workers cooperatives do not only socialize the labor force, but also a part of the economical wealth of each member, that is put in a pool together with the rest of contributions, and that constitutes the capital of the cooperative. Usually, future members have to socialize a certain amount of money to the cooperative before they can become formal members.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> The most common way to do it all at once before joining the cooperative, but other financing schemes have been proposed. For example, some cooperatives do not ask for an initial investment, but rather require workers to work for a certain period of time, while retaining a percentage of the wage, until the worker has paid all the requirements and can become a formal member of the cooperative.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> Usually, when the worker decides to leave the cooperative, all the money invested will be returned to the worker. The amount required will vary depending on a lot of factors, such as for example:<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <ul><li>The type of cooperative: if it is a big industrial cooperative, the amount required will probably be higher than for a small services cooperative.</li> <li>The current budget of the cooperative: if a cooperative is already economically well established, probably the requirements will be lower. However, if the cooperative is still young and still requires a lot of investments, the initial requirement will be higher.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_loans">Social loans</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Social loans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Occasionally. if the situation requires it, workers of the cooperative can decide to put some more money as an investment, which can later be returned.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperative_resources">Cooperative resources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Cooperative resources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gross_profits">Gross profits</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Gross profits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> If the cooperative is based on selling products or services, a part of the finance comes from the profits that they get from their activities.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proceeds_from_assets">Proceeds from assets</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Proceeds from assets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A cooperative can have different assets from which it can get money without having to sell those assets. For example, if the cooperative has money in the bank, and the bank gives interests, it can generate some more money. Or for example, if the cooperative owns a place and rents it, it can get some more money out of it.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balance_sheet_assets">Balance sheet assets</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Balance sheet assets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Assets can also be converted to money. For example, if the cooperative owns shares of another company, they can sell them and turn them into liquidity. Or if the cooperative owns a building, it can sell it. Different types of assets can be converted to liquidity with different levels of ease: for example, selling shares is easier and less time-consuming than selling land, which might take months. Thus, shares are much more easily converted to liquidity than land.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_grants">Financial grants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Financial grants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Financial_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial grant">Financial grants</a>, that are awards typically given by foundations or governments, can also be a source of financiation for cooperatives. They differ from loans in the fact that they under most conditions they do not have to be paid back. Some grants have waiting periods before the grantee can take full ownership of them.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donations">Donations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Donations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">Donation</a></div> They are usually in the form of cash, but can also be in the form of other <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a>. Donations are specially recommendable if the cooperative has a strong aim for social impact and mutual aid, in which case individual or collective donors might be interested in donating.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Crowdfunding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></div> Crowdfunding is a way of sourcing money for a project by asking a large number of contributors to individually donate a small amount to it. In return, the backers may receive token rewards that increase in prestige as the size of the donation increases.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> A successful example of how to finance a workers cooperative with a crowdfunding is the case of the cooperative of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collettivo_di_Fabbrica_GKN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collettivo di Fabbrica GKN (page does not exist)">Collettivo di Fabbrica GKN</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insorgiamo!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insorgiamo! (page does not exist)">Insorgiamo!</a>, who, after occupying and taking back the control of a <a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">GKN</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, they began a crowdfunding campaign to get the initial money needed to create a cooperative that included all the workers that previously worked there. They used that money to make the initial investments to reconvert the factory to manufacture bicycle parts, with a <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> goal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundations_and_Governments_financing">Foundations and Governments financing</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Foundations and Governments financing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Especially for <a href="/wiki/Social_and_solidarity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and solidarity economy">SSE</a> cooperatives, one way to get finance is getting <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> from governments or private organizations. The latter are usually related to philanthropy. The difference with other types of grants is that they do not require any previous conditions of challenges that need to be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenge_grants">Challenge grants</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Challenge grants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Challenge_grant" title="Challenge grant">Challenge grant</a></div> Challenge grants are funds disbursed by governments, foundations and trusts on completion of challenge requirements. The challenge refers to the actions or results that must be achieved before money is released. The challenge could require a new solution to an existing problem that had been ignored. Additional requirements could be specified, from programme certification to member participation. An example of a challenge grant would be money that is given by a bank if the cooperative increases membership by a certain amount.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lending">Lending</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Lending" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lending or debt instruments provide borrowers with funding in exchange for repayment of this funding along with interest, based on predetermined timeframes and interest rate terms. The provision of funding might require guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concessional/Flexible_Loans">Concessional/Flexible Loans</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Concessional/Flexible Loans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Concessional and flexible loans include special features such as no or low interest rates, extended repayment schedules, and interest rate modifications during the life of the loan.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crowdlending">Crowdlending</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Crowdlending" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crowdlending" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdlending">Crowdlending</a></div> Crowd lending, also known as <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending" title="Peer-to-peer lending">peer-to-peer lending</a>, is the practice of lending money through online services that directly match lenders with borrowers. Lenders can earn higher returns compared to savings and investment products offered by banks, while borrowers can borrow money at lower interest rates.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_bonds">Social bonds</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Social bonds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> For example, when the bank provides sums of money as donations or financing at competitive conditions in support of initiatives that favour social innovation.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equity_investments">Equity investments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Equity investments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity (finance)</a></div> An equity investment is money that is invested in a company by purchasing shares of that company. Some cooperatives use that as a source of money. In cooperatives equity investments are usually not used, since it is something that is generally believed to go against the principles of cooperativism (the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a> themselves limit the equity investments).<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_equity_investment">Direct equity investment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Direct equity investment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Direct capital contribution to a project without the guarantee of repayment; the return on a direct equity investment will depend on the performance of a project/company over the investment period.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financing_members">Financing members</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Financing members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Especially at the start of a cooperative, this is used in some cases. It involves a person or a legal entity that, with a financial contribution, favours the establishment of a company and the carrying out of the social activity. Typically, they make part of the initial investment, and once the company is established, they resell all or part of the subscribed shares.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_forms_of_equity_investments">Other forms of equity investments</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Other forms of equity investments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Other forms of equity investments used by cooperatives are: <a href="/wiki/Equity_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity fund">equity funds</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual fund</a>, quasi-equity, <a href="/wiki/Equity_crowdfunding" title="Equity crowdfunding">equity crowdfunding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">social venture capital</a>/<a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">impact investing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patient_capital" title="Patient capital">patient capital</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-:10-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redistribution_of_profit">Redistribution of profit</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Redistribution of profit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Through all these financial means, a cooperative can create a financial profit. The next set of critical financial decisions becomes how to distribute that profit. There are different forms of redistributing the benefit.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_reinvestment">Capital reinvestment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Capital reinvestment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Usually, growing the business is not the main goal of a cooperative (the main goal is to redistribute profit among its members), but sometimes it is necessary to reinvest a part of the profits in the form of new capital, which will allow the cooperative to expand its operations and increase profit in the future. This is especially true during the initial steps of the cooperative, in which its operations have to grow to the point in which they have regained the initial capital investment. The capital reinvestments are decided collectively through the democratic mechanisms that a cooperative has.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patronage_refund">Patronage refund</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Patronage refund" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Patronage refunds are the distribution of profits to the members of the cooperative, who have previously invested money in the form of capital by members and social loans.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dividends">Dividends</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Dividends" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">Dividend</a></div> The Rochdale principles state that cooperatives should have limited return on equity investments, so its usual for most of the cooperatives to not use equity investments, and, if they do, pay few dividends to the shareholders. The main reason for which they do that is that distributing profits as dividends reduces the potential amount of patronage refunds.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='Unallocated_Retained_Earnings,_or_"cushion_fund"'>Unallocated Retained Earnings, or "cushion fund"</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=72" title='Edit section: Unallocated Retained Earnings, or "cushion fund"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Part of the benefits of a cooperative must be <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">saved</a> as a safe fund, which will allow the cooperative to face unexpected situations and <a href="/wiki/Crisis_(economic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis (economic)">crises</a> if they appear.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redistribution_of_losses">Redistribution of losses</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Redistribution of losses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In case that a cooperative experiences a loss, there are alternatives to handle them in the most efficient way possible.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='Make_use_of_the_"cushion_funds"'>Make use of the "cushion funds"</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=74" title='Edit section: Make use of the "cushion funds"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> If a cooperative has had profits at some point, it should have some savings, which it can use in times of economic losses. In this way, they can absorb the losses simply with the money they already had, not having to affect neither wages, employment, or stocks.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allocate_the_losses_to_the_members">Allocate the losses to the members</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Allocate the losses to the members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This is one of the most common ways to allocate the losses. Making this decision involves the workers deliberating through the stablished democratic mechanisms on how are the losses going to be distributed among membership.<a href="#cite_note-:11-98">[98]</a> We have already seen that, in times of economical hardships, cooperatives are more willing to reduce their wages rather than reduce employment, whereas conventional firms would rather fire some people and keep the same wages for the rest of them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Job_satisfaction">Job satisfaction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Job satisfaction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Castel et al. (2011)<a href="#cite_note-:13-99">[99]</a> performed research on <a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">job satisfaction</a> in workers cooperatives, and said that job satisfaction is high in workers cooperatives and that <a href="/wiki/Social_economy" title="Social economy">social economy</a> values are a source of job satisfaction. Within those types of organizations there are several <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic">intrinsic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrinsic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic">extrinsic</a> factors that perform in a very characteristic manner, and which are key for job satisfaction. The intrinsic factors are characteristics of the work itself, and Castel et al. proposes that cooperatives create job satisfaction because they usually involve:<a href="#cite_note-:13-99">[99]</a> <ul><li>Reducing the gap between the conception and execution of tasks</li> <li>Increasing task significance (making work meaningful)</li> <li>Developing workers' skills</li> <li>Seeking to benefit the global environment and society while involving everyone</li></ul> The extrinsic factors that make work in coops satisfying are:<a href="#cite_note-:13-99">[99]</a> <ul><li>A higher level of shared business culture</li> <li>Increased confidence in elected management</li> <li>Greater attention to working and employment conditions following the increased social responsibility of the company</li> <li>Collective decision-making.</li></ul> However, Castel et al. also points out that not all of the characteristics of workers cooperatives increase job satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-:13-99">[99]</a> In fact, they point out that some characteristics are perjudicial for <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, such as the perceived increase in work pressure (some workers feel that since they are the owners of their means of production, they are pressured into working more by other colleagues), or the ambiguity of the relationship between other workers (everyone being in the same decision-making position can create conflicts among workers). Hanson and Prushinkaya (2021) conducted a survey that found similar results: they found that, in general, cooperativists state high job satisfaction, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and voice, and professional development.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> They also found that the majority of individual respondents described their job security, job satisfaction, work effort, and the economic stability of the company as somewhat or much better than what they experienced in their last job.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> Also, a majority reported the quality of supervision, feedback, and training was superior in their co-op job. Their research also showed that within co-ops, training and skill-building matters for democratic governance: workers who received cooperative-specific training participated more in workplace decision making.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a> Another research also shows that worker cooperatives are still beneficial for job satisfaction even if their activity is in no sense related to the social and solidarity economy or has no social purpose at all. According to Hyungsik Eum this is because "in worker cooperatives, worker-members have a sense of ownership of their own jobs and workplaces".<a href="#cite_note-:12-78">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Women_in_cooperatives">Women in cooperatives</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Women in cooperatives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_cooperatives" title="Women in cooperatives">Women in cooperatives</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cooperative" title="Special:EditPage/Cooperative">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Since cooperatives are based on values like <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a>, democracy, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">equity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>, they can play a particularly strong role in empowering women, especially in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Cooperatives allow women who might have been isolated and working individually to band together and create <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> as well as increase their own <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a> in the market. In statements in advance of <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> in early 2013, President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">International Cooperative Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Pauline_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Pauline Green">Dame Pauline Green</a>, said, "Cooperative businesses have done so much to help women onto the ladder of economic activity. With that comes community respect, political legitimacy and influence." However, despite the intended democratic structure of cooperatives and the values and benefits shared by members, due to traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender norms">gender norms</a> on the role of women, and other instilled cultural practices that sidestep attempted legal protections, women and other disadvantaged groups suffer a disproportionately low representation in cooperative membership around the world. Representation of women through active membership (showing up to meetings and voting), as well as in leadership and managerial positions is even lower.<a href="#cite_note-Nippierd2002-101">[101]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> behaviors that can be found in cooperatives involve the formal structures and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> that conform[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cooperative#Dubious" title="Talk:Cooperative">discuss</a>]} the cooperative: <ul><li>Non-open and non-democratic decision-making: democratic spaces are often <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-opted</a> by <a href="/wiki/White_men" class="mw-redirect" title="White men">white men</a>, who occupy most of the space, and tend to monopolize the leadership of those democratic spaces. This can result in women having less voice in the cooperative decision making, thus having their needs underrepresented.</li> <li>Exclusionary leadership: in some occasions, the management of cooperatives involves electing leaders for specific purposes. The under-representation of women in the democratic spaces can result in them having a smaller chance of being elected as representatives or leaders. Statistics show that women are still underrepresented in responsibility jobs in co-ops.<a href="#cite_note-Nippierd2002-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a>: patriarchal behavior can also be found in male colleagues, who often, for example, act in patronizing ways, or have distrust in women's capacity to perform certain jobs.</li> <li>Lesser wages for <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary people</a>: non-binary people tend to earn less money than <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a>, even in co-ops.</li></ul> The strongest manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a> in cooperatives are: [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ">opinion</a>] <ul><li>Manifestations of machismo that belittle, offend and detract from security and autonomy. They involve a higher level of degradation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a>: unfortunately, within workers cooperatives sexual violence happens sometimes. It is often hidden by the false supposition that in cooperatives everything is shared and done collectively, which might create an environment that might hide sexual violence. For example, under such a climate of trust and confidence, inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Pick-up_line" title="Pick-up line">pick-up lines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sexist_joke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist joke">sexist joke</a>, could inadvertently pass as normal. In the most extreme cases, sexual aggressions or even rape is wrongly justified under the excuse of having trust and confidence in each other.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Cooperatives_in_popular_culture">Cooperatives in popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Cooperatives in popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit">[update]</a>, the number of memberships in cooperatives reached one billion,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and so the organizational structure and movement has seeped into popular culture. However, in comparison with the number of co-operatives, they are rarely the subject of literature. Among these, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a> mentions their role in working-class life during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Giants" title="Fall of Giants">Fall of Giants</a> (2010), the first volume of his Century Trilogy: <dl><dd>"Where's our mam?"</dd> <dd>"Gone down the Co-op for a tin of jam."</dd></dl> The local grocery was a co-operative store, sharing profits among its customers. Such shops were popular in South Wales, although no one knew how to pronounce Co-op, variations ranging from "cop" to "quorp".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Less seriously, in Murder in the Collective, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Wilson_(American_author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Wilson (American author) (page does not exist)">Barbara Wilson</a> sets a murder mystery among radical printing collectives in Seattle,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> while Frances Madeson's 2007 comic novel Cooperative Village is set in <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Village" title="Cooperative Village">the eponymous housing co-operative</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> drama television series <a href="/wiki/The_Wire" title="The Wire">The Wire</a>, several drug dealers create a democratic alliance called the New Day Co-Op with the interests of cutting back on violence and increasing business. Co-opoly: The Game of Cooperatives is a popular <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> by <a href="/wiki/TESA_Collective" title="TESA Collective">TESA Collective</a> played around the world that challenges players to work together to start and run a cooperative and overcome major hurdles.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Cooperatives feature prominently in the Martian economy in <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mars_trilogy" title="Mars trilogy">Mars trilogy</a> and in a speculative future Earth economy in his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_for_the_Future" title="The Ministry for the Future">The Ministry for the Future</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: See 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cooperative</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ica-principles-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ica-principles_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013501/https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">"Statement on the Cooperative Identity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">International Cooperative Alliance</a>. 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Retrieved 16 January 2014. <q>Membership in co-operative businesses has grown to 1 billion people across 96 countries, according to new research published by the Worldwatch Institute for its Vital Signs Online publication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+in+Co-operative+Businesses+Reaches+1+Billion+%E2%80%93+Worldwatch+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwatch.org%2Fmembership-co-operative-businesses-reaches-1-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monitor.coop/">"The World Co-operative Monitor"</a>. monitor.coop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022081215/http://monitor.coop/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017. 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Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperatives+and+Socialism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1eiro+Harnecker&rft.aufirst=Camila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Wolff2012" class="citation book cs1">D. Wolff, Richard (2012). Democracy at Work. Haymarket Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+at+Work&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=D.+Wolff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109163115/http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/co-operative-identity-values-principles">"Co-operative identity, values & principles"</a>. ICA. International Cooperative Alliance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/co-operative-identity-values-principles">the original</a> on 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICA&rft.atitle=Co-operative+identity%2C+values+%26+principles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica.coop%2Fen%2Fwhats-co-op%2Fco-operative-identity-values-principles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://identity.coop/">"Coop Marque"</a>. Coop Identity. International Cooperative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105190533/https://identity.coop/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coop+Identity&rft.atitle=Coop+Marque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidentity.coop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica.coop/en/co-operatives-adopt-co-operative-marque">"Co-operatives, adopt the Co-operative Marque"</a>. Co-op Marque. International Co-operative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307112053/http://ica.coop/en/co-operatives-adopt-co-operative-marque">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co-op+Marque&rft.atitle=Co-operatives%2C+adopt+the+Co-operative+Marque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica.coop%2Fen%2Fco-operatives-adopt-co-operative-marque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223090657/http://ica.coop/en/blueprint-themes/identity">"Coop Identity"</a>. Coop Marque. International Cooperative Alliance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica.coop/en/blueprint-themes/identity">the original</a> on 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coop+Marque&rft.atitle=Coop+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica.coop%2Fen%2Fblueprint-themes%2Fidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domains.coop/co-operative-identity/marque-register/">"Coop Marque Register"</a>. Domains.Coop. International Cooperative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409235911/http://www.domains.coop/co-operative-identity/marque-register/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Domains.Coop&rft.atitle=Coop+Marque+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domains.coop%2Fco-operative-identity%2Fmarque-register%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uk.coop/what-co-operative">"What is a co-operative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co-operatives+UK&rft.atitle=What+is+a+co-operative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk.coop%2Fwhat-co-operative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Identity-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Identity_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identity_40-1">b</a> International Cooperative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013501/https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">Archived</a> 27 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Andrew McLeod (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcdc.coop/Resources/CSS/CSS01Types.pdf">Types of Cooperatives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162338/http://www.nwcdc.coop/Resources/CSS/CSS01Types.pdf">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Northwest Cooperative Development Centre. Retrieved on: 31 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2013/20130421">Osuuskuntalaki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414211822/http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2013/20130421">Archived</a> 14 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (421/2013, Cooperatives act).§ 2: "Osuuskunta on jäsenistään erillinen oikeushenkilö, joka syntyy rekisteröimisellä." This translates as, "A cooperative is a legal person separate from its persons, born by registration." Finlex database. Retrieved 4 December 2015. (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coopdevelopment.org.au/coopglossary.html#da">"Australian Co-operative Glossary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314162350/https://www.coopdevelopment.org.au/coopglossary.html#da">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Co-operative+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coopdevelopment.org.au%2Fcoopglossary.html%23da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tepa-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tepa_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tepa_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tepa_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"cooperative share capital". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://termipankki.fi/tepa/mot/mot.exe?page=results&UI=engr&Opt=1&SearchWord=cooperative%20share%20capital&dic=1&Source=TermList">The Bank and Finance Terminology</a>. The Finnish Terminology Centre. 26 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cooperative+share+capital&rft.btitle=The+Bank+and+Finance+Terminology&rft.pub=The+Finnish+Terminology+Centre&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftermipankki.fi%2Ftepa%2Fmot%2Fmot.exe%3Fpage%3Dresults%26UI%3Dengr%26Opt%3D1%26SearchWord%3Dcooperative%2520share%2520capital%26dic%3D1%26Source%3DTermList&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonkalaHalinen2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Honkala, Juha; Halinen, Ari, eds. (2004). "osuuspääoma, (translation: cooperative share capital)". CD-Facta 2005: suomenkielinen tietosanakirja (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-29148-X" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-29148-X"><bdi>951-0-29148-X</bdi></a>. <q>Translated quote: 'Cooperative share capital, capital accrued from cooperative contributions paid by members of a cooperative.', the original quote: 'osuuspääoma, osuuskunnan jäsenten maksamista osuusmaksuista kertynyt pääoma.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=osuusp%C3%A4%C3%A4oma%2C+%28translation%3A+cooperative+share+capital%29&rft.btitle=CD-Facta+2005%3A+suomenkielinen+tietosanakirja&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=951-0-29148-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"osuuspääoma, (translation: cooperative share capital)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/osuusp%C3%A4%C3%A4oma">Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish / Kielitoimiston sanakirja</a> (in Finnish). Helsinki: the Institute for the Languages of Finland and Kielikone Ltd. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5446-32-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5446-32-6"><bdi>978-952-5446-32-6</bdi></a>. <q>Translated quote: 'Cooperative share capital [..] capital of the cooperative resulting from participation shares.', the original quote: 'osuuspääoma [..] osuusmaksuista kertyvä osuuskunnan pääoma.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=osuusp%C3%A4%C3%A4oma%2C+%28translation%3A+cooperative+share+capital%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Finnish+%2F+Kielitoimiston+sanakirja&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=the+Institute+for+the+Languages+of+Finland+and+Kielikone+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-5446-32-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi%2Fosuusp%C3%A4%C3%A4oma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/en20011488">Co-operatives Act 1488/2001, Unofficial translation</a> (PDF). A legally void document (superseded) — used here for the definition. Helsinki: the Finnish Ministry of Justice., Finlex.fi. 2002. p. 38. <q>Section 5 — Share capital [..] The total amount of the share prices for outstanding shares, as paid up to the co- operative at any given time, shall constitute the share capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Co-operatives+Act+1488%2F2001%2C+Unofficial+translation&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=the+Finnish+Ministry+of+Justice.%2C+Finlex.fi&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinlex.fi%2Fen%2Flaki%2Fkaannokset%2F2001%2Fen20011488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/sites/default/files/publication-files/ica-guidance-notes-en-310629900.pdf">Guidance Notes to the Co-operative Principles</a> (PDF). the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). 2015. p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ica.coop/sites/default/files/publication-files/ica-guidance-notes-en-310629900.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>... under no circumstances should members' non-withdrawable share capital and indivisible reserves be subject to any risk of distribution to co-operative members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidance+Notes+to+the+Co-operative+Principles&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=the+International+Cooperative+Alliance+%28ICA%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.coop%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication-files%2Fica-guidance-notes-en-310629900.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City_49-0">^</a> Whitsett, Ross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cooperator.com/articles/1354/1/Urban-Mass/Page1.html">Urban Mass: A Look at Co-op City.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002024101/http://cooperator.com/articles/1354/1/Urban-Mass/Page1.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cooperator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Cooperator (page does not exist)">The Cooperator</a>. December 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pty.fi/front-page/finnish-grocery-trade/">"Päivittäistavarakauppa ry – Finnish grocery trade"</a>. www.pty.fi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113031301/http://www.pty.fi/front-page/finnish-grocery-trade">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pty.fi&rft.atitle=P%C3%A4ivitt%C3%A4istavarakauppa+ry+%E2%80%93+Finnish+grocery+trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pty.fi%2Ffront-page%2Ffinnish-grocery-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-sg/money/topstories/ntuc-fairprice-dominated-singapores-retailers-scene-in-2018-report/ar-AAFaW9Z">"NTUC Fairprice dominated Singapore's retailers scene in 2018: report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025224119/https://www.msn.com/en-sg/money/topstories/ntuc-fairprice-dominated-singapores-retailers-scene-in-2018-report/ar-AAFaW9Z">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NTUC+Fairprice+dominated+Singapore%27s+retailers+scene+in+2018%3A+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-sg%2Fmoney%2Ftopstories%2Fntuc-fairprice-dominated-singapores-retailers-scene-in-2018-report%2Far-AAFaW9Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retail-index.com/Countries/ToprankingretailersinItaly.aspx">"Top ranking retailers in Italy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025224123/https://www.retail-index.com/Countries/ToprankingretailersinItaly.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. 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Fall of Giants, 2010, Pan Books, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-53544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-53544-1">978-0-330-53544-1</a>, p. 487 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Wilson, B. Murder in the Collective 1984, Seal Press, Seattle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878067234" title="Special:BookSources/9781878067234">9781878067234</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Madeson, F. Cooperative Village, 2007, Carol MRP Co, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780979277207" title="Special:BookSources/9780979277207">9780979277207</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.toolboxfored.org/co-opoly-the-game-of-co-operatives/">"Co-opoly: The Game of Co-operatives"</a>. The Toolbox for Education and Social Action. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140117014656/http://store.toolboxfored.org/co-opoly-the-game-of-co-operatives/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Toolbox+for+Education+and+Social+Action&rft.atitle=Co-opoly%3A+The+Game+of+Co-operatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.toolboxfored.org%2Fco-opoly-the-game-of-co-operatives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/16512-teach-your-children-well-dont-play-monopoly">"Teach Your Children Well: Don't Play Monopoly"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621155222/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/16512-teach-your-children-well-dont-play-monopoly">Archived</a> 21 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Truthout.org </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/neoliberal-co-optation-of-leading-co-op-organizations-and-a-socialist-counter-politics-of-cooperation/">Neoliberal Co-optation of Leading Co-op Organizations, and a Socialist Counter-Politics of Cooperation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209085119/http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/neoliberal-co-optation-of-leading-co-op-organizations-and-a-socialist-counter-politics-of-cooperation/">Archived</a> 9 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (February 2015), Carl Ratner, <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>, Volume 66, Number 9</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/cooperatives-on-the-path-to-socialism/">Cooperatives On the Path to Socialism?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209132306/http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/cooperatives-on-the-path-to-socialism/">Archived</a> 9 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (February 2015), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marcuse" title="Peter Marcuse">Peter Marcuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>, Volume 66, Number 9</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapanese_Consumers'_Co-operative_Union2003" class="citation journal cs1">Japanese Consumers' Co-operative Union (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515162017/http://www.co-op.or.jp/JCCU/English_here/publications/ff/ff2003.pdf">"co.op, 2003 Facts and Figures"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwcc.wisc.edu/icic/today/consumer/move.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan%3A+Consumer+Co-op+Movement+in+Japan&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Isao+Takamura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuwcc.wisc.edu%2Ficic%2Ftoday%2Fconsumer%2Fmove.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li>Armitage, S. (1991) 'Consequences of Mutual Ownership for Building Societies', The Service Industries Journal, October, Vol.11(4): pp. 458–480 (p. 471).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Birchall" title="Johnston Birchall">Birchall, Johnston</a>. "The International Co-operative Movement", 1997</li> <li>Brazda, Johann and Schediwy, Robert (eds.) "Consumer Co-operatives in a Changing World"(ICA), 1989</li> <li>Bernardi A., Monni S., eds., (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921190132/http://ojs.romatrepress.uniroma3.it/index.php/key">"The Co-operative firm – Keywords, Roma: RomaTrE-Press."</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_League_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative League of America">Cooperative League of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520110413/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HD2951xC776">Co-operation 1921–1947</a></li> <li>Cornforth, C. J. et al. Developing Successful Worker Co-ops, London: Sage Publications, 1988.</li> <li>Curl, John. "For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America", PM Press, 2009</li> <li>Dana, Leo Paul 2010, "Nunavik, Arctic Quebec: Where Co-operatives Supplement Entrepreneurship", Global Business and Economics Review 12 (1/2), January 2010, pp. 42–71.</li> <li>Derr, Jascha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223155957/http://www.rosalux.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Brazil_SA_Cooperatives-SD-1_2013.pdf">The cooperative movement of Brazil and South Africa</a>, 2013</li> <li>Emerson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backspace.com/notes/2005/09/collectives-for-designers.php">"Consider the Collective: More than business as usual"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119170927/http://backspace.com/notes/2005/09/collectives-for-designers.php">Archived</a> 19 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2005. Article on graphic design and printing cooperatives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Gide, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520122644/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HD3271xG453">Consumers' Co-operative Societies</a>, 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jacob_Holyoake" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jacob Holyoake">Holyoake, George Jacob</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520113444/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HD3486xH7">The History of Co-operation</a>, 1908</li> <li>Llewellyn, D. and Holmes, M. (1991) 'In Defence of Mutuality: A Redress to an Emerging Conventional Wisdom', Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics, Vol.62(3): pp. 319–354 (p. 327).</li> <li>Masulis, R. (1987) 'Changes in Ownership Structure: Conversions of Mutual Savings and Loans to Stock Charter', Journal of Financial economics, Vol.18: pp. 29–59 (p. 32).</li> <li>Paton, R. Reluctant Entrepreneurs, Open University Press, 1989.</li> <li>Rasmusen, E. (1988) 'Mutual banks and stock banks', Journal of Law and Economics, October, Vol.31: pp. 395–421 (p. 412).</li> <li>Van Deusen, David. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community-wealth.org/content/co-ops-changing-employment-green-mountains">Co-ops: The Changing Face of Employment in the Green Mountains</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714001827/http://community-wealth.org/content/co-ops-changing-employment-green-mountains">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Z Magazine.</li> <li>Vicari S., (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5055e.pdf">"2014 Annual Report on FAO's projects and activities in support of producer organizations and cooperatives"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017021743/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5055e.pdf">Archived</a> 17 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Vieta, Marco (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927183135/http://journals.sfu.ca/affinities/index.php/affinities/issue/view/4/showToc">"The New Cooperativism" in Affinities: A Journal of Radical Theory, Culture, and Action, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Warbasse" title="James Peter Warbasse">Warbasse, James Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/coopp.html">Cooperative Peace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020063906/http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/coopp.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Warbasse" title="James Peter Warbasse">Warbasse, James Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520113118/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HD2965xW37">Problems Of Cooperation</a>, 1941</li> <li>Whyte, W. F. and Whyte, K. K. Making Mondragon, New York: ILR Press/Itchaca, 1991.</li> <li>Zeuli, Kimebrly A. and Cropp, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/uwcc_pubs/primer.html">Cooperatives: Principles and practices in the 21st century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829042742/http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/uwcc_pubs/primer.html">Archived</a> 29 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702161747/http://www.cooperativenetwork.coop/wm/education/youthprograms/web/USDACurriculum_MNedition/usdamnedition.html">Understanding Cooperatives</a>, a curriculum on cooperative business for secondary school students.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-re-inventing-cooperatives-by-increasing-youth-involvement">India: Re-inventing cooperatives by increasing youth involvement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225103117/http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-re-inventing-cooperatives-by-increasing-youth-involvement">Archived</a> 25 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Galor" title="Zvi Galor">Zvi Galor</a> Production Cooperative – A Tool for National Development in COOP DIALOGUE – An ICA ROAP Journal, vol. 4 No. 1–2 – pp. 13–22 and 17–33.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429342196">The Economics of Financial Cooperatives: Income Distribution, Political Economy and Regulation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728202355/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429342196">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Amr Khafagy, 2019</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Co-operation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Co-operation">Co-operation</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0706bowmanstone.html">Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dollars_%26_Sense" title="Dollars & Sense">Dollars & Sense</a> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://social.un.org/coopsyear/">United Nations 2012 International Year of Cooperatives (IYC)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/19px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/19px-Syndicalism.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/29px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/38px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&oldid=1276829780">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&oldid=1276829780</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 February 2025, at 00:29 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossenschaft" title="Genossenschaft – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genossenschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمعية تعاونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية تعاونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativ" title="Kooperativ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kooperativ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="সমবায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমবায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprasi" title="Kuprasi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kuprasi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кооперация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кооперация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossnschoft" title="Genossnschoft – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Genossnschoft" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevelouri" title="Kevelouri – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevelouri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEstvo" title="Družstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Družstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menter_gydweithredol" title="Menter gydweithredol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Menter gydweithredol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativ" title="Kooperativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kooperativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossenschaft" title="Genossenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genossenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chistu" title="Ühistu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühistu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Συνεταιρισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνεταιρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativo" title="Kooperativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kooperativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شرکت تعاونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرکت تعاونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coop%C3%A9rative" title="Coopérative – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coopérative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%B6peraasje" title="Koöperaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koöperaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comharchumann" title="Comharchumann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comharchumann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EB%8F%99%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%A9" title="협동조합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협동조합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Կոոպերատիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոոպերատիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सहकारी समिति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहकारी समिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadruga" title="Zadruga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zadruga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativo" title="Kooperativo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kooperativo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_cooperativa" title="Società cooperativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91" title="קואופרטיב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קואופרטיב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_cooperativa" title="Societas cooperativa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Societas cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperat%C4%ABvs" title="Kooperatīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kooperatīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossenschaft" title="Genossenschaft – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Genossenschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vetkezet" title="Szövetkezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövetkezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%82" title="സഹകരണസംഘം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഹകരണസംഘം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C3%B6peratie" title="Coöperatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coöperatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सहकारी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सहकारी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%8C%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88" title="協同組合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="協同組合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvirke" title="Samvirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samvirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvirkelag" title="Samvirkelag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samvirkelag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82dzielnia" title="Spółdzielnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółdzielnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativismo" title="Cooperativismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cooperativismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativ%C4%83" title="Cooperativă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cooperativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cooperative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEstvo_(ekon%C3%B3mia)" title="Družstvo (ekonómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Družstvo (ekonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadruga" title="Zadruga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zadruga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵەی ھەرەوەزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵەی ھەرەوەزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadruga_(oblik_udru%C5%BEivanja)" title="Zadruga (oblik udruživanja) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zadruga (oblik udruživanja)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osuuskunta" title="Osuuskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osuuskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperation" title="Kooperation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kooperation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கூட்டுறவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டுறவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సహకారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహకారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="สหกรณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหกรณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatif" title="Kooperatif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kooperatif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_t%C3%A1c_x%C3%A3" title="Hợp tác xã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hợp tác xã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE" title="合作社 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="合作社" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE" title="合作社 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="合作社" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE" title="合作社 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合作社" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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