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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Skelet&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Skelet&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Skelet&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Skelet&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Diere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Diere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Diere subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hidrostatiese_skelet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrostatiese_skelet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hidrostatiese skelet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrostatiese_skelet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eenselliges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eenselliges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eenselliges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eenselliges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongewerwelde_diere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongewerwelde_diere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ongewerwelde diere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongewerwelde_diere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Werweldiere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Werweldiere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Werweldiere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Werweldiere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_mens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_mens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Die mens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Die_mens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Die mens subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Die_mens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algemene_osteologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemene_osteologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Algemene osteologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemene_osteologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spesiale_osteologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spesiale_osteologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spesiale osteologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spesiale_osteologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waar_die_name_vandaan_kom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waar_die_name_vandaan_kom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Waar die name vandaan kom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waar_die_name_vandaan_kom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Skelet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 129 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escleto" title="Escleto – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escleto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkek_ukwuuk" title="Nkek ukwuuk – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nkek ukwuuk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कंकाल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कंकाल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="هيكل (أحياء) – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيكل (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܓܪܘܡܬܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܓܪܘܡܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="কংকাল – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কংকাল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_oseu" title="Sistema oseu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema oseu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ایسکلت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکلت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99" title="Һөлдә – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөлдә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шкілет – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкілет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шкілет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкілет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="কঙ্কাল – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কঙ্কাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeledenn" title="Skeledenn – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skeledenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostur" title="Kostur – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kostur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Араг яһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Араг яһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquelet" title="Esquelet – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esquelet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئێسکبەند – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسکبەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostra" title="Kostra – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kostra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Шăмшак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăмшак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgerbwd" title="Sgerbwd – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgerbwd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ανθρώπινο ερειστικό σύστημα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινο ερειστικό σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Skeleton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleto" title="Skeleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skeleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleto" title="Esqueleto – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esqueleto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezurdura" title="Hezurdura – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezurdura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="استخوان‌بندی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استخوان‌بندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuranko" title="Luuranko – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luuranko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuv%C3%A4rk" title="Luuvärk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Luuvärk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squelette" title="Squelette – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Squelette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatlach" title="Creatlach – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Creatlach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88sk%C3%A9l%C3%A8t" title="Èskélèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Èskélèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleto" title="Esqueleto – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esqueleto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કંકાલતંત્ર – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કંકાલતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%93" title="שלד – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कंकाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंकाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaancha" title="Dhaancha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaancha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostur" title="Kostur – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kostur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8m_eskeletik" title="Sistèm eskeletik – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sistèm eskeletik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csontv%C3%A1z" title="Csontváz – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csontváz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%84" title="Կմախք – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կմախք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleto" title="Skeleto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Skeleto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangka" title="Rangka – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rangka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurog" title="Rurog – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rurog" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="ТӀехкий гом – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ТӀехкий гом" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleto" title="Skeleto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skeleto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinagrind" title="Beinagrind – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beinagrind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheletro_(anatomia)" title="Scheletro (anatomia) – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scheletro (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="骨格 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelitan" title="Skelitan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Skelitan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_skeletal" title="Sistem skeletal – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sistem skeletal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჩონჩხი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩონჩხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94%C9%94_s%CA%8And%CA%8A" title="Mɔɔ sʊndʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔɔ sʊndʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Қаңқа – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қаңқа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅಸ್ತಿಪಂಜರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಸ್ತಿಪಂಜರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%BC%88%EB%8C%80" title="뼈대 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뼈대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%DA%88%D8%AC%DB%81%D9%95_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%86%D9%9A%D8%B2" title="أڈجہٕ کرٛنٚز – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="أڈجہٕ کرٛنٚز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C3%BBt" title="Kakût – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kakût" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf_eskern" title="Korf eskern – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korf eskern" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceletus" title="Sceletus – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sceletus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraemsel" title="Geraemsel – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geraemsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griau%C4%8Diai" title="Griaučiai – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Griaučiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelets" title="Skelets – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skelets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шотсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шотсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karana_(taolana)" title="Karana (taolana) – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karana (taolana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Костур – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Костур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="അസ്ഥികൂടം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസ്ഥികൂടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangka" title="Rangka – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rangka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="အရိုးစု – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရိုးစု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquiztetl" title="Miquiztetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Miquiztetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF" title="क्वँय्कालि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्वँय्कालि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjelett" title="Skjelett – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skjelett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjelett" title="Skjelett – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjelett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stchelette" title="Stchelette – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Stchelette" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleta" title="Esqueleta – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esqueleta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkoo" title="Donkoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Donkoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3" title="କଙ୍କାଳ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଙ୍କାଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪਿੰਜਰ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿੰਜਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanse" title="Kalanse – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kalanse" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkielet_(anatomia)" title="Szkielet (anatomia) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkielet (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7" title="ہڈیاں دا ڈھانچا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہڈیاں دا ڈھانچا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%89%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="هډوانه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هډوانه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esqueleto" title="Esqueleto – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esqueleto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqru" title="Saqru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saqru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelet" title="Schelet – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Schelet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="अस्थिपञ्जरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अस्थिपञ्जरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дьардьама – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьардьама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_(%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D)" title="ᱰᱷᱟᱰᱨᱟ (ᱡᱟᱝ) – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱰᱷᱟᱰᱨᱟ (ᱡᱟᱝ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DA%8F%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ھڏائون سرشتو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھڏائون سرشتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostur" title="Kostur – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kostur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3ssa" title="Taɣssa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taɣssa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD" title="සැකිල්ල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැකිල්ල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Skeleton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporn%C3%A1_s%C3%BAstava" title="Oporná sústava – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oporná sústava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okostje" title="Okostje – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Okostje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalfoof" title="Qalfoof – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qalfoof" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleti" title="Skeleti – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skeleti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Скелетни систем – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скелетни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelett" title="Skelett – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skelett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiunzi_cha_mifupa" title="Kiunzi cha mifupa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiunzi cha mifupa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வன்கூடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வன்கூடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E2%80%8D%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅಸ‍್ಥಿ ಪಂಜರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಸ‍್ಥಿ ಪಂಜರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="అస్థిపంజరం – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అస్థిపంజరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81" title="โครงกระดูก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงกระดูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalansay" title="Kalansay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalansay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skelet" title="İskelet – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskelet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Скелет – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скелет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="استخوان بندی – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استخوان بندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skelet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Bộ xương – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ xương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomem" title="Bomem – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bomem" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabera" title="Kalabera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalabera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="骨骼系统 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="骨骼系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%98" title="סקעלעט – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סקעלעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="骨骼系統 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骨骼系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Kut hē-thóng – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kut hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="骨骼 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="骨骼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7881#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Skelet" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Skelet" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Skelet"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Skelet"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Skelet" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Skelet" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" 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<nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Horse_and_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Horse_and_Man.jpg/270px-Horse_and_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Horse_and_Man.jpg/405px-Horse_and_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Horse_and_Man.jpg/540px-Horse_and_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Geraamtes van 'n man en perd.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <b>skelet</b> of <b>geraamte</b> (Grieks σκελετός, skeletos "verdroë liggaam") verwys na die harde struktuur wat ondersteuning, stewigheid aan die vorm van 'n <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organisme</a> verskaf en wat die inwendige organe beskerm. In die geval van <a href="/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes">gewerweldes</a> bestaan die skelet uit die inwendige stawe en plate wat meestal uit <a href="/wiki/Been" title="Been">beenweefsel</a> bestaan (die bene van <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">visse</a> word visgrate genoem) oftewel die endoskelet, terwyl die <a href="/wiki/Geleedpotiges" title="Geleedpotiges">geleedpotiges</a> 'n uitwendige- of eksoskelet het (bv. 'n insekdop). Die <a href="/wiki/Spier" title="Spier">spiere</a> is aan die skelet vasgeheg en maak die beweging van die ledemate moontlik. Plekke waar twee of meer bene aan mekaar raak maar ook onderling kan beweeg, word gewrigte genoem. </p><p>Die skelet sluit in alle harde strukture wat binne (endoskelet) of aan die buitekant (eksoskelet) van die liggaam lê. Die skelet dien as verstewiging en beskerming van die liggaam en verleen aanhegting vir die spiere. Die skelet is uit organiese stowwe soos kollageenvesels en/of anorganiese stowwe soos kalk opgebou. </p><p>Eksoskelette word by veral ongewerwelde diere aangetref (byvoorbeeld die chitienpantser van insekte, die skulp van <a href="/wiki/Weekdiere" title="Weekdiere">weekdiere</a>, ensovoorts). Werweldiere word gekenmerk deur 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoskelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoskelet (bladsy bestaan nie)">endoskelet</a> (geraamte) van kraakbeen en been. As gevolg van die styfheid en onbuigbaarheid van 'n benige skelet is gewrigte nodig om beweging moontlik te maak. </p><p>Been dien ook as 'n minerale reserwe en in die rooi <a href="/wiki/Beenmurg" title="Beenmurg">beenmurg</a> word bloedselle vervaardig. Die algemene bouplan van die skelet is min of meer dieselfde by amfibieë, voëls en soogdiere en die name van die verskillende benige komponente (beendele) stem naastenby ooreen. Die skelet van die mens verskil van soogdierskelette ten opsigte van die groter skedel en die bou van die lyf (romp). By werweldiere is die eksoskelet as huidplate, kloue, ensovoorts, aanwesig. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diere">Diere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Diere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Diere"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel die benige skelet of geraamte van die werweldiere en die mens die bekendste tipe is, bestaan daar in die diereryk baie ander strukture (met 'n soortgelyke funksie van verstewiging en beskerming van die liggaam) wat ook as ŉ skelet bekend staan. </p><p>Skeletdele wat die buitenste grense van die liggaam vorm, word 'n eksoskelet genoem, en ontstaan by sommige diersoorte tydens die embrionale ontwikkeling uit ektoderm. Daarenteen lê 'n endoskelet binne die liggaam van 'n <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organisme</a> en is dit van mesodermale oorsprong. Harde endo- en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksoskelette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksoskelette (bladsy bestaan nie)">eksoskelette</a> word deur die hele diereryk in verskillende uiteen lopende vorme aangetref. Veral by die hoër ontwikkelde diere funksioneer die skelet as 'n aanhegtingsplek vir <a href="/wiki/Spier" title="Spier">spiere</a>. </p><p>Die stof waaruit skeletdele opgebou is, kan organies van oorsprong wees (onder andere kollageenvesels of keratien), maar dikwels word dit gevorm deur die afsetting van anorganiese stowwe soos kalk in ŉ bepaalde weefsel (beenvorming). Verbening of ossifikasie is ŉ besondere vorm van beenvorming en is een van die onderskeidende kenmerke van werweldiere. Hier speel die skelet ook 'n rol as 'n bron van minerale reserwes wat gebruik word om die algehele ewewig van die lewensprosesse binne die liggaam te handhaaf (homeostase). Die endoskelet van werweldiere word tydens die embrionale ontwikkeling as kraakbeen gevorm, waarna dit later grotendeels verbeen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrostatiese_skelet">Hidrostatiese skelet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Hidrostatiese skelet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hidrostatiese skelet"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By die verskillende diergroepe word daar van ŉ vloeistof- of hidrostatiese skelet gepraat wanneer 'n bepaalde stewigheid verkry word indien die liggaamsvloeistof van 'n dier op die een of ander manier onder druk verkeer, byvoorbeeld by 'n spieromringde holte of buisstelsel. Tentakels van poliepe stulp byvoorbeeld uit onder invloed van die druk van die water waarmee hulle gevul is. </p><p>Dieselfde geld vir die stekelhuidiges (phylum Echinodermata) se voetjies, wat 'n onderdeel van die watervaatstelsel vorm. By die verskillende rondewurms (phylum Aschelminthes) en ringwurms (phylum Annelida) word stewigheid verkry deur die gesamentlike werking van die liggaamsvloeistof, die liggaamswand en die liggaamspiere. Die inwendige druk is baie hoog sodat die vloeistof na buite spuit wanneer die diere beseer word. In baie gevalle speel hierdie stelsel ook 'n rol by voortbeweging. </p><p>By soogdiere kom die beginsel van 'n hidrostatiese skelet in die swelling van die penis voor. Plante verkry hul stewigheid deur die druk wat die waterige selinhoud op die selwand uitoefen (turgor). In hierdie twee gevalle word die term <i>hidrostatiese skelet</i> nie gebruik nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eenselliges">Eenselliges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Eenselliges" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Eenselliges"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By verskeie van die eensellige organismes (phylum Protozoa) kom daar ook verstewigende strukture voor in die vorm van 'n endo- of eksoskelet. So is die sweephaardiertjies (orde Flagellata) voorsien van 'n stewige as of aksostiel. By die "gaatjiesdraers" (orde Foraminifera) word 'n eksoskelet in die vorm van 'n kalkdop (kalkskelet) aangetref; die eksoskelette van die straaldiertjies (orde Radiolaria) is opgebou uit kieselsuurkristalle. Die enigste plantaardige organismes waar van ŉ skelet gepraat word, is die kieselwiere of <a href="/wiki/Diatomiese_molekuul" title="Diatomiese molekuul">diatome</a> (klas Bacillariophyceae). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongewerwelde_diere">Ongewerwelde diere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Ongewerwelde diere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ongewerwelde diere"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By baie sponse (afdeling Parazoa) word spesiale selle (skleroblaste) of spikulae gevorm. By die Coelenterata word 'n groot verskeidenheid van sowel in- as uitwendige skeletvorme aangetref. So byvoorbeeld word poliepkolonies van die klas Hydrozoa omgewe deur 'n stewige wand of kutikula, wat opgebou is uit 'n stof wat baie soos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chitien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chitien (bladsy bestaan nie)">chitien</a> lyk. By die sagte <a href="/wiki/Koraal" title="Koraal">korale</a> (orde Alcyonaria) word daar tussen die endo- en ektoderm kalknaalde (spikulae) gevorm, wat by die <a href="/wiki/Steenkoraal" title="Steenkoraal">steenkorale</a> (orde Madreporaria) saamgesmelt is tot ŉ stewige kalkdop wat die hele poliep omring. </p><p>By die <a href="/wiki/Geleedpotiges" title="Geleedpotiges">geleedpotiges</a> (phylum Arthropoda) kom slegs 'n eksoskelet voor, wat ook 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutikula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutikula (bladsy bestaan nie)">kutikula</a> genoem word. By die meeste weekdiere (phylum Mollusca) word 'n eksoskelet in die vorm van 'n skulp aangetref. Die inkvisse met 2 kieue (subklas Dibranchiata) is die enigste weekdiere waar die skulp inwendig gevorm word; dit is ook baie gereduseer. </p><p>Die bekendste voorbeeld is die inwendige skulp van die <a href="/wiki/Seekat" title="Seekat">seekat</a> (Sepia officinalis). Slegs by die inkvisse met 4 kieue (subklas Tetrabranchiata) en by die Nautilusspesies kom ook 'n uitwendige skulp voor. Die skeletdele van die <a href="/wiki/Stekelhuidiges" title="Stekelhuidiges">stekelhuidiges</a> (phylum Echinodermata) word in die onderhuidse weefsel as klein stukkies kalk neergelê. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Werweldiere">Werweldiere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Werweldiere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Werweldiere"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By die werweldiere (subphylum Vertebrata) is die endoskelet baie goed ontwikkel en staan dit bekend as 'n geraamte. Dit bestaan gewoonlik uit 2 kenmerkende skeletweefsels, naamlik been en <a href="/wiki/Kraakbeen" title="Kraakbeen">kraakbeen</a>. Die rondebekvisse (orde Cyclostomata) en kraakbeenvisse (klas Chondrichthyes) is die enigste 2 groepe wat 'n kraakbenige skelet besit; by alle ander werweldiere bestaan die skelet hoofsaaklik uit been. Been is 'n weefseltipe wat by uitsluitlik werweldiere voorkom en meestal uit kraakbeen ontstaan deur middel van die afsetting van kalksoute (enchondrale beenontwikkeling). </p><p>Bykomstig hierby is daar ook dermale beenvorming, dit wil sê die been word direk gevorm. As gevolg van die onbuigbaarheid van die been en kraakbeen is daar tussen die benige komponente van die skelet gewrigte wat beweging moontlik maak. Die kenmerkendste onderdeel van die skelet, waaraan die groep gewerweldes sy naam ontleen het, is die werwelkolom. Die werwelkolom ontstaan tydens die embrionale ontwikkeling uit die chorda dorsal is of notochorda: 'n elastiese staaf waaruit 'n aantal gelykvormige, (kraak)benige segmente, die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werwels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werwels (bladsy bestaan nie)">werwels</a>, ontstaan. </p><p>Die werwels is deur middel van gewrigte met mekaar in verbinding en kan deur artikulasie beweeg; elke werwel dra 2 ribbes. Die werwelkolom en die ribbes word gesamentlik die rompskelet (lyfskelet) genoem. By die laer <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a> (visse en <a href="/wiki/Amfibie" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfibie">amfibie</a>ë) dra ongeveer aflê werwels ribbes; by die reptiele, voëls en soogdiere is die ribbes gebuig en is die een gedeelte daarvan gereduseer. Die meeste ribbes kom by die borsbeen (sternum) saam, terwyl enkeles met die werwelkolom artikuleer en aan die voorkant vry is (swewende ribbes). </p><p>Die ledemate is deur middel van die skouer- en bekkengordel aan die werwelkolom geheg. By visse dien die ledemate (vinne) oorwegend om ewewig te verleen aan die liggaam in die water en daarom is die gordels eenvoudig van bou. By die diere wat by 'n landlewe aangepas is, kom skarniergewrigte voor tussen die ledemate en die werwelkolom en is die bekken en die werwelkolom met mekaar vergroei. Daarby is die ledemate baie stewiger omdat die opwaartse druk van die water ontbreek en die  liggaam in verhouding dus baie swaarder is. </p><p>Ook ten opsigte van die kop is daar verskille: by visse vorm die kop en die romp 'n eenheid, terwyl daar by landdiere 'n nek aanwesig is wat meeronafhanklike beweging van die kop ten opsigte van die lyf (romp) moontlik maak. By voëls is die voorste ledemate omgebou tot vliegorgane en is die borsbeen baie vergroot, wat verband hou met die ontwikkeling en aanhegting van die vliegspiere. Afgesien van 'n endoskelet, wat as stut dien, word daar by werweldiere ook 'n eksoskelet aangetref. </p><p>Die uitgestorwe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantservisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantservisse (bladsy bestaan nie)">pantservisse</a> (orde Osteovoe straci) was geheel en al omgewe deur dermale beenplate. By die resente gewerweldes kom dergelike dermale bene slegs in die kopgebied voor. Die skubbe van die beenvisse (klas Osteichthyes) het hieruit ontwikkel. Die uitwendige benige komponente van reptiele en soogdiere, die dop van skilpaaie, benige velplate, kloue, vere en hare word alles as 'n eksoskelet beskou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_mens">Die mens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Die mens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Die mens"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die twee belangrikste kenmerke van die menslike skelet in vergelyking met die van werweldiere is eerstens die vorm van die skedel (die neurokranium is goed ontwikkel) en tweedens die bou van die rompskelet (lyfskelet), waardeur die regop posisie van die mens moontlik gemaak word. Die skelet word verdeel in ŉ aksiale skelet, wat gevorm word deur die skedel (kranium), die werwelkolom (vertebrale kolom) en die borskas (toraks), en in 'n appendikulere skelet wat bestaan uit die skouer- en bekkengordel (pektorale en pelviese gordel) en die boonste en onderste ledemate. </p><p>Die aksiale skelet beskerm die inwendige organe teen beskadiging, terwyl die aksiale sowel as appendikulêre skelet aanhegting bied vir <a href="/wiki/Spier" title="Spier">spiere</a>, wat weer saam met die gewrigte en skeletdele vir beweging verantwoordelik is. Laastens bevat die skelet ook die rooi beenmurg, wat ŉ belangrike rol speel in bloedselvorming (hematopoïese). </p><p>Die studie van die benige skelet staan bekend as osteologie. In die algemene osteologie word die algemene kenmerke van die benige komponente van die skelet (dit wil sê die verskillende benige gedeeltes of bene van die skelet) bestudeer, terwyl in die spesiale of besondere osteologie die verskillende benige komponente se tipiese kenmerke bestudeer word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algemene_osteologie">Algemene osteologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Algemene osteologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Algemene osteologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By volwassenes bestaan die skelet, met uitsondering van enkele kraakbenige gedeeltes (byvoorbeeld die neuskraakbeen, ribkraakbeen, gewrigskraakbeen), uit ongeveer 200 benige komponente (bene) wat opgebou is uit beenweefsel en beenmurg. Die beenweefsel, wat as gevolg van die aanwesigheid van kalksoute hard is, vertoon op sommige plekke ŉ kompakte struktuur (compacta) en is op ander plekke opgebou uit dun plaatjies wat loodreg op mekaar staan. </p><p>As gevolg van hierdie rangskikking is daar klein openinge in die beenweefsel; hierdie tipe beenweefsel staan as sponsbeen of sponsagtige been (spongiosa) bekend. Die benige komponente bestaan nie geheel en al uit beenweefsel nie, maar is grotendeels hol, waarskynlik om die massa te verminder. Die beenmurg, wat hierdie holtes opvul, word in rooi en geel beenmurg verdeel. Die rooi beenmurg, wat verantwoordelik is vir die vorming van bloedselle, kom in die openinge van sponsbeen voor. </p><p>Die geel beenmurg bevat baie vetselle, wat verantwoordelik is vir die kleur van die beenmurg. Op 'n hoë leeftyd kan hierdie vetsel le begin verdwyn en deur bindweefsel vervang word, waardeur grys beenmurg ontstaan. Alle benige komponente is bedek met 'n dun, gryswit vlies (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beenvlies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beenvlies (bladsy bestaan nie)">beenvlies</a> of periosteum), wat ryk is aan bloedvate en senuwees; laasgenoemde dring die been vanuit die beenvlies binne. In die omgewing van die gewrigte ontbreek die beenvlies, maar daar is wel 'n lagie kraakbeen oor die gewrig (bekend as die gewrigskraakbeen). </p><p>Die meeste benige komponente van die liggaam kan volgens vorm soos volg ingedeel word: </p><p>- Langbene (byvoorbeeld die boarm, skeenbeen, vingerfalankse); kenmerkend vir hierdie benige komponente is dat die middelstuk, die skag of diafise, 'n groot holte, die murgholte, bevat wat om ring word deur kompakte been en met geel beenmurg gevul is. Albei uiteindes (epifises) bestaan uit sponsbeen met rooi beenmurg. Suite-om die sponsbeen kom 'n dun lagie kompakte been voor wat as die kortikalis bekend staan. </p><p>- Platbene (byvoorbeeld die borsbeen, skedelbene en rib bes) wat uit grotendeels sponsbeen met 'n dun lagie kompakte beenweefsel buiteom bestaan. </p><p>- Kortbene (byvoorbeeld handwortelbeentjies, werwels); hierdie bene se struktuur lyk baie soos die van die platbene, maar die buitenste laag beenweefsel is oor die algemeen dikker. </p><p>Afgesien van hierdie 3 tipes benige komponente word daar ook die aangetref wat luggevulde ruimtes bevat (gepneumatiseerde bene). Hiertoe behoort onder andere die voorhoofsbeen (os frontale) en die bokaak (maksilla). Met uitsondering van die meeste skedelbene (wat uit bindweefsel ontstaan) word die skelet tydens embrionale ontwikkeling as groot kraakbeenstukke afgeset. </p><p>Die kraakbeen en bindweefsel word mettertyd deur been vervang, 'n proses wat al begin wanneer die <a href="/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio">embrio</a> 2 maande oud is en eindig op ongeveer die 20e lewensjaar. Die vorming van been uit kraakbeen (enchondrale verbening) en uit bindweefsel (membraneuse verbening) begin by gebiede bekend as primêre ossi fiseringsentra (beenkerne), wat langsamerhand uitbrei. Met verloop van tyd verskyn in die meeste benige komponente meer sekondêre ossif iseringsentra. </p><p>In die langbene begin die verbening (ossifisering) byvoorbeeld in die derde embrionale maand met 'n ossifiseringsentrum in die skag (diafisekern). terwyl daar ook na die geboorte kerne in die epifises verskyn (epifisekerne). Die verskillende ossifiseringsentra groei na mekaar toe en terselfdertyd ontstaan die murgholte in die diafisekern. Uiteindelik is daar slegs op die grens tussen die diafise en die epifise 'n stukkie kraakbeen oor: die epifisiale skyf. </p><p>Omdat die kraakbeenselle 'n groot verdelingskapasiteit besit, kan groei voortgesit word totdat die epifisiale skyf ook verbeen het; die liggaam het dan sy definitiewe lengte bereik (wat grotendeels bepaal word deur die lengte van die langbene). Omdat dit bekend is hoeveel verbening op 'n bepaalde leeftyd voltooi behoort te wees, kan 'n mens met behulp van <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenfoto%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgenfoto's">röntgenfoto's</a> (waarop beenweefsel duidelik sigbaar is) die skeletleeftyd bepaal en sodoende sekere siektebeelde aantoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spesiale_osteologie">Spesiale osteologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Spesiale osteologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Spesiale osteologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borskas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borskas (bladsy bestaan nie)">borskas</a> (toraks) word, afgesien van die 12 borswerwels (torakale werwels), ook deur 12 paar ribbes (costae) en 'n borsbeen (sternum) gevorm. Elke rib (costa) is aan die agterkant deur middel van 'n gewrig met die werwelkolom verbind en eindig aan die voorkant in 'n kraakbenige gedeelte of ribkraakbeen (kostale kraakbeen). Die ribkraakbene van die boonste 7 paar ribbes, die ware ribbes (costae verae), is regstreeks aan die borsbeen gevestig, terwyl die volgende 3 paar steeds in verbinding is met die ribkraakbeen van die boonste liggende (superior) rib. </p><p>Hierdie laaste groep ribbes vorm saam met die 2 onderste (inferior) pare, wat geen kontak met die borsbeen het nie en daarom as swewende ribbes (costae fluctuantes) bekend staan, die vals ribbes (costae spuriae). Variasie kan voorkom, byvoorbeeld daar kan ribbes wees wat met die onderste <a href="/wiki/Nekwerwel" title="Nekwerwel">nekwerwels</a> (nekribbes) of met die boonste lendewerwels (lenderibbes) artikuleer. Die <a href="/wiki/Borsbeen" title="Borsbeen">borsbeen</a> (sternum) is 'n plat been en bestaan uit 3 dele: 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manibrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manibrium (bladsy bestaan nie)">manibrium</a>, waaraan die <a href="/wiki/Sleutelbeen" title="Sleutelbeen">sleutelbeen</a> (klavikel) en die eerste paar ribbes geheg is, die liggaam of corpus, met die volgende 6 paar ribbes daaraan, en die swaardvormige aanhangsel of processus xiphoideus. </p><p>Deurdat die borsbeen vlak onder die vel geleë is, kan 'n geneesheer met behulp van 'n hol naald rooi beenmurg vir mikroskopiese ondersoek hieruit trek (sternale punksie). In die ruimte tussen die ribbes word tussenribspiere (musculi intercostales) aangetref, terwyl die borskas aan die onderkant (inferior) afgesluit word deur die middelrif (diafragma). Sowel die middelrif as die tussenribspiere behoort tot die asemhalingspiere wat by sametrekking die ruimte van die borskas vergroot. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Bekken" title="Bekken">bekken</a> (pelvis) bestaan uit ŉ <a href="/wiki/Heiligbeen" title="Heiligbeen">heiligbeen</a> (os sacrum), 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuitjiebeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuitjiebeen (bladsy bestaan nie)">stuitjiebeen</a> (os coccyx) en die 2 <a href="/wiki/Heupbeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Heupbeen">heupbene</a> (ossa coxae). Daar word tussen ŉ groot bekken (vals bekken) en ŉ klein bekken (ware bekken) onderskei. Die grens tussen die vals en ware bekken word die bekkeningang genoem; die bekkenuitgang is die onderste rand van die ware bekken. In die holte van die ware bekken lê die <a href="/wiki/Blaas" title="Blaas">blaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rektum" title="Rektum">rektum</a> en geslagsorgane. By die vrou is die ware bekken ruimer as die van die man omdat die baba tydens geboorte daardeur moet beweeg, en dit staan derhalwe as die geboortekanaal bekend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waar_die_name_vandaan_kom">Waar die name vandaan kom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Waar die name vandaan kom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Waar die name vandaan kom"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die name van die beendere in die menslike skelet is deels van Grieks, deels van Latyn afgelei. Baie van die beendere is genoem volgens die liggaamsdele waarin hulle voorkom, maar ander dra die name van alledaagse gebruiksvoorwerpe omdat hulle so baie daarna lyk. Hier is 'n paar voorbeelde: </p><p><u>STERNUM</u>: hierdie naam vir die borsbeen is afgelei van die Griekse woord <i>sternon</i> wat “bors" beteken. </p><p><u>ILIUM</u>: die Latynse woord vir dye is <i>ilia</i>, en hiervan is die term vir die heupbeen afgelei. </p><p><u>RADIUS</u>: 'n mens hoef maar net vlugtig na hierdie voorarmbeen te kyk om te weet hoekom die Latynse woord vir 'n speek as naam daarvoor gebruik word. </p><p><u>ULNA</u>: die Grieke het die term <i>olene</i> vir die elmboog en die voorarm gebruik. Dit het later ulna geword, en dui die grootste van die twee voorarmbene aan. </p><p><u>FALANKS</u>: hierdie term vir die vingerbeentjies is afgelei van die Grieks. Dit gee te kenne dat hierdie beentjies ‘n ooreenkoms toon met houtrollers of stompe. </p><p><u>PATELLA</u>: die Latynse woord vir 'n klein pannetjie is ‘n goeie beskrywing van hoe die knieskyf voel as 'n mens dit deur die vet betas. </p><p><u>TIBIA</u>: hierdie Latynse woord beteken “skeenbeen" en ook “fluit". Fluite is soms van hol bene gemaak </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>KENNIS, 1980, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/079810824X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 079810824X</a>, volume 1, bl. 20</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldspektrum" title="Wêreldspektrum">Wêreldspektrum</a>, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0908409664" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0908409664</a>, volume 25, bl. 147</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skelet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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