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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1960s: Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s:_Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Portability,_polyphony_and_patch_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Portability,_polyphony_and_patch_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1970s: Portability, polyphony and patch memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Portability,_polyphony_and_patch_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Digital_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Digital_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1980s: Digital technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Digital_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–present:_Software_synthesizers_and_analog_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–present:_Software_synthesizers_and_analog_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1990s–present: Software synthesizers and analog revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s–present:_Software_synthesizers_and_analog_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>African-American music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Electronic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jobs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jobs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Jobs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jobs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sound synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oscillators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oscillators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Oscillators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oscillators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voltage-controlled_amplifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voltage-controlled_amplifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Voltage-controlled amplifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voltage-controlled_amplifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Envelopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Envelopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Envelopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Envelopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-frequency_oscillators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-frequency_oscillators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Low-frequency oscillators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-frequency_oscillators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arpeggiators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arpeggiators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Arpeggiators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arpeggiators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Controllers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Synthesizer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetiese_klavier" title="Sintetiese klavier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sintetiese klavier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syn%C3%BE%C3%BEs%C4%ABsere" title="Synþþsīsere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Synþþsīsere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مركب (صوتيات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركب (صوتيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizador" title="Sintetizador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sintetizador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintezator" title="Sintezator – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintezator" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сінтэзатар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінтэзатар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сынтэзатар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынтэзатар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Синтезатор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтезатор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintisajzer" title="Sintisajzer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sintisajzer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetitzador" title="Sintetitzador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintetitzador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntez%C3%A1tor" title="Syntezátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntezátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCntesaator" title="Süntesaator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süntesaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Συνθεσάιζερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθεσάιζερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizador" title="Sintetizador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintetizador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintezilo" title="Sintezilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sintezilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizadore" title="Sintetizadore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintetizadore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AB%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="سینث‌سایزر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینث‌سایزر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth%C3%A9tiseur" title="Synthétiseur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synthétiseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%A9iseoir" title="Sintéiseoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sintéiseoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizador" title="Sintetizador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sintetizador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%8B%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80" title="신시사이저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신시사이저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesajzer" title="Sintesajzer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sintesajzer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyintesis" title="Penyintesis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizers" title="Synthesizers – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Synthesizers" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0gervill" title="Hljóðgervill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóðgervill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizzatore" title="Sintetizzatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sintetizzatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8" title="סינתיסייזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינתיסייזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სინთეზატორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინთეზატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Синтезатор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтезатор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintezators" title="Sintezators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintezators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintezatorius" title="Sintezatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sintezatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likemb%C3%A9_lya_mp%C3%B3t%C3%B3_lya_lotil%C3%ADki" title="Likembé lya mpótó lya lotilíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likembé lya mpótó lya lotilíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintetiz%C3%A1tor" title="Szintetizátor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintetizátor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Синтисајзер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синтисајзер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="سنثسيزر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سنثسيزر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensintesis" title="Pensintesis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pensintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC" title="シンセサイザー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンセサイザー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintezator" title="Sintezator – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintezator" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntezator" title="Syntezator – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntezator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizador" title="Sintetizador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sintetizador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizator" title="Sintetizator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sintetizator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Синтезатор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтезатор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintisajzeri" title="Sintisajzeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sintisajzeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetiz%C3%A1tor_(hudba)" title="Syntetizátor (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syntetizátor (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizator" title="Sintetizator – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sintetizator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1" title="سینتسایزەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینتسایزەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Синтисајзер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синтисајзер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintisajzer" title="Sintisajzer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sintisajzer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetisaattori" title="Syntetisaattori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntetisaattori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="సింథసైజర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సింథసైజర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="เครื่องสังเคราะห์เสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องสังเคราะห์เสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Синтезатор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтезатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizador" title="Sintetizador – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sintetizador" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Synthesizer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetisador" title="Sintetisador – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sintetisador" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8" title="合成器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="合成器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8" title="合成器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="合成器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8" title="合成器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合成器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163829#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical instrument. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Synthesizer (disambiguation)">Synthesizer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Synth" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Synth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Synth (disambiguation)">Synth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R.A.Moog_minimoog_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/R.A.Moog_minimoog_2.jpg/220px-R.A.Moog_minimoog_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/R.A.Moog_minimoog_2.jpg/330px-R.A.Moog_minimoog_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/R.A.Moog_minimoog_2.jpg/440px-R.A.Moog_minimoog_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a> by R.A. Moog Inc. (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>synthesizer</b> (also <b>synthesiser</b><sup id="cite_ref-PEsynth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEsynth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>synth</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instrument</a> that generates <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signals</a>. Synthesizers typically create sounds by generating <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> through methods including <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">subtractive synthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">frequency modulation synthesis</a>. These sounds may be altered by components such as <a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">filters</a>, which cut or boost <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">frequencies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">envelopes</a>, which control <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a>, or how notes begin and end; and <a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-frequency oscillator">low-frequency oscillators</a>, which modulate parameters such as pitch, volume, or filter characteristics affecting <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>. Synthesizers are typically played with <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboards</a> or controlled by <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencers</a>, software or other instruments, and may be synchronized to other equipment via <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Jon_Appleton_-_Sashasonjon.oga" title="File:Jon Appleton - Sashasonjon.oga">Jon Appleton, "Sashasonjon" (1984) from the <i>Four Fantasies for Synclavier</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="641" data-mwtitle="Jon_Appleton_-_Sashasonjon.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Jon_Appleton_-_Sashasonjon.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Jon_Appleton_-_Sashasonjon.oga/Jon_Appleton_-_Sashasonjon.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Composed and performed on the Synclavier II in the Bregman Electronic Music Studio, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Synthesizer-like instruments emerged in the United States in the mid-20th century with instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/RCA_Mark_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Mark II">RCA Mark II</a>, which was controlled with <a href="/wiki/Punch_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch card">punch cards</a> and used hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum tubes">vacuum tubes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog synthesizer</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> and first sold in 1964, is credited for pioneering concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillators</a>, envelopes, <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise generators</a>, filters, and sequencers. In 1970, the smaller, cheaper <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a> standardized synthesizers as self-contained instruments with built-in keyboards, unlike the larger <a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">modular synthesizers</a> before it. </p><p>In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits">Sequential Circuits</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Prophet-5" title="Prophet-5">Prophet-5</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> to allow users to store sounds for the first time. MIDI, a <a href="/wiki/Standardized" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized">standardized</a> means of synchronizing electronic instruments, was introduced in 1982 and remains an industry standard. The <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_DX7" title="Yamaha DX7">Yamaha DX7</a>, launched in 1983, was a major success and popularized <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital synthesis">digital synthesis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizers</a> now can be run as <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a> or embedded on <a href="/wiki/Microchip" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchip">microchips</a>. In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Analog_revival" title="Analog revival">analog synthesizers returned to popularity</a> with the advent of cheaper manufacturing. </p><p>Synthesizers were initially viewed as <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>, valued by the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">countercultural</a> scenes but with little perceived commercial potential. <i><a href="/wiki/Switched-On_Bach" title="Switched-On Bach">Switched-On Bach</a></i> (1968)<i>,</i> a bestselling album of <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a> compositions arranged for synthesizer by <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a>, took synthesizers to the mainstream. They were adopted by electronic acts and pop and rock groups in the 1960s and 1970s and were widely used in 1980s music. <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a>, introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight</a> synthesizer in 1979, has influenced genres such as electronic and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> music. Today, the synthesizer is used in nearly every genre of music and is considered one of the most important instruments in the music industry. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)" title="Fact (UK magazine)">Fact</a></i> in 2016, "The synthesizer is as important, and as ubiquitous, in modern music today as the human voice."<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> became more widely available, the early 20th century saw the invention of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instruments</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trautonium" title="Trautonium">Trautonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">Ondes Martenot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">theremin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadabe-2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadabe-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_Organ_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond Organ Company">Hammond Organ Company</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Novachord" title="Novachord">Novachord</a>, a large instrument powered by 72 <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-controlled amplifier">voltage-controlled amplifiers</a> and 146 <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, the Canadian engineer <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Le_Caine" title="Hugh Le Caine">Hugh Le Caine</a> completed the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_sackbut" title="Electronic sackbut">electronic sackbut</a>, a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Control_voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="Control voltage">voltage-controlled synthesizers</a>, with keyboard sensitivity allowing for <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">attack</a> control.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadabe-2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadabe-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Olson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Olson">Harry Olson</a> and Herbert Belar completed the <a href="/wiki/RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer" title="RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer">RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey. The instrument read <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched paper tape</a> that controlled an <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizer</a> containing 750 vacuum tubes. It was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Columbia-Princeton_Electronic_Music_Center_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (album)">Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center</a> and used almost exclusively by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, a composer at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadabe-2011_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadabe-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s:_Early_years">1960s: Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960s: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Moog3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bob_Moog3.jpg/220px-Bob_Moog3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bob_Moog3.jpg/330px-Bob_Moog3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bob_Moog3.jpg/440px-Bob_Moog3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> with <a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog synthesizers</a>. Many of Moog's inventions, such as <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillators</a>, became standard in synthesizers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The authors of <i>Analog Days</i> define "the early years of the synthesizer" as between 1964 and the mid-1970s, beginning with the debut of the <a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog synthesizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Designed by the American engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a>, the instrument was a <a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">modular synthesizer</a> system composed of numerous separate electronic modules, each capable of generating, shaping, or controlling a sound depending on how each module is connected to other modules by <a href="/wiki/Patch_cable" title="Patch cable">patch cables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moog developed a means of controlling pitch through <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with Moog components such as <a href="/wiki/Envelope_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelope generator">envelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise generators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">filters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencers</a>, became standard components in synthesizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same period, the American engineer <a href="/wiki/Don_Buchla" title="Don Buchla">Don Buchla</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Buchla_Electronic_Musical_Instruments" title="Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments">Buchla Modular Electronic Music System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of a conventional <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a>, Buchla's system used touchplates which transmitted <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">control voltages</a> depending on finger position and force.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Moog's keyboard made it more accessible and marketable to musicians, and keyboards became the standard means of controlling synthesizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moog and Buchla initially avoided the word <i>synthesizer</i> for their instruments, as it was associated with the RCA synthesizer; however, by the 1970s, it had become the standard term.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Portability,_polyphony_and_patch_memory"><span id="1970s:_Portability.2C_polyphony_and_patch_memory"></span>1970s: Portability, polyphony and patch memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s: Portability, polyphony and patch memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1970, Moog launched a cheaper, smaller synthesizer, the <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RedBullMinimoog_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedBullMinimoog-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first synthesizer sold in music stores,<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was more practical for live performance. It standardized the concept of synthesizers as self-contained instruments with built-in keyboards.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_Crawford_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_Crawford-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1970s, the British composer <a href="/wiki/Ken_Freeman_(composer)" title="Ken Freeman (composer)">Ken Freeman</a> introduced the first <a href="/wiki/String_synthesizer" title="String synthesizer">string synthesizer</a>, designed to emulate <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string sections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid-2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minimoog.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minimoog.JPG/220px-Minimoog.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minimoog.JPG/330px-Minimoog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minimoog.JPG/440px-Minimoog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a>, introduced in 1970, was the first synthesizer sold in music stores.</figcaption></figure> <p>After retail stores started selling synthesizers in 1971, other synthesizer companies were established, including <a href="/wiki/ARP_Instruments" title="ARP Instruments">ARP</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">EMS</a> in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ARP's products included the <a href="/wiki/ARP_2600" title="ARP 2600">ARP 2600</a>, which folded into a carrying case and had built-in speakers, and the <a href="/wiki/ARP_Odyssey" title="ARP Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, a rival to the Minimoog.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The less expensive EMS synthesizers were used by European <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> acts including <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designs for synthesizers appeared in the amateur electronics market, such as a design published in <i><a href="/wiki/Practical_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Practical Electronics">Practical Electronics</a></i> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-PEsynth_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEsynth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1970s, ARP was the world's largest synthesizer manufacturer,<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it closed in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early synthesizers were <a href="/wiki/Monophonic_synth" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic synth">monophonic</a>, meaning they could only play one note at a time. Some of the earliest commercial <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic synthesizer">polyphonic synthesizers</a> were created by the American engineer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Oberheim" title="Tom Oberheim">Tom Oberheim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2018_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/OB-X" class="mw-redirect" title="OB-X">OB-X</a> (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, the American company <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits">Sequential Circuits</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Prophet-5" title="Prophet-5">Prophet-5</a>, the first fully <a href="/wiki/Programming_(music)" title="Programming (music)">programmable</a> polyphonic synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 93">: 93 </span></sup> Whereas previous synthesizers required users to adjust cables and knobs to change sounds, with no guarantee of exactly recreating a sound,<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Prophet-5 used <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> to store sounds in patch memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016-1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This facilitated a move from synthesizers creating unpredictable sounds to producing "a standard package of familiar sounds".<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 385">: 385 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Digital_technology">1980s: Digital technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s: Digital technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synthesizer market grew dramatically in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 57">: 57 </span></sup> 1982 saw the introduction of <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Standardized" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized">standardized</a> means of synchronizing electronic instruments; it remains an industry standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FACT-2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FACT-2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">sampling synthesizer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a>, was released in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016-1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the ability to record and play back <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a> at different pitches.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell-2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though its high price made it inaccessible to amateurs, it was adopted by high-profile pop musicians including <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>. The success of the Fairlight drove competition, improving sampling technology and lowering prices.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell-2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early competing samplers included the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">E-mu Emulator</a> in 1981<sup id="cite_ref-Howell-2015_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)#Akai" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Akai S-series</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-MusicRadar-2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusicRadar-2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg/220px-Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg/330px-Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg/440px-Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_DX7" title="Yamaha DX7">Yamaha DX7</a>, released in 1983, was the first commercially successful digital synthesizer and was widely used in 1980s pop music.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, Yamaha released the first commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital synthesizer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_DX7" title="Yamaha DX7">Yamaha DX7</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shepard2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shepard2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_(FM)_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency modulation (FM) synthesis">frequency modulation (FM) synthesis</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-holmes_257_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes_257-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the DX7 was characterized by its "harsh", "glassy" and "chilly" sounds, compared to the "warm" and "fuzzy" sounds of analog synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DX7 was the first synthesizer to sell more than 100,000 units<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 57">: 57 </span></sup>and remains one of the bestselling in history.<sup id="cite_ref-shepard2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shepard2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holmes_2572_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes_2572-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was widely used in 1980s pop music.<sup id="cite_ref-Brøvig-Hanssen-2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brøvig-Hanssen-2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital synthesizers typically contained preset sounds emulating acoustic instruments, with algorithms controlled with menus and buttons.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a>, made with FM technology licensed from Yamaha, offered features such as <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">16-bit sampling</a> and digital recording. With a starting price of $13,000, its use was limited to universities, studios and wealthy artists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roland_D-50" title="Roland D-50">Roland D-50</a> (1987) blended Roland's linear arithmetic algorithm with samples, and was the first mass-produced synthesizer with built-in digital <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">delay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 63">: 63 </span></sup> In 1988, the Japanese manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Korg_M1" title="Korg M1">M1</a>, a digital synthesizer <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">workstation</a> featuring sampled <a href="/wiki/Transient_(acoustics)" title="Transient (acoustics)">transients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">loops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M1-Retrozone_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M1-Retrozone-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With more than 250,000 units sold, it remains the bestselling synthesizer in history.<sup id="cite_ref-M1-Retrozone_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M1-Retrozone-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of digital synthesizers led to a downturn in interest in analog synthesizers in the following decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–present:_Software_synthesizers_and_analog_revival"><span id="1990s.E2.80.93present:_Software_synthesizers_and_analog_revival"></span>1990s–present: Software synthesizers and analog revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990s–present: Software synthesizers and analog revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Analog_revival" title="Analog revival">Analog revival</a></div> <p>1997 saw the release of <a href="/wiki/ReBirth_(software_synthesiser)" class="mw-redirect" title="ReBirth (software synthesiser)">ReBirth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Propellerhead_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellerhead Software">Propellerhead Software</a> and Reality by <a href="/wiki/Seer_Systems" title="Seer Systems">Seer Systems</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">software synthesizers</a> that could be played in real time via MIDI.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, an update to the music software <a href="/wiki/Cubase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubase">Cubase</a> allowed users to run software instruments (including synthesizers) as <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a>, triggering a wave of new software instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-MusicRadar-ComputerMusic_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusicRadar-ComputerMusic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propellerhead's <a href="/wiki/Reason_(software)" title="Reason (software)">Reason</a>, released in 2000, introduced an array of recognizable virtual studio equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-MusicRadar-ComputerMusic_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusicRadar-ComputerMusic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market for patchable and modular synthesizers rebounded in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> In the 2000s, older analog synthesizers regained popularity, sometimes selling for much more than their original prices.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_on_Sound-2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_on_Sound-2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, new, affordable analog synthesizers were introduced by companies including Moog, Korg, <a href="/wiki/Arturia" title="Arturia">Arturia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Smith Instruments">Dave Smith Instruments</a>. The renewed interest is credited to the appeal of imperfect "organic" sounds and simpler interfaces, and modern <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">surface-mount technology</a> making analog synthesizers cheaper and faster to manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_on_Sound-2014_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_on_Sound-2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early synthesizers were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>, valued by the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counter-cultural</a> scenes for their ability to make new sounds, but with little perceived commercial potential. <i><a href="/wiki/Switched-On_Bach" title="Switched-On Bach">Switched-On Bach</a></i> (1968)<i>,</i> a bestselling album of <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a> compositions arranged for Moog synthesizer by <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a>, demonstrated that synthesizers could be more than "random noise machines",<sup id="cite_ref-Kozinn-2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozinn-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking them to the mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, debates were held about the appropriateness of synthesizers in <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque music</a>, and according to the <i>Guardian</i> they were quickly abandoned in "serious classical circles".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the synthesizer is one of the most important instruments in the music industry,<sup id="cite_ref-borthwick2004p1202_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borthwick2004p1202-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used in nearly every genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> It is considered by the authors of <i>Analog Days</i> as "the only innovation that can stand alongside the electric guitar as a great new instrument of the age of electricity ... Both led to new forms of music, and both had massive popular appeal."<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)" title="Fact (UK magazine)">Fact</a></i> in 2016, "The synthesizer is as important, and as ubiquitous, in modern music today as the human voice."<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock">Rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerson_moog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Emerson_moog.jpg/220px-Emerson_moog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Emerson_moog.jpg/330px-Emerson_moog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Emerson_moog.jpg/440px-Emerson_moog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Keyboardist <a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a> performing with a Moog synthesizer in 1970</figcaption></figure><p>The Moog was adopted by 1960s rock acts including the <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">Doors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerson was the first major rock musician to perform with the Moog and it became a trademark of his performances, helping take his band <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a> to global stardom. According to <i>Analog Days</i>, the likes of Emerson, with his Moog performances, "did for the keyboard what <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> did for the guitar".<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 200">: 200 </span></sup> String synthesizers were used by 1970s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> bands including <a href="/wiki/Camel_(band)" title="Camel (band)">Camel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(band)" title="Caravan (band)">Caravan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra" title="Electric Light Orchestra">Electric Light Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentle_Giant" title="Gentle Giant">Gentle Giant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(band)" title="Renaissance (band)">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid-2007_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The portable Minimoog (1970), much smaller than the modular synthesizers before it, made synthesizers more common in live performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_Crawford_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_Crawford-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early synthesizers could <a href="/wiki/Monophonic_(synthesizers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic (synthesizers)">only play one note at a time</a>, making them suitable for basslines, leads and solos.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Bull_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Bull-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of polyphonic synthesizers in the 70s and 80s, "the keyboard in rock once more started to revert to the background, to be used for fills and atmosphere rather than for soloing".<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 207">: 207 </span></sup> Some acts felt that using synthesizers was "cheating"; <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> wrote in their album liner notes that they did not use them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-American_music">African-American music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: African-American music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Minimoog took a place in mainstream <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a>, most notably in the work of <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, such as the work of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ra" title="Sun Ra">Sun Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Bull_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Bull-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, the Minimoog was widely used in the emerging <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> genre by artists including <a href="/wiki/Abba" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba">Abba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Bull_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Bull-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampling, introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight</a> synthesizer in 1979, has influenced all genres of music<sup id="cite_ref-McNamee-2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamee-2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a major influence on the development of electronic and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vox-2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_music">Electronic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electronic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, electronic music composers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_Jarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Michel Jarre">Jean Michel Jarre</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Isao_Tomita" title="Isao Tomita">Isao Tomita</a><sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_20072_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins_20072-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_tomita2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic_tomita2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released successful synthesizer-led instrumental albums. This influenced the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a> from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The work of German <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a>, British acts such as <a href="/wiki/John_Foxx" title="John Foxx">John Foxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, African-American acts such as <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapp_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapp (band)">Zapp</a>, and Japanese electronic acts such as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitaro">Kitaro</a> were influential in the development of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-borthwick2004p1202_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borthwick2004p1202-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roland_TB-303" title="Roland TB-303">Roland TB-303</a> (1981), in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> and <a href="/wiki/TR-909" class="mw-redirect" title="TR-909">TR-909</a> drum machines, became a foundation of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> genres such as <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> when producers acquired cheap second-hand units later in the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of <i>Analog Days</i> connect the synthesizer's origins in 1960s psychedelia to the <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">raves</a> and British "<a href="/wiki/Second_summer_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Second summer of love">second summer of love</a>" of the 1980s and the club scenes of the 1990s and 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 321">: 321 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop">Pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gary Numan's 1979 hits "<a href="/wiki/Are_%27Friends%27_Electric%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Are 'Friends' Electric?">Are 'Friends' Electric?</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Cars_(song)" title="Cars (song)">Cars</a>" made heavy use of synthesizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren20012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren20012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robbins19912_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins19912-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark" title="Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark">OMD</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay_(song)" title="Enola Gay (song)">Enola Gay</a>" (1980) used distinctive electronic percussion and a synthesized melody. <a href="/wiki/Soft_Cell" title="Soft Cell">Soft Cell</a> used a synthesized melody on their 1981 hit "<a href="/wiki/Tainted_Love#Soft_Cell_version_(1981)" title="Tainted Love">Tainted Love</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-borthwick2004p1202_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borthwick2004p1202-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Rhodes" title="Nick Rhodes">Nick Rhodes</a>, keyboardist of <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, used synthesizers including the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Jupiter-4" title="Roland Jupiter-4">Roland Jupiter-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-8">Jupiter-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black20032_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black20032-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chart hits include <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Just_Can%27t_Get_Enough_(Depeche_Mode_song)" title="Just Can't Get Enough (Depeche Mode song)">Just Can't Get Enough</a>" (1981),<sup id="cite_ref-borthwick2004p1202_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borthwick2004p1202-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">the Human League</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_You_Want_Me" title="Don't You Want Me">Don't You Want Me</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-borthwick2004p1302_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borthwick2004p1302-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and works by <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-borthwick2004p1202_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borthwick2004p1202-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, digital synthesizers were widely used in pop music.<sup id="cite_ref-Brøvig-Hanssen-2016_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brøvig-Hanssen-2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yamaha DX7, released in 1983, became a pop staple, used on songs by <a href="/wiki/A-ha" title="A-ha">A-ha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Loggins" title="Kenny Loggins">Kenny Loggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang" title="Kool & the Gang">Kool & the Gang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its "E PIANO 1" preset became particularly famous,<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially for <a href="/wiki/Power_ballad" class="mw-redirect" title="Power ballad">power ballads</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-DX7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-DX7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used by artists including <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-DX7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-DX7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brøvig-Hanssen-2016_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brøvig-Hanssen-2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Vandross" title="Luther Vandross">Luther Vandross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ocean" title="Billy Ocean">Billy Ocean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korg_M1" title="Korg M1">Korg M1</a> presets were widely used in 1990s house music, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>'s 1990 single "<a href="/wiki/Vogue_(Madonna_song)" title="Vogue (Madonna song)">Vogue</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Gizmodo_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthesizers are common in film and television soundtracks.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 273">: 273 </span></sup> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Mort_Garson" title="Mort Garson">Mort Garson</a> used a Moog to compose a soundtrack for the televised footage of the <a href="/wiki/First_moonwalk" class="mw-redirect" title="First moonwalk">Apollo 11 moonwalk</a>, creating a link between electronic music and space in the American popular imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ARP synthesizers were used to create sound effects for the 1977 science fiction films <i><a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a><sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i>, including the "voice" of the robot <a href="/wiki/R2-D2" title="R2-D2">R2-D2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 273">: 273 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 70s and 80s, synthesizers were used in the scores for thrillers and horror films including <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a></i> (1979), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fog" title="The Fog">The Fog</a></i> (1980) and <i><a href="/wiki/Manhunter_(film)" title="Manhunter (film)">Manhunter</a></i> (1986). <a href="/wiki/Brad_Fiedel" title="Brad Fiedel">Brad Fiedel</a> used a Prophet synthesizer to record <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator_(soundtrack)" title="The Terminator (soundtrack)">the soundtrack</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a></i> (1984),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter" title="John Carpenter">John Carpenter</a> used them extensively for his soundtracks.<sup id="cite_ref-SOS_July2016_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOS_July2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthesizers were used to create themes for television shows including <i><a href="/wiki/Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)" title="Knight Rider (1982 TV series)">Knight Rider</a></i> (1982)<i>, <a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i> (1990) and <i><a href="/wiki/Stranger_Things" title="Stranger Things">Stranger Things</a></i> (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jobs">Jobs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jobs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of the synthesizer led to major changes in music industry jobs, comparable to the earlier arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound in film</a>, which put live musicians accompanying <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> out of work.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its ability to imitate instruments such as strings and horns, the synthesizer threatened the jobs of <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a>. For a period, the Moog was banned from use in commercial work, a restriction negotiated by the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> (AFM).<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Moog felt that the AFM had not realized that his instrument had to be studied like any other, and instead imagined that "all the sounds that musicians could make somehow existed in the Moog — all you had to do was push a button that said '<a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a>' and out would come the most fantastic violin player".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musician <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sear" title="Walter Sear">Walter Sear</a> persuaded the AFM that the synthesizer demanded skill, and the category of "synthesizer player" was accepted into the union/ However, players were subject to "suspicion and hostility" for years.<sup id="cite_ref-Analog_Days_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog_Days-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 149">: 149 </span></sup> In 1982, following a tour by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> using synthesizers instead of an orchestra, the British <a href="/wiki/Musicians%27_Union_(United_Kingdom)" title="Musicians' Union (United Kingdom)">Musicians' Union</a> attempted to ban synthesizers, attracting controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-MUhistory2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUhistory2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That decade, a few musicians skilled at programming the Yamaha DX7 found employment creating sounds for other acts.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_synthesis">Sound synthesis <span class="anchor" id="Theory"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sound synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synth_Diag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Synth_Diag.svg/160px-Synth_Diag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Synth_Diag.svg/240px-Synth_Diag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Synth_Diag.svg/320px-Synth_Diag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">subtractive synthesis</a>, complex waveforms are generated by oscillators and then shaped with filters to remove or boost specific frequencies.</figcaption></figure><p>Synthesizers generate audio through various forms of <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital</a> synthesis. </p><ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">subtractive synthesis</a>, complex <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> are generated by oscillators and then shaped with filters to remove or boost specific frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subtractive synthesis is characterized as "rich" and "warm".<sup id="cite_ref-MusicTech-2019_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusicTech-2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive synthesis</a>, a large number of waveforms, usually <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine waves</a>, are combined into a composite sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crute-2019-1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crute-2019-1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_(FM)_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency modulation (FM) synthesis">frequency modulation (FM) synthesis</a>, also known as phase modulation, a carrier wave is modulated with the frequency of a modulator wave; the resulting complex waveform can, in turn, be modulated by another modulator, and this by another, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Crute-2019_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crute-2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FM synthesis is characterized as "harsh", "glassy" and "chilly".<sup id="cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion_synthesis" title="Phase distortion synthesis">Phase distortion synthesis</a>, implemented in <a href="/wiki/Casio_CZ_synthesizers" title="Casio CZ synthesizers">Casio CZ synthesizers</a>, is similar to FM synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Wavetable_synthesis" title="Wavetable synthesis">wavetable synthesis</a>, synthesizers modulate smoothly between digital representations of different waveforms, changing the shape and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis" title="Sample-based synthesis">sample-based synthesis</a>, instead of sounds being created by synthesizers, samples (<a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recordings</a> of sounds) are played back and shaped with components such as filters, envelopes and LFOs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vector_synthesis" title="Vector synthesis">vector synthesis</a>, pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_VS" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet VS">Prophet VS</a>, users crossfade between different sound sources using controllers such as joysticks, envelopes and LFOs.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Granular_synthesis" title="Granular synthesis">granular synthesis</a>, an audio sample is split into "grains", usually between one hundredth and one tenth of a second in length, which are recombined and played back.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis" title="Physical modelling synthesis">physical modelling synthesis</a>, a mathematical model of a physical sound source is created.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oscillators">Oscillators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oscillators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><span style="font-size:120%;"><b>Oscillator wave shape example</b></span></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Saw_triangle_comparison_moog_synthesizer.ogg" title="File:Saw triangle comparison moog synthesizer.ogg">Sawtooth wave compared to triangle wave</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Saw_triangle_comparison_moog_synthesizer.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/35/Saw_triangle_comparison_moog_synthesizer.ogg/Saw_triangle_comparison_moog_synthesizer.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/Saw_triangle_comparison_moog_synthesizer.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of two identical groups of notes being played first by a sawtooth oscillator, and then by a triangle oscillator.</div></div></div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">Oscillators</a> produce waveforms (such as <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_wave" title="Sawtooth wave">sawtooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pulse_wave" title="Pulse wave">pulse waves</a>) with different <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage-controlled_amplifiers">Voltage-controlled amplifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Voltage-controlled amplifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-controlled amplifier">Voltage-controlled amplifiers</a> (VCAs) control the volume or <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a> of the audio signal. VCAs can be modulated by other components, such as LFOs and envelopes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A VCA is a <a href="/wiki/Preamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Preamp">preamp</a> that boosts (amplifies) the electronic signal before passing it on to an external or built-in power amplifier, as well as a means to control its amplitude (volume) using an <a href="/wiki/Attenuator_(electronics)" title="Attenuator (electronics)">attenuator</a>. The gain of the VCA is affected by a <i>control voltage</i> (CV), coming from an envelope generator, an LFO, the keyboard or some other source.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid2000_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid2000-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filters">Filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acoustic_filters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Acoustic_filters.svg/160px-Acoustic_filters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Acoustic_filters.svg/240px-Acoustic_filters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Acoustic_filters.svg/320px-Acoustic_filters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1770" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Various filter modes.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">Voltage-controlled filter</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">Voltage-controlled filters</a> (VCFs) "shape" the sound generated by the oscillators in the frequency domain, often under the control of an envelope or LFO. These are essential to subtractive synthesis. Filters are particularly important in <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">subtractive synthesis</a>, being designed to pass some frequency regions (or "bands") through <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">unattenuated</a> while significantly attenuating ("subtracting") others. The <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filter</a> is most frequently used, but <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">band-pass filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Band-reject_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Band-reject filter">band-reject filters</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-pass_filter" title="High-pass filter">high-pass filters</a> are also sometimes available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><span style="font-size:120%;"><b>Filtered sawtooth</b></span></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtered_sawtooth_moog.ogg" title="File:Filtered sawtooth moog.ogg">Filtered sawtooth</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Filtered_sawtooth_moog.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/f/fc/Filtered_sawtooth_moog.ogg/Filtered_sawtooth_moog.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/Filtered_sawtooth_moog.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A sawtooth wave with a low pass filter.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtered_envelope_sawtooth_moog.ogg" title="File:Filtered envelope sawtooth moog.ogg">Filter envelope</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Filtered_envelope_sawtooth_moog.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/3e/Filtered_envelope_sawtooth_moog.ogg/Filtered_envelope_sawtooth_moog.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3e/Filtered_envelope_sawtooth_moog.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A sawtooth wave with an ADSR envelope applied to its filter</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtered_envelope_resonance_sawtooth_moog.ogg" title="File:Filtered envelope resonance sawtooth moog.ogg">Filter envelope with resonance</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Filtered_envelope_resonance_sawtooth_moog.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/e/ea/Filtered_envelope_resonance_sawtooth_moog.ogg/Filtered_envelope_resonance_sawtooth_moog.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Filtered_envelope_resonance_sawtooth_moog.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">With added filter resonance effect, for a "wet" sound.</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>The filter may be controlled with a second ADSR envelope. An "envelope modulation" ("env mod") parameter on many synthesizers with filter envelopes determines how much the envelope affects the filter. If turned all the way down, the filter produces a flat sound with no envelope. When turned up the envelope becomes more noticeable, expanding the minimum and maximum range of the filter. The envelope applied on the filter helps the sound designer generating long notes or short notes by moving the parameters up and down such as decay, sustain and finally release. For instance by using a short decay with no sustain, the sound generated is commonly known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Stab_(music)" title="Stab (music)">stab</a></i>. Sound designers may prefer shaping the sound with a filter instead of volume.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="ADSR_envelope"></span><span class="anchor" id="Envelope_generator"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Envelopes">Envelopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Envelopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">Envelope (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADSR_parameter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ADSR_parameter.svg/213px-ADSR_parameter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ADSR_parameter.svg/320px-ADSR_parameter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ADSR_parameter.svg/426px-ADSR_parameter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of ADSR</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:right; float:right"></div> <p>Envelopes control how sounds change over time. They may control parameters such as <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> (volume), filters (frequencies), or pitch. The most common envelope is the ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release) envelope:<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Attack</b> is the time taken for initial run-up of level from nil to peak, beginning when the note is triggered.</li> <li><b>Decay</b> is the time taken for the subsequent run down from the attack level to the designated sustain level.</li> <li><b>Sustain</b> is the level during the main sequence of the sound's duration, until the key is released.</li> <li><b>Release</b> is the time taken for the level to decay from the sustain level to zero after the key is released.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><span style="font-size:120%;"><b>ADSR envelope example</b></span></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Adsr_envelope_sawtooth_moog_synthesizer.ogg" title="File:Adsr envelope sawtooth moog synthesizer.ogg">ADSR envelope with sawtooth wave</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Adsr_envelope_sawtooth_moog_synthesizer.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/a/a4/Adsr_envelope_sawtooth_moog_synthesizer.ogg/Adsr_envelope_sawtooth_moog_synthesizer.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Adsr_envelope_sawtooth_moog_synthesizer.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An ADSR envelope applied to note amplitude.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-frequency_oscillators">Low-frequency oscillators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Low-frequency oscillators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillation" title="Low-frequency oscillation">Low-frequency oscillation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-frequency oscillator">Low-frequency oscillators</a> (LFOs) produce waveforms used to modulate parameters, such as the pitch of oscillators (producing <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arpeggiators">Arpeggiators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arpeggiators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><span style="font-size:120%;"><b>Trance Lead</b></span></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Arpeggiator.ogg" title="File:Arpeggiator.ogg">sound sample of arpeggiator</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Arpeggiator.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Arpeggiator.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Arpeggiator.ogg/Arpeggiator.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A sample of Eurodance synthesizer riff with use of rapid 1/16 notes arpeggiator</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Arpeggiators, included in many synthesizer models, take input <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> and convert them into <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggios</a>. They usually include controls for speed, range and mode (the movement of the arpeggio).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controllers">Controllers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthesizers are often controlled with electronic or digital <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboards</a> or <a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a> keyboards, which may be built into the synthesizer unit or attached via connections such as <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">CV/gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, or <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyboards may offer <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_expression" title="Keyboard expression">expression</a> such as velocity sensitivity and aftertouch, allowing for more control over the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other controllers include <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_controller" title="Ribbon controller">ribbon controllers</a>, which track the movement of the finger across a touch-sensitive surface; <a href="/wiki/Wind_controller" title="Wind controller">wind controllers</a>, played similarly to <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instruments</a>; motion-sensitive controllers similar to video game <a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">motion controllers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">electronic drum pads</a>, played similarly to the heads of a <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kit</a>; touchplates, which send signals depending on finger position and force; controllers designed for <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_tuning" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal tuning">microtonal tunings</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fingerpads.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clones">Clones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthesizer clones are unlicensed recreations of previous synthesizers, often marketed as affordable versions of famous musical equipment. Clones are available as physical instruments and software. Companies that have sold software clones include <a href="/wiki/Arturia" title="Arturia">Arturia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Instruments" title="Native Instruments">Native Instruments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Behringer" title="Behringer">Behringer</a> manufactures equipment modelled on instruments including the Minimoog, <a href="/wiki/Pro-One" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-One">Pro-One</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TB-303" class="mw-redirect" title="TB-303">TB-303</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/TR-808" class="mw-redirect" title="TR-808">TR-808</a>. Other synthesizer clones include the MiniMOD (a series of <a href="/wiki/Eurorack" title="Eurorack">Eurorack</a> modules based on the Minimoog), the Intellijel Atlantis (based on the <a href="/wiki/SH-101" class="mw-redirect" title="SH-101">SH-101</a>), and the x0x Heart (based on the TB-303).<sup id="cite_ref-Behringer_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creating clones of older hardware is legal where the <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> have expired.<sup id="cite_ref-Behringer_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Mackie_(company)" title="Mackie (company)">Mackie</a> lost their lawsuit against Behringer<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law in the United States">copyright law in the United States</a> did not cover their <a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">circuit board</a> designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Behringer_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <dl><dt>Lists</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synthesizers" title="List of synthesizers">List of synthesizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synthesizer_manufacturers" title="List of synthesizer manufacturers">List of synthesizer manufacturers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Various synthesizers</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_synthesizer" title="Guitar synthesizer">Guitar synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_bass" title="Keyboard bass">Keyboard bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">Modular synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-modular_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-modular synthesizer">Semi-modular synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_synthesizer" title="String synthesizer">String synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_controller" title="Wind controller">Wind controller</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related instruments & technologies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_sound_synthesis" title="3D sound synthesis">3D sound synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavioline" title="Clavioline">Clavioline</a> (Musitron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid" title="Vocaloid">Vocaloid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Components & technologies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_signal" title="Analytic signal">Analytic signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope_detector" title="Envelope detector">Envelope detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillation" title="Low-frequency oscillation">Low-frequency oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Music genres</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Notable works</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_for_electronic_keyboard" title="List of compositions for electronic keyboard">List of compositions for electronic keyboard</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PEsynth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEsynth_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEsynth_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShaw1973" class="citation magazine cs1">Shaw, G D (February 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Practical_Electronics.htm">"Sound Synthesiser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Practical_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Practical Electronics">Practical Electronics</a></i>. Vol. 9, no. 2. p. 140<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Practical+Electronics&rft.atitle=Sound+Synthesiser&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=140&rft.date=1973-02&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=G+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FPractical_Electronics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fact-2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact-2016_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwells2016" class="citation news cs1">Twells, John (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factmag.com/2016/09/15/14-most-important-synths/">"The 14 most important synths in electronic music history – and the musicians who use them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)" title="Fact (UK magazine)">Fact</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fact&rft.atitle=The+14+most+important+synths+in+electronic+music+history+%E2%80%93+and+the+musicians+who+use+them&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Twells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmag.com%2F2016%2F09%2F15%2F14-most-important-synths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadabe-2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chadabe-2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadabe-2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadabe-2011_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadabe2011" class="citation web cs1">Chadabe, Joel (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emusician.com/tutorials/electronic_century1/index1.html">"The Electronic Century Part I: Beginnings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Musician" title="Electronic Musician">Electronic Musician</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914022718/http://emusician.com/tutorials/electronic_century1/index1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Musician&rft.atitle=The+Electronic+Century+Part+I%3A+Beginnings&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.aulast=Chadabe&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femusician.com%2Ftutorials%2Felectronic_century1%2Findex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2010" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Dave (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/soniccouture-novachord">"Soniccouture Novachord"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 5 July 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQ4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorthwick2004" class="citation cs2">Borthwick, Stuart (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4bmVbNSnk4C&q=synthpop&pg=PA119"><i>Popular Music Genres: An Introduction</i></a>, Edinburgh University Press, p. 120, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1745-0"><bdi>0-7486-1745-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+Genres%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7486-1745-0&rft.aulast=Borthwick&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4bmVbNSnk4C%26q%3Dsynthpop%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation cs2">Holmes, Thom (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC"><i>Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture</i></a> (3rd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6"><bdi>978-0-415-95781-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+experimental+music%3A+technology%2C+music%2C+and+culture&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95781-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCthQ-bec-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail2000" class="citation cs2">Vail, Mark (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNci9y0jlRgC"><i>Vintage Synthesizers: Groundbreaking Instruments and Pioneering Designers of Electronic Music Synthesizers</i></a>, Backbeat Books, pp. 68–342, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-603-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-603-3"><bdi>0-87930-603-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+Synthesizers%3A+Groundbreaking+Instruments+and+Pioneering+Designers+of+Electronic+Music+Synthesizers&rft.pages=68-342&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-87930-603-3&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNci9y0jlRgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrombie1986" class="citation book cs1">Crombie, David (1986). <i>New Complete Synthesizer</i>. Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0711907013" title="Special:BookSources/0711907013"><bdi>0711907013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Complete+Synthesizer&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0711907013&rft.aulast=Crombie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorges2005" class="citation book cs1">Gorges, Peter (2005). <i>Programming Synthesizers</i>. Germany, Bremen: Wizoobooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934903-48-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-934903-48-7"><bdi>978-3-934903-48-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Synthesizers&rft.place=Germany%2C+Bremen&rft.pub=Wizoobooks&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-934903-48-7&rft.aulast=Gorges&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Reinhard (2005). <i>Analog Synthesis</i>. Germany, Bremen: Wizoobooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934903-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-934903-01-2"><bdi>978-3-934903-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analog+Synthesis&rft.place=Germany%2C+Bremen&rft.pub=Wizoobooks&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-934903-01-2&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2000" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modulationshisto00shap"><i>Modulations: A History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound</i></a>. Caipirinha Productions, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X"><bdi>1-891024-06-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modulations%3A+A+History+of+Electronic+Music%3A+Throbbing+Words+on+Sound&rft.pub=Caipirinha+Productions%2C+US&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-891024-06-X&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodulationshisto00shap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuit2014" class="citation book cs1">Kuit, Roland (2014). <i>SoundLab I: The Electronic Studio. Publisher's number: 13664</i>. The Netherlands, The Hague: Donemus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SoundLab+I%3A+The+Electronic+Studio.+Publisher%27s+number%3A+13664&rft.place=The+Netherlands%2C+The+Hague&rft.pub=Donemus&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kuit&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuit2014" class="citation book cs1">Kuit, Roland (2014). <i>SoundLab II: Architectures for Philosophers. Publisher's number: 13665</i>. The Netherlands, The Hague: Donemus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SoundLab+II%3A+Architectures+for+Philosophers.+Publisher%27s+number%3A+13665&rft.place=The+Netherlands%2C+The+Hague&rft.pub=Donemus&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kuit&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuit2014" class="citation book cs1">Kuit, Roland (2014). <i>Laboratory of Patching: Illustrated Compendium of Modular Synthesis. Publisher's number: 13662</i>. The Netherlands, The Hague: Donemus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+of+Patching%3A+Illustrated+Compendium+of+Modular+Synthesis.+Publisher%27s+number%3A+13662&rft.place=The+Netherlands%2C+The+Hague&rft.pub=Donemus&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kuit&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuit2014" class="citation book cs1">Kuit, Roland (2014). <i>To be On, to be OFF, that's the SWITCH. Publisher's number: 13666</i>. The Netherlands, The Hague: Donemus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+be+On%2C+to+be+OFF%2C+that%27s+the+SWITCH.+Publisher%27s+number%3A+13666&rft.place=The+Netherlands%2C+The+Hague&rft.pub=Donemus&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kuit&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synthesizer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:synthesizer">synthesizer</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Synthesizers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Synthesizers">Synthesizers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sound_Synthesis_Theory" class="extiw" title="b:Sound Synthesis Theory">Sound Synthesis Theory wikibook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/acoustics_info/sound_synthesis/?content=index">Principles of Sound Synthesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120080457/http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/acoustics_info/sound_synthesis/?content=index">Archived</a> 20 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Salford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford University">Salford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/learning4synthesizer/home">Synthesizer Tutorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611203717/https://sites.google.com/site/learning4synthesizer/home">Archived</a> 11 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_synthesis_types" title="Template:Sound synthesis types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_synthesis_types" title="Template talk:Sound synthesis types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_synthesis_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound synthesis types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sound_synthesis_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sound synthesis</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_arithmetic_synthesis" title="Linear arithmetic synthesis">Linear arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion_synthesis" title="Phase distortion synthesis">Phase distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanned_synthesis" title="Scanned synthesis">Scanned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis" title="Subtractive synthesis">Subtractive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_synthesis" title="Distortion synthesis">Distortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis" title="Sample-based synthesis">Sample-based</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wavetable_synthesis" title="Wavetable synthesis">Wavetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_synthesis" title="Granular synthesis">Granular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_synthesis" title="Vector synthesis">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concatenative_synthesis" title="Concatenative synthesis">Concatenative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis" title="Physical modelling synthesis">Physical modelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_waveguide_synthesis" title="Banded waveguide synthesis">Banded waveguide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_waveguide_synthesis" title="Digital waveguide synthesis">Digital waveguide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_digital_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct digital synthesizer">Direct digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formant_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Formant synthesis">Formant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karplus%E2%80%93Strong_string_synthesis" title="Karplus–Strong string synthesis">Karplus–Strong string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">Analog synthesizer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_sound" title="Graphical sound">Graphical sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">Modular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">Digital synthesizer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_modeling_synthesizer" title="Analog modeling synthesizer">Analog modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanned_synthesis" title="Scanned synthesis">Scanned synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_music" title="Template:Computer music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_music" title="Template talk:Computer music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Battier" title="Marc Battier">Marc Battier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boulanger" title="Richard Boulanger">Richard Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_di_Giugno" title="Giuseppe di Giugno">Giuseppe di Giugno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodge_(composer)" title="Charles Dodge (composer)">Charles Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lansky" title="Paul Lansky">Paul Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pape" title="Gérard Pape">Gérard Pape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Puckette" title="Miller Puckette">Miller Puckette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Reynolds" title="Roger Reynolds">Roger Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Curtis Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(band)" title="The Hub (band)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimpin" title="Trimpin">Trimpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Vercoe" title="Barry Vercoe">Barry Vercoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC"><img alt="CSIRAC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/80px-CSIRAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/120px-CSIRAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/160px-CSIRAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/80px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/120px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/160px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs and<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChucK" title="ChucK">ChucK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composers_Desktop_Project" title="Composers Desktop Project">Composers Desktop Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csound" title="Csound">Csound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAUST_(programming_language)" title="FAUST (programming language)">FAUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Music_Specification_Language" title="Hierarchical Music Specification Language">HMSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyma_(sound_design_language)" title="Kyma (sound design language)">Kyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop_orchestra" title="Laptop orchestra">Laptop orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max/MSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Mouse" title="Music Mouse">Music Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodrum" title="Radiodrum">Radiodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Pi" title="Sonic Pi">Sonic Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPIC" title="UPIC">UPIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">CCRMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCMIX" title="CCMIX">CEMAMu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center at Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Music_Studios" title="Experimental Music Studios">Experimental Music Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_New_Music_and_Audio_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for New Music and Audio Technologies">Center for New Music and Audio Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Sound_Lab" title="Princeton Sound Lab">Princeton Sound Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMARA" title="TIMARA">Oberlin TIMARA Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electronic_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics">IEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sound synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">Digital synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortuos_Plango,_Vivos_Voco" title="Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco">Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="5._Electrophones_(electronic_musical_instruments)_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electrophones" title="Template:Electrophones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electrophones" title="Template talk:Electrophones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electrophones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electrophones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="5._Electrophones_(electronic_musical_instruments)_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electrophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of electrophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number">5.</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophone">Electrophones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instruments</a>) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electrophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of electrophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">51. Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">Tracker action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">52. Amplification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">Pickup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">Instrument amplifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen effect">Larsen effect</a> ("feedback")</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">53. Oscillation<br />(radioelectric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buchla_Electronic_Musical_Instruments" title="Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments">Buchla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">Ondes Martenot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synthesizer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">Modular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trautonium" title="Trautonium">Trautonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_keyboards" title="Template talk:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chiptune" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chiptune-footer" title="Template:Chiptune-footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chiptune-footer" title="Template talk:Chiptune-footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chiptune-footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chiptune-footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chiptune" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">Skweee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blip_Festival" title="Blip Festival">Blip Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGFest" title="MAGFest">MAGFest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8bitpeoples" title="8bitpeoples">8bitpeoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_techno" title="Ambient techno">Ambient techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">Hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">Synthpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163829#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4124279-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85131654">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00940402">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="syntezátory (hudba)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph202555&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555932605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/4a29230c-5ab5-4eff-ac59-4a253f3561a0">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&oldid=1258745984">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthesizer&oldid=1258745984</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synthesizers" 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