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placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-การใช้งาน" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การใช้งาน"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>การใช้งาน</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การใช้งาน-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-การถอดอักษร" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การถอดอักษร"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>การถอดอักษร</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การถอดอักษร-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-การเปรียบเทียบกับไอเอสโอ_15919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การเปรียบเทียบกับไอเอสโอ_15919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>การเปรียบเทียบกับไอเอสโอ 15919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การเปรียบเทียบกับไอเอสโอ_15919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ดูเพิ่ม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ดูเพิ่ม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ดูเพิ่ม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ดูเพิ่ม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ชุดตัวอักษรสากลสำหรับการถอดอักษรภาษาสันสกฤต</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 58 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الألفبائية الدولية للترجمة السنسكريتية – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألفبائية الدولية للترجمة السنسكريتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_dilinin_transliterasiyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_beyn%C9%99lxalq_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Sanskrit dilinin transliterasiyasının beynəlxalq əlifbası – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sanskrit dilinin transliterasiyasının beynəlxalq əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Международна азбука за транслитерация на санскрит – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международна азбука за транслитерация на санскрит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="সংস্কৃত লিপ্যন্তরের আন্তর্জাতিক বর্ণমালা – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃত লিপ্যন্তরের আন্তর্জাতিক বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར། – ทิเบต" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ทิเบต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_etrebroadel_evit_treuzskriva%C3%B1_ar_sa%C3%B1skriteg" title="Lizherenneg etrebroadel evit treuzskrivañ ar sañskriteg – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg etrebroadel evit treuzskrivañ ar sañskriteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddor_Ryngwladol_Trawslythrennu_Sansgrit" title="Gwyddor Ryngwladol Trawslythrennu Sansgrit – เวลส์" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddor Ryngwladol Trawslythrennu Sansgrit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="เวลส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_internacional_de_transliteraci%C3%B3n_s%C3%A1nscrita" title="Alfabeto internacional de transliteración sánscrita – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto internacional de transliteración sánscrita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritoaren_Transliteraziorako_Nazioarteko_Alfabetoa" title="Sanskritoaren Transliteraziorako Nazioarteko Alfabetoa – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sanskritoaren Transliteraziorako Nazioarteko Alfabetoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="الفبای بین‌المللی نویسه‌گردانی سانسکریت – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای بین‌المللی نویسه‌گردانی سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – ฟริเซียนเหนือ" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ฟริเซียนเหนือ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_Internacional_de_Transliteraci%C3%B3n_S%C3%A1nscrita" title="Alfabeto Internacional de Transliteración Sánscrita – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto Internacional de Transliteración Sánscrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_internazionale_per_la_traslitterazione_del_sanscrito" title="Alfabeto internazionale per la traslitterazione del sanscrito – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto internazionale per la traslitterazione del sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – ชวา" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ชวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85.%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82.%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%B5." title="ಅ.ಸಂ.ಲಿ.ವ. – กันนาดา" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅ.ಸಂ.ಲಿ.ವ." data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="กันนาดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Internationale_Translitterationis_Sanscriticae" title="Alphabetum Internationale Translitterationis Sanscriticae – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphabetum Internationale Translitterationis Sanscriticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_sanskrito_alfabeto_transliteracija" title="Tarptautinė sanskrito alfabeto transliteracija – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė sanskrito alfabeto transliteracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautiskais_sanskrita_transliter%C4%81cijas_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Starptautiskais sanskrita transliterācijas alfabēts – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskais sanskrita transliterācijas alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സംസ്കൃത ലിപ്യന്തരീകരണത്തിനുള്ള അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ലിപി – มาลายาลัม" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കൃത ലിപ്യന്തരീകരണത്തിനുള്ള അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="มาลายาลัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्कृत वर्णमाला लिप्यंतरण – มราฐี" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्कृत वर्णमाला लिप्यंतरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="มราฐี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Transliterasi_Sanskrit_Antarabangsa" title="Abjad Transliterasi Sanskrit Antarabangsa – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Transliterasi Sanskrit Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला – เนปาล" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="เนปาล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – ออสเซเตีย" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ออสเซเตีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਲਿਪੀਅੰਤਰਨ ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ – ปัญจาบ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਲਿਪੀਅੰਤਰਨ ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ปัญจาบ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_internacional_para_a_translitera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_s%C3%A2nscrito" title="Alfabeto internacional para a transliteração de sânscrito – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto internacional para a transliteração de sânscrito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_Interna%C8%9Bional_pentru_Transliterarea_Sanscritei" title="Alfabetul Internațional pentru Transliterarea Sanscritei – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul Internațional pentru Transliterarea Sanscritei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Международный алфавит транслитерации санскрита – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный алфавит транслитерации санскрита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृतलिप्यन्तरणवर्णमाला – สันสกฤต" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृतलिप्यन्तरणवर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="สันสกฤต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Санскрит транслитерациятын аан дойдутааҕы алпаабыта – ซาคา" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Санскрит транслитерациятын аан дойдутааҕы алпаабыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ซาคา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="سنسڪرت ٽرانسليٽريشن جي بين الاقوامي الفابيٽ – สินธิ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنسڪرت ٽرانسليٽريشن جي بين الاقوامي الفابيٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="สินธิ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodna_abeceda_za_pre%C4%8Drkovanje_sanskrta" title="Mednarodna abeceda za prečrkovanje sanskrta – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodna abeceda za prečrkovanje sanskrta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar_i_Transliterimit_Sanskrit" title="Alfabeti Ndërkombëtar i Transliterimit Sanskrit – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti Ndërkombëtar i Transliterimit Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சர்வதேச சமசுகிருத ரோமனாக்க அரிச்சுவடி – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சர்வதேச சமசுகிருத ரோமனாக்க அரிச்சுவடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="అంతర్జాతీయ సంస్కృత లిప్యంతరీకరణ వర్ణమాల – เตลูกู" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతర్జాతీయ సంస్కృత లిప్యంతరీకరణ వర్ణమాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="เตลูกู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Sanskrit%C3%A7e_Harf_%C3%87evirisi_Alfabesi" title="Uluslararası Sanskritçe Harf Çevirisi Alfabesi – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Sanskritçe Harf Çevirisi Alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C" title="سنسکرت حروف تہجی کی بین الاقوامی نقل حرفی – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنسکرت حروف تہجی کی بین الاقوامی نقل حرفی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_sanskrit_tiliga_transliteratsiya_qilish_alifbosi" title="Xalqaro sanskrit tiliga transliteratsiya qilish alifbosi – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro sanskrit tiliga transliteratsiya qilish alifbosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับหน้าเนื้อหา [t]" accesskey="t"><span>อภิปราย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เปลี่ยนรูปแบบภาษา" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ไทย</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav 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title="แก้ไขเก่าของหน้านี้ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เครื่องมือ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การกระทำ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194486" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">ชุดตัวอักษรสากลสำหรับการถอดอักษรภาษาสันสกฤต<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">ไอเอเอสที</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">ชนิด</th><td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> อักษรสระ-พยัญชนะ </div> ระบบการถอดเป็นอักษรโรมันสำหรับ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">ช่วงยุค</div></th><td>คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 17–ปัจจุบัน</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">ภาษาพูด</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาสันสกฤต">ภาษาสันสกฤต</a>และ<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of South Asia (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ภาษาอื่น ๆ ของอินเดีย</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="noprint selfref" style="text-align:center;text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:80%"> บทความนี้ประกอบด้วย<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonetic_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonetic transcription (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สัญกรณ์การออกเสียง</a>ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="สัทอักษรสากล">สัทอักษรสากล</a> (IPA)</b> สำหรับคำแนะนำเบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับสัญลักษณ์ IPA โปรดดู <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="วิธีใช้:IPA (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วิธีใช้:สัทอักษรสากล</a>  สำหรับความแตกต่างระหว่าง <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> และ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">⟨ ⟩</span> ดูที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5#วงเล็บเหลี่ยมและทับ" title="สัทอักษรสากล">สัทอักษรสากล § วงเล็บเหลี่ยมและทับ</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ชุดตัวอักษรสากลสำหรับการถอดอักษรภาษาสันสกฤต</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</span>) หรือ <b>ไอเอเอสที</b> (<span title="ข้อความภาษาอังกฤษ"><i lang="en">IAST</i></span>) เป็นระบบการถอดอักษรจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาสันสกฤต">ภาษาสันสกฤต</a>และภาษาอื่นของอินเดียเป็นอักษรโรมัน ระบบนี้ได้มาจากระบบการถอดอักษรที่เสนอโดย<a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet">เซอร์ชาลส์ เทรเวลเยน</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jones_(philologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Jones (philologist) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วิลเลียม โจนส์</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monier_Monier-Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monier Monier-Williams (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">มอเนียร์ มอเนียร์-วิลเลียมส์</a> และนักวิชาการคนอื่น ๆ และได้รับการตรวจสอบและนำมาใช้โดยคณะกรรมการถอดอักษรแห่ง<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Congress_of_Orientalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Congress of Orientalists (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การประชุมใหญ่นักบุรพคดีนานาชาติ</a> ณ เจนีวา ในเดือนกันยายน ค.ศ. 1894<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="การใช้งาน"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.83.E0.B8.8A.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99"></span>การใช้งาน</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การใช้งาน"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>โดยทั่วไป นักวิชาการในระดับอุดมศึกษาใช้ไอเอเอสทีในงานตีพิมพ์ที่มีการอ้างถึงข้อความใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาสันสกฤต">ภาษาสันสกฤต</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาบาลี">ภาษาบาลี</a> และภาษาคลาสสิกอื่น ๆ ของอินเดีย </p><p>ใน ค.ศ. 2001 ได้มีการเริ่มใช้ระบบมาตรฐานการถอดอักษรสากลสำหรับการถอดอักษรอินเดีย <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD_15919&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไอเอสโอ 15919 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไอเอสโอ 15919</a> ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่คล้ายคลึงกับระบบไอเอเอสทียกเว้นความแตกต่างเล็กน้อยบางจุด (เช่น ṃ/ṁ และ ṛ/r̥) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="การถอดอักษร"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.96.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A9.E0.B8.A3"></span>การถอดอักษร</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การถอดอักษร"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>อักษรของระบบไอเอเอสทีใช้การเปรียบเทียบกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรเทวนาครี">อักษรเทวนาครี</a> ซึ่งสามารถใช้ในการถอดอักษร<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาสันสกฤต">ภาษาสันสกฤต</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาฮินดี">ภาษาฮินดี</a> และภาษาอื่นที่ใช้อักษรเทวนาครี อย่างไรก็ตาม อาจมีความแตกต่างทางสัทวิทยาเกิดขึ้น </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>สระและพยัญชนะท้ายพยางค์ </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>อักษรเทวนาครี </th> <th colspan="2">อักษรโรมัน </th> <th>หมวดหมู่ </th></tr> <tr> <td>अ </td> <td>a </td> <td>A </td> <td rowspan="10">สระเดี่ยว<br />และ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พยัญชนะเหลว (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พยัญชนะเหลว</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พยัญชนะแกนพยางค์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แกนพยางค์</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>आ </td> <td>ā </td> <td>Ā </td></tr> <tr> <td>इ </td> <td>i </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>ई </td> <td>ī </td> <td>Ī </td></tr> <tr> <td>उ </td> <td>u </td> <td>U </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऊ </td> <td>ū </td> <td>Ū </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऋ </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>Ṛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ॠ </td> <td>ṝ </td> <td>Ṝ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऌ </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>Ḷ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ॡ </td> <td>ḹ </td> <td>Ḹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ए </td> <td>e </td> <td>E </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สระประสมสองเสียง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สระประสมสองเสียง</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऐ </td> <td>ai </td> <td>Ai </td></tr> <tr> <td>ओ </td> <td>o </td> <td>O </td></tr> <tr> <td>औ </td> <td>au </td> <td>Au </td></tr> <tr> <td>ं </td> <td>ṃ </td> <td>Ṃ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="นิคหิต">อนุสวาร</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ः </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>Ḥ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="วิสรรชนีย์">วิสรรคะ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ँ </td> <td>˜ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จันทรพินทุ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จันทรพินทุ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऽ </td> <td>' </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อวครหะ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อวครหะ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>พยัญชนะ </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พยัญชนะเพดานอ่อน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เพดานอ่อน</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พยัญชนะเพดานแข็ง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เพดานแข็ง</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พยัญชนะลิ้นม้วน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ลิ้นม้วน</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พยัญชนะฟัน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฟัน</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="พยัญชนะริมฝีปาก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ริมฝีปาก</a> </th> <th>หมวดหมู่ </th></tr> <tr> <td>क <br /> k  K </td> <td>च <br /> c  C </td> <td>ट <br /> ṭ  Ṭ </td> <td>त <br /> t  T </td> <td>प <br /> p  P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="เสียงพยัญชนะหยุด">เสียงหยุด</a> ไม่ก้อง ไม่พ่นลม </td></tr> <tr> <td>ख <br /> kh  Kh </td> <td>छ <br /> ch  Ch </td> <td>ठ <br /> ṭh  Ṭh </td> <td>थ <br /> th  Th </td> <td>फ <br /> ph  Ph </td> <td>เสียงหยุด <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การพ่นลม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">พ่นลม</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ग <br /> g  G </td> <td>ज <br /> j  J </td> <td>ड <br /> ḍ  Ḍ </td> <td>द <br /> d  D </td> <td>ब <br /> b  B </td> <td>เสียงหยุด <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ความก้อง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ก้อง</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>घ <br /> gh  Gh </td> <td>झ <br /> jh  Jh </td> <td>ढ <br /> ḍh  Ḍh </td> <td>ध <br /> dh  Dh </td> <td>भ <br /> bh  Bh </td> <td>เสียงหยุด ก้อง พ่นลม </td></tr> <tr> <td>ङ <br /> ṅ  Ṅ </td> <td>ञ <br /> ñ  Ñ </td> <td>ण <br /> ṇ  Ṇ </td> <td>न <br /> n  N </td> <td>म <br /> m  M </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="เสียงพยัญชนะนาสิก">เสียงนาสิก</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ह <br /> h  H </td> <td>य <br /> y  Y </td> <td>र <br /> r  R </td> <td>ल <br /> l  L </td> <td>व <br /> v  V </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เสียงเปิด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เสียงเปิด</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>श <br /> ś  Ś </td> <td>ष <br /> ṣ  Ṣ </td> <td>स <br /> s  S </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เสียงเสียดแทรกอุสุม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เสียงเสียดแทรกอุสุม</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="การเปรียบเทียบกับไอเอสโอ_15919"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.9A.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.AA.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.AD_15919"></span>การเปรียบเทียบกับไอเอสโอ 15919</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การเปรียบเทียบกับไอเอสโอ 15919"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ส่วนใหญ่แล้ว ไอเอเอสทีเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD_15919&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไอเอสโอ 15919 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไอเอสโอ 15919</a> ยกเว้นแต่ความแตกต่างเล็กน้อยบางประการ </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>อักษรเทวนาครี </th> <th>ไอเอเอสที </th> <th>ไอเอสโอ 15919 </th> <th>หมายเหตุ </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ए / े</span></span> </td> <td>e </td> <td>ē (e) </td> <td><i>e</i> ในระบบไอเอสโอโดยทั่วไปใช้แทน <span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ए / ॆ</span></span> ซึ่งมีเสียงสั้น แต่อาจใช้แทน <span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ए / े</span></span> ซึ่งมีเสียงยาวในอักษรเทวนาครี เบงกอล คุรมุขี คุชราต และโอริยา </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ओ / ो</span></span> </td> <td>o </td> <td>ō (o) </td> <td><i>o</i> ในระบบไอเอสโอโดยทั่วไปใช้แทน <span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ऒ / ॆ</span></span> ซึ่งมีเสียงสั้น แต่อาจใช้แทน <span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ओ /ो</span></span> ซึ่งมีเสียงยาวในอักษรเทวนาครี เบงกอล คุรมุขี คุชราต และโอริยา </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ข้อความภาษาสันสกฤต"><span lang="sa">अं / ं</span></span> </td> <td>ṃ </td> <td>ṁ </td> <td><i>ṃ</i> ในระบบไอเอสโอใช้แทน <span title="ข้อความภาษาปัญจาบ"><span lang="pa">ੰ</span></span> ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรคุรมุขี">อักษรคุรมุขี</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ऋ / ृ</span></span> </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>r̥ </td> <td><i>ṛ</i> ในระบบไอเอสโอใช้แทน ड़ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ॠ / ॄ</span></span> </td> <td>ṝ </td> <td>r̥̄ </td> <td>เพื่อให้สอดคล้องกับ <i>r̥</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ऌ / ॢ</span></span> </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>l̥ </td> <td><i>ḷ</i> ในระบบไอเอสโอใช้แทน ळ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɭ̆/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ข้อความภาษาฮินดี"><span lang="hi">ॡ / ॣ</span></span> </td> <td>ḹ </td> <td>l̥̄ </td> <td>เพื่อให้สอดคล้องกับ <i>l̥</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ดูเพิ่ม"><span id=".E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B9.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1"></span>ดูเพิ่ม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=edit&section=4" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ดูเพิ่ม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devanagari transliteration (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การถอดอักษรเทวนาครี</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ระบบจำนวนอารยภัฏ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunterian transliteration (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ระบบการถอดอักษรของฮันเตอร์</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard-Kyoto (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ระบบฮาร์วาร์ด-เคียวโตะ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไอทรานส์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไอทรานส์</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library at Kolkata romanization (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ระบบการถอดเป็นอักษรโรมันของหอสมุดแห่งชาติที่โกลกาตา</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD_15919&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไอเอสโอ 15919 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไอเอสโอ 15919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiva_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiva Sutra (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ศิวะสูตร</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:IAST" title="แม่แบบ:IAST">แม่แบบ:IAST</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=edit&section=5" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monier_Monier-Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monier Monier-Williams (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw010033.pdf"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. xxx.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanpdf%2Fmw010033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span id=".E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99"></span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&action=edit&section=6" title="แก้ไขส่วน: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFReddy" class="citation web cs1">Reddy, Shashir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shashir.autodidactus.org/shashir_umich/sanskrit_transcription.html">"Shashir's Notes: Modern Transcription of Sanskrit"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2016-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shashir%27s+Notes%3A+Modern+Transcription+of+Sanskrit&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Shashir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshashir.autodidactus.org%2Fshashir_umich%2Fsanskrit_transcription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFStone" class="citation web cs1">Stone, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414223033/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm">"Transliteration of Indic Scripts: How to use ISO 15919"</a>. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 14 เมษายน 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 ธันวาคม 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration+of+Indic+Scripts%3A+How+to+use+ISO+15919&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.ntlworld.com%2Fstone-catend%2Ftrind.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_web" title="แม่แบบ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">ลิงก์</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk1996" class="citation web cs1">Wujastyk, Dominik (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606204758/http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/">"Transliteration of Devanagari"</a>. <i>INDOLOGY</i>. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/">แหล่งเดิม</a>เมื่อ 2007-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2016-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INDOLOGY&rft.atitle=Transliteration+of+Devanagari&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Femail%2Fmembers%2Fwujastyk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/psu/gotunicode/macron.html">Typing a macron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926105444/http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/psu/gotunicode/macron.html">เก็บถาวร</a> 2012-09-26 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a> - page from Penn State University about typing with accents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/">International Phonetic Alphabet chart with pronunciation guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5ph4C2WV1JqZ1pjNTkxVll1ZGM">A visual chart which shows clearly 1. Which part of the mouth for each sound 2. The 3 groups where the 12 diacritics appear. - from Dina-Anukampana Das</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/groups/sanskrit">Sanskrit Pronunciation Tips for beginners & Simple Charts to help memorize where the diacritics fit in. - pages from Dina-Anukampana Das</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5ph4C2WV1JqeEdnZVhOVWx1MUE">A pronunciation guide with chart and pronunciation tips. - from Dina-Anukampana Das</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/technicalhindi/files/IAST%20and%20other%20Roman%20encodings%20to%20Devanagari%20%20Converter_04.html?attredirects=0&d=1">IAST <==> Devanagari online converter (Transliteration tool)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213155616/https://sites.google.com/site/technicalhindi/files/IAST%20and%20other%20Roman%20encodings%20to%20Devanagari%20%20Converter_04.html?attredirects=0&d=1">เก็บถาวร</a> 2016-12-13 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashtangayoga.info/sanskrit/transliteration/transliteration-tool/#iso_iast_kolkata/simplified/xn--tryambaka%20yajmahe%20sugandhi%20puivardhanam%0Aurvrukamiva%20bandhann%20mtyormukya%20mmtt%20-4hi4aqoc295an760gsa61soa76dlb23e">Sanskrit Transliteration Tool</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yesvedanta.com/keyswap-sanskrit-diacritics-transliteration-typing-tool/">Keyswap – IAST Diacritics Windows software (for Sanskrit scholars)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img 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